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Jefferies P, Kwan MYW, Brown DMY, Bruner MW, Tamminen KA, Cairney J. The Sport Experience Measure for Children and Youth (SEM:CY): A Rasch Validation Study. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38702048 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2023-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
This study employed Rasch analyses to validate a novel measure of sport experience: the Sport Experience Measure: Children and Youth (SEM:CY). Analyses were applied to self-reported data of n = 503 young people (age 9-18 years, M = 12.91, 50% female) in Canada who were engaging in sport during the previous 12 months. The revised measure, consisting of 24 items on a 3-point response scale, demonstrated good fit statistics (e.g., item fit residual: M = -0.50, SD = 0.94 and person fit residual: M = -0.62, SD = 2.33), an ability to reliably discriminate between levels of sport experience, and an absence of differential item functioning for various groups (males and females, older and younger individuals, solo and team sports, and those playing at various competitive levels, including recreation). The SEM:CY is a succinct tool that can serve as a valuable means to gauge the quality of an individual's sport experience, which can facilitate positive youth development and sustain participation across the life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Jefferies
- Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Matthew Y W Kwan
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Denver M Y Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mark W Bruner
- School of Physical and Health Education, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Katherine A Tamminen
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John Cairney
- Queensland Centre for Olympic and Paralympic Studies and the Health and Well-Being Centre for Research Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Porter CD, Kwan MYW, Meca A, Brown DMY. Exercise identity and physical activity behavior during late adolescence: A four wave cross-lagged panel model. Psychol Sport Exerc 2024; 73:102641. [PMID: 38593967 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Research has shown that physical activity behavior tends to decline across adolescence before stabilizing in adulthood. Identifying salient factors underlying these behavioral changes is therefore imperative for informing intervention development. This study explored the temporal nature of the relationship between exercise identity and physical activity behavior during the transition out of high school. An analysis of data from the Application of integrated Approaches to understanding Physical activity during the Transition to emerging adulthood (ADAPT) prospective cohort study was conducted, involving 1451 Canadian adolescents (Mage = 15.93 ± 0.53 years; 52.4% female). Participants completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form to report weekly moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and an abbreviated version of the Exercise Identity Scale yearly for four years beginning in Grade 11. A four-wave cross-lagged panel model was used to test bi-directional associations between exercise identity and physical activity behavior. Significant auto-regressive effects for exercise identity and physical activity were observed across all four time points. Significant positive cross-lagged paths were observed for exercise identity predicting future physical activity at all time points; however, none of the cross-lagged paths with physical activity predicting future exercise identity were significant. Collectively, these findings support existing theory that emphasizes the role that identity plays in physical activity behavior. Interventions seeking to attenuate the physical activity declines typically observed during the transition to emerging adulthood should therefore consider adopting behavior change techniques that target identity, as it appears to be an important psychological determinant underlying future physical activity engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carah D Porter
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Psychology, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Matthew Y W Kwan
- Brock University, Department of Child and Youth Studies, St. Catherines, ON, Canada; McMaster University, INfant Child and Health Lab, Department of Family Medicine, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alan Meca
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Psychology, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Denver M Y Brown
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Psychology, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Brown DMY, Summerville B, Fairclough SJ, Mielke GI, Tyler R. Associations Between Intersecting Sociodemographic Characteristics and Device-Measured Physical Activity Among Children and Adolescents Living in the United States. J Phys Act Health 2024; 21:384-393. [PMID: 38281485 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2023-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite robust evidence demonstrating sociodemographic characteristics may underly some of the disparities in physical activity observed among children and adolescents, the often-overlooked nexus of potential interactions between these characteristics warrants further exploration. This study explored the intersectionality of gender, race/ethnicity, parental education, and household income in relation to device-measured physical activity volume and intensity in a nationally representative sample of US children and adolescents. METHODS Cross-sectional data from 3 cycles of the US National Health and Nutrition Survey (2011-2012; 2012 National Youth Fitness Survey; and 2013-2014) were used. A total of 6116 participants (49% female) between 3 and 17 years of age wore an accelerometer on their nondominant wrist for 7 days. Monitor-independent movement summary units were used to represent physical activity volume and intensity. A Social Jeopardy Index was created to represent increasing levels of intersecting social disadvantages based on combinations of gender, race/ethnicity, parental education, and household income-to-poverty ratio tertiles. Generalized linear regression models were computed. RESULTS The results showed social disadvantages become increasingly evident among children and adolescents during the most intense 60 minutes of daily physical activity (B = -48.69 [9.94] SE, P < .001), but disparities in total volume were not observed (B = 34.01 [44.96] SE, P = .45). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that patterns of physical activity behavior may differ based on intersecting sociodemographic characteristics-more socially disadvantaged children and adolescents appear to accumulate activity at lighter intensities. Collecting contextual information about device-measured physical activity represents an important next step for gaining insight into these sociodemographic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver M Y Brown
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Bryce Summerville
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Stuart J Fairclough
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Gregore I Mielke
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Richard Tyler
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Lancashire, United Kingdom
