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Bradshaw MJ, Boufford D, Braun U, Moparthi S, Jellings K, Maust A, Pandey B, Slack S, Pfister DH. An In-Depth Evaluation of Powdery Mildew Hosts Reveals One of the World's Most Common and Widespread Groups of Fungal Plant Pathogens. Plant Dis 2024; 108:576-581. [PMID: 37755416 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-23-1471-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildews are highly destructive fungal plant pathogens that have a significant economic impact on both agricultural and ecological systems worldwide. The intricate relationship between powdery mildews and their host plants has led to cospeciation. In this study, we conducted an extensive evaluation of powdery mildew hosts to provide an updated understanding of the host ranges and distributions of these fungi. The "United States National Fungus Collections Fungus-Host Dataset" is the primary source of information for our analyses. The analysis of the dataset demonstrated the worldwide prevalence of powdery mildews; the data contained over 72,000 reports of powdery mildews, representing ∼8.7% of all host-fungal records. We have updated the taxonomy and nomenclature of powdery mildews. In total, powdery mildews infect ∼10,125 host taxa belonging to 205 families of flowering plants, which accounts for 1,970 genera in 200 countries across six continents. Furthermore, we estimate that powdery mildews infect approximately 2.9% of described angiosperm species. Our study underscores the need for regular updates on powdery mildew host information due to the continuously evolving taxonomy and the discovery of new host taxa. Since 1986, we estimate an additional 1,866 host taxa, 353 genera, and 36 families have been reported. Additionally, the identification of powdery mildew hosts provides valuable insights into the coevolutionary dynamics between the fungi and their plant hosts. Overall, this updated list provides valuable insights into the taxonomy and geographic distribution of powdery mildew species, which builds upon the previous work of Amano in 1986. Discerning the geographic spread and host range of economically significant plant pathogens is vital for biosecurity measures and identifying the origins and expansion of potentially harmful pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bradshaw
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, U.S.A
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A
| | - David Boufford
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A
| | - Uwe Braun
- Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Swarnalatha Moparthi
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, U.S.A
| | - Keila Jellings
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A
| | - Autumn Maust
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A
| | - Binod Pandey
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, U.S.A
| | - Suzanne Slack
- Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A
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Bradshaw M, Braun U, Quijada L, Pfister DH. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera of Erysiphaceae, part 5: Erysiphe (the " Microsphaera lineage" part 1). Mycologia 2024; 116:106-147. [PMID: 37955985 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2252715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, we offer the fifth installment of a series focusing on the phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildews. This paper is the second segment evaluating the genus Erysiphe. The first treatment of Erysiphe focused on phylogenetically basal species in the "Uncinula lineage." This research presents a phylogenetic-taxonomic assessment of species that form the group previously referred to as the "Microsphaera lineage." Given the size of the group, we split the treatment of this lineage of Erysiphe species into two parts based on their phylogenetic placement. Phylogenetic trees based on ITS+28S data are supplemented by sequences of additional markers (CAM, GADPH, GS, RPB2, and TUB). Included in the analysis of the Microsphaera lineage is the "Erysiphe aquilegiae complex" (group, clade, cluster), which encompasses sequences obtained from an assemblage of Erysiphe species with insufficient resolution in rDNA analyses. Attempts have been made to resolve this group at the species level by applying a multilocus approach. A detailed discussion of the "Erysiphe aquilegiae complex" is provided. Sequences are provided for the first time for several species, particularly North American species, such as Erysiphe aggregata, E. erineophila, E. parnassiae, and E. semitosta. Ex-type sequences for Microsphaera benzoin and M. magnusii have been retrieved. Alphitomorpha penicillata, Microsphaera vanbruntiana, and M. symphoricarpi are epitypified with ex-epitype sequences. The new species Erysiphe alnicola, E. deutziana, E. cornigena, E. lentaginis, and E. sambucina are described, the new combinations E. lauracearum, E. passiflorae, and E. sambucicola are introduced, and the new name E. santali is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bradshaw
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
- Farlow Herbarium, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Uwe Braun
- Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Herbarium, Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University, Neuwerk 21, Halle (Saale) 06099, Germany
| | - Luis Quijada
- Farlow Herbarium, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n, Facultad de Farmacia, Apartado 456, Código postal 38200, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Farlow Herbarium, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Du XH, Wang SY, Ryberg M, Guo YJ, Wei JY, Pfister DH, Johannesson H. Cytological studies reveal high variation in ascospore number and shape and conidia produced directly from ascospores in Morchella galilaea. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1286501. [PMID: 38045031 PMCID: PMC10690605 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1286501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spores are important as dispersal and survival propagules in fungi. In this study we investigated the variation in number, shape, size and germination mode of ascospores in Morchella galilaea, the only species of the genus Morchella known to fruit in the autumn. Based on the observation of five samples, we first discovered significant variation in the shape and size of ascospores in Morchella. One to sixteen ascospores were found in the asci. Ascospore size correlated negatively with ascospore number, but positively with ascus size, and ascus size was positively correlated with ascospore number. We noted that ascospores, both from fresh collections and dried specimens, germinated terminally or laterally either by extended germ tubes, or via the production of conidia that were formed directly from ascospores at one, two or multiple sites. The direct formation of conidia from ascospores takes place within asci or after ascospores are discharged. Using laser confocal microscopy, we recorded the number of nuclei in ascospores and in conidia produced from ascospores. In most ascospores of M. galilaea, several nuclei were observed, as is typical of species of Morchella. However, nuclear number varied from zero to around 20 in this species, and larger ascospores harbored more nuclei. One to six nuclei were present in the conidia. Nuclear migration from ascospores to conidia was observed. Conidia forming directly from ascospores has been observed in few species of Pezizomycetes; this is the first report of the phenomenon in Morchella species. Morphological and molecular data show that conidial formation from ascospores is not found in all the specimens of this species and, hence, is not an informative taxonomic character in M. galilaea. Our data suggest that conidia produced from ascospores and successive mitosis within the ascus may contribute to asci with more than eight spores. The absence of mitosis and/or nuclear degeneration, as well as cytokinesis defect, likely results in asci with fewer than eight ascospores. This study provides new insights into the poorly understood life cycle of Morchella species and more broadly improves knowledge of conidia formation and reproductive strategies in Pezizomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Hui Du
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Si-Yue Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Martin Ryberg
- Evolution Biology Centre, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yong-Jie Guo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jing-Yi Wei
- Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Donald H. Pfister
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Hanna Johannesson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bradshaw M, Braun U, Pfister DH. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera of Erysiphaceae, part 4: Erysiphe (the "Uncinula lineage"). Mycologia 2023; 115:871-903. [PMID: 37676759 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2230853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
This is the fourth contribution within an ongoing series dedicated to the phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildews. This particular installment undertakes a comprehensive evaluation of a group previously referred to as the "Uncinula lineage" within Erysiphe. The genus Erysiphe is too large to be assessed in a single paper; thus, the treatment of Erysiphe is split into three parts, according to phylogenetic lineages. The first paper, presented here, discusses the most basal lineage of Erysiphe and its relationship to allied basal genera within tribe Erysipheae (i.e., Brasiliomyces and Salmonomyces). ITS+28S analyses are insufficient to resolve the basal assemblage of taxa within the Erysipheae. Therefore, phylogenetic multilocus examinations have been carried out to better understand the evolution of these taxa. The results of our analyses favor maintaining Brasiliomyces, Bulbomicroidium, and Salmonomyces as separate genera, at least for the interim, until further phylogenetic multilocus data are available for additional basal taxa within the Erysipheae. The current analyses also confirmed previous results that showed that the "Uncinula lineage" is not exclusively composed of Erysiphe species of sect. Uncinula but also includes some species that morphologically align with sect. Erysiphe, as well as species that had previously been assigned to Californiomyces and Typhulochaeta. Numerous sequences of Erysiphe species from the "Uncinula lineage" have been included in the present phylogenetic analyses and were confirmed by their position in well-supported species clades. Several species have been sequenced for the first time, including Erysiphe clintonii, E. couchii, E. geniculata, E. macrospora, and E. parvula. Ex-type sequences are provided for 16 taxa including E. nothofagi, E. trinae, and E. variabilis. Epitypes are designated and ex-epitype sequences are added for 18 taxa including Erysiphe carpophila, E. densa, and U. geniculata var. carpinicola. The new species Erysiphe canariensis is described, and the new names E. hosagoudarii and E. pseudoprunastri and the new combination E. ampelopsidis are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bradshaw
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Uwe Braun
- Institute of Biology, Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University, Neuwerk 21, Halle (Saale) 06099, Germany
