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Wang L, Jia JX, Zhang SB, Song W, Yan XS, Huo DS, Wang H, Wu LE, Yang ZJ. The protective effect and mechanism of glycosides of cistanche deserticola on rats in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2024; 87:448-456. [PMID: 38557302 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2024.2337365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) occurs frequently clinically as a complication following cardiovascular resuscitation resulting in neuronal damage specifically to the hippocampal CA1 region with consequent cognitive impairment. Apoptosis and oxidative stress were proposed as major risk factors associated with CIRI development. Previously, glycosides obtained from Cistanche deserticola (CGs) were shown to play a key role in counteracting CIRI; however, the underlying mechanisms remain to be determined. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of CGs on subsequent CIRI in rats. The model of CIRI was established for 2 hr and reperfusion for 24 hr by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. The MCAO rats were used to measure the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of CGs on CIRI. Neurological function was evaluated by the Longa neurological function score test. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was used to detect the area of cerebral infarction. Nissl staining was employed to observe neuronal morphology. TUNEL staining was used to detect neuronal apoptosis, while Western blot determined protein expression levels of factors for apoptosis-related and PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Data demonstrated that CGs treatment improved behavioral performance, brain injury, and enhanced antioxidant and anti-apoptosis in CIRI rats. In addition, CGs induced activation of PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 signaling pathway accompanied by inhibition of the expression of apoptosis-related factors. Evidence indicates that CGs amelioration of CIRI involves activation of the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 signaling pathway associated with increased cellular viability suggesting these glycosides may be considered as an alternative compound for CIRI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Jian-Xin Jia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Education Department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Baotou, China
| | - Shi-Bin Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Education Department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Baotou, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Yan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Education Department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Baotou, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Education Department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Baotou, China
| | - He Wang
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Li-E Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Education Department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Baotou, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
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Ren W, Yan XS, Fan JC, Huo DS, Wang XX, Jia JX, Yang ZJ. Effect of total flavonoids of Dracocephalum moldavica L. On neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease model amyloid-β (Aβ1-42)-peptide-induced astrocyte activation. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2024; 87:436-447. [PMID: 38557424 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2024.2336570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
One of the main pathological features noted in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the presence of plagues of aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ1-42)-peptides. Excess deposition of amyloid-β oligomers (AβO) are known to promote neuroinflammation. Sequentially, following neuroinflammation astrocytes become activated with cellular characteristics to initiate activated astrocytes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether total flavonoids derived from Dracocephalum moldavica L. (TFDM) inhibited Aβ1-42-induced damage attributed to activated C8-D1A astrocytes. Western blotting and ELISA were used to determine the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and complement C3 to establish the activation status of astrocytes following induction from exposure to Aβ1-42. Data demonstrated that stimulation of C8-D1A astrocytes by treatment with 40 μM Aβ1-42 for 24 hr produced significant elevation in protein expression and protein levels of acidic protein (GFAP) and complement C3 accompanied by increased expression and levels of inflammatory cytokines. Treatment with TFDM or the clinically employed drug donepezil in AD therapy reduced production of inflammatory cytokines, and toxicity initiated following activation of C8-D1A astrocytes following exposure to Aβ1-42. Therefore, TFDM similar to donepezil inhibited inflammatory secretion in reactive astrocytes, suggesting that TFDM may be considered as a potential compound to be utilized in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ren
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Education Department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
| | - Xu-Sheng Yan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Education Department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
| | - Jia-Cheng Fan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Education Department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
| | - Dong-Sheng Huo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Education Department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
| | - Xin-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Education Department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