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Brown DMY, Lerner I, Cairney J, Kwan MY. Independent and Joint Associations of Physical Activity and Sleep on Mental Health Among a Global Sample of 200,743 Adults. Int J Behav Med 2024:10.1007/s12529-024-10280-8. [PMID: 38532194 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-024-10280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has demonstrated that both sleep and physical activity (PA) are independently associated with various indicators of mental health among adults. However, their joint contribution to mental health has received limited attention. The present study used cross-sectional data from the Mental Health Million Project to examine the independent and joint effects of sleep and PA on mental health among a global sample of adults, and whether these effects differ among individuals receiving mental health treatment. METHOD The sample included 200,743 participants (33.1% young adults, 45.6% middle-aged adults, 21.3% older adults; 57.6% females, 0.9% other) from 213 countries, territories, and archipelagos worldwide that completed a comprehensive 47-item assessment of mental health including both problems (i.e., ill-being) and assets (i.e., well-being): the Mental Health Quotient. Participants also reported their weekly frequency of PA and adequate sleep, and mental health treatment status. A series of generalized linear mixed models were computed. RESULTS Independent dose-response associations were observed, whereby greater amounts of PA and adequate sleep were each associated with better mental health. In addition, a synergistic interaction was observed in which the positive correlation of PA with mental health was strengthened with greater frequency of adequate sleep. These benefits were less pronounced among adults receiving mental health treatment. CONCLUSION While findings suggest sleep can help to offset the negative influence of a physically inactive lifestyle (and vice versa), our results point to a "more is better" approach for both behaviors when it comes to promoting mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver M Y Brown
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Itamar Lerner
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - John Cairney
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew Y Kwan
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catherines, Canada
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Cairney J, Townsend S, Brown DMY, Graham JD, Richard V, Kwan MYW. The golden ratio in baseball: the influence of historical eras on winning percentages in major league baseball. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1273327. [PMID: 38033653 PMCID: PMC10682355 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1273327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The golden section or golden ratio (61.8% or 0.618) is a mathematical phenomenon that appears in art, literature, music and nature with such ubiquity that it is thought to be a fundamental principle of aesthetic organisation. The golden ratio also manifests in sport, particularly as the proportion of wins to losses required to win a Major League Baseball championship. This study extends early work on the golden ratio in baseball by incorporating more than three decades of additional data. Methods This study involved a historically contextualized examination of how winning percentages have changed across the seven historical eras of modern baseball, including analyses of the relative contribution of offensive and defensive statistics to championship winning teams. Data was extracted from Baseball Reference and included statistics for 398 championship winning teams from both the American and National Leagues between 1901 and 2019. Pearson correlation coefficients were computed for winning percentage with indicators of offensive and defensive performance during each era. Main and interaction effects of Era and League on winning percentage were examined using factorial ANOVA, with follow-up analyses examining whether the golden ratio was included in each factor's 95% confidence interval. Results Our findings suggest that winning percentages for championship teams were closest to the golden ratio during eras where the relative contribution of offense and defense was most closely balanced: the Integration Era (1942-1960) and the Expansion Era (1961-1976). Discussion Previous scholarship theorizes that the golden ratio represents an aesthetic ideal or a Gestalt archetype. If this aesthetic theory is applied to sporting competition, these results suggest that baseball may be most aesthetically appealing to fans when offense and defense is balanced in such a way as to ensure that championship teams win 61.8% of their games.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Cairney
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Health and Well-Being Centre for Research Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen Townsend
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Denver M. Y. Brown
- College for Health Community and Policy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Graham
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Veronique Richard
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Health and Well-Being Centre for Research Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew Y. W. Kwan
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St Catharines, ON, Canada
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Brown DMY, Cairney J, Azimi S, Vandenborn E, Bruner MW, Tamminen KA, Kwan MYW. Towards the development of a quality youth sport experience measure: Understanding participant and stakeholder perspectives. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287387. [PMID: 37418371 PMCID: PMC10328361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Quality sport experiences may be a key underlying mechanism through which continued sport participation may facilitate positive youth development. However, what constitutes a quality sport experience for youth is poorly understood due to a lack of comprehensiveness among existing measures. This study aimed to identify the salient factors that constitute quality sport experience for youth by capturing athletes and stakeholder perspectives with a broader goal of developing a more robust quality sport experiences measure. A total of 53 youth athletes and stakeholders (i.e., parents, coaches, and sport administrators) completed semi-structured interviews or focus groups about what they felt were important aspects of a quality sport experience for youth. Inductive content analysis of the data identified four themes representing important indicators for a quality sport experience for youth: fun and enjoyment, opportunity for sport skill development and progress, social support and sense of belonging, and open and effective communication. These higher order themes were found among each of the groups that have important interpersonal relationships with athletes, as well as among athletes themselves. Each of these themes were also related to one another. Collectively, findings outline a framework to understand what constitutes a quality sport experience for youth. The Quality Sport Experience Framework for Youth will help in the development of a quantitative tool to assess this construct and enable researchers to examine how these experiences contribute to continued engagement in sport and positive developmental outcomes among youth sport participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver M. Y. Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Cairney
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sina Azimi
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mark W. Bruner
- School of Physical and Health Education, Nipissing University, Nipissing, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine A. Tamminen
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Y. W. Kwan
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Porter CD, McPhee PG, Kwan MY, Timmons BW, Brown DMY. 24-hour movement guideline adherence and mental health: A cross-sectional study of emerging adults with chronic health conditions and disabilities. Disabil Health J 2023:101476. [PMID: 37150663 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2023.101476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent work has shown that individuals with chronic health conditions and disabilities (CCD) meet the 24-h movement guidelines at lower rates than population norms; however, the evidence base remains limited across different stages of the lifespan and very few studies have examined associations with mental health outcomes. OBJECTIVE This study examined 24-h movement guideline adherence among emerging adults with CCD compared to those without and associations between guideline adherence and indicators of mental health. METHODS This cross-sectional study used data from the 2020 cycle of the Canadian Campus Wellbeing Survey. A total of 17,874 emerging adults enrolled at 20 post-secondary institutions (mean age = 21.6 ± 2.94 years; 65.2% female), including 3336 who identified with a CCD, self-reported their movement behaviors (physical activity, sedentary behaviors, sleep) and completed measures of psychological distress and mental well-being. Logistic regressions models were computed to examine differences in guideline adherence. Propensity score weighted linear regression models were computed to examine associations between guideline adherence and indicators of mental health. RESULTS Emerging adults with CCD had significantly lower odds of meeting the 24-h movement guidelines than their peers, and disparities in guideline adherence were most pronounced among those with multimorbidity, developmental, and physical disabilities. Guideline adherence was associated with significantly more favorable scores for psychological distress and mental well-being among those with and without CCD. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest emerging adults with CCD engage in less healthy movement behavior patterns than their peers, yet they appear to experience similar mental health benefits when they do meet the 24-h movement guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carah D Porter