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Bradshaw MJ, Aime MC, Rokas A, Maust A, Moparthi S, Jellings K, Pane AM, Hendricks D, Pandey B, Li Y, Pfister DH. Extensive intragenomic variation in the internal transcribed spacer region of fungi. iScience 2023; 26:107317. [PMID: 37529098 PMCID: PMC10387565 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are among the most biodiverse organisms in the world. Accurate species identification is imperative for studies on fungal ecology and evolution. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region has been widely accepted as the universal barcode for fungi. However, several recent studies have uncovered intragenomic sequence variation within the ITS in multiple fungal species. Here, we mined the genome of 2414 fungal species to determine the prevalence of intragenomic variation and found that the genomes of 641 species, about one-quarter of the 2414 species examined, contained multiple ITS copies. Of those 641 species, 419 (∼65%) contained variation among copies revealing that intragenomic variation is common in fungi. We proceeded to show how these copies could result in the erroneous description of hundreds of fungal species and skew studies evaluating environmental DNA (eDNA) especially when making diversity estimates. Additionally, many genomes were found to be contaminated, especially those of unculturable fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Bradshaw
- Harvard University Herbaria and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - M. Catherine Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Antonis Rokas
- Department of Biological Sciences and Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Autumn Maust
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Swarnalatha Moparthi
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA
| | - Keila Jellings
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Alexander M. Pane
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dylan Hendricks
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Binod Pandey
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Yuanning Li
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Donald H. Pfister
- Harvard University Herbaria and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Bradshaw M, Braun U, Quijada L, Coombes AJ, Contreras-Paredes C, Pfister DH. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera of Erysiphaceae, part 3: Cystotheca. Mycologia 2023; 115:427-436. [PMID: 37159342 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2194172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This contribution is part of a series devoted to the phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildews, with an emphasis on North American taxa. An overview of Cystotheca species is given, including references to ex-type sequences or, if unavailable, proposals for representative reference sequences for phylogenetic-taxonomic purposes. The new species C. mexicana is described, based on Mexican collections on Quercus glaucoides × Quercus microphylla and Quercus liebmannii × Q. microphylla. Cystotheca lanestris is reported for the first time worldwide on Quercus laceyi (Collected in Mexico) and on Q. toumeyi (collected in Arizona, USA). Cystotheca lanestris on Q. agrifolia and on Q. cerris is reported for the first time in Mexico. Epitypes with ex-epitype sequences are designated for Cystotheca wrightii, Lanomyces tjibodensis (= C. tjibodensis), Sphaerotheca kusanoi, and S. lanestris (C. lanestris).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bradshaw
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Farlow Herbarium, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Uwe Braun
- Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Herbarium, Martin Luther University, Institute of Biology, Neuwerk 21, Halle (Saale) 06099, Germany
| | - Luis Quijada
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Farlow Herbarium, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Allen J Coombes
- Herbarium and Botanic Garden, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | | | - Donald H Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Farlow Herbarium, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Van Caenegem W, Ceryngier P, Romanowski J, Pfister DH, Haelewaters D. Hesperomyces (Fungi, Ascomycota) associated with Hyperaspis ladybirds (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae): Rethinking host specificity. Front Fungal Biol 2023; 3:1040102. [PMID: 37746211 PMCID: PMC10512334 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.1040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Laboulbeniales (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniomycetes) are biotrophic microfungi always attached to the exoskeleton of their arthropod hosts. They do not form hyphae or a mycelium; instead, they undergo determinate growth, developing from a two-celled ascospore to form a multicellular thallus. Hesperomyces virescens has been reported on over 30 species of ladybirds (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae); in reality, it represents a complex of species, presumably segregated by host genus association. In this study, we report on Hesperomyces thalli on Hyperaspis vinciguerrae from the Canary Islands and compare them with the Hesperomyces hyperaspidis described on Hyperaspis sp. from Trinidad. We generated the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the large subunit (LSU) nuclear ribosomal RNA gene, and the minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (MCM7) protein-coding gene. Our phylogenetic reconstruction of Hesperomyces based on a concatenated ITS-LSU-MCM7 dataset revealed Hesperomyces sp. ex Hy. vinciguerrae as a member of the He. virescens species complex distinct from He. virescens sensu stricto (s.s.). It also revealed that the Hesperomyces sp. ex Chilocorus bipustulatus from Algeria is different from He. virescens s.s., which is associated with Chilocorus stigma from the USA. This suggests that the species of Hesperomyces are not solely segregated by host association, but that there is also a biogeographical component involved. Based on these data, we refrained from referring our material from Hy. vinciguerrae to He. hyperaspidis. Finally, we discuss the usefulness of MCM7 as a useful marker for species delimitation in Hesperomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warre Van Caenegem
- Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Piotr Ceryngier
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Romanowski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Donald H. Pfister
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Danny Haelewaters
- Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czechia
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Bradshaw MJ, Braun U, Pfister DH. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera of Erysiphaceae, part 1: Golovinomyces. Mycologia 2022; 114:964-993. [PMID: 36223598 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2022.2115419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Powdery mildews are a monophyletic group of obligate plant pathogenic fungi in the family Erysiphaceae. Powdery mildews are economically important in that they cause damage to many agriculturally significant crops and plants in ecologically important habitats. In this contribution, we introduce a new series of publications focusing on the phylogeny and taxonomy of this group, with an emphasis on specimens collected from North America. The first part of the series focuses on the genus Golovinomyces and includes a section detailing the powdery mildew species concept. We conducted analyses of Golovinomyces spp. with available rDNA sequence data from GenBank and supplemented the data set with rDNA (ITS, 28S, IGS) as well as protein-coding (GAPDH) data from 94 North American collections. Many of the species evaluated are included in phylogenetic and morphological analyses for the first time, including the American species G. americanus, G. brunneopunctatus, G. californicus, G. greeneanus, G. hydrophyllacearum, and G. sparsus. A special emphasis was placed on acquiring ex-type or ex-epitype sequences or presenting reference sequences for phylogenetic-taxonomic purposes. Three new species, G. eurybiarum, G. galiorum, and G. malvacearum, are described, and the new combinations G. fuegianus, G. mutisiae, and G. reginae are introduced. Ex-holotype sequences of Erysiphe sparsa (≡ G. sparsus) reveal that it should be reduced to synonymy with G. ambrosiae, and ex-epitype sequences of G. valerianae reveal that it should be reduced to synonymy with G. orontii. Multiple epitypes are designated with ex-epitype sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bradshaw
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Uwe Braun
- Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University, Institute of Biology, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, Halle (Saale) 06099, Germany
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Bradshaw MJ, Braun U, Götz M, Pfister DH. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera of Erysiphaceae, part 2: Neoerysiphe. Mycologia 2022; 114:1-14. [PMID: 36223607 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2022.2115420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The second contribution to a new series devoted to the phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildews is presented. An overview of Neoerysiphe species is given, including references to ex-type sequences or, if unavailable, representative reference sequences for phylogenetic-taxonomic purposes are provided. The new species N. stachydis is described, and Striatoidium jaborosae is reduced to synonymy with Neoerysiphe macquii. Epitypes with ex-epitype sequences are designated for Alphitomorpha ballotae, A. labiatarum, Erysiphe galii, E. chelones, and E. galeopsidis. Based on phylogenetic analyses, it has been demonstrated that Neoerysiphe cumminsiana is confined to its type host, Roldana hartwegii (= Senecio seemannii), and other North and South American parasites on Asteraceae hosts, previously assigned to this species, pertain to N. macquii. The first record of N. macquii from Europe (Germany) on cultivated Bidens aurea was confirmed by sequencing. Sequence analysis of type material of N. rubiae reveals that this species should be excluded from Neoerysiphe; however, the true affinity of this taxon is not yet clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bradshaw
- Herbaria and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Uwe Braun
- Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Institute of Biology, Herbarium, Martin Luther University, Neuwerk 21, Halle (Saale) 06099, Germany
| | - Monika Götz
- Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Urban Green, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institute, Messeweg 11/12, Braunschweig 38104, Germany
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Herbaria and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138
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Bradshaw MJ, Guan GX, Nokes L, Braun U, Liu SY, Pfister DH. Secondary DNA Barcodes (CAM, GAPDH, GS, and RpB2) to Characterize Species Complexes and Strengthen the Powdery Mildew Phylogeny. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.918908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildews are a group of economically and ecologically important plant pathogens. In the past 25 years the use of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) in the powdery mildews has led to major taxonomic revisions. However, the broad scale use of rDNA has also revealed multiple species complexes that cannot be differentiated based on ITS + LSU data alone. Currently, there are only two powdery mildew taxonomic studies that took a multi-locus approach to resolve a species complex. In the present study, we introduce primers to sequence four additional regions (CAM, GAPDH, GS, and RPB2) that have the potential to improve support values in both broad and fine scale phylogenetic analyses. The primers were applied to a broad set of powdery mildew genera in China and the United States, and phylogenetic analyses included some of the common complexes. In taxa with nearly identical ITS sequences the analyses revealed a great amount of diversity. In total 154 non-rDNA sequences from 11 different powdery mildew genera were deposited in NCBI’s GenBank, laying the foundation for secondary barcode databases for powdery mildews. The combined and single loci phylogenetic trees constructed generally followed the previously defined species/genus concepts for the powdery mildews. Future research can use these primers to conduct in depth phylogenetic, and taxonomic studies to elucidate the evolutionary relationships of species and genera within the powdery mildews.
