1
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Houthuijs KJ, Horn M, Vughs D, Martens J, Brunner AM, Oomens J, Berden G. Identification of organic micro-pollutants in surface water using MS-based infrared ion spectroscopy. Chemosphere 2023; 341:140046. [PMID: 37660788 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive monitoring of organic micro-pollutants (OMPs) in drinking water sources relies on non-target screening (NTS) using liquid-chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Identification of OMPs is typically based on accurate mass and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data by matching against entries in compound databases and MS/MS spectral libraries. MS/MS spectra are, however, not always diagnostic for the full molecular structure and, moreover, emerging OMPs or OMP transformation products may not be present in libraries. Here we demonstrate how infrared ion spectroscopy (IRIS), an emerging MS-based method for structural elucidation, can aid in the identification of OMPs. IRIS measures the IR spectrum of an m/z-isolated ion in a mass spectrometer, providing an orthogonal diagnostic for molecular identification. Here, we demonstrate the workflow for identification of OMPs in river water and show how quantum-chemically predicted IR spectra can be used to screen potential candidates and suggest structural assignments. A crucial step herein is to define a set of candidate structures, presumably including the actual OMP, for which we present several strategies based on domain knowledge, the IR spectrum and MS/MS spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kas J Houthuijs
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke Horn
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis Vughs
- KWR Water Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea M Brunner
- KWR Water Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; TNO, Environmental Modelling, Sensing and Analysis (EMSA), Princetonlaan 8, 3584 CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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2
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Codrean S, Kruit B, Meekel N, Vughs D, Béen F. Predicting the Diagnostic Information of Tandem Mass Spectra of Environmentally Relevant Compounds Using Machine Learning. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15810-15817. [PMID: 37812582 PMCID: PMC10603772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Acquisition and processing of informative tandem mass spectra (MS2) is crucial for numerous applications, including library-based (tentative) identification, feature prioritization, and prediction of chemical and toxicological characteristics. However, for environmentally relevant compounds, approaches to automatically assess the quality of the MS2 spectra are missing. This work focused on developing a machine learning-based approach to automatically evaluate the diagnostic information of MS2 spectra (e.g., number, distribution, and intensity of diagnostic fragments) of environmentally relevant compounds analyzed with electrospray ionization. For this, approximately 1400 MS2 spectra of 204 environmental contaminants, acquired with different collision energies using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry, were used to train a random forest classifier to distinguish between spectra providing good or poor diagnostic information. Prior to training, validation, and testing, spectra were manually labeled based on criteria such as number, intensity, range of fragments present, molecular ion intensity, and noise levels. Subsequently, feature engineering and selection were applied to retrieve relevant variables from raw MS2 spectra as inputs for the classifier. The optimal set of features based on model performances was selected and used to train a final model, which showed an accuracy of 84%, a precision of 88%, and a recall of 75%. Results show that the combination of selected features and the machine learning model used here can effectively distinguish between MS2 spectra providing good or poor diagnostic information according to the defined criteria. The developed model has the potential to improve a broad range of applications that rely on MS2 data.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Codrean
- Faculty
of Science, Artificial Intelligence, Vrije
Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B. Kruit
- Faculty
of Science, Artificial Intelligence, Vrije
Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N. Meekel
- KWR
Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - D. Vughs
- KWR
Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - F. Béen
- KWR
Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Chemistry
for Environment and Health, Amsterdam Institute
for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Steenbeek R, Emke E, Vughs D, Matias J, Boogaerts T, Castiglioni S, Campos-Mañas M, Covaci A, de Voogt P, Ter Laak T, Hernández F, Salgueiro-González N, Meijer WG, Dias MJ, Simões S, van Nuijs ALN, Bijlsma L, Béen F. Spatial and temporal assessment of crack cocaine use in 13 European cities through wastewater-based epidemiology. Sci Total Environ 2022; 847:157222. [PMID: 35901880 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Already in early 2000s, concerns have been growing in the EU about increasing use of cocaine and it is estimated that below 1 % of the population administer the drug by smoking crack cocaine. New available data suggests an increase in the use of crack cocaine and an increase in the number of crack cocaine users entering treatment has been reported in several European countries. Robust estimations of crack cocaine use are however not available yet. The use of crack cocaine has long been associated with severe adverse socio-economic conditions as well as mental health problems, such as suicide ideation and depression. The aim of this study was to assess spatial trends in population-normalized mass loads of crack cocaine biomarkers (i.e., anhydroecgonine and anhydroecgonine methyl ester) in 13 European cities in six countries (the Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Italy). Furthermore, temporal trends over a five-year period were evaluated through the analysis of historic samples collected in the Netherlands. Finally, the stability of the crack cocaine biomarkers in wastewater was investigated through batch experiments. The samples were analyzed with a new developed and validated hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry method. Targeted crack cocaine biomarkers were found in all cities. Also, crack cocaine biomarker was detected in wastewater from 2017 to 2021 in the Netherlands, but no significance between the years were found. With respect to biomarker in-sample stability, AEME was found to be stable in wastewater. This study assessed crack cocaine use for the first time on a broad scale, both temporal and in cities across Europe, with wastewater-based epidemiology and it shows the importance of wastewater analysis to monitor community loads of crack cocaine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud Steenbeek
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.