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Psychology, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Patrick G McPhee
- McMaster University, Department of Pediatrics, Hamilton, ON, Canada; McMaster University, School of Rehabilitation Science, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Y Kwan
- Brock University, Department of Child and Youth Studies, St. Catharine's, ON, Canada
| | - Brian W Timmons
- McMaster University, Department of Pediatrics, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Denver M Y Brown
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Psychology, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Woods AD, Gerasimova D, Van Dusen B, Nissen J, Bainter S, Uzdavines A, Davis‐Kean PE, Halvorson M, King KM, Logan JAR, Xu M, Vasilev MR, Clay JM, Moreau D, Joyal‐Desmarais K, Cruz RA, Brown DMY, Schmidt K, Elsherif MM. Best practices for addressing missing data through multiple imputation. Infant and Child Development 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne D. Woods
- Center for Learning and Development, Education SRI International Arlington Virginia USA
| | - Daria Gerasimova
- Kansas University Center on Developmental Disabilities University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas USA
| | - Ben Van Dusen
- School of Education Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA
| | - Jayson Nissen
- Nissen Education Research and Design Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Sierra Bainter
- Department of Psychology University of Miami Coral Gables Florida USA
| | - Alex Uzdavines
- South Central Mental Illness Research Education, and Clinical Center, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center Houston Texas USA
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas USA
| | | | - Max Halvorson
- Department of Psychology University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Kevin M. King
- Department of Psychology University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Jessica A. R. Logan
- Department of Educational Studies The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Menglin Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
| | | | - James M. Clay
- Department of Psychology University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - David Moreau
- School of Psychology University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Keven Joyal‐Desmarais
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology Concordia University Montreal Quebec Canada
- Montreal Behavioral Medicine Centre Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord‐de‐l'Île‐de‐Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Rick A. Cruz
- Department of Psychology Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Denver M. Y. Brown
- Department of Psychology University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio Texas USA
| | - Kathleen Schmidt
- School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences Southern Illinois University Carbondale Illinois USA
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Kwan MYW, Kandasamy S, Graham JD, Konopaki J, Brown DMY. Development and evaluation of the IPLAY program: A protocol for a mixed-methods feasibility study targeting newcomer youth. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284373. [PMID: 37053251 PMCID: PMC10101383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical Literacy (PL) is a synthesis construct that ties together movement competencies with affective, motivational, and knowledge-based elements. It is considered foundational to the development of physical activity-related outcomes. Many diverse organizations and programs have embraced the concept and are implementing programs targeting each of those core elements. However, research has lagged behind its interest and adoption. Among the more prominent gaps is the design and evaluation of programs that aim to increase PL within special populations such as new immigrants or refugee youth. METHODS The Immigrant-focused Physical Literacy for Youth (IPLAY) program is a co-developed evidence-informed 8-week PL program designed for new immigrant and refugee youths who have recently settled in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. This study aims to use a convergent parallel mixed-methods approach to collect, analyse, and interpret quantitative and qualitative data in the evaluation and iteration of the IPLAY program. DISCUSSION PL programs can be used as a tool to build confidence and physical competencies among newcomer youth. Furthermore, academic-community collaborations in the design and delivery of PL programs can help improve the access and interest for PL programs among newcomer youth. These partnerships are critical and timely considering the recent and upcoming waves of immigration to "arrival cities" across Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Y W Kwan
- Department of Child & Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Sujane Kandasamy
- Department of Child & Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jeffrey D Graham
- Department of Child & Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | | | - Denver M Y Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
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Brown DMY, Faulkner GEJ, Kwan MYW. Healthier movement behavior profiles are associated with higher psychological wellbeing among emerging adults attending post-secondary education. J Affect Disord 2022; 319:511-517. [PMID: 36162673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging adulthood is a stressful time fraught with new challenges while attending higher education. Identifying protective factors to help reduce the psychological burden that many will experience during this period is therefore important. This study aimed to identify whether emerging adults attending post-secondary education can be classified into distinct profiles based on their 24-h movement behaviors, evaluate correlates of profile membership, and examine relationships between profile membership and indicators of mental health. METHODS This cross-sectional study used data from Cycle 1 of the Canadian Campus Wellbeing Survey. Emerging adults (N = 15,080; 67.6 % female; mean age = 20.78 ± 2.00) from 20 post-secondary institutions in Canada self-reported their movement behaviors - moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), recreational screen time (ST) and sleep - and completed measures of psychological distress and mental wellbeing. Latent profile analysis was employed. RESULTS Five profiles were identified: low ST with very high (12.6 %), high (24.4 %) and low MVPA (51.2 %) as well as high ST with high (2.3 %) and low MVPA (9.4 %). Profiles had similar sleep patterns and were thus characterized by differences in MVPA and ST. Several socio-demographic variables were associated with profile membership. Profiles characterized by healthier combinations of MVPA, ST and sleep generally reported more favorable scores for indicators of mental health. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional data limits causal inference, whereas self-reports may be biased. CONCLUSIONS Campus-based interventions should focus on getting students to engage in a healthy balance of physical activity and recreational screen use as it has the potential to reduce the mental health burden on emerging adults attending post-secondary education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver M Y Brown
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78254, USA.
