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Svensson M, Haugan R, Timdal E, Westberg M, Arup U. The circumscription and phylogenetic position of Bryonora (Lecanoraceae, Ascomycota), with two additions to the genus. Mycologia 2022; 114:516-532. [PMID: 35605089 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2022.2037339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lecanoraceae is one of the largest families of the Lecanoromycetes, with about 30 accepted genera, many of which, however, have uncertain status and/or circumscriptions. We assess the phylogenetic position of the genus Bryonora and its segregate Bryodina for the first time, using a six-locus phylogeny comprising the Lecanoraceae as well as closely related families. We find strong support for the placement of Bryonora in the Lecanoraceae, whereas there is no support for treating Bryodina as a genus separate from Bryonora. Hence, we reduce Bryodina to synonymy with Bryonora. Further, we describe Bryonora microlepis as new to science and transfer Lecanora castaneoides to Bryonora and L. vicaria to Miriquidica. A world key to Bryonora is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Måns Svensson
- Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, Uppsala SE-752 36, Sweden
| | - Reidar Haugan
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, Oslo NO-0318, Norway
| | - Einar Timdal
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, Oslo NO-0318, Norway
| | - Martin Westberg
- Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, Uppsala SE-752 36, Sweden
| | - Ulf Arup
- Biological Museum, Lund University, Box 117, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
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Abstract
Background In this study, we investigate species limits in the cyanobacterial lichen genus Rostania (Collemataceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes). Four molecular markers (mtSSU rDNA, β-tubulin, MCM7, RPB2) were sequenced and analysed with two coalescent-based species delimitation methods: the Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent model (GMYC) and a Bayesian species delimitation method (BPP) using a multispecies coalescence model (MSC), the latter with or without an a priori defined guide tree. Results Species delimitation analyses indicate the presence of eight strongly supported candidate species. Conclusive correlation between morphological/ecological characters and genetic delimitation could be found for six of these. Of the two additional candidate species, one is represented by a single sterile specimen and the other currently lacks morphological or ecological supporting evidence. Conclusions We conclude that Rostania includes a minimum of six species: R. ceranisca, R. multipunctata, R. occultata 1, R. occultata 2, R. occultata 3, and R. occultata 4,5,6. Three distinct Nostoc morphotypes occur in Rostania, and there is substantial correlation between these morphotypes and Rostania thallus morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alica Košuthová
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Johannes Bergsten
- Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Westberg
- Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Wedin
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hurtado P, Prieto M, Martínez-Vilalta J, Giordani P, Aragón G, López-Angulo J, Košuthová A, Merinero S, Díaz-Peña EM, Rosas T, Benesperi R, Bianchi E, Grube M, Mayrhofer H, Nascimbene J, Wedin M, Westberg M, Martínez I. Disentangling functional trait variation and covariation in epiphytic lichens along a continent-wide latitudinal gradient. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192862. [PMID: 32156209 PMCID: PMC7126072 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing functional trait variation and covariation, and its drivers, is critical to understand the response of species to changing environmental conditions. Evolutionary and environmental factors determine how traits vary among and within species at multiple scales. However, disentangling their relative contribution is challenging and a comprehensive trait-environment framework addressing such questions is missing in lichens. We investigated the variation in nine traits related to photosynthetic performance, water use and nutrient acquisition applying phylogenetic comparative analyses in lichen epiphytic communities on beech across Europe. These poikilohydric organisms offer a valuable model owing to their inherent limitations to buffer contrasting environmental conditions. Photobiont type and growth form captured differences in certain physiological traits whose variation was largely determined by evolutionary processes (i.e. phylogenetic history), although the intraspecific component was non-negligible. Seasonal temperature fluctuations also had an impact on trait variation, while nitrogen content depended on photobiont type rather than nitrogen deposition. The inconsistency of trait covariation among and within species prevented establishing major resource use strategies in lichens. However, we did identify a general pattern related to the water-use strategy. Thus, to robustly unveil lichen responses under different climatic scenarios, it is necessary to incorporate both among and within-species trait variation and covariation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Hurtado
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departmento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Prieto
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departmento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - G. Aragón
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departmento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - J. López-Angulo
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departmento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Košuthová
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - S. Merinero
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departmento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E. M. Díaz-Peña
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departmento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - T. Rosas
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Valles), Catalonia, Spain
| | - R. Benesperi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - E. Bianchi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - M. Grube
- Institute of Biology, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - H. Mayrhofer
- Institute of Biology, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - J. Nascimbene
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Wedin
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Westberg
- Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I. Martínez