- Department of pathology, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jian-Xin Jia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Education Department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
| | - Zhan-Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Education Department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
- Department of Human Anatomy, Chifeng University, Inner Mongolia, China
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Wang L, Pei JH, Jia JX, Wang J, Song W, Fang X, Cai ZP, Huo DS, Wang H, Yang ZJ. Inhibition of oxidative stress by testosterone improves synaptic plasticity in senescence accelerated mice. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2019; 82:1061-1068. [PMID: 31746286 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1683988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that synaptic plasticity is associated with cognitive performance in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Testosterone (T) is known to exert protective effects on cognitive deficits in AD, but the underlying mechanisms of androgenic action on synaptic plasticity remain unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the protective mechanism attributed to T on synaptic plasticity in an AD senescence accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) model. The following parameters were measured: (1) number of intact pyramidal cells in hippocampal CA1 region (2) phosphorylated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-1 (p-NMDAR1) and (3) phosphorylated calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (p-CaMKII). In addition, the content of whole brain malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined. Treatment with T significantly elevated the number of intact pyramidal cells in hippocampal CA1 region and markedly increased hippocampal protein and mRNA expression levels of p-NMDAR1 and p-CaMK II. Further, T significantly decreased whole brain MDA levels accompanied by elevated activities of SOD and GSH-Px. Data suggest that the protective effects of T on synaptic plasticity in a mouse AD model may be associated with reduction of oxidant stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- The Third Clinical Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Juan-Hui Pei
- Department of cardiology, Beijing Aerospace General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Xin Jia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jing Wang
- The Third Clinical Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Cai
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - He Wang
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Zhan-Jun Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
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Wu P, Yan XS, Zhou LL, Liu XL, Huo DS, Song W, Fang X, Wang H, Yang ZJ, Jia JX. Involvement of apoptosis in the protective effects of Dracocephalum moldavaica in cerebral ischemia reperfusion rat model. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2019; 82:1036-1044. [PMID: 31736438 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1684707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An extract of Dracocephalum moldevica (DML) was found to exert protective effects on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI); however, the mechanisms underlying the observed actions of this plant-derived mixture remain to be determined. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the influence of DML on CIRI rat model induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The following parameters were measured: (1) viable neurons in the infarcted area using Nissl staining; and (2) immunohistochemistry and Western blot were employed to determine protein expression levels of p53, bcl-2 associated X protein (bax) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (bcl-2), three biomarkers of apoptosis. MCAO significantly decreased the number of viable cortical pyramidal neurons in the infarcted area, while treatment with DML extract significantly elevated the number of viable neurons. MCAO was found to significantly elevate in gene expression levels of p53 and protein expression levels bax accompanied by diminished protein expression levels of bcl-2. Prior administration of DML extract produced marked reduction in gene expression levels of p53 and protein expression levels bax but increased in protein expression levels of bcl-2. Data suggested apoptosis was initiated in MCAO and that DML was effective in treating CIRI via an anti-apoptotic action as evidenced by inhibition of gene expression levels of p53 and protein expression levels of bax with concomitant elevation in protein expression levels of bcl-2. Our findings suggest that extract of DML may prove beneficial in treatment of cerebrovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Yan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Li-Li Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xin-Lang Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - He Wang
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Zhan-Jun Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jian-Xin Jia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