| | - Erik Emke
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis Vughs
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - João Matias
- European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tim Boogaerts
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Campos-Mañas
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pim de Voogt
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Ter Laak
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-González
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Wim G Meijer
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mario J Dias
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Simões
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Frederic Béen
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
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4
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Timmers PHA, Slootweg T, Knezev A, van der Schans M, Zandvliet L, Reus A, Vughs D, Heijnen L, Knol T, El Majjaoui J, van der Wielen P, Stuyfzand PJ, Lekkerkerker-Teunissen K. Improved drinking water quality after adding advanced oxidation for organic micropollutant removal to pretreatment of river water undergoing dune infiltration near The Hague, Netherlands. J Hazard Mater 2022; 429:128346. [PMID: 35236037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peer H A Timmers
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.
| | - T Slootweg
- The Water Laboratory N.V., J.W. Lucasweg 2, 2031 BE Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - A Knezev
- The Water Laboratory N.V., J.W. Lucasweg 2, 2031 BE Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - M van der Schans
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - L Zandvliet
- The Water Laboratory N.V., J.W. Lucasweg 2, 2031 BE Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - A Reus
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - D Vughs
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - L Heijnen
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - T Knol
- Dunea, Utility for drinking water and nature conservancy, Plein van de Verenigde Naties 11-15, 2719 EG Zoetermeer, the Netherlands
| | - J El Majjaoui
- Dunea, Utility for drinking water and nature conservancy, Plein van de Verenigde Naties 11-15, 2719 EG Zoetermeer, the Netherlands
| | - P van der Wielen
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
| | - P J Stuyfzand
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Stuyfzand Hydroconsult+, Brederodestraat 138, 2042BL Zandvoort, the Netherlands
| | - K Lekkerkerker-Teunissen
- Dunea, Utility for drinking water and nature conservancy, Plein van de Verenigde Naties 11-15, 2719 EG Zoetermeer, the Netherlands
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5
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Been F, Kruve A, Vughs D, Meekel N, Reus A, Zwartsen A, Wessel A, Fischer A, Ter Laak T, Brunner AM. Risk-based prioritization of suspects detected in riverine water using complementary chromatographic techniques. Water Res 2021; 204:117612. [PMID: 34536689 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface waters are widely used as drinking water sources and hence their quality needs to be continuously monitored. However, current routine monitoring programs are not comprehensive as they generally cover only a limited number of known pollutants and emerging contaminants. This study presents a risk-based approach combining suspect and non-target screening (NTS) to help extend the coverage of current monitoring schemes. In particular, the coverage of NTS was widened by combining three complementary separations modes: Reverse phase (RP), Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and Mixed-mode chromatography (MMC). Suspect lists used were compiled from databases of relevant substances of very high concern (e.g., SVHCs) and the concentration of detected suspects was evaluated based on ionization efficiency prediction. Results show that suspect candidates can be prioritized based on their potential risk (i.e., hazard and exposure) by combining ionization efficiency-based concentration estimation, in vitro toxicity data or, if not available, structural alerts and QSAR.based toxicity predictions. The acquired information shows that NTS analyses have the potential to complement target analyses, allowing to update and adapt current monitoring programs, ultimately leading to improved monitoring of drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Been
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, Nieuwegein 3430 BB, the Netherland.