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departmento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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Košuthová A, Westberg M, tálora MA, Wedin M. Rostania revised: testing generic delimitations in Collemataceae (Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes). MycoKeys 2019; 47:17-33. [PMID: 30820165 PMCID: PMC6393396 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.47.32227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we test the current generic delimitation of Rostania (Collemataceae, Peltigerales, Ascomycota) utilizing molecular phylogeny and morphological investigations. Using DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial SSU rDNA and two nuclear protein-coding genes (MCM7 and β-tubulin) and utilizing parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic methods, Rostania is shown to be non-monophyletic in the current sense. A new generic delimitation of Rostania is thus proposed, in which the genus is monophyletic, and three species (Rostaniacoccophylla, R.paramensis, R.quadrifida) are excluded and transferred to other genera. Rostaniaoccultata is further non-monophyletic, and a more detailed investigation of species delimitations in Rostania s. str. is needed. The new combinations Leptogiumparamense and Scytiniumquadrifidum are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alica Košuthová
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, SwedenSwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
| | - Martin Westberg
- Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, SE-752 36, Uppsala, SwedenUppsala UniversityUpssalaSweden
| | - Mónica A.G. tálora
- Plant Ecological Genetics, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, SwitzerlandInstitute of Integrative BiologyZurichSwitzerland
| | - Mats Wedin
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, SwedenSwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
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5
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Zamora JC, Svensson M, Kirschner R, Olariaga I, Ryman S, Parra LA, Geml J, Rosling A, Adamčík S, Ahti T, Aime MC, Ainsworth AM, Albert L, Albertó E, García AA, Ageev D, Agerer R, Aguirre-Hudson B, Ammirati J, Andersson H, Angelini C, Antonín V, Aoki T, Aptroot A, Argaud D, Sosa BIA, Aronsen A, Arup U, Asgari B, Assyov B, Atienza V, Bandini D, Baptista-Ferreira JL, Baral HO, Baroni T, Barreto RW, Beker H, Bell A, Bellanger JM, Bellù F, Bemmann M, Bendiksby M, Bendiksen E, Bendiksen K, Benedek L, Bérešová-Guttová A, Berger F, Berndt R, Bernicchia A, Biketova AY, Bizio E, Bjork C, Boekhout T, Boertmann D, Böhning T, Boittin F, Boluda CG, Boomsluiter MW, Borovička J, Brandrud TE, Braun U, Brodo I, Bulyonkova T, Burdsall HH, Buyck B, Burgaz AR, Calatayud V, Callac P, Campo E, Candusso M, Capoen B, Carbó J, Carbone M, Castañeda-Ruiz RF, Castellano MA, Chen J, Clerc P, Consiglio G, Corriol G, Courtecuisse R, Crespo A, Cripps C, Crous PW, da Silva GA, da Silva M, Dam M, Dam N, Dämmrich F, Das K, Davies L, De Crop E, De Kesel A, De Lange R, De Madrignac Bonzi B, dela Cruz TEE, Delgat L, Demoulin V, Desjardin DE, Diederich P, Dima B, Dios MM, Divakar PK, Douanla-Meli C, Douglas B, Drechsler-Santos ER, Dyer PS, Eberhardt U, Ertz D, Esteve-Raventós F, Salazar JAE, Evenson V, Eyssartier G, Farkas E, Favre A, Fedosova AG, Filippa M, Finy P, Flakus A, Fos S, Fournier J, Fraiture A, Franchi P, Molano AEF, Friebes G, Frisch A, Fryday A, Furci G, Márquez RG, Garbelotto M, García-Martín JM, Otálora MAG, Sánchez DG, Gardiennet A, Garnica S, Benavent IG, Gates G, da Cruz Lima Gerlach A, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Gibertoni TB, Grebenc T, Greilhuber I, Grishkan B, Groenewald JZ, Grube M, Gruhn G, Gueidan C, Gulden G, Gusmão LFP, Hafellner J, Hairaud M, Halama M, Hallenberg N, Halling RE, Hansen K, Harder CB, Heilmann-Clausen J, Helleman S, Henriot A, Hernandez-Restrepo M, Herve R, Hobart C, Hoffmeister M, Høiland K, Holec J, Holien H, Hughes K, Hubka V, Huhtinen S, Ivančević B, Jagers M, Jaklitsch W, Jansen A, Jayawardena RS, Jeppesen TS, Jeppson M, Johnston P, Jørgensen PM, Kärnefelt I, Kalinina LB, Kantvilas G, Karadelev M, Kasuya T, Kautmanová I, Kerrigan RW, Kirchmair M, Kiyashko A, Knapp DG, Knudsen H, Knudsen K, Knutsson T, Kolařík M, Kõljalg U, Košuthová A, Koszka A, Kotiranta H, Kotkova V, Koukol O, Kout J, Kovács GM, Kříž M, Kruys Å, Kučera V, Kudzma L, Kuhar F, Kukwa M, Arun Kumar TK, Kunca V, Kušan I, Kuyper TW, Lado C, Læssøe T, Lainé P, Langer E, Larsson E, Larsson KH, Laursen G, Lechat C, Lee S, Lendemer JC, Levin L, Lindemann U, Lindström H, Liu X, Hernandez RCL, Llop E, Locsmándi C, Lodge DJ, Loizides M, Lőkös L, Luangsa-ard J, Lüderitz M, Lumbsch T, Lutz M, Mahoney D, Malysheva E, Malysheva V, Manimohan P, Marin-Felix Y, Marques G, Martínez-Gil R, Marson G, Mata G, Matheny PB, Mathiassen GH, Matočec N, Mayrhofer H, Mehrabi M, Melo I, Mešić A, Methven AS, Miettinen O, Romero AMM, Miller AN, Mitchell JK, Moberg R, Moreau PA, Moreno G, Morozova O, Morte A, Muggia L, González GM, Myllys L, Nagy I, Nagy LG, Neves MA, Niemelä T, Nimis PL, Niveiro N, Noordeloos ME, Nordin A, Noumeur SR, Novozhilov Y, Nuytinck J, Ohenoja E, Fiuza PO, Orange A, Ordynets A, Ortiz-Santana B, Pacheco L, Pál-Fám F, Palacio M, Palice Z, Papp V, Pärtel K, Pawlowska J, Paz A, Peintner U, Pennycook S, Pereira OL, Daniëls PP, Pérez-De-Gregorio Capella MÀ, del Amo CMP, Gorjón SP, Pérez-Ortega S, Pérez-Vargas I, Perry BA, Petersen JH, Petersen RH, Pfister DH, Phukhamsakda C, Piątek M, Piepenbring M, Pino-Bodas R, Esquivel JPP, Pirot P, Popov ES, Popoff O, Álvaro MP, Printzen C, Psurtseva N, Purahong W, Quijada L, Rambold G, Ramírez NA, Raja H, Raspé O, Raymundo T, Réblová M, Rebriev YA, de Dios Reyes García J, Ripoll MÁR, Richard F, Richardson MJ, Rico VJ, Robledo GL, Barbosa FR, Rodriguez-Caycedo C, Rodriguez-Flakus P, Ronikier A, Casas LR, Rusevska K, Saar G, Saar I, Salcedo I, Martínez SMS, Montoya CAS, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Sandoval-Sierra JV, Santamaria S, Monteiro JS, Schroers HJ, Schulz B, Schmidt-Stohn G, Schumacher T, Senn-Irlet B, Ševčíková H, Shchepin O, Shirouzu T, Shiryaev A, Siepe K, Sir EB, Sohrabi M, Soop K, Spirin V, Spribille T, Stadler M, Stalpers J, Stenroos S, Suija A, Sunhede S, Svantesson S, Svensson S, Svetasheva TY, Świerkosz K, Tamm H, Taskin H, Taudière A, Tedebrand JO, Lahoz RT, Temina M, Thell A, Thines M, Thor G, Thüs H, Tibell L, Tibell S, Timdal E, Tkalčec Z, Tønsberg T, Trichies G, Triebel D, Tsurykau A, Tulloss RE, Tuovinen V, Sosa MU, Urcelay C, Valade F, Garza RV, van den Boom P, Van Vooren N, Vasco-Palacios AM, Vauras J, Velasco Santos JM, Vellinga E, Verbeken A, Vetlesen P, Vizzini A, Voglmayr H, Volobuev S, von Brackel W, Voronina E, Walther G, Watling R, Weber E, Wedin M, Weholt Ø, Westberg M, Yurchenko E, Zehnálek P, Zhang H, Zhurbenko MP, Ekman S. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa. IMA Fungus 2018; 9:167-175. [PMID: 30018877 PMCID: PMC6048565 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.01.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Zamora
- Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Måns Svensson
- Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Ibai Olariaga
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Svengunnar Ryman
- Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - József Geml
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Vondellaan 55, 2332AA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Rosling
- Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
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- Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
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Leavitt SD, Westberg M, Nelsen MP, Elix JA, Timdal E, Sohrabi M, St. Clair LL, Williams L, Wedin M, Lumbsch HT. Multiple, Distinct Intercontinental Lineages but Isolation of Australian Populations in a Cosmopolitan Lichen-Forming Fungal Taxon, Psora decipiens (Psoraceae, Ascomycota). Front Microbiol 2018; 9:283. [PMID: 29527197 PMCID: PMC5829036 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple drivers shape the spatial distribution of species, including dispersal capacity, niche incumbency, climate variability, orographic barriers, and plate tectonics. However, biogeographic patterns of fungi commonly do not fit conventional expectations based on studies of animals and plants. Fungi, in general, are known to occur across exceedingly broad, intercontinental distributions, including some important components of biological soil crust communities (BSCs). However, molecular data often reveal unexpected biogeographic patterns in lichenized fungal species that are assumed to have cosmopolitan distributions. The lichen-forming fungal species Psora decipiens is found on all continents, except Antarctica and occurs in BSCs across diverse habitats, ranging from hot, arid deserts to alpine habitats. In order to better understand factors that shape population structure in cosmopolitan lichen-forming fungal species, we investigated biogeographic patterns in the cosmopolitan taxon P. decipiens, along with the closely related taxa P. crenata and P. saviczii. We generated a multi-locus sequence dataset based on a worldwide sampling of these taxa in order to reconstruct evolutionary relationships and explore phylogeographic patterns. Both P. crenata and P. decipiens were not recovered as monophyletic; and P. saviczii specimens were recovered as a monophyletic clade closely related to a number of lineages comprised of specimens representing P. decipiens. Striking phylogeographic patterns were observed for P. crenata, with populations from distinct geographic regions belonging to well-separated, monophyletic lineages. South African populations of P. crenata were further divided into well-supported sub-clades. While well-supported phylogenetic substructure was also observed for the nominal taxon P. decipiens, nearly all lineages were comprised of specimens collected from intercontinental populations. However, all Australian specimens representing P. decipiens were recovered within a single well-supported monophyletic clade consisting solely of Australian samples. Our study supports up to 10 candidate species-level lineages in P. decipiens, based on genealogical concordance and coalescent-based species delimitation analyses. Our results support the general pattern of the biogeographic isolation of lichen-forming fungal populations in Australia, even in cases where closely related congeners have documented intercontinental distributions. Our study has important implications for understanding factors influencing diversification and distributions of lichens associated with BSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Leavitt
- Department of Biology and Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | | | | | - John A. Elix
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Einar Timdal
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mohammad Sohrabi
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Larry L. St. Clair
- Department of Biology and Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Laura Williams
- Plant Ecology and Systematics, Biology Institute, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Mats Wedin
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H. T. Lumbsch
- Science and Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, United States
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Svensson M, Ekman S, Klepsland JT, Nordin A, Thor G, von Hirschheydt G, Jonsson F, Knutsson T, Lif M, Spribille T, Westberg M. Taxonomic novelties and new records of Fennoscandian crustose lichens. MycoKeys 2017. [DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.25.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Williams L, Colesie C, Ullmann A, Westberg M, Wedin M, Büdel B. Lichen acclimation to changing environments: Photobiont switching vs. climate-specific uniqueness in Psora decipiens. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:2560-2574. [PMID: 28428847 PMCID: PMC5395455 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Unraveling the complex relationship between lichen fungal and algal partners has been crucial in understanding lichen dispersal capacity, evolutionary processes, and responses in the face of environmental change. However, lichen symbiosis remains enigmatic, including the ability of a single fungal partner to associate with various algal partners. Psora decipiens is a characteristic lichen of biological soil crusts (BSCs), across semi-arid, temperate, and alpine biomes, which are particularly susceptible to habitat loss and climate change. The high levels of morphological variation found across the range of Psora decipiens may contribute to its ability to withstand environmental change. To investigate Psora decipiens acclimation potential, individuals were transplanted between four climatically distinct sites across a European latitudinal gradient for 2 years. The effect of treatment was investigated through a morphological examination using light and SEM microscopy; 26S rDNA and rbcL gene analysis assessed site-specific relationships and lichen acclimation through photobiont switching. Initial analysis revealed that many samples had lost their algal layers. Although new growth was often determined, the algae were frequently found to have died without evidence of a new photobiont being incorporated into the thallus. Mycobiont analysis investigated diversity and