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Nyegaard M, Rendtorff ND, Nielsen MS, Corydon TJ, Demontis D, Starnawska A, Hedemand A, Buniello A, Niola F, Overgaard MT, Leal SM, Ahmad W, Wikman FP, Petersen KB, Crüger DG, Oostrik J, Kremer H, Tommerup N, Frödin M, Steel KP, Tranebjærg L, Børglum AD. A Novel Locus Harbouring a Functional CD164 Nonsense Mutation Identified in a Large Danish Family with Nonsyndromic Hearing Impairment. PLoS Genet 2015. [PMID: 26197441 PMCID: PMC4510537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsyndromic hearing impairment (NSHI) is a highly heterogeneous condition with more than eighty known causative genes. However, in the clinical setting, a large number of NSHI families have unexplained etiology, suggesting that there are many more genes to be identified. In this study we used SNP-based linkage analysis and follow up microsatellite markers to identify a novel locus (DFNA66) on chromosome 6q15-21 (LOD 5.1) in a large Danish family with dominantly inherited NSHI. By locus specific capture and next-generation sequencing, we identified a c.574C>T heterozygous nonsense mutation (p.R192*) in CD164. This gene encodes a 197 amino acid transmembrane sialomucin (known as endolyn, MUC-24 or CD164), which is widely expressed and involved in cell adhesion and migration. The mutation segregated with the phenotype and was absent in 1200 Danish control individuals and in databases with whole-genome and exome sequence data. The predicted effect of the mutation was a truncation of the last six C-terminal residues of the cytoplasmic tail of CD164, including a highly conserved canonical sorting motif (YXXФ). In whole blood from an affected individual, we found by RT-PCR both the wild-type and the mutated transcript suggesting that the mutant transcript escapes nonsense mediated decay. Functional studies in HEK cells demonstrated that the truncated protein was almost completely retained on the plasma cell membrane in contrast to the wild-type protein, which targeted primarily to the endo-lysosomal compartments, implicating failed endocytosis as a possible disease mechanism. In the mouse ear, we found CD164 expressed in the inner and outer hair cells of the organ of Corti, as well as in other locations in the cochlear duct. In conclusion, we have identified a new DFNA locus located on chromosome 6q15-21 and implicated CD164 as a novel gene for hearing impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Nyegaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Nanna D. Rendtorff
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (ICMM), The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Bispebjerg Hospital/Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Genetic Clinic, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | | | | | - Ditte Demontis
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna Starnawska
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Hedemand
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Annalisa Buniello
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Niola
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Suzanne M. Leal
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Friedrik P. Wikman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jaap Oostrik
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hannie Kremer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Niels Tommerup
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (ICMM), The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Frödin
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen P. Steel
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lisbeth Tranebjærg