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Dennis Vughs
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, Nieuwegein 3430 BB, the Netherland
| | - Nienke Meekel
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, Nieuwegein 3430 BB, the Netherland
| | - Astrid Reus
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, Nieuwegein 3430 BB, the Netherland
| | - Anne Zwartsen
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, Nieuwegein 3430 BB, the Netherland
| | - Arnoud Wessel
- Department of Technology and Sources, Evides, P.O. Box 4472, Rotterdam 3006 AL, the Netherland
| | - Astrid Fischer
- Department of Technology and Sources, Evides, P.O. Box 4472, Rotterdam 3006 AL, the Netherland; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, TU Delft 2628 CN, the Netherland
| | - Thomas Ter Laak
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, Nieuwegein 3430 BB, the Netherland
| | - Andrea M Brunner
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, Nieuwegein 3430 BB, the Netherland
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6
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Abstract
LC-HRMS-based nontarget screening (NTS) has become the method of choice to monitor organic micropollutants (OMPs) in drinking water and its sources. OMPs are identified by matching experimental fragmentation (MS2) spectra with library or in silico-predicted spectra. This requires informative experimental spectra and prioritization to reduce feature numbers, currently performed post data acquisition. Here, we propose a different prioritization strategy to ensure high-quality MS2 spectra for OMPs that pose an environmental or human health risk. This online prioritization triggers MS2 events based on detection of suspect list entries or isotopic patterns in the full scan or an additional MS2 event based on fragment ion(s)/patterns detected in a first MS2 spectrum. Triggers were determined using cheminformatics; potentially toxic compounds were selected based on the presence of structural alerts, in silico-fragmented, and recurring fragments and mass shifts characteristic for a given structural alert identified. After MS acquisition parameter optimization, performance of the online prioritization was experimentally examined. Triggered methods led to increased percentages of MS2 spectra and additional MS2 spectra for compounds with a structural alert. Application to surface water samples resulted in additional MS2 spectra of potentially toxic compounds, facilitating more confident identification and emphasizing the method's potential to improve monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Meekel
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Vughs
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Frederic Béen
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea M Brunner
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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7
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Xue Y, Vughs D, Hater W, Huiting H, Vanoppen M, Cornelissen E, Verliefde A, Brunner AM. Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry-Based Target and Nontarget Screening Methods to Characterize Film-Forming Amine-Treated Steam-Water Systems. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xue
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dennis Vughs
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Hater
- Kurita Europe GmbH, Niederheider Straβe 22, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Huiting
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Vanoppen
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emile Cornelissen
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Verliefde
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrea M. Brunner
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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8
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Vughs D, Baken KA, Dingemans MML, de Voogt P. The determination of two emerging perfluoroalkyl substances and related halogenated sulfonic acids and their significance for the drinking water supply chain. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2019; 21:1899-1907. [PMID: 31641706 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00393b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study analytical methodologies were developed for two newly emerging polar perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), namely F3-MSA, and HFPO-DA, in order to assess the occurrence and levels of these PFAS in Dutch and Belgian waters. Two separate methods were needed for analysing F3-MSA and HFPO-DA. A mixed-mode and a reversed phase C18 method were developed for F3-MSA and HFPO-DA, respectively, using a high resolution Orbitrap Fusion mass spectrometer for detection, yielding satisfactory LOD and LOQ results for both analytes. A sample campaign was performed collecting single grab samples from various locations and different stages of the drinking water production chain. Whereas both PFAS were absent in groundwaters, they were found to be present in surface waters, river bank and dune infiltrates, process water, and drinking water, demonstrating the persistence and mobility of both compounds. Based on provisional health-based guideline values (0.15 μg L-1 for HFPO-DA, 11.9 mg L-1 for F3-MSA), the current levels in drinking water from the suppliers involved in this study do not pose a health risk for the human population. Common removal processes used in drinking water production appeared to remove these polar compounds at most partially. At locations close to potential sources of these chemicals (e.g. fluoropolymer production sites), the quality of surface water or river bank filtrate abstracted for production of drinking water must therefore be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vughs