| | - Guy E J Faulkner
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, 6081 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Matthew Y W Kwan
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Brown DMY, Porter C, Hamilton F, Almanza F, Narvid C, Pish M, Arizabalo D. Interactive Associations between Physical Activity and Sleep Duration in Relation to Adolescent Academic Achievement. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:15604. [PMID: 36497677 PMCID: PMC9736778 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed to examine independent and interactive associations between physical activity and sleep duration with adolescent academic achievement. METHODS This cross-sectional study used data from the 2019 cycle of the US-based Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. A total of 13,677 American adolescents in grades 9 through 12 (MAGE = 16.06 ± 1.24 years; 50.9% female) self-reported their sleep and physical activity behavior as well as their grades. Linear regression models fit with cubic splines were computed to capture potential non-linear associations. RESULTS Findings for the independent effect models revealed significant curvilinear relationships between physical activity and sleep with academic achievement wherein optimal grades were associated with 7-9 h/night of sleep and 5-7 days/week of physical activity. A significant physical activity by sleep interaction was also observed for academic achievement, which demonstrated that the association between sleep duration and academic achievement is not uniform across levels of physical activity engagement, and tradeoffs may exist. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results help to identify different combinations of physical activity and sleep behavior associated with optimal academic achievement and suggest that a one-size-fits-all approach to physical activity and sleep recommendations may not be adequate for promoting academic achievement during adolescence.
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12
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Kovacevic D, Bray SR, Brown DMY, Kwan MYW. Understanding Changes in Adolescent Physical Activity Behaviors and Cognitions Prior to and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:895097. [PMID: 35873204 PMCID: PMC9304579 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.895097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite accumulating evidence that has found significant negative declines in physical activity (PA) as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, little work has sought to understand how PA cognitions have changed during this period and in relation to behavior change during the pandemic. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the changes in adolescents' PA behaviors and cognitions associated with COVID-19 and prospective predictors of PA using the Multi-Process Action Control (M-PAC) framework. Adolescents were recruited from a large school board and a total of 588 participants (Mage = 15.87 ± 0.43 years, 60% female) completed data collection in both Fall 2019 and 2020—prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants completed self-reported measures of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), participation in organized activities, and variables derived from the M-PAC framework. Mixed effects models were computed to examine longitudinal changes in MVPA and cognitions as well as whether cognitions prior to COVID-19 predict MVPA during COVID-19. A generalized estimating equations model was computed to examine longitudinal changes for participation in organized activities. Findings indicated that MVPA (B = −56.41, p < 0.01) and participation in organized activities (OR = 0.33, p < 0.01) significantly decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Correspondingly, there were significant decreases in intentions (B = −0.34), identity (B = −0.19), and habit (B = −0.20), though there were increases in behavioral regulation (B = 0.18). No significant changes were found in affective attitudes, instrumental attitudes, perceived opportunity, and perceived capability. Among the baseline M-PAC cognitions, habit (B = 46.28) was the lone significant predictor of MVPA during COVID-19. Overall results suggest that adolescents' PA behaviors and cognitions were negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, along with promising evidence that restrictions prompted adaptive utilization of behavioral regulation skills. Moreover, habit appears to play a salient role in predicting PA behaviors during uncertain times involving major life disruptions. These findings highlight the need to dedicate additional attention to PA promotion as COVID-19 moves toward an endemic phase, and that interventions targeting habit formation may be critical for helping adolescents better sustain healthy active lifestyles during major life changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Kovacevic
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Steven R. Bray
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Denver M. Y. Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Matthew Y. W. Kwan
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Matthew Y. W. Kwan
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Graham JD, Zhang B, Brown DMY, Cairney J. The Home Advantage in the National Basketball Association Conference Finals and Finals Series From 1979 to 2019: A Mediation Analysis of Offensive and Defensive Skills. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2022; 44:52-61. [PMID: 34911038 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2020-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the home advantage effect in decisive National Basketball Association Conference Finals and Finals series playoff games from 1979 to 2019 (the 3-point shot era). We also examined the potential contribution of various offensive- and defensive-based skills and whether these skills mediated the relationship between game status (decisive vs. nondecisive) and outcome (win vs. loss). Overall, we found evidence of a home court advantage with the home team winning 63% of the decisive playoff games and 66% of the nondecisive playoff games. After adjusting for multiple comparisons and regular season win percentage, the home team had significantly more defensive rebounds and steals in Game 5 when trailing 3-1 going into that game. Mediation analyses did not reveal any significant findings when examining the impact of decisive game status on performance through offensive and defensive skills, thus suggesting there are other explanations for the home advantage effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Graham
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON,Canada
| | - Bolun Zhang
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,Canada
| | - Denver M Y Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - John Cairney
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,Canada
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane,Australia
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Kwan MYW, Brown DMY, Dutta P, Haider I, Cairney J, Rhodes RE. Application of the Multi-Process Action Control Model to Predict Physical Activity During Late Adolescence. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2022; 44:35-41. [PMID: 34861651 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2021-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to apply the Multi-Process Action Control model to examine how the additions of regulatory and reflexive processes predict physical activity (PA) behaviors among adolescents. Our sample included 1,176 Grade 11 students (Mage = 15.85 ± 0.38) recruited from a large school board in Southern Ontario. Participants completed a questionnaire including measures of self-reported PA and PA cognitions derived from the Multi-Process Action Control model. Results found the reflective process explaining 16.5% of the variance in PA, with the additions of regulatory and reflexive processes significantly improving the explained variance by 5.1% and 8.2%, respectively. Final models revealed coping planning (estimate = 45.10, p = .047), identity (estimate = 55.82, p < .001), and habit (estimate = 64.07, p < .001) as significant predictors of PA. Findings reinforce the need for integrative models to better understand PA, with coping planning, habit formation, and development of an active identity to be salient targets for intervention during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Y W Kwan
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario,Canada
- INfant, Child, and youth Health (INCH) Lab, Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario,Canada
| | - Denver M Y Brown
- INfant, Child, and youth Health (INCH) Lab, Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario,Canada
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,USA
| | - Pallavi Dutta
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario,Canada
- INfant, Child, and youth Health (INCH) Lab, Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario,Canada
| | - Imran Haider
- Exercise and Health Psychology Laboratory, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario,Canada
| | - John Cairney
- INfant, Child, and youth Health (INCH) Lab, Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario,Canada
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD,Australia
| | - Ryan E Rhodes
- Behavioural Medicine Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia,Canada