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (ICMM), The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Bispebjerg Hospital/Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Genetic Clinic, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Anders D. Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Antoniou AC, Kartsonaki C, Sinilnikova OM, Soucy P, McGuffog L, Healey S, Lee A, Peterlongo P, Manoukian S, Peissel B, Zaffaroni D, Cattaneo E, Barile M, Pensotti V, Pasini B, Dolcetti R, Giannini G, Putignano AL, Varesco L, Radice P, Mai PL, Greene MH, Andrulis IL, Glendon G, Ozcelik H, Thomassen M, Gerdes AM, Kruse TA, Birk Jensen U, Crüger DG, Caligo MA, Laitman Y, Milgrom R, Kaufman B, Paluch-Shimon S, Friedman E, Loman N, Harbst K, Lindblom A, Arver B, Ehrencrona H, Melin B, Nathanson KL, Domchek SM, Rebbeck T, Jakubowska A, Lubinski J, Gronwald J, Huzarski T, Byrski T, Cybulski C, Gorski B, Osorio A, Ramón y Cajal T, Fostira F, Andrés R, Benitez J, Hamann U, Hogervorst FB, Rookus MA, Hooning MJ, Nelen MR, van der Luijt RB, van Os TAM, van Asperen CJ, Devilee P, Meijers-Heijboer HEJ, Gómez Garcia EB, Peock S, Cook M, Frost D, Platte R, Leyland J, Evans DG, Lalloo F, Eeles R, Izatt L, Adlard J, Davidson R, Eccles D, Ong KR, Cook J, Douglas F, Paterson J, Kennedy MJ, Miedzybrodzka Z, Godwin A, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Buecher B, Belotti M, Tirapo C, Mazoyer S, Barjhoux L, Lasset C, Leroux D, Faivre L, Bronner M, Prieur F, Nogues C, Rouleau E, Pujol P, Coupier I, Frénay M, Hopper JL, Daly MB, Terry MB, John EM, Buys SS, Yassin Y, Miron A, Goldgar D, Singer CF, Tea MK, Pfeiler G, Dressler AC, Hansen TVO, Jønson L, Ejlertsen B, Barkardottir RB, Kirchhoff T, Offit K, Piedmonte M, Rodriguez G, Small L, Boggess J, Blank S, Basil J, Azodi M, Toland AE, Montagna M, Tognazzo S, Agata S, Imyanitov E, Janavicius R, Lazaro C, Blanco I, Pharoah PDP, Sucheston L, Karlan BY, Walsh CS, Olah E, Bozsik A, Teo SH, Seldon JL, Beattie MS, van Rensburg EJ, Sluiter MD, Diez O, Schmutzler RK, Wappenschmidt B, Engel C, Meindl A, Ruehl I, Varon-Mateeva R, Kast K, Deissler H, Niederacher D, Arnold N, Gadzicki D, Schönbuchner I, Caldes T, de la Hoya M, Nevanlinna H, Aittomäki K, Dumont M, Chiquette J, Tischkowitz M, Chen X, Beesley J, Spurdle AB, Neuhausen SL, Chun Ding Y, Fredericksen Z, Wang X, Pankratz VS, Couch F, Simard J, Easton DF, Chenevix-Trench G. Common alleles at 6q25.1 and 1p11.2 are associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:3304-21. [PMID: 21593217 PMCID: PMC3652640 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 6q25.1, near the ESR1 gene, have been implicated in the susceptibility to breast cancer for Asian (rs2046210) and European women (rs9397435). A genome-wide association study in Europeans identified two further breast cancer susceptibility variants: rs11249433 at 1p11.2 and rs999737 in RAD51L1 at 14q24.1. Although previously identified breast cancer susceptibility variants have been shown to be associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, the involvement of these SNPs to breast cancer susceptibility in mutation carriers is currently unknown. To address this, we genotyped these SNPs in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers from 42 studies from the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2. In the analysis of 14 123 BRCA1 and 8053 BRCA2 mutation carriers of European ancestry, the 6q25.1 SNPs (r(2) = 0.14) were independently associated with the risk of breast cancer for BRCA1 mutation carriers [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-1.23, P-trend = 4.5 × 10(-9) for rs2046210; HR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.18-1.40, P-trend = 1.3 × 10(-8) for rs9397435], but only rs9397435 was associated with the risk for BRCA2 carriers (HR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01-1.28, P-trend = 0.031). SNP rs11249433 (1p11.2) was associated with the risk of breast cancer for BRCA2 mutation carriers (HR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.17, P-trend = 0.015), but was not associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1 mutation carriers (HR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.92-1.02, P-trend = 0.20). SNP rs999737 (RAD51L1) was not associated with breast cancer risk for either BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers (P-trend = 0.27 and 0.30, respectively). The identification of SNPs at 6q25.1 associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1 mutation carriers will lead to a better understanding of the biology of tumour development in these women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis C Antoniou