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - K A Baken
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - M M L Dingemans
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - P de Voogt
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands. and IBED-FAME, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Vaudevire E, Radmanesh F, Kolkman A, Vughs D, Cornelissen E, Post J, van der Meer W. Fate and removal of trace pollutants from an anion exchange spent brine during the recovery process of natural organic matter and salts. Water Res 2019; 154:34-44. [PMID: 30771705 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The results of this sampling campaign on pilot scale processes aim to evaluate the occurrence and behavior of trace organic micro-pollutants and metal elements during anion exchange treatment of surface water and the subsequent treatment of generated spent brine with two types of electrodialysis membrane pairs. This knowledge is relevant to assess the quality and reusability of secondary products created during brine treatment; specifically the excess of sodium chloride to be recycled onsite and the natural organic matter, mostly consisting of humic substances, which find multiple applications in the agricultural industry. This study highlights that (1) the attachment mechanism of organic micro-pollutants to anion exchange resin occurs through electrostatic interaction and the subsequent transfer through ion exchange membranes is restricted by size exclusion; and (2) the complexation of trace metals compounds with the natural organic matter partly explains their removal by anion exchange. Complexes remain stable during treatment of the brine with electrodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Vaudevire
- PWN Technologies, Dijkweg 1, 1916HA, Andijk, the Netherlands; Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands; Department of Biotechnologies, TU Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Farzaneh Radmanesh
- University of Twente, Faculty of Science and Technology, De Horst 2, 7522LW, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Kolkman
- KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis Vughs
- KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Emile Cornelissen
- KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium; Singapore Membrane Technology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Jan Post
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Walter van der Meer
- University of Twente, Faculty of Science and Technology, De Horst 2, 7522LW, Enschede, the Netherlands; Oasen NV, Nieuwe Gouwe O.Z. 3, 2801 SB, Gouda, the Netherlands
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10
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Brunner AM, Vughs D, Siegers W, Bertelkamp C, Hofman-Caris R, Kolkman A, Ter Laak T. Monitoring transformation product formation in the drinking water treatments rapid sand filtration and ozonation. Chemosphere 2019; 214:801-811. [PMID: 30296768 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transformation products (TPs) can be formed from organic micropollutants in the water cycle through both biological and technological processes. Despite the TPs' potentially altered toxicity compared to their parent compounds, transformation processes are not routinely monitored, and in particular those induced by drinking water treatment remain elusive. This lack of information is mainly due to the technical challenges in analyzing TPs, which are often unknown compounds occurring in low concentrations. Their analysis requires sophisticated analytical techniques such as non-target screening (NTS) based on high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS) methods combined with novel data analysis approaches. Here, we addressed the challenges of TP analysis and the scarcity of TP research concerning studies in drinking water. We performed lab-scale experiments to monitor TP formation of three organic micropollutants prevalent in drinking water sources, i.e. carbamazepine, clofibric acid and metolachlor, during rapid sand filtration and ozonation, two readily applied biotic and abiotic drinking water treatments, respectively. To facilitate TP identification in the NTS data, halogenated and/or isotopically labeled parent compounds were used, revealing potential TPs through their isotopic patterns. The experimental results showed that degradation of the parent compounds and TP formation were treatment and compound specific. In silico TP prediction and literature mining enabled suspect screening of the non-target data and thereby significantly enhanced TP identification. Overall, the developed workflow enables an efficient and more comprehensive assessment of drinking water quality changes during water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mizzi Brunner
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.