determined that new growth was a part of the transplant, thus, revealing that four distinct fungal clades, closely linked to site, exist. Additionally, P. decipiens was found to associate with the green algal genus Myrmecia, with only two genetically distinct clades between the four sites. Our investigation has suggested that P. decipiens cannot acclimate to the substantial climatic variability across its environmental range. Additionally, the different geographical areas are home to genetically distinct and unique populations. The variation found within the genotypic and morpho-physiological traits of P. decipiens appears to have a climatic determinant, but this is not always reflected by the algal partner. Although photobiont switching occurs on an evolutionary scale, there is little evidence to suggest an active environmentally induced response. These results suggest that this species, and therefore, other lichen species, and BSC ecosystems themselves may be significantly vulnerable to climate change and habitat loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Williams
- Plant Ecology and SystematicsBiology InstituteUniversity of KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
| | - Claudia Colesie
- Plant Ecology and SystematicsBiology InstituteUniversity of KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
| | - Anna Ullmann
- Plant Ecology and SystematicsBiology InstituteUniversity of KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
| | | | - Mats Wedin
- Department of BotanySwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
| | - Burkhard Büdel
- Plant Ecology and SystematicsBiology InstituteUniversity of KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
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9
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Singh VP, Westberg M, Wang C, Dahlberg PD, Gellen T, Gardiner AT, Cogdell RJ, Engel GS. Towards quantification of vibronic coupling in photosynthetic antenna complexes. J Chem Phys 2016; 142:212446. [PMID: 26049466 DOI: 10.1063/1.4921324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic antenna complexes harvest sunlight and efficiently transport energy to the reaction center where charge separation powers biochemical energy storage. The discovery of existence of long lived quantum coherence during energy transfer has sparked the discussion on the role of quantum coherence on the energy transfer efficiency. Early works assigned observed coherences to electronic states, and theoretical studies showed that electronic coherences could affect energy transfer efficiency--by either enhancing or suppressing transfer. However, the nature of coherences has been fiercely debated as coherences only report the energy gap between the states that generate coherence signals. Recent works have suggested that either the coherences observed in photosynthetic antenna complexes arise from vibrational wave packets on the ground state or, alternatively, coherences arise from mixed electronic and vibrational states. Understanding origin of coherences is important for designing molecules for efficient light harvesting. Here, we give a direct experimental observation from a mutant of LH2, which does not have B800 chromophores, to distinguish between electronic, vibrational, and vibronic coherence. We also present a minimal theoretical model to characterize the coherences both in the two limiting cases of purely vibrational and purely electronic coherence as well as in the intermediate, vibronic regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, The James Franck Institute and The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - M Westberg
- Department of Chemistry, The James Franck Institute and The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - C Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The James Franck Institute and The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - P D Dahlberg
- Graduate Program in the Biophysical Sciences, The James Franck Institute and The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - T Gellen
- Department of Chemistry, The James Franck Institute and The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - A T Gardiner
- Department of Botany, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - R J Cogdell
- Department of Botany, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - G S Engel
- Department of Chemistry, The James Franck Institute and The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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10
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Westberg M, Timdal E, Asplund J, Bendiksby M, Haugan R, Jonsson F, Larsson P, Odelvik G, Wedin M, Millanes A. New records of lichenized and lichenicolous fungi in Scandinavia. MycoKeys 2015. [DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.11.6670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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11
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Wedin M, Maier S, Fernandez-Brime S, Cronholm B, Westberg M, Grube M. Microbiome change by symbiotic invasion in lichens. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:1428-39. [PMID: 26310431 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lichens are obligate symbioses between fungi and green algae or cyanobacteria. Most lichens resynthesize their symbiotic thalli from propagules, but some develop within the structures of already existing lichen symbioses. Diploschistes muscorum starts as a parasite infecting the lichen Cladonia symphycarpa and gradually develops an independent Diploschistes lichen thallus. Here we studied how this process influences lichen-associated microbiomes and photobionts by sampling four transitional stages, at sites in Sweden and Germany, and characterizing their microbial communities using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene and photobiont-specific ITS rDNA sequencing, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. A gradual microbiome shift occurred during the transition, but fractions of Cladonia-associated bacteria were retained during the process of symbiotic reorganization. Consistent changes observed across sites included a notable decrease in the relative abundance of Alphaproteobacteria with a concomitant increase in Betaproteobacteria. Armatimonadia, Spartobacteria and Acidobacteria also decreased during the infection of Cladonia by Diploschistes. The lichens differed in photobiont specificity. Cladonia symphycarpa was associated with the same algal species at all sites, but Diploschistes muscorum had a flexible strategy with different photobiont combinations at each site. This symbiotic invasion system suggests that partners can be reorganized and selected for maintaining potential roles rather than depending on particular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Wedin