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Huo DS, Sun JF, Cai ZP, Yan XS, Wang H, Jia JX, Yang ZJ. The protective mechanisms underlying Ginsenoside Rg1 effects on rat sciatic nerve injury. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2019; 82:1027-1035. [PMID: 31739751 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1684028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1 (GsRg1), derived from the herb Ginseng, was found to exert protective effects in nerve injury; however, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be determined. Oxidant stress and apoptosis are known to be involved in sciatic nerve injury. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine whether GsRg1 was able to modify sciatic nerve injury in a rat model. The following parameters were measured: (1) number of spinal cord motoneurons by Nissl staining, (2) oxidation parameters including spinal cord malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) as well as (3) involvement of apoptosis by determining caspase-3 and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The number of spinal cord motoneurons was significantly reduced after sciatic nerve injury, while treatment with GsRg1 markedly elevated cell number. Sciatic nerve injury markedly increased spinal cord MDA content concomitant with reduced activities of SOD and GSH-Px. GsRg1 significantly decreased MDA content accompanied by elevated activities of SOD and GSH-Px. Further nerve injury significantly diminished protein expression levels of XIAP accompanied by elevated protein expression levels of caspase-3 in the spinal cord. GsRg1 markedly increased protein expression levels of XIAP, but significantly reduced protein expression levels of caspase-3. Data suggest that the protective effects of GsRg1 in sciatic nerve injury may be associated with reduced oxidative stress involving anti-apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Huo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jian-Fang Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Cai
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Yan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - He Wang
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jian-Xin Jia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
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Song W, Zhao J, Yan XS, Fang X, Huo DS, Wang H, Jia JX, Yang ZJ. Mechanisms Associated with Protective Effects of Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extracton in Rat Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2019; 82:1045-1051. [PMID: 31735125 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1686215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral infarction occurs as a consequence of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GbE) is composed predominantly of active ingredients such as flavonoids and terpene lactones and often used to treat cerebrovascular diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying the use of this herbal extract to treat cerebrovascular-mediated damage are not known. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of administration GbE to ameliorate the observed consequences of CIRI. The following parameters were measured: (1) behavioral score (2) infarct area (3) the content of serum malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and (4) interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expression levels in the infarcted brain tissue. Data demonstrated that treatment with GbE to CIRI rats resulted in significant reduction in cerebral-infarcted area associated with improvement in behavioral score. GbE was found to decrease serum MDA levels concomitant with elevated activity levels of SOD and GSH-PX. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis showed that GbE significantly lowered the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the infarcted brain tissue. Data suggest that GbE may be therapeutically effective in improving behavioral score in CIRI rats through reduction of oxidative stress and anti-inflammation in the cerebral infarction region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- The Third Clinical Hospital, Baotou Medical College, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Yan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - He Wang
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jian-Xin Jia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
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Zhang M, Zhang YQ, Wei XZ, Lee C, Huo DS, Wang H, Zhao ZY. Differentially expressed long-chain noncoding RNAs in human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y): Alzheimer's disease cell model. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2019; 82:1052-1060. [PMID: 31722651 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1687183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A number of complex human diseases including neurological diseases is characterized by dysregulation of long-chain noncoding RNA (lncRNA). The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder is believed to involve alterations in lncRNAs. However, the specific lncRNAs modified in AD remain to be determined. The aim of this study was to identify lncRNAs associated with AD using human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) treated with beta-amyloid (Aβ) as a model of this disease. The differential expressions of lncRNA were compared between beta-amyloid (Aβ) SH-SY5Y cells and normal SH-SY5Y cells utilizing Illumina X10 gene sequencing. The differential expression profiles of amyloid (Aβ)-treated SH-SY5Y cells were determined and verified by qRT-PCR method. The expression levels of lncRNA were expressed by calculating the abundance of FPKM (measure gene expression). The differential expression of log2 (multiple change) >1 or log2 (multiple change) < -1 had statistical significance (P< .05). The differential expression profiles of amyloid (Aβ)-treated SH-SY5Y cells showed 40 lncRNA were up-regulated, while 60 lncRNA were down-regulated. GO and KEGG analysis demonstrated that differentially expressed genes were predominantly involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway, hepatitis B, cell cycle, post-translational protein modification, and regulation. In conclusion, approximately 100 dysregulated lncRNA transcripts were found in amyloid (Aβ)-treated SH-SY5Y cells and these lncRNAs may play an important role in the occurrence and development of AD through altered signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Institute of Anesthesia, Department of Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Zhang
- Institute of Anesthesia, Department of Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xie-Ze Wei
- Institute of Anesthesia, Department of Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Charles Lee
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Dong-Sheng Huo