| | - Dennis Vughs
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Wolter Siegers
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Cheryl Bertelkamp
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Roberta Hofman-Caris
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Kolkman
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Ter Laak
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
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11
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Osorio V, Schriks M, Vughs D, de Voogt P, Kolkman A. A novel sample preparation procedure for effect-directed analysis of micro-contaminants of emerging concern in surface waters. Talanta 2018; 186:527-537. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Emke E, Vughs D, Kolkman A, de Voogt P. Wastewater-based epidemiology generated forensic information: Amphetamine synthesis waste and its impact on a small sewage treatment plant. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 286:e1-e7. [PMID: 29602535 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemical analysis of domestic wastewater can reveal the presence of illicit drugs either consumed by a population or directly discharged into the sewer system. In the search for causes of a recent malfunctioning of a small domestic wastewater treatment plant aberrantly high loads of amphetamine were observed in the influent of the plant. Direct discharges of chemical waste from illegal production sites were suspected to be the cause. Illegal manufacturing of amphetamines creates substantial amounts of chemical waste. Here we show that fly-tipping of chemical waste originating from an amphetamine synthesis in the catchment of a small sewage treatment plant resulted in failure of the treatment process. Target analysis of drugs of abuse and non-target screening using high resolution mass spectrometry provided evidence for the presence of amphetamine produced from the precursor 1-phenylpropan-2-one by the Leuckart process through specific synthesis markers. Furthermore the identity and presence of the pre-precursor 3-oxo-2-phenylbutanamide was confirmed and a route specific marker was proposed. This is the first study that demonstrates that non-target screening of wastewater can identify intermediates, impurities and by products of the synthesis routes used in illegal manufacturing of amphetamine. The profiles of chemicals thus obtained can be used in tracking productions sites within the corresponding sewer catchment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Emke
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Dennis Vughs
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Laboratory for Materials Research and Chemical Analysis, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Kolkman
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Laboratory for Materials Research and Chemical Analysis, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Pim de Voogt
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Vughs D, Baken KA, Kolkman A, Martijn AJ, de Voogt P. Application of effect-directed analysis to identify mutagenic nitrogenous disinfection by-products of advanced oxidation drinking water treatment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:3951-3964. [PMID: 27447472 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes are important barriers for organic micropollutants in (drinking) water treatment. It is however known that medium pressure UV/H2O2 treatment may lead to mutagenicity in the Ames test, which is no longer present after granulated activated carbon (GAC) filtration. Many nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) result from the reaction of photolysis products of nitrate with (photolysis products of) natural organic material (NOM) during medium pressure UV treatment of water. Identification of the N-DBPs and the application of effect-directed analysis to combine chemical screening results with biological activity would provide more insight into the relation of specific N-DBPs with the observed mutagenicity and was the subject of this study. To this end, fractions of medium pressure UV-treated and untreated water extracts were prepared using preparative HPLC and tested using the Ames fluctuation test. In addition, high-resolution mass spectrometry was performed on all fractions to assess the presence of N-DBPs. Based on toxicity data and read across analysis, we could identify five N-DBPs that are potentially genotoxic and were present in relatively high concentrations in the fractions in which mutagenicity was observed. The results of this study offer opportunities to further evaluate the identity and potential health concern of N-DBPs formed during advanced oxidation UV drinking water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vughs
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - K A Baken
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - A Kolkman
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - A J Martijn
- PWN Water Supply Company North Holland, P.O. Box 2100, 1990 AC, Velserbroek, The Netherlands
| | - P de Voogt
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Causanilles A, Nordmann V, Vughs D, Emke E, de Hon O, Hernández F, de Voogt P. Wastewater-based tracing of doping use by the general population and amateur athletes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:1793-1803. [PMID: 29335765 PMCID: PMC5807464 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0835-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the applicability of the chemical analysis of wastewater to assess the use of doping substances by the general population and amateur athletes. To this end, an analytical methodology that can identify and quantify a list of 15 substances from the groups of anabolic steroids, weight loss products, and masking agents in wastewater has been developed. The method uses solid phase extraction to increase the detection sensitivity of the target analytes, expected to be present at very low concentrations (ng L−1 range), and decrease possible matrix interferences. Instrumental analysis is performed by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry, allowing data acquisition in both full scan and tandem MS mode. The method has been successfully validated at two concentration levels (50 and 200 ng L−1) with limits of