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Mitchell JK, Quijada L, Johnston PR, Pfister DH. Species of the common discomycete genus Bisporella reassigned to at least four genera. Mycologia 2022; 114:713-731. [PMID: 35616641 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2022.2058853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bisporella as typically conceived is a genus of noticeable, bright yellow inoperculate discomycetes. This interpretation of the genus, however, is at odds with Bisporella pallescens, the current name of the type species of the genus; furthermore, the genus has been interpreted as including the unusual species Bisporella resinicola. By comparing morphological and molecular traits of species traditionally included in Bisporella, we show that the genus is polyphyletic, with many "typical" members of the genus belonging instead in Calycina in Pezizellaceae. Bisporella pallescens is conclusively linked with its asexual morph, Bispora antennata, and the genus Bisporella is abandoned as a later synonym of the monotypic genus Bispora (previously applied only to asexual fungi) and placed as sister to Hymenoscyphus in Helotiaceae. Bisporella resinicola is shown to represent an independent monotypic genus, Eustilbum, which so far is placed incertae sedis in Helotiales. Finally, "Bisporella" subpallida, like Bispora, belongs to Helotiaceae but is instead related to "Phaeohelotium" epiphyllum.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Mitchell
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Luis Quijada
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | | | - Donald H Pfister
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Quijada L, Matočec N, Kušan I, Tanney JB, Johnston PR, Mešić A, Pfister DH. Apothecial Ancestry, Evolution, and Re-Evolution in Thelebolales (Leotiomycetes, Fungi). Biology 2022; 11:biology11040583. [PMID: 35453781 PMCID: PMC9026407 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Leotiomycetes is one of the most speciose classes of the phylum Ascomycota (Fungi). Its species are mainly apothecioid, paraphysate, and possess active ascospore discharge. Thelebolales are a distinctive order of the Leotiomycetes class whose members have mostly closed ascomata, evanescent asci, and thus passively dispersed ascospores. Within the order, a great diversity of peridia have evolved as adaptations to different dispersal strategies. The genus Thelebolus is an exceptional case of ascomatal evolution within the order. Its species are the most diverse in functional traits, encompassing species with closed ascomata and evanescent asci, and species with open ascomata, active ascospore discharge, and paraphyses. Open ascomata were previously suggested as the ancestral state in the genus, these ascomata depend on mammals and birds as dispersal agents. In our work, we used morphological and phylogenetic methods, as well as the reconstruction of ancestral traits for ascomatal type, asci dehiscence, the presence or absence of paraphyses, and ascospore features to explore evolution within Thelebolales. We demonstrate the apothecial ancestry in Thelebolales and propose a new hypothesis about the evolution of the open ascomata in Thelebolus involving a process of re-evolution where the active dispersal of ascospores appears independently twice within the order. A new family, Holwayaceae, is proposed within Thelebolales, comprising three genera: Holwaya, Patinella, and Ramgea. Abstract Closed cleistothecia-like ascomata have repeatedly evolved in non-related perithecioid and apothecioid lineages of lichenized and non-lichenized Ascomycota. The evolution of a closed, darkly pigmented ascoma that protects asci and ascospores is conceived as either an adaptation to harsh environmental conditions or a specialized dispersal strategy. Species with closed ascomata have mostly lost sterile hymenial elements (paraphyses) and the capacity to actively discharge ascospores. The class Leotiomycetes, one of the most speciose classes of Ascomycota, is mainly apothecioid, paraphysate, and possesses active ascospore discharge. Lineages with closed ascomata, and their morphological variants, have evolved independently in several families, such as Erysiphaceae, Myxotrichaceae, Rutstroemiaceae, etc. Thelebolales is a distinctive order in the Leotiomycetes class. It has two widespread families (Thelebolaceae, Pseudeurotiaceae) with mostly closed ascomata, evanescent asci, and thus passively dispersed ascospores. Within the order, closed ascomata dominate and a great diversity of peridia have evolved as adaptations to different dispersal strategies. The type genus, Thelebolus, is an exceptional case of ascomatal evolution within the order. Its species are the most diverse in functional traits, encompassing species with closed ascomata and evanescent asci, and species with open ascomata, active ascospore discharge, and paraphyses. Open ascomata were previously suggested as the ancestral state in the genus, these ascomata depend on mammals and birds as dispersal agents. In this scheme, species with closed ascomata, a lack of paraphyses, and passive ascospore discharge exhibit derived traits that evolved in adaptation to cold ecosystems. Here, we used morphological and phylogenetic methods, as well as the reconstruction of ancestral traits for ascomatal type, asci dehiscence, the presence or absence of paraphyses, and ascospore features to explore evolution within Thelebolales. We demonstrate the apothecial ancestry in Thelebolales and propose a new hypothesis about the evolution of the open ascomata in Thelebolus, involving a process of re-evolution where the active dispersal of ascospores appears independently twice within the order. We propose a new family, Holwayaceae, within Thelebolales, that retains the phenotypic features exhibited by species of Thelebolus, i.e., pigmented capitate paraphyses and active asci discharge with an opening limitation ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Quijada
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, The Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
- Correspondence: (L.Q.); (I.K.)
| | - Neven Matočec
- Laboratory for Biological Diversity, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Ivana Kušan
- Laboratory for Biological Diversity, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.M.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (L.Q.); (I.K.)