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Dyrsø T, Li J, Wang K, Lindebjerg J, Kølvraa S, Bolund L, Jakobsen A, Bruun-Petersen G, Li S, Crüger DG. Identification of chromosome aberrations in sporadic microsatellite stable and unstable colorectal cancers using array comparative genomic hybridization. Cancer Genet 2011; 204:84-95. [PMID: 21504706 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2010.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in Denmark and in the western world in general, and the prognosis is generally poor. According to the traditional molecular classification of sporadic colorectal cancer, microsatellite stable (MSS)/chromosome unstable (CIN) colorectal cancers constitute approximately 85% of sporadic cases, whereas microsatellite unstable (MSI) cases constitute the remaining 15%. In this study, we used array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) to identify genomic hotspot regions that harbor recurrent copy number changes. The study material comprised fresh samples from 40 MSS tumors and 20 MSI tumors obtained from 60 Danish CRC patients. We identified five small genomic regions (<15 megabases) exhibiting recurrent copy number loss, which, to our knowledge, have not been reported in previously published aCGH studies of CRC: 3p25.3, 3p21.2-p21.31, 5q13.2, 12q24.23-q24.31, and 12q24.23-q24.31. These regions contain several potentially important tumor suppressor genes that may play a role in a significant proportion of both sporadic MSS CRC and MSI CRC. Furthermore, the generated aCGH data are in support of the recently proposed classification of sporadic CRC into MSS CIN+, MSI CIN-, MSI CIN+, and MSS CIN- cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dyrsø
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Vejle Hospital, Denmark.
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Jensen LH, Lindebjerg J, Kølvraa S, Crüger DG. Molecular screening for Lynch syndrome: from bench to bedside. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:e224; author reply e225. [PMID: 19858372 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.24.6744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Jensen LH, Lindebjerg J, Byriel L, Kolvraa S, Crüger DG. Strategy in clinical practice for classification of unselected colorectal tumours based on mismatch repair deficiency. Colorectal Dis 2008; 10:490-7. [PMID: 17868408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2007.01378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deficiency of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) causes microsatellite instability (MSI) in a subset of colorectal cancers. Patients with these tumours have a better prognosis and may have an altered response to chemotherapy. Some of the tumours are caused by hereditary mutations (hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer or Lynch syndrome), but most are epigenetic changes of sporadic origin. The aim of this study was to define a robust and inexpensive strategy for such classification in clinical practice. METHOD Tumours and blood samples from 262 successive patients with colorectal adenocarcinomas were collected. Expression of the MMR proteins MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) was compared with MSI DNA analysis. Methylation analysis of MLH1 and mutation analysis for BRAF V600E were compared in samples with MSI and/or lack of MLH1 expression to determine if the tumour was likely to be sporadic. RESULTS Thirty-nine (14.9%) of the tumours showed MMR deficiency by IHC or by microsatellite analysis. Sporadic inactivation by methylation of MLH1 promoter was found in 35 patients whereby the BRAF activating V600E mutation, indicating sporadic origin, was found in 32 tumours. On the basis of molecular characteristics we found 223 patients with intact MMR, 35 patients with sporadic MMR deficiency, and four patients who were likely to have hereditary MMR deficiency. CONCLUSION To obtain the maximal benefit for patients and clinicians, MMR testing should be supplemented with MLH1 methylation or BRAF mutation analysis to distinguish sporadic patients from likely hereditary ones. MMR deficient patients with sporadic disease can be reassured of the better prognosis and the likely hereditary cases should receive genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Jensen
- Danish Colorectal Cancer Group South, University of Southern Denmark and Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.