quantification ranging between 0.7 and 60 ng L−1, intra- and inter-day precision expressed as relative standard deviation below 15%, procedural recoveries between 60 and 160% and matrix effects ranging from 45 to 121%. The stability of the analytes in wastewater was evaluated at different storage temperatures illustrating the importance of freezing the samples immediately after collection. The application of the method to 24-h composite wastewater samples collected at the entrance of three wastewater treatment plants and one pumping station while different sport events were taking place revealed the presence in wastewater, and hence the use, of the weight loss substances ephedrine, norephedrine, methylhexanamine, and 2,4-dinitrophenol. The use of these stimulants was visible just prior and during the event days and in greater amounts than anabolic steroids or masking agents. Chemical analysis of untreated wastewater reveals the use of prohibited doping substances during amateur sport event ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Causanilles
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Nordmann
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Vughs
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Emke
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier de Hon
- Anti-Doping Authority The Netherlands, P.O. Box 5000, 2900 EA, Capelle aan de IJssel, The Netherlands
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Pim de Voogt
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands. .,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Sjerps RMA, Vughs D, van Leerdam JA, Ter Laak TL, van Wezel AP. Data-driven prioritization of chemicals for various water types using suspect screening LC-HRMS. Water Res 2016; 93:254-264. [PMID: 26921851 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
For the prioritization of more than 5200 anthropogenic chemicals authorized on the European market, we use a large scale liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) suspect screening study. The prioritization is based on occurrence in 151 water samples including effluent, surface water, ground water and drinking water. The suspect screening linked over 700 detected compounds with known accurate masses to one or multiple suspects. Using a prioritization threshold and removing false positives reduced this to 113 detected compounds linked to 174 suspects, 24 compounds reflect a confirmed structure by comparison with the pure reference standard. The prioritized compounds and suspects are relevant for detailed risk assessments after confirmation of their identity. Only one of the 174 prioritized compounds and suspects is mentioned in water quality regulations, and only 20% is mentioned on existing lists of potentially relevant chemicals. This shows the complementarity to commonly used target-based methods. The semi-quantitative total concentration, expressed as internal standard equivalents of detected compounds linked to suspects, in effluents is approximately 10 times higher than in surface waters, while ground waters and drinking waters show the lowest response. The average retention time, a measure for hydrophobicity, of the detected compounds per sample decreased from effluent to surface- and groundwater to drinking water, confirming the occurrence of more polar compounds in drinking water. The semi-quantitative total concentrations exceed the conservative and precautionary threshold of toxicological concern. Therefore, adverse effects of mixtures cannot be neglected without a more thorough risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M A Sjerps
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Dennis Vughs
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan A van Leerdam
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas L Ter Laak
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Wageningen University, Sub-department Environmental Technology, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Annemarie P van Wezel
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, P.O. Box 80.115, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Kolkman A, Martijn BJ, Vughs D, Baken KA, van Wezel AP. Tracing nitrogenous disinfection byproducts after medium pressure UV water treatment by stable isotope labeling and high resolution mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:4458-4465. [PMID: 25760315 DOI: 10.1021/es506063h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes are important barriers for organic micropollutants (e.g., pharmaceuticals, pesticides) in (drinking) water treatment. Studies indicate that medium pressure (MP) UV/H2O2 treatment leads to a positive response in Ames mutagenicity tests, which is then removed after granulated activated carbon (GAC) filtration. The formed potentially mutagenic substances were hitherto not identified and may result from the reaction of photolysis products of nitrate with (photolysis products of) natural organic material (NOM). In this study we present an innovative approach to trace the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) of MP UV water treatment, based on stable isotope labeled nitrate combined with high resolution mass spectrometry. It was shown that after MP UV treatment of artificial water containing NOM and nitrate, multiple nitrogen containing substances were formed. In total 84 N-DBPs were detected at individual concentrations between 1 to 135 ng/L bentazon-d6 equivalents, with a summed concentration of 1.2 μg/L bentazon-d6 equivalents. The chemical structures of three byproducts were confirmed. Screening for the 84 N-DBPs in water samples from a full-scale drinking water treatment plant based on MP UV/H2O2 treatment showed that 22 of the N-DBPs found in artificial water were also detected in real water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke Kolkman
- †KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Bram J Martijn
- ‡PWN Water Supply Company North Holland, P.O. Box 2046, 1990 AA, Velserbroek, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Vughs
- †KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A Baken
- †KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie P van Wezel
- †KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- §Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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