| | - Joey B. Tanney
- Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada;
| | - Peter R. Johnston
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1072, New Zealand;
| | - Armin Mešić
- Laboratory for Biological Diversity, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Donald H. Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, The Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
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Healy RA, Arnold AE, Bonito G, Huang YL, Lemmond B, Pfister DH, Smith ME. Endophytism and endolichenism in Pezizomycetes: the exception or the rule? New Phytol 2022; 233:1974-1983. [PMID: 34839525 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne A Healy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - A Elizabeth Arnold
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Gregory Bonito
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Yu-Ling Huang
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Benjamin Lemmond
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02138-2020, USA
| | - Matthew E Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Ribes MA, Escobio V, Negrín R, Baral HO, Pfister DH, Quijada L. Wanted on Agave americana! Hymenobolus agaves, an overlooked introduced pathogen in the western palearctic region. Fungal Syst Evol 2022; 8:129-142. [PMID: 35005577 PMCID: PMC8687061 DOI: 10.3114/fuse.2021.08.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hymenobolus agaves has been reported only in Europe and Africa on the American plant Agave americana (Asparagaceae). This fungus has never been found in the native range of its host, in arid ecosystems of northern and central Mexico and Texas, USA. It has been suggested to be a pathogen that can kill its host. The fungus grows on succulent leaf bases of the plant. The morphology – black apothecia with a hymenium that disintegrates when asci mature and dark ornamented ascospores – make this species very distinctive, but it has been collected and reported only a few times since its first description. Its systematic position has been unclear, and it has been treated as incertae sedis, that is of uncertain placement, in Leotiomycetes. With recent collections and additional data on the ecology of H. agaves, we use integrative taxonomy (DNA sequences, morphology, ecology) to show its relationships is with Cenangiaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ribes
- Avda. Pablo Neruda 120, 28018, Madrid, Spain
| | - V Escobio
- Calle Puerto Rico 4, 2° Drcha., 25010, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - R Negrín
- Calle Sorondongo 24, 38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - H O Baral
- Blaihofstr. 42, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - D H Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, The Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - L Quijada
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, The Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Baral HO, Johnston P, Quijada L, Healy R, Pfister DH, LoBuglio KF, Rodriguez V, Weber E. Cryptic speciation in Orbilia xanthostigma and O. leucostigma (Orbiliomycetes): an aggregate with worldwide distribution. Mycol Prog 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-021-01718-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Since its resurrection, the resinicolous discomycete genus Sarea has been accepted as containing two species, one with black apothecia and pycnidia, and one with orange. We investigate this hypothesis using three ribosomal (nuITS, nuLSU, mtSSU) regions from and morphological examination of 70 specimens collected primarily in Europe and North America. The results of our analyses support separation of the traditional Sarea difformis s.lat. and Sarea resinae s.lat. into two distinct genera, Sarea and Zythia. Sarea as circumscribed is shown to conservatively comprise three phylospecies, with one corresponding to Sarea difformis s.str. and two, morphologically indistinguishable, corresponding to the newly combined Sarea coeloplata. Zythia is provisionally maintained as monotypic, containing only a genetically and morphologically variable Z. resinae. The new genus Atrozythia is erected for the new species A. klamathica. Arthrographis lignicola is placed in this genus on molecular grounds, expanding the concept of Sareomycetes by inclusion of a previously unknown type of asexual morph. Dating analyses using additional marker regions indicate the emergence of the Sareomycetes was roughly concurrent with the diversification of the genus Pinus, suggesting that this group of fungi emerged to exploit the newly-available resinous ecological niche supplied by Pinus or another, extinct group of conifers. Our phylogeographic studies also permitted us to study the introductions of these fungi to areas where they are not native, including Antarctica, Cape Verde, and New Zealand and are consistent with historical hypotheses of introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Mitchell
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. .,Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Isaac Garrido-Benavent
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva (ICBIBE) & Dept. Botànica i Geologia, Universitat de València, C/ Dr. Moliner 50, 46100-Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Luis Quijada
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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Gómez-Zapata PA, Haelewaters D, Quijada L, Pfister DH, Aime MC. Notes on Trochila (Ascomycota, Leotiomycetes), with new species and combinations. MycoKeys 2021; 78:21-47. [PMID: 36761369 PMCID: PMC9849072 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.78.62046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of Trochila (Leotiomycetes, Helotiales, Cenangiaceae) are scarce. Here, we describe two new species based on molecular phylogenetic data and morphology. Trochilabostonensis was collected at the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area, Massachusetts. It was found on the stem of Asclepiassyriaca, representing the first report of any Trochila species from a plant host in the family Apocynaceae. Trochilaurediniophila is associated with the uredinia of the rust fungus Ceroteliumfici. It was discovered during a survey for rust hyperparasites conducted at the Arthur Fungarium, in a single sample from 1912 collected in Trinidad. Macro- and micromorphological descriptions, illustrations, and molecular phylogenetic analyses are presented. The two new species are placed in Trochila with high support in both our six-locus (SSU, ITS, LSU, rpb1, rpb2, tef1) and two-locus (ITS, LSU) phylogenetic reconstructions. In addition, two species are combined in Trochila: Trochilacolensoi (formerly placed in Pseudopeziza) and T.xishuangbanna (originally described as the only species in Calycellinopsis). This study reveals new host plant families, a new ecological strategy, and a new country record for the genus Trochila. Finally, our work emphasizes the importance of specimens deposited in biological collections such as fungaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Andrea Gómez-Zapata
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USAPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States of America
| | - Danny Haelewaters
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USAPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States of America
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USAHarvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States of America
- Farlow Herbarium and Reference Library of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAHarvard University HerbariaCambridgeUnited States of America
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech RepublicUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | - Luis Quijada
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USAHarvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States of America
- Farlow Herbarium and Reference Library of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAHarvard University HerbariaCambridgeUnited States of America
| | - Donald H. Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USAHarvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States of America
- Farlow Herbarium and Reference Library of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAHarvard University HerbariaCambridgeUnited States of America
| | - M. Catherine Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USAPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States of America
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Abstract
Arthropod-fungus interactions involving the Laboulbeniomycetes have been pondered for several hundred years. Early studies of Laboulbeniomycetes faced several uncertainties. Were they parasitic worms, red algal relatives, or fungi? If they were fungi, to which group did they belong? What was the nature of their interactions with their arthropod hosts? The historical misperceptions resulted from the extraordinary morphological features of these oddly constructed ectoparasitic fungi. More recently, molecular phylogenetic studies, in combination with a better understanding of life histories, have clearly placed these fungi among filamentous Ascomycota (subphylum Pezizomycotina). Species discovery and research on the classification of the group continue today as arthropods, and especially insects, are routinely collected and examined for the presence of Laboulbeniomycetes. Newly armed with molecular methods, mycologists are poisedto use Laboulbeniomycetes-insect associations as models for the study of a variety of basic evolutionary and ecological questions involving host-parasite relationships, modes of nutrient intake, population biology, host specificity, biological control, and invasion biology. Collaboration between mycologists and entomologists is essential to successfully advance knowledge of Laboulbeniomycetes and their intimate association with their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Haelewaters
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