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Brown DMY, Kwan MYW. Movement Behaviors and Mental Wellbeing: A Cross-Sectional Isotemporal Substitution Analysis of Canadian Adolescents. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:736587. [PMID: 34675788 PMCID: PMC8523680 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.736587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies have shown reallocating screen time for healthy movement behaviors such as physical activity and sleep can provide important benefits for mental health. However, the focus on positive aspects of mental health such as wellbeing has received limited attention, particularly among adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of reallocating physical activity, screen time, and sleep on mental wellbeing in adolescents. Methods: This study involved cross-sectional analysis of data from Wave 1 of the ADAPT study. A total of 1,118 Canadian adolescents enrolled in grade 11 classes (MAGE = 15.92; 54.5% female) self-reported their movement behaviors using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire – Short Form to assess moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and daily recall questionnaires to assess recreational screen time and sleep. Participants also completed three measures of mental wellbeing: the Flourishing Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and a brief Resiliency scale from the Canadian Campus Wellbeing Survey. Results: Isotemporal substitution analysis revealed replacing 60 min of screen time with either moderate-to-vigorous physical activity or sleep has significant benefits for mental wellbeing. Comparatively, reallocating 60 min between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sleep does not impact mental wellbeing. Discussion: Findings suggest healthy movement behaviors confer similar beneficial effects for adolescent’s mental wellbeing. Health promotion campaigns targeted toward adolescents should consider highlighting that reallocation of screen time to either sleep or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity may provide important benefits for mental wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver M Y Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Y W Kwan
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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Brown DMY, Farias Zuniga A, Mulla DM, Mendonca D, Keir PJ, Bray SR. Investigating the Effects of Mental Fatigue on Resistance Exercise Performance. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:6794. [PMID: 34202762 PMCID: PMC8297120 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mental fatigue can impart negative effects on subsequent physical performance, although the mechanisms underlying these effects are not well understood. This study examined whether mental fatigue confers negative carryover effects on the performance of a set of biceps curls, while also investigating physiological and psychological mechanisms proposed to explain the predicted effect. A randomized, cross-over design was employed. On visit 1, participants (N = 10) performed a barbell biceps curl one-repetition maximum (1RM) test. On visits 2-3, participants performed 20 biceps curls at 50% of their 1RM, followed by their respective 10 min experimental manipulation (high vs. low cognitive exertion) and then a second set of biceps curls to exhaustion. Ratings of perceived exertion and electromyography of the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, upper trapezius, thoracic erector spinae and lumbar erector spinae were recorded during the physical task. The total number of repetitions completed was similar across the conditions. Results also failed to show between-condition differences for muscle activation and perceptions of exertion. Future research is needed to build an adequate knowledge base to determine whether there is an effect of mental fatigue on dynamic resistance-based task performance and, if so, identify the mechanisms explaining how and why.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver M. Y. Brown
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (A.F.Z.); (D.M.M.); (D.M.); (P.J.K.); (S.R.B.)
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Brown DMY, Ross T, Leo J, Buliung RN, Shirazipour CH, Latimer-Cheung AE, Arbour-Nicitopoulos KP. A Scoping Review of Evidence-Informed Recommendations for Designing Inclusive Playgrounds. Front Rehabilit Sci 2021; 2:664595. [PMID: 36188796 PMCID: PMC9397725 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2021.664595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Playgrounds provide children with many sensory, motor, and socioemotional experiences that are critical to child development. Unfortunately, playgrounds also represent an environment where children with disabilities experience barriers to accessing play. Structures and materials that are prominently found in almost all playground designs (e.g., swings, slides, sand) can present as obstacles for many children with disabilities to engage in independent play.Aims: This scoping review engaged in the empirical literature to address the research question, “What are the evidence-informed recommendations for designing inclusive playgrounds to enable participation for children with disabilities?” Consideration was given not only to the physical design of playgrounds, but also the playgrounds' surrounding built and social environments.Methods: A systematic search of Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, EMBase, ERIC and Scopus was conducted. Only peer-reviewed literature published in English between January 1990 and January 2021, with a primary focus on inclusive playground structure design related to any type of disability were included. Data extraction included the study author(s), year of publication, country of origin, purpose, disability types considered, methods, sample characteristics and key findings. Key findings were synthesized into evidence-informed recommendations, which were later collated, using inductive content analysis, into five broader thematically congruent groups.Results: Thirty-five studies were included using case study (n = 17); observational (n = 6); survey (n = 5); experimental (n = 4); and multiple study (n = 3) designs. Thirteen evidence-based recommendations and one promising practice were categorized into five broad playground elements: entry points; surfacing and paths; features to foster inclusive play; staffing/supervision; and design process.Conclusion: These recommendations build upon previous design-based best-practices that focused exclusively on the physical design of the playground. Our recommendations have implications for how future playgrounds should be designed to maximize usability and inclusiveness and the overall playground experiences for children with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver M. Y. Brown
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Mental Health and Physical Activity Research Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Timothy Ross
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Leo
- The Steadward Centre for Personal and Physical Achievement, University of Alberta, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ron N. Buliung
- Department of Geography, Geomatics and Environment, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Celina H. Shirazipour
- Cancer Research Center for Health Equity, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Kelly P. Arbour-Nicitopoulos
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Mental Health and Physical Activity Research Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Kelly P. Arbour-Nicitopoulos
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Brown DMY, Kwan MY, Arbour-Nicitopoulos KP, Cairney J. Identifying patterns of movement behaviours in relation to depressive symptoms during adolescence: A latent profile analysis approach. Prev Med 2021; 143:106352. [PMID: 33259826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Movement behaviour guideline adherence has been associated with lower depressive symptoms during adolescence, yet no studies have used person-centered approaches to examine this relationship. The purpose of the present study was to identify whether unique adolescent movement behaviour profiles exist, evaluate predictors of profile membership, and determine whether profile membership was associated with differences in depressive symptoms cross sectionally and longitudinally. This study involved secondary analysis of the public-use data from Wave 1 and Wave 2 of the National Study of Adolescent Health. Adolescents (N = 6436; 48% male) in grades 7 to 12 (Mage = 16.03 ± 1.75) completed measures to assess moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), recreational screen time (ST), and sleep - collectively known as movement behaviours - and depressive symptoms. Latent profile analysis identified four profiles that had similar sleep patterns and were thus characterized by different levels of MVPA and ST: high MVPA/low ST (29%), high MVPA/high ST (4%), low MVPA/low ST (53%), and low MVPA/high ST (14%). Several socio-demographic variables were found to influence profile membership. After adjusting for covariates, findings revealed depressive symptoms were lowest among the high MVPA/low ST profile and this trend was evident one year later. Engaging in high levels of either MVPA or ST alone did not provide additive benefits for depressive symptoms compared to those who engaged in low levels of both MVPA and ST. These findings suggest intervention efforts should take an integrative approach to improve mental health outcomes among adolescents by considering each of the movement behaviours concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver M Y Brown
- McMaster University, Department of Family Medicine, 100 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario L8P 1H6, Canada.