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, Stockholm, SE-104 05, Sweden
| | - Stefanie Maier
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, Graz, A-8010, Austria
| | - Samantha Fernandez-Brime
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, Stockholm, SE-104 05, Sweden
| | - Bodil Cronholm
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, Stockholm, SE-104 05, Sweden
| | - Martin Westberg
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, Stockholm, SE-104 05, Sweden
| | - Martin Grube
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, Graz, A-8010, Austria
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12
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Resl P, Schneider K, Westberg M, Printzen C, Palice Z, Thor G, Fryday A, Mayrhofer H, Spribille T. Diagnostics for a troubled backbone: testing topological hypotheses of trapelioid lichenized fungi in a large-scale phylogeny of Ostropomycetidae (Lecanoromycetes). FUNGAL DIVERS 2015; 73:239-258. [PMID: 26321894 PMCID: PMC4746758 DOI: 10.1007/s13225-015-0332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trapelioid fungi constitute a widespread group of mostly crust-forming lichen mycobionts that are key to understanding the early evolutionary splits in the Ostropomycetidae, the second-most species-rich subclass of lichenized Ascomycota. The uncertain phylogenetic resolution of the approximately 170 species referred to this group contributes to a poorly resolved backbone for the entire subclass. Based on a data set including 657 newly generated sequences from four ribosomal and four protein-coding gene loci, we tested a series of a priori and new evolutionary hypotheses regarding the relationships of trapelioid clades within Ostropomycetidae. We found strong support for a monophyletic group of nine core trapelioid genera but no statistical support to reject the long-standing hypothesis that trapelioid genera are sister to Baeomycetaceae or Hymeneliaceae. However, we can reject a sister group relationship to Ostropales with high confidence. Our data also shed light on several long-standing questions, recovering Anamylopsoraceae nested within Baeomycetaceae, elucidating two major monophyletic groups within trapelioids (recognized here as Trapeliaceae and Xylographaceae), and rejecting the monophyly of the genus Rimularia. We transfer eleven species of the latter genus to Lambiella and describe the genus Parainoa to accommodate a previously misunderstood species of Trapeliopsis. Past phylogenetic studies in Ostropomycetidae have invoked "divergence order" for drawing taxonomic conclusions on higher level taxa. Our data show that if backbone support is lacking, contrasting solutions may be recovered with different or added data. We accordingly urge caution in concluding evolutionary relationships from unresolved phylogenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Resl
- />Institute of Plant Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kevin Schneider
- />Institute of Plant Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Westberg
- />Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Printzen
- />Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Zdeněk Palice
- />Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zámek 1, 252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- />Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Göran Thor
- />Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 7044, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alan Fryday
- />Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Helmut Mayrhofer
- />Institute of Plant Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Toby Spribille
- />Institute of Plant Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- />Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812 USA
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13
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Westberg M, Frihagen F, Brun OC, Figved W, Grogaard B, Valland H, Wangen H, Snorrason F. Effectiveness of Gentamicin-Containing Collagen Sponges for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection After Hip Arthroplasty: A Multicenter Randomized Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60:1752-9. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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14
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Millanes A, Diederich P, Westberg M, Knutsson T, Wedin M. Tremella rhizocarpicola sp. nov. and other interesting lichenicolous Tremellales and Filobasidiales in the Nordic countries. MycoKeys 2014. [DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.8.8176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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15
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Millanes AM, Truong C, Westberg M, Diederich P, Wedin M. Host switching promotes diversity in host-specialized mycoparasitic fungi: uncoupled evolution in the Biatoropsis-usnea system. Evolution 2014; 68:1576-93. [PMID: 24495034 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fungal mycoparasitism-fungi parasitizing other fungi-is a common lifestyle in some basal lineages of the basidiomycetes, particularly within the Tremellales. Relatively nonaggressive mycoparasitic fungi of this group are in general highly host specific, suggesting cospeciation as a plausible speciation mode in these associations. Species delimitation in the Tremellales is often challenging because morphological characters are scant. Host specificity is therefore a great aid to discriminate between species but appropriate species delimitation methods that account for actual diversity are needed to identify both specialist and generalist taxa and avoid inflating or underestimating diversity. We use the Biatoropsis-Usnea system to study factors inducing parasite diversification. We employ morphological, ecological, and molecular data-methods including genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR) and the general mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC) model-to assess the diversity of fungi currently assigned to Biatoropsis usnearum. The degree of cospeciation in this association is assessed with two cophylogeny analysis tools (ParaFit and Jane 4.0). Biatoropsis constitutes a species complex formed by at least seven different independent lineages and host switching is a prominent force driving speciation, particularly in host specialists. Combining ITS and nLSU is recommended as barcode system in tremellalean fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Millanes
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, E-28933 Móstoles, Spain.