- Department of Zoology, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology, Research Group Mycology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Meredith Blackwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA;
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA;
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19
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Haelewaters D, Hiller T, Kemp EA, van Wielink PS, Shapiro-Ilan DI, Aime MC, Nedvěd O, Pfister DH, Cottrell TE. Mortality of native and invasive ladybirds co-infected by ectoparasitic and entomopathogenic fungi. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10110. [PMID: 33194385 PMCID: PMC7648450 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmonia axyridis is an invasive alien ladybird in North America and Europe. Studies show that multiple natural enemies are using Ha. axyridis as a new host. However, thus far, no research has been undertaken to study the effects of simultaneous infection by multiple natural enemies on Ha. axyridis. We hypothesized that high thallus densities of the ectoparasitic fungus Hesperomyces virescens on a ladybird weaken the host’s defenses, thereby making it more susceptible to infection by other natural enemies. We examined mortality of the North American-native Olla v-nigrum and Ha. axyridis co-infected with He. virescens and an entomopathogenic fungus—either Beauveria bassiana or Metarhizium brunneum. Laboratory assays revealed that He. virescens-infected O. v-nigrum individuals are more susceptible to entomopathogenic fungi, but Ha. axyridis does not suffer the same effects. This is in line with the enemy release hypothesis, which predicts that invasive alien species in new geographic areas experience reduced regulatory effects from natural enemies compared to native species. Considering our results, we can ask how He. virescens affects survival when confronted by other pathogens that previously had little impact on Ha. axyridis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Haelewaters
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Thomas Hiller
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Emily A Kemp
- Agricultural Research Service, Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Byron, GA, United States of America
| | | | - David I Shapiro-Ilan
- Agricultural Research Service, Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Byron, GA, United States of America
| | - M Catherine Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Oldřich Nedvěd
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Ted E Cottrell
- Agricultural Research Service, Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Byron, GA, United States of America
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Saba M, Haelewaters D, Pfister DH, Khalid AN. New species of Pseudosperma (Agaricales, Inocybaceae) from Pakistan revealed by morphology and multi-locus phylogenetic reconstruction. MycoKeys 2020; 69:1-31. [PMID: 32733147 PMCID: PMC7367896 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.69.33563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During fungal surveys between 2012 and 2014 in pine-dominated forests of the western Himalayas in Pakistan, several collections of Pseudosperma (Agaricales, Inocybaceae) were made. These were documented, based on morphological and molecular data. During this work, three new species came to light, which are here formally described as Pseudospermabrunneoumbonatum, P.pinophilum and P.triacicularis. These species belong in the genus PseudospermafideMatheny et al. (2019) = Pseudosperma clade fideMatheny (2005) = Inocybe sect. Rimosaes.s.fideLarsson et al. (2009). Macro- and micro-morphological descriptions, illustrations and molecular phylogenetic reconstructions of the studied taxa are provided. The new species are differentiated from their close relatives by basidiospore size and colouration of basidiomata. Molecular phylogenetic relationships are inferred using ITS (ITS1–5.8S–ITS2), nrLSU and mtSSU sequence data. All three newly-described taxa likely share an ectomycorrhizal association with trees in the genus Pinus. In addition, five names are recombined in Inosperma, Mallocybe and Pseudosperma. These are Inospermavinaceobrunneum, Mallocybeerratum, Pseudospermaalboflavellum, Pseudospermafriabile and Pseudospermaneglectum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malka Saba
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Danny Haelewaters
- Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Harvard University Cambridge United States of America.,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA Purdue University West Lafayette United States of America.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Harvard University Cambridge United States of America
| | - Abdul Nasir Khalid
- Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan
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Abstract
Geodina salmonicolor is shown to be a synonym of G. guanacastensis, the type and only species of the genus. Comparisons of ITS rDNA sequences of a paratype and two recent collections of G. guanacastensis with published ITS sequences of G. salmonicolor, from the Dominican Republic, show that these are nearly identical. When G. salmonicolor was erected no sequences of the type species were available. Morphological comparisons supports the conspecificity. Details regarding the description of G. salmonicolor are pointed out. A four-gene phylogeny places Geodina and Wynnea as a supported sister group to the rest of the Sarcoscyphaceae. Species in these genera share morphological traits of cyanophobic spore markings, dark angular outer excipular cells that give rise to hairs and the origin of several apothecia from a common basal stalk. Their occurrence on soil rather than on wood or plant material distinguish them from other Sarcoscyphaceae. Based on morphology, phylogenic relationships and trophic interactions we erect a new family, Wynneaceae, for Geodina and Wynnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Pfister
- Farlow Library and Herbarium, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - L Quijada
- Farlow Library and Herbarium, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - K F LoBuglio
- Farlow Library and Herbarium, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
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Xu F, LoBuglio KF, Pfister DH. On the co-occurrence of species of Wynnea ( Ascomycota, Pezizales, Sarcoscyphaceae) and Armillaria ( Basidiomycota, Agaricales, Physalacriaceae). Fungal Syst Evol 2020; 4:1-12. [PMID: 32467902 PMCID: PMC7241679 DOI: 10.3114/fuse.2019.04.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Wynnea are collected in association with a subterranean mass generally referred to as a sclerotium. This is one of the few genera of the Sarcoscyphaceae not associated with plant material – wood or leaves. The sclerotium is composed of hyphae of both Armillaria species and Wynnea species. To verify the existence of Armillaria species in the sclerotia of those Wynnea species not previously examined and to fully understand the structure and nature of the sclerotium, molecular data and morphological characters were analyzed. Using nuclear ITS rDNA sequences the Armillaria species co-occurring with Wynnea species were identified from all examined material. These Armillaria symbionts fall into two main Armillaria groups – the A. gallica-nabsnona-calvescens group and the A. mellea group. Divergent time estimates of the Armillaria and Wynnea lineages support a co-evolutionary relationship between these two fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xu
- Harvard University Herbaria and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - K F LoBuglio
- Harvard University Herbaria and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - D H Pfister
- Harvard University Herbaria and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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23
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Abstract
Historically, thallus-forming Laboulbeniomycetes, including the orders Laboulbeniales and Herpomycetales, were set apart because of their distinctive morphology and ecology. Although some biologists correctly interpreted these arthropod ectoparasites as fungi, even ascomycetes, others thought they were worms, red algae, or members of taxa described especially for them. Speculation on the evolution of the group involving red algae, the morphology-based Floridean Hypothesis, persisted deep into the 20th century, in part because valid alternatives were not presented. Although the distinctive features of Laboulbeniales clearly set them apart from other fungi, the difficulty was in the absence of characters grouping them among the fungi. Thaxter considered the Laboulbeniales to be ascomycetes, but he avoided phylogenetic discussions involved in the Floridean Hypothesis all of his life. Eventually, developmental studies of the life history of Pyxidiophora species, hyphal perithecial ascomycetes with 2-celled ascospores, revealed characters connecting Laboulbeniales to other ascomycetes. The distinctive morphological features of Laboulbeniales (absence of mycelium, a thallus developed from 2-celled ascospores by cell divisions in several planes, arthropod parasitism) can be best understood by comparison with Pyxidiophora. The development of a 3-dimensional thallus composed of true parenchyma occurs not only in Laboulbeniales, but also in Pyxidiophora species. The life history of arthropod ectoparasitism of Laboulbeniales as well as mycoparasitism and phoretic dispersal by arthropods of Pyxidiophora species can be explained by Tranzschel's Law, originally applied to rust fungi. Molecular analyses including other arthropod-associated fungi have contributed to a better understanding of an enlarged class, Laboulbeniomycetes, which now includes a clade comprising Chantransiopsis, Tetrameronycha, and Subbaromyces. A two-locus phylogenetic tree highlights evolutionary and life history questions with regard to the placement of Herpomycetales as the first diverging lineage of the Laboulbeniomycetes. The sister group for all the Laboulbeniomycetes remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Blackwell