- Institute of Anesthesia, Department of Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - He Wang
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Zhi-Ying Zhao
- Institute of Anesthesia, Department of Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
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Yan XS, Yang ZJ, Jia JX, Song W, Fang X, Cai ZP, Huo DS, Wang H. Protective mechanism of testosterone on cognitive impairment in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:649-657. [PMID: 30632505 PMCID: PMC6352583 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.245477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease is strongly associated with a reduction in synaptic plasticity, which may be induced by oxidative stress. Testosterone is beneficial in learning and memory, although the underlying protective mechanism of testosterone on cognitive performance remains unclear. This study explored the protective mechanism of a subcutaneous injection of 0.75 mg testosterone on cognitive dysfunction induced by bilateral injections of amyloid beta 1-42 oligomers into the lateral ventricles of male rats. Morris water maze test results demonstrated that testosterone treatment remarkably reduced escape latency and path length in Alzheimer's disease rat models. During probe trials, testosterone administration significantly elevated the percentage of time spent in the target quadrant and the number of platform crossings. However, flutamide, an androgen receptor antagonist, inhibited the protective effect of testosterone on cognitive performance in Alzheimer's disease rat models. Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry, western blot assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that the number of intact hippocampal pyramidal cells, the dendritic spine density in the hippocampal CA1 region, the immune response and expression level of postsynaptic density protein 95 in the hippocampus, and the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were increased with testosterone treatment. In contrast, testosterone treatment reduced malondialdehyde levels. Flutamide inhibited the effects of testosterone on all of these indicators. Our data showed that the protective effect of testosterone on cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease is mediated via androgen receptors to scavenge free radicals, thereby enhancing synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Sheng Yan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jian-Xin Jia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Cai
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - He Wang
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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Wu P, Yan XS, Zhang Y, Huo DS, Song W, Fang X, Wang H, Yang ZJ, Jia JX. The protective mechanism underlying total flavones of Dracocephalum (TFD) effects on rat cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2018; 81:1199-1206. [PMID: 30457456 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1504385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Previously, total flavones of Dracocephalum (TFD), derived from Dracocephalum, were found to exert protective effects in cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI) in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model. However, the mechanisms underlying these observed effects of TFD on MCAO-induced rats still remain to be determined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine whether TFD alleviated MCAO through mechanisms involving anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic using MCAO rats. The following parameters were measured: (1) percentage (%) area of brain infarction; (2) serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and (3) expression protein levels of caspase-3 and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Results showed that MCAO significantly increased the % area of brain infarction, while TFD administration in these animals markedly reduced % area of brain infarction. A significant elevation on serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 was noted with MCAO which was markedly reduced by TFD. In addition, MCAO produced a significant rise in protein expression levels of caspase-3 and AMPK. In contrast, TFD markedly lowered protein expression levels of caspase-3 and AMPK. Data suggest that the protective effects of TFD in MCAO model animals may involve inhibition of inflammatory mediator release associated with apoptosis through down regulation of AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wu
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Xu-Sheng Yan
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Yu Zhang
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huo
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Wei Song
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Xin Fang
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - He Wang
- b School of Health Sciences , University of Newcastle , Newcastle , Australia
| | - Zhan-Jun Yang
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Jian-Xin Jia
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