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16
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Büdel B, Colesie C, Green TGA, Grube M, Lázaro Suau R, Loewen-Schneider K, Maier S, Peer T, Pintado A, Raggio J, Ruprecht U, Sancho LG, Schroeter B, Türk R, Weber B, Wedin M, Westberg M, Williams L, Zheng L. Improved appreciation of the functioning and importance of biological soil crusts in Europe: the Soil Crust International Project (SCIN). Biodivers Conserv 2014; 23:1639-1658. [PMID: 24954978 PMCID: PMC4058319 DOI: 10.1007/s10531-014-0645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we report details of the European research initiative "Soil Crust International" (SCIN) focusing on the biodiversity of biological soil crusts (BSC, composed of bacteria, algae, lichens, and bryophytes) and on functional aspects in their specific environment. Known as the so-called "colored soil lichen community" (Bunte Erdflechtengesellschaft), these BSCs occur all over Europe, extending into subtropical and arid regions. Our goal is to study the uniqueness of these BSCs on the regional scale and investigate how this community can cope with large macroclimatic differences. One of the major aims of this project is to develop biodiversity conservation and sustainable management strategies for European BSCs. To achieve this, we established a latitudinal transect from the Great Alvar of Öland, Sweden in the north over Gössenheim, Central Germany and Hochtor in the Hohe Tauern National Park, Austria down to the badlands of Tabernas, Spain in the south. The transect stretches over 20° latitude and 2,300 m in altitude, including natural (Hochtor, Tabernas) and semi-natural sites that require maintenance such as by grazing activities (Öland, Gössenheim). At all four sites BSC coverage exceeded 30 % of the referring landscape, with the alpine site (Hochtor) reaching the highest cyanobacterial cover and the two semi-natural sites (Öland, Gössenheim) the highest bryophyte cover. Although BSCs of the four European sites share a common set of bacteria, algae (including cyanobacteria) lichens and bryophytes, first results indicate not only climate specific additions of species, but also genetic/phenotypic uniqueness of species between the four sites. While macroclimatic conditions are rather different, microclimatic conditions and partly soil properties seem fairly homogeneous between the four sites, with the exception of water availability. Continuous activity monitoring of photosystem II revealed the BSCs of the Spanish site as the least active in terms of photosynthetic active periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Büdel
- Plant Ecology and Systematics, Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Claudia Colesie
- Plant Ecology and Systematics, Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - T. G. Allan Green
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Martin Grube
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roberto Lázaro Suau
- Arid Zones Research Station (CSIC), Carretera Sacramento, s/n 04120 –La Cañada de San Urbano, Almeria, Spain
| | - Katharina Loewen-Schneider
- Plant Ecology and Systematics, Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Stefanie Maier
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Peer
- Department of Organismic Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ana Pintado
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Raggio
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ulrike Ruprecht
- Department of Organismic Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Leopoldo G. Sancho
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Burkhard Schroeter
- Botanical Institute and Botanical Gardens, Plant Ecophysiology, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Roman Türk
- Department of Organismic Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bettina Weber
- Plant Ecology and Systematics, Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max-Plank Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mats Wedin
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Westberg
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Williams
- Plant Ecology and Systematics, Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lingjuan Zheng
- Department of Organismic Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Abstract
More frequent events of drought are predicted to happen in the future, but our ability to predict the effect on the biota may be limited by our partial understanding of extremophiles. Among the few animals that are able to survive in the absence of water for long periods of time are rotifers, tardigrades, and nematodes. Here, we take advantage of lichen collections stored dry at ambient temperature and humidity for years in museums, and through statistical modeling we demonstrate that the survival rates over time do not differ among animal groups but are strongly influenced by the type of substrate (the different lichen species). Our results suggest that desiccated organisms are prone to irreversible damage to biological structures, independently of the different biochemical processes involved in desiccation tolerance by different animals. The influence of the environment overcomes any taxon-specific response to survive extreme droughts. The predicted ability to survive for up to 10 years while desiccated enables these organisms to achieve potential global distributions, endurance against parasites, and even survival when exposed to outer space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fontaneto
- National Research Council, Institute of Ecosystem Study, Verbania Pallanza, Italy.