- Department of Biological, Sciences Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Danny Haelewaters
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University , 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia , Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Haelewaters D, De Kesel A, Gorczak M, Bao K, Gort G, Zhao SY, Pfister DH. Laboulbeniales (Ascomycota) of the Boston Harbor Islands II (and Other Localities): Species Parasitizing Carabidae, and the Laboulbenia flagellata Species Complex. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2019. [DOI: 10.1656/045.025.s906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Karakehian JM, Quijada L, Friebes G, Tanney JB, Pfister DH. Placement of Triblidiaceae in Rhytismatales and comments on unique ascospore morphologies in Leotiomycetes (Fungi, Ascomycota). MycoKeys 2019; 54:99-133. [PMID: 31258376 PMCID: PMC6592975 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.54.35697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Triblidiaceae is a family of uncommonly encountered, non-lichenized discomycetes. A recent classification circumscribed the family to include Triblidium (4 spp. and 1 subsp.), Huangshania (2 spp.) and Pseudographis (2 spp. and 1 var.). The apothecia of these fungi are persistent and drought-tolerant; they possess stromatic, highly melanized covering layers that open and close with fluctuations of humidity. Triblidialean fungi occur primarily on the bark of Quercus, Pinaceae and Ericaceae, presumably as saprobes. Though the type species of Huangshania is from China, these fungi are mostly known from collections originating from Western Hemisphere temperate and boreal forests. The higher-rank classification of triblidialean fungi has been in flux due in part to an overemphasis on ascospore morphology. Muriform ascospores are observed in species of Triblidium and in Pseudographiselatina. An intense, dark blue/purple ascospore wall reaction in iodine-based reagents is observed in species of Pseudographis. These morphologies have led, in part, to these genera being shuffled among unrelated taxa in Hysteriaceae (Dothideomycetes, Hysteriales) and Graphidaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ostropales). Triblidiaceae has been placed within the monofamilial order Triblidiales (affinity Lecanoromycetes). Here, we demonstrate with a three-gene phylogenetic approach that triblidialean fungi are related to taxa in Rhytismatales (Leotiomycetes). We synonymize Triblidiales under Rhytismatales and emend Triblidiaceae to include Triblidium and Huangshania, with Pseudographis placed within Rhytismataceae. A history of Triblidiaceae is provided along with a description of the emended family. We discuss how the inclusion of triblidialean fungi in Rhytismatales brings some rarely observed or even unique ascospore morphologies to the order and to Leotiomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Karakehian
- Farlow Herbarium of Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA Harvard University Cambridge United States of America
| | - Luis Quijada
- Farlow Herbarium of Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA Harvard University Cambridge United States of America
| | - Gernot Friebes
- Universalmuseum Joanneum, Centre of Natural History, Botany & Mycology, Weinzöttlstraße 16, 8045 Graz, Austria Centre of Natural History, Botany & Mycology Graz Austria
| | - Joey B Tanney
- Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada Natural Resources Canada Victoria Canada
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Farlow Herbarium of Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA Harvard University Cambridge United States of America
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Caboň M, Li GJ, Saba M, Kolařík M, Jančovičová S, Khalid AN, Moreau PA, Wen HA, Pfister DH, Adamčík S. Phylogenetic study documents different speciation mechanisms within the Russula globispora lineage in boreal and arctic environments of the Northern Hemisphere. IMA Fungus 2019; 10:5. [PMID: 32647614 PMCID: PMC7325667 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-019-0003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Russula globispora lineage is a morphologically and phylogenetically well-defined group of ectomycorrhizal fungi occurring in various climatic areas. In this study we performed a multi-locus phylogenetic study based on collections from boreal, alpine and arctic habitats of Europe and Western North America, subalpine collections from the southeast Himalayas and collections from subtropical coniferous forests of Pakistan. European and North American collections are nearly identical and probably represent a single species named R. dryadicola distributed from the Alps to the Rocky Mountains. Collections from the southeast Himalayas belong to two distinct species: R. abbottabadensis sp. nov. from subtropical monodominant forests of Pinus roxburghii and R. tengii sp. nov. from subalpine mixed forests of Abies and Betula. The results suggest that speciation in this group is driven by a climate disjunction and adaptation rather than a host switch and geographical distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Caboň
- Department of Cryptogams, Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Guo-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 1st Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Malka Saba
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320 Pakistan
- Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590 Pakistan
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Miroslav Kolařík
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Jančovičová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Révová 39, SK-811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Abdul Nasir Khalid
- Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590 Pakistan
| | - Pierre-Arthur Moreau
- Laboratoire IMPECS, Fac. Pharma. Lille, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Hua-An Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 1st Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Donald H. Pfister
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Slavomír Adamčík
- Department of Cryptogams, Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hansen
- Department of Mycology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2 D, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Thomas Læssøe
- Department of Mycology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2 D, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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Kraisitudomsook N, Healy RA, Mujic AB, Pfister DH, Nouhra ER, Smith ME. Systematic study of truffles in the genus Ruhlandiella, with the description of two new species from Patagonia. Mycologia 2019; 111:477-492. [PMID: 30933659 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1574490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ruhlandiella is a genus of exothecial, ectomycorrhizal fungi in the order Pezizales. Ascomata of exothecial fungi typically lack a peridium and are covered with a hymenial layer instead. Ruhlandiella species have nonoperculate asci and highly ornamented ascospores. The genus was first described by Hennings in 1903 to include the single species, R. berolinensis. Since then, mycologists have uncovered Ruhlandiella species in many locations around the globe, including Australia, Spain, Italy, and the USA. Currently, there are four recognized species: R. berolinensis, R. peregrina, R. reticulata, and R. truncata. All were found near Eucalyptus or Melaleuca trees of Australasian origin. Recently, we discovered two new species of Ruhlandiella in Nothofagaceae forests in South America. They regularly form mitotic spore mats directly on soil in the forests of Patagonia. Here, we formally describe these new species and construct the phylogeny of Ruhlandiella and related genera using a multilocus phylogenetic analysis. We also revise the taxonomy of Ruhlandiella and provide an identification key to accepted species of Ruhlandiella.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosanne A Healy
- a Department of Plant Pathology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611
| | - Alija B Mujic
- a Department of Plant Pathology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611
| | - Donald H Pfister
- b Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138
| | - Eduardo R Nouhra
- c Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cordoba , Cordoba 5000 , CC 495 , Argentina
| | - Matthew E Smith
- a Department of Plant Pathology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611
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Haelewaters D, Pfliegler WP, Gorczak M, Pfister DH. Birth of an order: Comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study excludes Herpomyces (Fungi, Laboulbeniomycetes) from Laboulbeniales. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 133:286-301. [PMID: 30625361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The class Laboulbeniomycetes comprises biotrophic parasites associated with arthropods and fungi. Two orders are currently recognized, Pyxidiophorales and Laboulbeniales. Herpomyces is an isolated genus of Laboulbeniales, with species that exclusively parasitize cockroaches (Blattodea). Here, we evaluate 39 taxa of Laboulbeniomycetes with a three-locus phylogeny (nrSSU, ITS, nrLSU) and propose a new order in this class. Herpomycetales accommodates a single genus, Herpomyces, with currently 26 species, one of which is described here based on morphological and molecular data. Herpomyces shelfordellae is found on Shelfordella lateralis cockroaches from Hungary, Poland, and the USA. We also build on the six-locus dataset from the Ascomycota Tree of Life paper (Schoch and colleagues, 2009) to confirm that Laboulbeniomycetes and Sordariomycetes are sister classes, and we apply laboulbeniomyceta as a rankless taxon for the now well-resolved node that describes the most recent common ancestor of both classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Haelewaters