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Jia JX, Yan XS, Song W, Fang X, Cai ZP, Huo DS, Wang H, Yang ZJ. The protective mechanism underlying phenylethanoid glycosides (PHG) actions on synaptic plasticity in rat Alzheimer's disease model induced by beta amyloid 1-42. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2018; 81:1098-1107. [PMID: 30430925 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1501861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phenylethanoid glycosides (PHG), derived from Herba cistanche, were found to exert protective effects on cognitive dysfunctions by improving synaptic plasticity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) rat model. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects of PHG on synaptic plasticity remain to be determined. Thus the aim of this study was to examine the influence of PHG on synaptic plasticity in male AD rat model induced by bilateral central nervous system ventricle injections of beta amyloid 1-42 oligomers (Aβ1-42). The following parameters were measured: (1) number of intact pyramidal cells in hippocampal CA1 region by Nissl staining, (2) post synaptic density 95 (PSD-95), phosphorylated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-1(p-NMDAR1) and (3) phosphorylated Tau protein (p-Tau) by immunohistochemistry and western blot. In addition, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined. Aβ1-42 lowered the number of intact pyramidal cells in hippocampal CA1 region. In contrast, treatment with PHG significantly elevated this cell number. Aβ1-42 significantly diminished protein expression levels of PSD-95 accompanied by elevated protein expression levels of p-NMDAR1 and p-Tau. PHG markedly increased protein expression levels of PSD-95, but significantly reduced protein expression levels of p-NMDAR1 and p-Tau. Further, Aβ1-42 markedly increased MDA content concomitantly with reduced activities of SOD and GSH-Px. PHG significantly decreased MDA content accompanied by elevated activities of SOD and GSH-Px. Data suggest that the protective effects of PHG on synaptic plasticity may involve inhibition of cytotoxicity-mediated by Aβ-1-42 administration and reduction of oxidant stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Jia
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Xu-Sheng Yan
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Wei Song
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Xin Fang
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Zhi-Ping Cai
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huo
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - He Wang
- b School of Health Sciences , University of Newcastle , Newcastle , Australia
| | - Zhan-Jun Yang
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
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Wu P, Yan XS, Zhang Y, Huo DS, Song W, Fang X, Wang H, Yang ZJ, Jia JX. The protective mechanism underlying total flavones of Dracocephalum (TFD) effects on rat cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2018; 81:1108-1115. [PMID: 30430924 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1503073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Previously, total flavones of Dracocephalum (TFD), derived from Dracocephalum, were found to exert protective effects in cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI) in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model. However, the mechanisms underlying these observed effects of TFD on MCAO-induced rats still remain to be determined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine whether TFD alleviated MCAO through mechanisms involving anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic using MCAO rats. The following parameters were measured: (1) percentage (%) area of brain infarction; (2) serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and (3) expression protein levels of caspase-3 and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Results showed that MCAO significantly increased the % area of brain infarction, while TFD administration in these animals markedly reduced % area of brain infarction. A significant elevation on serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 was noted with MCAO which was markedly reduced by TFD. In addition, MCAO produced a significant rise in protein expression levels of caspase-3 and AMPK. In contrast, TFD markedly lowered protein expression levels of caspase-3 and AMPK. Data suggest that the protective effects of TFD in MCAO model animals may involve inhibition of inflammatory mediator release associated with apoptosis through down regulation of AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wu
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Baotou , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Xu-Sheng Yan
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Baotou , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Yu Zhang
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Baotou , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huo
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Baotou , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Wei Song
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Baotou , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Xin Fang
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Baotou , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - He Wang
- b School of Health Sciences , University of Newcastle , Newcastle , Australia
| | - Zhan-Jun Yang
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Baotou , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Jian-Xin Jia
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Baotou , Inner Mongolia , China
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Jia JX, Yan XS, Cai ZP, Song W, Huo DS, Zhang BF, Wang H, Yang ZJ. The effects of phenylethanoid glycosides, derived from Herba cistanche, on cognitive deficits and antioxidant activities in male SAMP8 mice. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2017; 80:1180-1186. [PMID: 28880744 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1367097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are closely associated with hippocampal synaptic changes. Phenylethanoid glycosides (PhG), derived from Herba cistanche, are known to exert protective effects on cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the underlying mechanisms of this herbal extract on cognitive performance remain unclear. The aim of this study was thus to examine the protective mechanism attributed to PhG on cognitive deficits in an AD senescence accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) model. Cognitive deficit parameters examined included (1) Morris water maze (MWM) assessing cognitive performance and (2) quantification of dendritic spine density in hippocampal CA1 region by Golgi staining, a molecular biomarker of synaptic function. In addition, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and gluthathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined to examine the potential role of oxidant processes in cognitive dysfunction. Data showed that PhG significantly decreased escape latency and path length, associated with a rise in the percentage of time spent in the target quadrant and number of platform crossings. In addition, PhG significantly increased dendritic spine density in the hippocampal CA1 region accompanied by elevated expression levels of synaptophysin (SYN) and post synaptic density 95 (PSD-95), reduced MDA content, and elevated the activities of SOD and GSH-Px. Data suggest that the ability of PhG to ameliorate cognitive deficits in SAMP8 mice may be related to promotion in synaptic plasticity involving antioxidant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Jia
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Xu-Sheng Yan
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Zhi-Ping Cai
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Wei Song
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huo
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Bai-Feng Zhang
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - He Wang
- b School of Health Sciences , University of Newcastle , Newcastle , Australia
| | - Zhan-Jun Yang
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
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Jia JX, Zhang Y, Wang ZL, Yan XS, Jin M, Huo DS, Wang H, Yang ZJ. The inhibitory effects of Dracocephalum moldavica L. (DML) on rat cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2017; 80:1206-1211. [PMID: 28876179 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1367139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is closely associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Dracocephalum moldavica L. (DML), a Chinese herbal medicine is known to exert protective effects on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats by inhibiting oxidation damage and inflammatory reactions. However, the effectiveness of DML in cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI) as a protective substance and the underlying mechanisms remain to be determined. The aim of this study was thus to examine the influence of DML on CIRI using a rat model induced by 2-h transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) produced by intraluminal suture blockade followed by 22 h reperfusion. The parameters determined include neurological behavior, histochemical assessment of cerebral infarct volume, and determination of various metabolic biomarkers. Data showed that DML markedly improved neurobehavioral scores and reduced cerebral edema and infarction. In addition, DML significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content and elevated activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), in addition, marked decrease in levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Data suggest that the protective effects of DML on CIRI may be related to processes involving antioxidation and anti-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Jia
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Yu Zhang
- b Graduate School , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Zhan-Li Wang
- c The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of disease-related biomarkers , Institute of Molecular Medicine, Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
- d The Second Affiliated Hospital , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Xu-Sheng Yan
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Min Jin
- e School of Public Health , Peking University , Beijing , China
- f School of Public Health , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huo
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - He Wang
- g School of Health Sciences , University of Newcastle , Newcastle , Australia
| | - Zhan-Jun Yang
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
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Jia JX, Cui CL, Yan XS, Zhang BF, Song W, Huo DS, Wang H, Yang ZJ. Effects of testosterone on synaptic plasticity mediated by androgen receptors in male SAMP8 mice. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2016; 79:849-855. [PMID: 27599230 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1193113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic changes are closely associated with cognitive deficits. In addition, testosterone (T) is known to exert regulative effects on synaptic plasticity. T may improve cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, but the underlying mechanisms of androgenic action on cognitive performance remain unclear. The aim of this study was thus to examine the protective mechanism attributed to T on cognitive performance in an AD senescence, accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) animal model. Using Golgi staining to quantify the dendritic spine density in hippocampal CA1 region, molecular biomarkers of synapse function were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and western blot. T significantly increased the dendritic spine density in hippocampal CA1 region, while flutamide (F) inhibited these T-mediated effects. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis showed that the expression levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95), and p-cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB)/CREB levels were significantly elevated in the T group, but F reduced the T-induced effects in these biomarkers to control levels. There were no significant differences in the expression levels of PSD-95, BDNF, and p-CREB/CREB between C and F. These findings indicate that the effects of T on improvement in synaptic plasticity were mediated via androgen receptor (AR). It is conceivable that new treatments targeted toward preventing synaptic pathology in AD may involve the use of androgen-acting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Jia