| | - Matthew Y Kwan
- Brock University, Department of Child and Youth Studies, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catherines, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Kelly P Arbour-Nicitopoulos
- University of Toronto, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, 55 Harbord St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 2W6, Canada.
| | - John Cairney
- University of Queensland, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, 26 Blair Dr., Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia.
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Brown DMY, Kwan MYW, King-Dowling S, Cairney J. Cross-Sectional Associations Between Wake-Time Movement Compositions and Mental Health in Preschool Children With and Without Motor Coordination Problems. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:752333. [PMID: 34917559 PMCID: PMC8669814 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.752333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement behaviors have been found to be important correlates of health for children and may be particularly important for children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) who often experience greater mental health problems. To date, however, little research has investigated the daily movement composition of preschool children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and/or its association with mental health. The purpose of the current study was to: (1) examine whether differences in movement compositions (i.e., sedentary time, light physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity) exist between typically developing (TD) preschool-age children and those at risk for DCD (rDCD); and (2) investigate associations between movement compositions and mental health indicators. This cross-sectional study used the baseline cohort data from the Coordination and Activity Tracking in CHildren (CATCH) study. A total of 589 preschool-age children (Mage = 4.94 ± 0.59 years; 57.4% boys) were included in this analysis, of which 288 scored at or below the 16th percentile on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 and were thus classified as rDCD. Wake time movement behaviors were measured using accelerometers and parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist to assess their child's mental health (i.e., internalizing and externalizing problems). Compositional data analysis techniques were used. After adjusting for potential confounders, the results demonstrated similar movement compositions between TD and rDCD children. Among the full sample, findings revealed a significant association between sedentary time and externalizing problems, however, each of the other associations did not reach statistical significance. These results are consistent with emerging evidence demonstrating similar patterns of physical activity and sedentary time among TD children and those classified as rDCD during the preschool years. Although movement behaviors explained little variance in mental health during this period, future research should investigate when movement compositions diverge, and how these changes may impact the mental health of TD children and those classified as rDCD later in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver M Y Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Infant, Child and Youth Health (INCH) Lab, Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Y W Kwan
- Infant, Child and Youth Health (INCH) Lab, Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catherines, ON, Canada
| | - Sara King-Dowling
- Infant, Child and Youth Health (INCH) Lab, Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John Cairney
- Infant, Child and Youth Health (INCH) Lab, Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Exerting cognitive control results in mental fatigue, which is associated with impaired performance during physical endurance tasks. However, there has been little research on the effects of mental fatigue on people's perceptions or behaviors involving lifestyle or recreational exercise. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of mental fatigue on intended physical exertion and exercise performance reflective of current physical activity guidelines. METHODS Using a counterbalanced design, participants completed two 50-min experimental manipulations (high vs. low cognitive control exertion) before exercising at a self-selected intensity for 30 min. At visit 1, participants performed a graded exercise task to gain familiarity with a range of exercise intensities and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) while exercising. At visits 2 and 3, participants rated their intended RPE for the exercise session, performed the experimental manipulations, re-rated their intended RPE, and then completed 30-min of exercise on a cycle ergometer. Total work performed while exercising was recorded for each session. RESULTS Compared with the low cognitive control condition, the high cognitive control manipulation resulted in significantly greater mental fatigue (d = .73), significantly greater reductions in intended RPE (mean difference = -0.62), and significantly less total work (-12.7 kJ) performed during the exercise session. CONCLUSIONS Mental fatigue alters the amount of physical effort people are willing to invest in an exercise workout and follow through with those intentions by doing less work. These are the first results showing people may deliberately adjust their physical effort to cope with mental fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver M Y Brown
- McMaster University, Department of Kinesiology, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Steven R Bray
- McMaster University, Department of Kinesiology, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Kwan MYW, Dutta P, Bray SR, Brown DMY, Cairney J, Dunton GF, Graham JD, Rebar AL, Rhodes RE. Methods and design for the ADAPT study: Application of integrateD Approaches to understanding Physical activity during the Transition to emerging adulthood. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:426. [PMID: 32234011 PMCID: PMC7110722 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overarching objective of the study is to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the salient factors predicting changes in physical activity (PA) during adolescents' transition into emerging adulthood. Using the Multi-Process Action Control model as our guiding framework, we will examine how implicit and explicit psychological processes along with regulatory practices impact PA change during this major life transition. Additionally, we will use a real-time data capture method called Ecological Momentary Assessment to further investigate how environmental and contextual factors, and momentary psychosocial influences effect PA patterns across this dynamic life stage. METHODS The ADAPT study is a 4-year project comprised of two interrelated studies. Study I is a large prospective cohort study that will invite all grade 11 students across one large school board (a total of seven secondary schools) to participate by completing an online questionnaire. Using a cluster randomization approach, a subset of students from each school will be invited to participate in Study II, whereby participants will wear an accelerometer and complete Ecological Momentary Assessments 5 times a day over a 7-day study period. For both studies, following baseline assessments, there will be three annual follow-up assessments approximately 12 months apart. DISCUSSION The current study represents one of the largest longitudinal cohort studies examining PA and its determinants and associated consequences among adolescents transitioning out of high school into emerging adulthood. Findings from this study will provide a much more in-depth understanding of how and why changes in PA behaviour occur across this first major life transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Y W Kwan
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, 100 Main Street, DBHSC 5th Floor, Hamilton, Ontario, L8P 1H6, Canada.