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Walter P Pfliegler
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Michał Gorczak
- Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Daru BH, Bowman EA, Pfister DH, Arnold AE. A novel proof of concept for capturing the diversity of endophytic fungi preserved in herbarium specimens. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 374:20170395. [PMID: 30455213 PMCID: PMC6282087 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbarium specimens represent important records of morphological and genetic diversity of plants that inform questions relevant to global change, including species distributions, phenology and functional traits. It is increasingly appreciated that plant microbiomes can influence these aspects of plant biology, but little is known regarding the historic distribution of microbes associated with plants collected in the pre-molecular age. If microbiomes can be observed reliably in herbarium specimens, researchers will gain a new lens with which to examine microbial ecology, evolution, species interactions. Here, we describe a method for accessing historical plant microbiomes from preserved herbarium specimens, providing a proof of concept using two plant taxa from the imperiled boreal biome (Andromeda polifolia and Ledum palustre subsp. groenlandicum, Ericaceae). We focus on fungal endophytes, which occur within symptomless plant tissues such as leaves. Through a three-part approach (i.e. culturing, cloning and next-generation amplicon sequencing via the Illumina MiSeq platform, with extensive controls), we examined endophyte communities in dried, pressed leaves that had been processed as regular herbarium specimens and stored at room temperature in a herbarium for four years. We retrieved only one endophyte in culture, but cloning and especially the MiSeq analysis revealed a rich community of foliar endophytes. The phylogenetic distribution and diversity of endophyte assemblages, especially among the Ascomycota, resemble endophyte communities from fresh plants collected in the boreal biome. We could distinguish communities of endophytes in each plant species and differentiate likely endophytes from fungi that could be surface contaminants. Taxa found by cloning were observed in the larger MiSeq dataset, but species richness was greater when subsets of the same tissues were evaluated with the MiSeq approach. Our findings provide a proof of concept for capturing endophyte DNA from herbarium specimens, supporting the importance of herbarium records as roadmaps for understanding the dynamics of plant-associated microbial biodiversity in the Anthropocene.This article is part of the theme issue 'Biological collections for understanding biodiversity in the Anthropocene'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas H Daru
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
| | | | - Donald H Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - A Elizabeth Arnold
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Quijada L, Johnston PR, Cooper JA, Pfister DH. Overview of Phacidiales, including Aotearoamyces gen. nov. on Nothofagus. IMA Fungus 2018; 9:371-382. [PMID: 30622887 PMCID: PMC6317588 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.02.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The new genus Aotearoamyces is proposed to accommodate a single species that was repeatedly collected on fallen wood in Nothofagaceae forests of New Zealand and was previously misidentified as a Claussenomyces species. This monotypic genus belongs to Tympanidaceae, a recently erected family in Phacidiales. Aotearoamyces is differentiated from other Tympanidaceae by phragmospores that do not form conidia either in or outside the asci, an exciple of textura intricata with hyphae widely spaced and strongly gelatinized (plectenchyma), and apically flexuous, partly helicoid paraphyses. The asexual morph was studied in pure culture. Phylogenetic analyses of combined SSU, ITS and LSU sequences strongly support a sister relationship between the sexually typified Aotearoamyces and the asexually typified “Collophorina” paarla characterized morphologically by forming endoconidia, a feature not found in the genetically distinct type species of Collophorina. Based on our molecular results, we place the genus Epithamnolia in the Mniaecia lineage within Phacidiales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Quijada
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard Herbarium, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge MA 02138, United States of America
| | - Peter R Johnston
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1072, New Zealand
| | - Jerry A Cooper
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, P.O. Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard Herbarium, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge MA 02138, United States of America
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Haelewaters D, De Kesel A, Pfister DH. Integrative taxonomy reveals hidden species within a common fungal parasite of ladybirds. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15966. [PMID: 30374135 PMCID: PMC6206035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of fungal diversity is far from complete. Species descriptions generally focus on morphological features, but this approach may underestimate true diversity. Using the morphological species concept, Hesperomyces virescens (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniales) is a single species with global distribution and wide host range. Since its description 120 years ago, this fungal parasite has been reported from 30 species of ladybird hosts on all continents except Antarctica. These host usage patterns suggest that H. virescens could be made up of many different species, each adapted to individual host species. Using sequence data from three gene regions, we found evidence for distinct clades within Hesperomyces virescens, each clade corresponding to isolates from a single host species. We propose that these lineages represent separate species, driven by adaptation to different ladybird hosts. Our combined morphometric, molecular phylogenetic and ecological data provide support for a unified species concept and an integrative taxonomy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Haelewaters
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA.
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - André De Kesel
- Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860, Meise, Belgium
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald H. Pfister
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald H. Pfister
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald H. Pfister
- Tropical Mycology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagues, Puerto Rico 00708
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald H. Pfister
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 14850
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald H. Pfister
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald H. Pfister
- Harvard University Herbaria, 20 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald H. Pfister
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald H. Pfister
- Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University, 20 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Michael E. Liftik
- Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University, 20 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald H. Pfister
- Harvard University Herbaria, 20 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald H. Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M. Plotnikova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Wellman 10, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02174
| | - T. Lynne Reuber
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Wellman 10, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02174
| | - Frederick M. Ausubel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Wellman 10, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02174
| | - Donald H. Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02174
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald H. Pfister
- Farlow Herbarium and Library and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Haelewaters D, Page RA, Pfister DH. Laboulbeniales hyperparasites (Fungi, Ascomycota) of bat flies: Independent origins and host associations. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:8396-8418. [PMID: 30250711 PMCID: PMC6145224 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the diversity of ectoparasitic fungi (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniales) that use bat flies (Diptera, Hippoboscoidea) as hosts. Bat flies themselves live as ectoparasites on the fur and wing membranes of bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera); hence this is a tripartite parasite system. Here, we collected bats, bat flies, and Laboulbeniales, and conducted phylogenetic analyses of Laboulbeniales to contrast morphology with ribosomal sequence data. Parasitism of bat flies by Laboulbeniales arose at least three times independently, once in the Eastern Hemisphere (Arthrorhynchus) and twice in the Western Hemisphere (Gloeandromyces, Nycteromyces). We hypothesize that the genera Arthrorhynchus and Nycteromyces evolved independently from lineages of ectoparasites of true bugs (Hemiptera). We assessed phylogenetic diversity of the genus Gloeandromyces by considering the LSU rDNA region. Phenotypic plasticity and position-induced morphological adaptations go hand in hand. Different morphotypes belong to the same phylogenetic species. Two species, G. pageanus and G. streblae, show divergence by host utilization. In our assessment of coevolution, we only observe congruence between the Old World clades of bat flies and Laboulbeniales. The other associations are the result of the roosting ecology of the bat hosts. This study has considerably increased our knowledge about bats and their associated ectoparasites and shown the necessity of including molecular data in Laboulbeniales taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Haelewaters