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Cheng-Li Cui
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Xu-Sheng Yan
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Bai-Feng Zhang
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Wei Song
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huo
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - He Wang
- b School of Health Sciences , University of Newcastle , Newcastle , Australia
| | - Zhan-Jun Yang
- a Department of Human Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
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Huo DS, Sun JF, Zhang B, Yan XS, Wang H, Jia JX, Yang ZJ. Protective effects of testosterone on cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease model rats induced by oligomeric beta amyloid peptide 1-42. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2016; 79:856-863. [PMID: 27599231 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1193114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is known to be influenced by circulating sex steroidal hormones. The aim of this study was to examine the protective effect and possible protective mechanism of testosterone (T) on cognitive performance in male rats induced by intrahippocampal injections of beta amyloid 1-42 oligomers (Aβ1-42). Treatment with T as evidenced by the Morris water maze (MWM) test significantly shortened escape latency and reduced path length to reach the platform compared to the control (C). During probe trials, the T group displayed a significantly greater percent of time in the target quadrant and improved the number of platform crossings compared with C, flutamide (F), an antiandrogen, and a combined F and T group. Flutamide markedly inhibited the influence of T on cognitive performance. Following Nissl staining, the number of intact pyramidal cells was significantly elevated in the T group, and the effect of T was blocked by F. Immunohistochemisty and Western blot analysis showed that the protein expression level of Aβ 1-42 was markedly decreased and expression levels of synaptophysin (SYN) significantly increased with T, while F inhibited all T-mediated effects. Our data suggest that the influence of T on cognitive performance was mediated via androgen receptors (AR) to remove beta amyloid, which leads to enhanced synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Huo
- a Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Jian-Fang Sun
- b The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Baifeng Zhang
- a Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Xu-Sheng Yan
- a Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - He Wang
- c School of Health Sciences , University of Newcastle , Newcastle , Australia
| | - Jian-Xin Jia
- a Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Zhan-Jun Yang
- a Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou , Inner Mongolia , China
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Huo DS, Zhang M, Cai ZP, Dong CX, Wang H, Yang ZJ. The Role of Nerve Growth Factor in Ginsenoside Rg1-Induced Regeneration of Injured Rat Sciatic Nerve. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2015; 78:1328-1337. [PMID: 26529404 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1085943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sciatic nerve injury is commonly seen in clinical practice predominantly associated with trauma or sports injuries. Recent studies indicated that ginsenoside Rg1 (Gs Rg1), extracted from Chinese herbs, was found to promote regeneration of injured rat sciatic nerve and that nerve growth factor (NGF) may be involved in this process. The aim of this study was to examine the role that NGF may play in ginsenoside Rg1-induced regeneration of rat sciatic nerve following injury. Animals following surgical right sciatic nerve injury were subsequently administered intraperitoneally either saline (sham control) or different doses of 2, 4, 8, or 12 mg/kg daily GsRg1 for 2 to 8 wk. In addition, 100 μg/kg mecobalamin, a drug utilized to treat nerve injuries, was employed as a positive control. After 2, 4, or 8 wk, sciatic functional index (SFI) and mean nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), markers of sciatic nerve function, were assessed to determine whether recovery of injured sciatic nerve occurred. In addition, immunohistochemistry and Western blot methods were used to examine NGF protein expression changes. Results showed that all doses of GsRg1 significantly increased SFI and MNCV in injured sciatic-nerve-damaged rats in a manner similar to that noted with mecobalamin. It is of interest that the intermediate 4- and 8-mg/kg doses were more effective in restoring nerve functions. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot results also demonstrated a similar pattern with enhanced NGF protein expression at all doses, but greater effects were noted at 4 and 8 mg/kg GsRg1. Data suggest that GsRg1 promotes recovery of injured sciatic nerve functions within a specific dose range and that NGF may be involved in this physiological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Huo
- a Department of Anatomy , Baotou Medical College of Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Ming Zhang
- a Department of Anatomy , Baotou Medical College of Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Zhi-Ping Cai
- a Department of Anatomy , Baotou Medical College of Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Chao-Xuan Dong
- b Department of Anesthesiology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , Zhejiang , China
| | - He Wang
- c School of Health Sciences , University of Newcastle , Newcastle , Australia
| | - Zhan-Jun Yang
- a Department of Anatomy , Baotou Medical College of Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology , Inner Mongolia , China
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