| | - Pallavi Dutta
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, 100 Main Street, DBHSC 5th Floor, Hamilton, Ontario, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Steven R Bray
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, 100 Main Street, DBHSC 5th Floor, Hamilton, Ontario, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Denver M Y Brown
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, 100 Main Street, DBHSC 5th Floor, Hamilton, Ontario, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - John Cairney
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, 100 Main Street, DBHSC 5th Floor, Hamilton, Ontario, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Genevieve F Dunton
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, 100 Main Street, DBHSC 5th Floor, Hamilton, Ontario, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey D Graham
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, 100 Main Street, DBHSC 5th Floor, Hamilton, Ontario, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Amanda L Rebar
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, 100 Main Street, DBHSC 5th Floor, Hamilton, Ontario, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Ryan E Rhodes
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, 100 Main Street, DBHSC 5th Floor, Hamilton, Ontario, L8P 1H6, Canada
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Brown DMY, Cairney J. The synergistic effect of poor motor coordination, gender and age on self-concept in children: A longitudinal analysis. Res Dev Disabil 2020; 98:103576. [PMID: 31991260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-concept is a critical psychosocial outcome in childhood that is shaped by many factors. Gender, motor coordination and age have been identified as three important contributors. AIM The present study examined whether poor motor coordination (i.e., being classified as at risk for Developmental Coordination Disorder [rDCD]), gender and age have a synergistic effect on domains of self-concept and self-worth in children. METHODS Data were derived from the Physical Health and Activity Study Team longitudinal open cohort project. Children enrolled in grade 4 (Mage = 9.88 ± 0.35) at baseline (n = 1978) completed the Self-Perception Profile for Children 7 times over 4 years to evaluate their competence across multiple domains. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency - Short Form was completed once to evaluate children's motor coordination. Participants scoring ≤15th percentile were classified as rDCD. RESULTS A significant 3-way interaction between rDCD, gender and age was observed for athletic ability, physical appearance and academic competence, but not social competence, behavioural conduct or global self-worth. Findings revealed developmental trajectories for self-perceptions of athletic ability, physical appearance, and academic competence were lowest among rDCD girls. Boys classified as rDCD also demonstrated lower athletic, academic and physical self-perceptions in comparison to typically developing children. CONCLUSIONS Age intensifies disparities in self held athletic, physical and academic perceptions attributable to differences in gender and rDCD status, however, differences in these domains appear to be independent of children's overall views of themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver M Y Brown
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2W6, Canada.
| | - John Cairney
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2W6, Canada; Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, 100 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, L8P 1H6, Canada.
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Brown DMY, Graham JD, Innes KI, Harris S, Flemington A, Bray SR. Effects of Prior Cognitive Exertion on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2019; 50:497-529. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Brown DMY, Mahlberg N, Pohl D, Timmons BW, Bray SR, Streiner DL, Ferro MA, Hamer S, Rosenbaum PL, Ronen GM. Can behavioral strategies increase physical activity and influence depressive symptoms and quality of life among children with epilepsy? Results of a randomized controlled trial. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 94:158-166. [PMID: 30939411 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined whether increasing physical activity (PA) through 6 months of behavioral counseling positively influenced depressive symptoms and quality of life (QoL) over 12 months among children with epilepsy (CWE). METHODS A longitudinal multisite randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted with 8-14-year-old children with active epilepsy. Participants wore a pedometer to track daily PA and completed 3 measures at 4 time points to examine depressive symptoms and QoL. Stratified by site and activity level, participants were randomized to an intervention or control group. The 6-month intervention included 11 behavioral counseling sessions targeting self-regulation of PA. To assess the associations among PA, depression scores, and QoL, primary analysis involved mixed-effects models. RESULTS We recruited 122 CWE, of whom 115 were randomized (Mage = 11 ± 2; 50% female) and included in the analysis. The intervention did not increase PA in the treatment compared with the control group. No differences were found between groups over time during the subsequent 6 months, where PA decreased among all participants. Results did not show differences between the groups and over time for measures of depressive symptoms and QoL. SIGNIFICANCE The intervention did not improve or sustain PA levels over 12 months. Both groups demonstrated declines in PA over one year, but there were no changes in depression scores or QoL. As most participants were already nearly reaching the Canadian average of step counts of children their age, with a baseline daily step count of over 9000, there may be a challenge for further increasing PA over a longer period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver M Y Brown
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Nadilein Mahlberg
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1400 Main Street W, Institute for Applied Health Sciences, Room 408, Hamilton, ON L8S 1C7, Canada.
| | - Daniela Pohl
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Brian W Timmons
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1400 Main Street W, Institute for Applied Health Sciences, Room 408, Hamilton, ON L8S 1C7, Canada.
| | - Steven R Bray
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - David L Streiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON L9C 3N6, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Mark A Ferro
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Sabrina Hamer
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Institute Building 2, Room R2109, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Peter L Rosenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1400 Main Street W, Institute for Applied Health Sciences, Room 408, Hamilton, ON L8S 1C7, Canada.
| | - Gabriel M Ronen
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1400 Main Street W, Institute for Applied Health Sciences, Room 408, Hamilton, ON L8S 1C7, Canada.