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18
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19
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Abstract
Macroecology and biogeography of microscopic organisms (any living organism smaller than 2 mm) are quickly developing into fruitful research areas. Microscopic organisms also offer the potential for testing predictions and models derived from observations on larger organisms due to the feasibility of performing lab and mesocosm experiments. However, more empirical knowledge on the similarities and differences between micro- and macro-organisms is needed to ascertain how much of the results obtained from the former can be generalised to the latter. One potential misconception, based mostly on anedoctal evidence rather than explicit tests, is that microscopic organisms may have wider ecological tolerance and a lower degree of habitat specialisation than large organisms. Here we explicitly test this hypothesis within the framework of metacommunity theory, by studying host specificify in the assemblages of bdelloid rotifers (animals about 350 µm in body length) living in different species of lichens in Sweden. Using several regression-based and ANOVA analyses and controlling for both spatial structure and the kind of substrate the lichen grow over (bark vs rock), we found evidence of significant but weak species-specific associations between bdelloids and lichens, a wide overlap in species composition between lichens, and wide ecological tolerance for most bdelloid species. This confirms that microscopic organisms such as bdelloids have a lower degree of habitat specialisation than larger organisms, although this happens in a complex scenario of ecological processes, where source-sink dynamics and geographic distances seem to have no effect on species composition at the analysed scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fontaneto
- Silwood Park Campus, Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Ascot Berkshire, United Kingdom.
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is largely unknown; low exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light has been a suggested risk factor. The aim of this study was to investigate whether occupational exposure to UV light reduces the risk of death from MS. METHODS The cohort was based on all individuals in the Swedish census in 1980. All MS-related deaths were identified in the national registry of causes of death. A job-exposure matrix was developed to classify the occupational exposure to UV light. RESULTS MS was recorded as a cause of the death for 839 individuals. The risk of MS-related death decreased with increasing occupational exposure to UV light. The relative risk adjusted for age, sex, and socioeconomic status was 0.48 (95% CI 0.28-0.80) in the high-exposure group and 0.88 (95% CI 0.73-1.06) in the intermediate-exposure group. CONCLUSIONS Occupational exposure to UV light was associated with a reduced risk of MS. Our findings are corroborated by previous observations that UV light has a preventive role in the development of MS, although the possibility of reversed causality cannot be completely ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Westberg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Stockholm Centre for Public Health, Stockholm, Sweden.
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21
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Wedin M, Westberg M, Crewe AT, Tehler A, Purvis OW. Species delimitation and evolution of metal bioaccumulation in the lichenizedAcarospora smaragdula(Ascomycota, Fungi) complex. Cladistics 2009; 25:161-172. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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22
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Westberg M, Arup U, Kärnefelt I. Phylogenetic studies in the Candelariaceae (lichenized Ascomycota) based on nuclear ITS DNA sequence data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 111:1277-84. [PMID: 18006290 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The phylogeny of the lichen family Candelariaceae was investigated using nucleotide sequences from the ITS region of the nu-rDNA. Twenty-three species of Candelariella, six species of Candelaria, two species of Candelina and two species of Placomaronea were included in the study. Acarospora cervina and Pleopsidium chlorophanum were used as outgroup species. The phylogenetic analyses were performed using MP and Bayesian MCMC inference. The resulting trees were poorly resolved and strong support was only found for terminal clades. However, the results indicate that polyspored asci have evolved a limited number of times within the family and appear within four clades. One of these clades comprises the core group of Candelariella, including the type species C. vitellina. Placomaronea and Candelina both form strongly supported monophyletic clades, but neither genera are distinctly morphologically separated from Candelariella, and their positions in the tree are uncertain. The genus Candelaria is probably polyphyletic and should possibly be restricted to comprise only polyspored species with a lower cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Westberg
- Department of the Biological Museums, Lund University, Botanical Museum, Ostra Vallgatan 18, SE-223 61 Lund, Sweden.
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23
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Abstract
Food deprivation after weaning often has greater effects on the reproductive success of females than of males. However, if animals are deprived prenatally (that is, through food deprivation of the mother during gestation), the reproductive success of males may be more adversely affected than that of females because of a disruption in the organizational effects of testosterone in neonatal male mice. The hypotheses that daughters of female mice deprived of food during gestation would have lower reproductive success than control daughters, but that the impact of maternal food deprivation would be lower for daughters than it would be for sons, was tested. There was no difference in the proportion of daughters of food-deprived and control mothers that produced one or two litters. However, the mean number of pups weaned in the second litters by daughters of control females (5.9 +/- 0.57 SEM) was greater than the number of pups weaned by daughters of food-deprived females (4.5 +/- 0.65 SEM). There were no differences in the mean birth or weaning body weights of offspring. Therefore, maternal food deprivation in mice may have a small but significant effect on the reproductive success of daughters. However, studies of sons born to females that were subjected to the same food deprivation protocol indicate that maternal food deprivation may have a much greater effect on the reproduction of sons than on that of daughters.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Meikle
- Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Food deprivation after weaning often has greater effects on the reproduction of females than males. However, if animals are deprived prenatally (i.e., through deprivation of the mother during gestation), the reproduction of males may be more negatively impacted because it may decrease their ability to compete with other males and their attractiveness to females. We tested the predictions that adult sons of females that are food-deprived during gestation would tend to lose agonistic encounters with sons of well-nourished (control) females and would have smaller accessory sex glands as well. Sons of control mothers were more frequently dominant to sons of deprived mothers. They also had heavier vesicular-coagulating gland complexes and tended to have heavier preputial glands. However, among males that had not been tested for social dominance rank, there were no such differences in accessory gland weights. These data indicate that maternal food deprivation affects sons only if they engage in agonistic encounters. These effects may be due to a disruption of the organizational effects of testosterone that occur in neonatal male mice and they are likely to have a strong negative impact on the reproduction of the sons of deprived mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Meikle
- Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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Bower W, Coster D, Wilson V, Westberg M. Laparoscopic splenectomy. Iowa Med 1995; 85:87-8. [PMID: 7890523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W Bower
- Iowa Methodist Medical Center, Des Moines
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Borg LA, Westberg M, Grill V. The priming effect of glucose on insulin release does not involve redistribution of secretory granules within the pancreatic B-cell. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1988; 56:219-25. [PMID: 3286324 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(88)90064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Short-term stimulation of the pancreatic B-cell with glucose produces a time-dependent potentiation of this cell, which markedly enhances the insulin response to a renewed stimulation with the hexose. To study if a redistribution of the B-cell secretory granules to a location close to the B-cell plasma membrane could underlie the priming effect of glucose, an investigation by ultrastructural morphometry was performed. After exposure of perfused rat pancreas to non-priming or priming concentrations of glucose, pale and dark B-cell secretory granules were distinguished and analysed both within a central and a peripheral zone of the B-cell. The pale secretory granules comprised 30-40% of the total granule population in the B-cell. Whereas no difference in diameter of the granules was observed, there was evidence for a greater numerical density of dark granules in the central than in the peripheral part of the B-cell. This finding may be in line with observations implying that newly synthesized insulin is released preferentially to older insulin. The present experiments did, however, not reveal any significant priming effect of glucose on the intracellular distribution of secretory granules in the pancreatic B-cell. The lack of morphological changes in the B-cell by glucose priming of insulin release should, rather, direct increased attention to the biochemical aspects of the priming phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Borg
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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Curstedt T, Johansson J, Barros-Söderling J, Robertson B, Nilsson G, Westberg M, Jörnvall H. Low-molecular-mass surfactant protein type 1. The primary structure of a hydrophobic 8-kDa polypeptide with eight half-cystine residues. Eur J Biochem 1988; 172:521-5. [PMID: 3350011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb13918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The low-molecular-mass surfactant protein fraction, soluble in chloroform/methanol, contains at least two separate polypeptide chains. The 8-kDa form (type I) was isolated, [14C]carboxymethylated after reduction, and submitted to structural analysis. Its highly hydrophobic nature complicated purification, proteolytic cleavages, and sequence analysis. Acid hydrolysis in 6 M HCl for 7 days was necessary for release of branched-chain residues in full yield. Pepsin was the only enzyme found to cleave the surfactant protein and was used to complement peptide generation by chemical cleavage with CNBr. The primary structure deduced consists of 79 residues with 8 half-cystine residues, and a total of 39% branched-chain hydrophobic residues. However, 11 residues are charged at physiological pH, and all properties of the primary structure are not entirely outstanding in relation to those of other proteins. Hydrophobic segments, coupled with a presumably tight folding from the presence of disulfide bridges, probably explain the unusual properties and the solubility in organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Curstedt
- Department of Clinical Chemistry at Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm
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28
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Abstract
The apparent toxicity of alloxan was compared in nondiabetic rats and rats made diabetic by injection with streptozotocin during neonatal life (STZ). In the perfused pancreas of nondiabetic rats, 1 mM alloxan rapidly but evanescently stimulated insulin secretion; this effect was followed by pronounced inhibition of the insulin response to 27 mM glucose (94% inhibition) or 1 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (76% inhibition). Conversely, in STZ-diabetic rats the stimulatory effect of alloxan was reduced to 22% of that elicited in nondiabetic rats. In further contrast, the inhibitory effect of alloxan exposure was abolished with regard to subsequent glucose-induced insulin secretion and attenuated with regard to 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine-induced insulin secretion. A relative insensitivity to alloxan was also seen in collagenase-isolated islets, where alloxan completely abolished glucose-induced insulin secretion in islets from nondiabetic rats, but only nonsignificantly reduced secretion (by 37%) in islets from STZ-diabetic rats. Insensitivity to glucose in STZ diabetic rats is associated with insensitivity to alloxan. This implies a common defect in the initial recognition site of glucose and alloxan.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Grill
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Grill V, Westberg M, Ostenson CG. B cell insensitivity in a rat model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Evidence for a rapidly reversible effect of previous hyperglycemia. J Clin Invest 1987; 80:664-9. [PMID: 2442195 PMCID: PMC442288 DOI: 10.1172/jci113119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In perfused pancreas of rats rendered diabetic by streptozotocin injection (STZ) during neonatal age the insulin response to 27 mM glucose was significant but impaired. It was unaffected by the alpha adrenergic blocker phentolamine. When 27 mM mannoheptulose was added simultaneously with 27 mM glucose, insulin release was inhibited, but less promptly than in pancreases from non-diabetic rats. When mannoheptulose was introduced 15 min after starting perfusion with 27 mM glucose, inhibition was apparent in non-diabetic rats, but not in STZ. In non-diabetic rats perfusion without glucose for 40 min failed to affect the subsequent response to 27 mM glucose. Conversely, in STZ, glucose omission enhanced 3.7-fold the response to 27 mM glucose. Insulin release in response to 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) was more marked in STZ than in non-diabetic rats. After glucose omission the IBMX-induced response was, however, reduced (67%) in STZ, but not significantly (7%) in non-diabetic rats. Thus, glucopenia in vitro sensitizes B cells of STZ to glucose, but desensitizes them to IBMX. Abnormal responsiveness may be linked to metabolic consequences of B cell fuel abundance.
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Holmlund D, Westberg M. [Administration of intralipids and Hb-determination]. Lakartidningen 1974; 71:2710. [PMID: 4407335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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