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyFarlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogramic BotanyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusetts
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboaPanama
| | | | - Donald H. Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyFarlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogramic BotanyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusetts
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Hawksworth DL, Seifert KA, Rossman AY, Pfister DH, Minter DW, Whalley A, Boekhout T, Piepenbring M, Begerow D. Awards and Personalia. IMA Fungus 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03449474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Haelewaters D, Hiller T, Gorczak M, Pfister DH. Influence of Elytral Color Pattern, Size, and Sex of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) on Parasite Prevalence and Intensity of Hesperomyces virescens (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniales). Insects 2018; 9:insects9020067. [PMID: 29914078 PMCID: PMC6023472 DOI: 10.3390/insects9020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Harmonia axyridis is an invasive ladybird (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) with the potential to outcompete native ladybird species in its invasive distribution area. It was introduced as a biological control agent in many countries but has also spread unintentionally in many others. Hesperomyces virescens (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniales) is a minute (200–400 µm in size) biotrophic fungus that infects over 30 species of ladybirds. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the elytral color pattern, size, and sex of Ha. axyridis affect infection by H. virescens. Coloration in Ha. axyridis has been linked to the presence of an antimicrobial alkaloid (harmonine). In fall 2016, we collected 763 Ha. axyridis individuals in Cambridge, Massaschusetts, of which 119 (16%) bore H. virescens fruiting bodies. We analyzed 160 individuals (80 infected, 80 uninfected) concerning the intensity of infection by H. virescens. Elytral sizes and coloration patterns were quantified using digital photography and analytical methods. Smaller ladybirds had a higher prevalence and higher intensity of parasitism. Additionally, male ladybirds bore more thalli compared to female ladybirds. Elytral color patterns had an effect on neither prevalence nor intensity of infection by Laboulbeniales in our dataset, although we found a slight trend to higher intensity of parasitism in more melanic males. This suggests that the development of Laboulbeniales might be affected by certain insect alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Haelewaters
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Thomas Hiller
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michał Gorczak
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Donald H Pfister
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Abstract
Collections of a species referred to Sarcosomataceae (Pezizomycetes) from eastern North America were studied both morphologically and using nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS) and approximately 800 bp from the 5' region of the nuc 28S rDNA (28S) to construct a phylogeny. The analyses indicate that these collections are Donadinia seaveri, a species previously known only from Bermuda. Because the associated tree, Juniperus bermudiana, has declined as a result of insect attack, it was thought that D. seaveri might be extinct. This work indicates that it is not extinct but is present in eastern North America. The species is described, new distributional records are given, and its association with the genus Juniperus is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald H Pfister
- a Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium and the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology , Harvard University , 22 Divinity Ave., Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138
| | - Katherine F LoBuglio
- a Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium and the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology , Harvard University , 22 Divinity Ave., Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138
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50
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Zamora JC, Svensson M, Kirschner R, Olariaga I, Ryman S, Parra LA, Geml J, Rosling A, Adamčík S, Ahti T, Aime MC, Ainsworth AM, Albert L, Albertó E, García AA, Ageev D, Agerer R, Aguirre-Hudson B, Ammirati J, Andersson H, Angelini C, Antonín V, Aoki T, Aptroot A, Argaud D, Sosa BIA, Aronsen A, Arup U, Asgari B, Assyov B, Atienza V, Bandini D, Baptista-Ferreira JL, Baral HO, Baroni T, Barreto RW, Beker H, Bell A, Bellanger JM, Bellù F, Bemmann M, Bendiksby M, Bendiksen E, Bendiksen K, Benedek L, Bérešová-Guttová A, Berger F, Berndt R, Bernicchia A, Biketova AY, Bizio E, Bjork C, Boekhout T, Boertmann D, Böhning T, Boittin F, Boluda CG, Boomsluiter MW, Borovička J, Brandrud TE, Braun U, Brodo I, Bulyonkova T, Burdsall HH, Buyck B, Burgaz AR, Calatayud V, Callac P, Campo E, Candusso M, Capoen B, Carbó J, Carbone M, Castañeda-Ruiz RF, Castellano MA, Chen J, Clerc P, Consiglio G, Corriol G, Courtecuisse R, Crespo A, Cripps C, Crous PW, da Silva GA, da Silva M, Dam M, Dam N, Dämmrich F, Das K, Davies L, De Crop E, De Kesel A, De Lange R, De Madrignac Bonzi B, dela Cruz TEE, Delgat L, Demoulin V, Desjardin DE, Diederich P, Dima B, Dios MM, Divakar PK, Douanla-Meli C, Douglas B, Drechsler-Santos ER, Dyer PS, Eberhardt U, Ertz D, Esteve-Raventós F, Salazar JAE, Evenson V, Eyssartier G, Farkas E, Favre A, Fedosova AG, Filippa M, Finy P, Flakus A, Fos S, Fournier J, Fraiture A, Franchi P, Molano AEF, Friebes G, Frisch A, Fryday A, Furci G, Márquez RG, Garbelotto M, García-Martín JM, Otálora MAG, Sánchez DG, Gardiennet A, Garnica S, Benavent IG, Gates G, da Cruz Lima Gerlach A, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Gibertoni TB, Grebenc T, Greilhuber I, Grishkan B, Groenewald JZ, Grube M, Gruhn G, Gueidan C, Gulden G, Gusmão LFP, Hafellner J, Hairaud M, Halama M, Hallenberg N, Halling RE, Hansen K, Harder CB, Heilmann-Clausen J, Helleman S, Henriot A, Hernandez-Restrepo M, Herve R, Hobart C, Hoffmeister M, Høiland K, Holec J, Holien H, Hughes K, Hubka V, Huhtinen S, Ivančević B, Jagers M, Jaklitsch W, Jansen A, Jayawardena RS, Jeppesen TS, Jeppson M, Johnston P, Jørgensen PM, Kärnefelt I, Kalinina LB, Kantvilas G, Karadelev M, Kasuya T, Kautmanová I, Kerrigan RW, Kirchmair M, Kiyashko A, Knapp DG, Knudsen H, Knudsen K, Knutsson T, Kolařík M, Kõljalg U, Košuthová A, Koszka A, Kotiranta H, Kotkova V, Koukol O, Kout J, Kovács GM, Kříž M, Kruys Å, Kučera V, Kudzma L, Kuhar F, Kukwa M, Arun Kumar TK, Kunca V, Kušan I, Kuyper TW, Lado C, Læssøe T, Lainé P, Langer E, Larsson E, Larsson KH, Laursen G, Lechat C, Lee S, Lendemer JC, Levin L, Lindemann U, Lindström H, Liu X, Hernandez RCL, Llop E, Locsmándi C, Lodge DJ, Loizides M, Lőkös L, Luangsa-ard J, Lüderitz M, Lumbsch T, Lutz M, Mahoney D, Malysheva E, Malysheva V, Manimohan P, Marin-Felix Y, Marques G, Martínez-Gil R, Marson G, Mata G, Matheny PB, Mathiassen GH, Matočec N, Mayrhofer H, Mehrabi M, Melo I, Mešić A, Methven AS, Miettinen O, Romero AMM, Miller AN, Mitchell JK, Moberg R, Moreau PA, Moreno G, Morozova O, Morte A, Muggia L, González GM, Myllys L, Nagy I, Nagy LG, Neves MA, Niemelä T, Nimis PL, Niveiro N, Noordeloos ME, Nordin A, Noumeur SR, Novozhilov Y, Nuytinck J, Ohenoja E, Fiuza PO, Orange A, Ordynets A, Ortiz-Santana B, Pacheco L, Pál-Fám F, Palacio M, Palice Z, Papp V, Pärtel K, Pawlowska J, Paz A, Peintner U, Pennycook S, Pereira OL, Daniëls PP, Pérez-De-Gregorio Capella MÀ, del Amo CMP, Gorjón SP, Pérez-Ortega S, Pérez-Vargas I, Perry BA, Petersen JH, Petersen RH, Pfister DH, Phukhamsakda C, Piątek M, Piepenbring M, Pino-Bodas R, Esquivel JPP, Pirot P, Popov ES, Popoff O, Álvaro MP, Printzen C, Psurtseva N, Purahong W, Quijada L, Rambold G, Ramírez NA, Raja H, Raspé O, Raymundo T, Réblová M, Rebriev YA, de Dios Reyes García J, Ripoll MÁR, Richard F, Richardson MJ, Rico VJ, Robledo GL, Barbosa FR, Rodriguez-Caycedo C, Rodriguez-Flakus P, Ronikier A, Casas LR, Rusevska K, Saar G, Saar I, Salcedo I, Martínez SMS, Montoya CAS, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Sandoval-Sierra JV, Santamaria S, Monteiro JS, Schroers HJ, Schulz B, Schmidt-Stohn G, Schumacher T, Senn-Irlet B, Ševčíková H, Shchepin O, Shirouzu T, Shiryaev A, Siepe K, Sir EB, Sohrabi M, Soop K, Spirin V, Spribille T, Stadler M, Stalpers J, Stenroos S, Suija A, Sunhede S, Svantesson S, Svensson S, Svetasheva TY, Świerkosz K, Tamm H, Taskin H, Taudière A, Tedebrand JO, Lahoz RT, Temina M, Thell A, Thines M, Thor G, Thüs H, Tibell L, Tibell S, Timdal E, Tkalčec Z, Tønsberg T, Trichies G, Triebel D, Tsurykau A, Tulloss RE, Tuovinen V, Sosa MU, Urcelay C, Valade F, Garza RV, van den Boom P, Van Vooren N, Vasco-Palacios AM, Vauras J, Velasco Santos JM, Vellinga E, Verbeken A, Vetlesen P, Vizzini A, Voglmayr H, Volobuev S, von Brackel W, Voronina E, Walther G, Watling R, Weber E, Wedin M, Weholt Ø, Westberg M, Yurchenko E, Zehnálek P, Zhang H, Zhurbenko MP, Ekman S. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa. IMA Fungus 2018; 9:167-175. [PMID: 30018877 PMCID: PMC6048565 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.01.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Zamora
- Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Måns Svensson
- Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Ibai Olariaga
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Svengunnar Ryman
- Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - József Geml
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Vondellaan 55, 2332AA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Rosling
- Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
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- Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
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