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Brown DMY, Bray SR. Effects of Mental Fatigue on Physical Endurance Performance and Muscle Activation Are Attenuated by Monetary Incentives. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2017; 39:385-396. [PMID: 29424609 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2017-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Physical performance is impaired following cognitive control exertion. Incentives can ameliorate adverse carryover effects of cognitive control exertion but have not been investigated for physical endurance. This study examined the effect of monetary incentives on physical performance and muscle activation following exposure to a mentally fatiguing, cognitive control task. Participants (N = 82) performed two isometric endurance handgrip trials separated by a 12-min cognitive control manipulation using a 2 (high cognitive control [HCC]/low cognitive control [LCC]) × 2 (incentive/no incentive) design. Mental fatigue was significantly higher in the HCC conditions. Performance decreased in the HCC/no incentive condition but was unaffected in the HCC/incentive condition, which did not differ from the low cognitive control conditions. Electromyography data revealed increased muscle activation in the HCC/no incentive condition, which was also attenuated in the HCC/incentive condition. Findings show that incentives counteract the negative effects of HCC on physical endurance and alter central drive to motor units.
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Zering JC, Brown DMY, Graham JD, Bray SR. Cognitive control exertion leads to reductions in peak power output and [Formula: see text] as well as increased perceived exertion on a graded exercise test to exhaustion. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1-9. [PMID: 27681889 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1237777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated effects of a brief (10.5 min) cognitively demanding task on graded exercise test performance. Untrained, university students (N = 15) completed two graded exercise tests in counterbalanced, randomised order. One test was preceded by restful viewing of a documentary video (control); the other by a stop-signal task. Cardiorespiratory functions and perceived exertion were monitored during exercise. Peak power output (W) was lower following the stop-signal task (M = 240.03, SD = 53.37) compared to control (M = 246.03, SD = 52.60), P = 0.002, ηP2 = 0.493, as was [Formula: see text] (P = 0.042, Cohen's d = 0.55). Perceived exertion was significantly higher at 50% (d = 0.77) and 75% (d = 0.83) of iso-time following the cognitive task (Ps ≤ 0.01). Results are consistent with research showing negative carryover effects of cognitively demanding tasks on whole-body endurance performance. Results also support the psychobiological model of exercise as performance of the cognitive task did not affect perceived exertion when exercise task demands were lower, but lead to greater perceived exertion and earlier withdrawal of effort at higher levels of exercise task demand. Findings have implications for understanding psychological determinants of exercise performance and conditions that may lead to underestimation of [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Zering
- a Department of Kinesiology , McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
| | - Denver M Y Brown
- a Department of Kinesiology , McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
| | - Jeffrey D Graham
- a Department of Kinesiology , McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
| | - Steven R Bray
- a Department of Kinesiology , McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
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Brown DMY, Teseo AJ, Bray SR. Effects of autonomous motivational priming on motivation and affective responses towards high-intensity interval training. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:1491-9. [PMID: 26634389 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1119301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of autonomous motivational priming on motivation, attitudes and intentions towards high-intensity interval training (HIT). Participants (N = 42) performed a graded exercise test to determine their peak aerobic power (WPEAK). At a subsequent testing session, participants were randomised to complete either an autonomous or neutral motivational priming task followed by a 10 × 1 HIT exercise protocol, alternating 1-min bouts of hard (70% WPEAK) and light (12.5% WPEAK) exercises for 20 min. Participants primed with autonomous motivation reported greater enjoyment, P = .009, ηp(2) = .16, and perceived competence, P = .005, ηp(2) = .18, post-exercise compared to those in the neutral priming condition. Participants in the autonomous motivational priming condition also reported more positive attitudes, P = .014, ηp(2) = .14, towards HIT; however, there was no difference between the conditions for task motivation during HIT or intentions, P = .53, ηp(2) = .01, to engage in HIT. These findings highlight autonomous motivational priming as a method of enhancing affective and motivational experiences regarding HIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver M Y Brown
- a Department of Kinesiology , McMaster University , Hamilton , ON , Canada
| | - Amanda J Teseo
- a Department of Kinesiology , McMaster University , Hamilton , ON , Canada
| | - Steven R Bray
- a Department of Kinesiology , McMaster University , Hamilton , ON , Canada
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Brown DMY, Bray SR. Isometric exercise and cognitive function: an investigation of acute dose–response effects during submaximal fatiguing contractions. J Sports Sci 2014; 33:487-97. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.947524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Brown DMY, Bray SR, Beatty KR, Kwan MYW. Healthy active living: a residence community-based intervention to increase physical activity and healthy eating during the transition to first-year university. J Am Coll Health 2014; 62:234-242. [PMID: 24499161 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2014.887572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of a Healthy Active Living (HAL) community intervention on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), fruit and vegetable consumption (FVC), and psychosocial mediators of physical activity among students transitioning into university. METHODS Sixty undergraduate students were assigned to reside in either the HAL community or no-treatment control residence and completed questionnaire measures at the beginning and end of the academic year. RESULTS Students living in the HAL community reported significantly more MVPA (F[1, 58]=19.93, p<.001, ηp2=.26) and greater FVC (F[1, 56]=3.12, p=.08, ηp2=.05) compared with controls. Participants in the HAL condition also scored significantly higher in action planning (F[1, 58]=4.79, p<.05, ηp2=.08), partially mediating the effect of the intervention on MVPA. CONCLUSION A peer-delivered healthy lifestyles intervention targeting first-year university students appears to be effective in preserving or enhancing health behaviors and cognitions during their transition into university life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver M Y Brown
- a Department of Kinesiology , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario , Canada
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