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Agerholm IE, Kølvraa S, Crüger DG, Berg C, Bruun-Petersen G, Ziebe S. Resumption of mitosis in frozen-thawed embryos is not related to the chromosomal constitution. Fertil Steril 2008; 90:1649-55. [PMID: 18068161 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the relation between the resumption of mitosis after thaw and chromosomal constitution in frozen-thawed embryos. In addition, to evaluate the correlation among the three parameters of resumption of mitosis after thaw, postthaw blastomere loss, and multinucleation. DESIGN Frozen-thawed embryos were morphologically evaluated at thaw and after 24 hours of culture. Then, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, including enumeration of 13 chromosomes, was performed by using a combination of peptide nucleic acid and DNA probes. SETTING In vitro fertilization laboratory. PATIENT(S) Forty IVF and/or intracytoplasmic sperm injection patients. INTERVENTION(S) Embryo thawing, morphological evaluation, and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis for aneuploidy screening. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Resumption of mitosis, blastomere loss, multinucleation, and chromosome enumeration. RESULT(S) No difference was observed in the chromosomal constitution of embryos with and without resumption of mitosis. Neither was the postthaw blastomere loss connected to the chromosomal constitution. The resumption of mitosis was not associated with postthaw loss of blastomeres or with multinuclearity. CONCLUSION(S) Resumption of mitosis and blastomere loss of frozen-thawed embryos is not related to chromosome aberrations in the embryo. Further, the resumption of mitosis is not correlated with multinucleation. However, the high incidence of multinucleated embryos after thawing indicates that the freezing and thawing procedure may affect this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge E Agerholm
- The Fertility Clinic, Braedstrup Hospital, Braedstrup, Denmark.
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Jönsson G, Bendahl PO, Sandberg T, Kurbasic A, Staaf J, Sunde L, Crüger DG, Ingvar C, Olsson H, Borg A. Mapping of a novel ocular and cutaneous malignant melanoma susceptibility locus to chromosome 9q21.32. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97:1377-82. [PMID: 16174859 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dji280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 10% of all cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) cases are inherited, but the genetics of familial CMM are largely unknown. Ocular malignant melanoma (OMM), which is rare, may be associated with familial CMM. We performed a genome-wide scan of two Danish pedigrees with multiple cases of OMM (N = 10) and CMM (N = 3) and other malignancies (with no germline mutations in CDKN2A, CDK4, BRCA1, and BRCA2) to identify melanoma susceptibility genes. Results of parametric linkage analysis are presented as logarithm of the odds (LOD) scores, and all P values are two-sided. Peak two-point parametric LOD score of 2.2 (P = .0007) at D9S167 on chromosome 9q21 was observed. Targeted analysis of a third Danish family with OMM and CMM patients confirmed 9q21 linkage, providing a combined four-point parametric LOD score of 3.02 (nominal P = .00003 and genome-wide P = .086). Two families shared a common haplotype comprising three adjacent and highly polymorphic markers, limiting the region to less than 5 cM and 3 Mbp at 9q21.32. Expression of RASEF, a known gene in this region, was examined in tumor tissue from 10 sporadic CMM lesions and was found to be decreased in 70% of these tumors compared with RASEF expression in a human reference RNA pool from 10 different cell types and in 10 breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Jönsson
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Agerholm IE, Ziebe S, Williams B, Berg C, Crüger DG, Petersen GB, Kølvraa S. Sequential FISH analysis using competitive displacement of labelled peptide nucleic acid probes for eight chromosomes in human blastomeres. Hum Reprod 2005; 20:1072-7. [PMID: 15665013 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deh735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to introduce a new strategy based on peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes and competitive displacement for using fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) analysis on human blastomeres. METHODS Sequential FISH analysis with PNA probes and competitive displacement was performed using three different probe sets. The first set consisted of labelled probe only. The second and third sets included labelled as well as unlabelled probe, corresponding to the labelled probes in the previous cycles. The probes for enumeration were for chromosome 1, 13, 16, 17, 18, 21, X and Y. RESULTS The performance of PNA probes was similar to the established DNA probes. The strategy of competitive displacement resulted in a destabilization of already bound probe before the next FISH cycle at only 50 degrees C, which allowed for up to five sequential FISH cycles without loss of signal. CONCLUSIONS PNA probes are a good alternative to DNA probes in the present set-up, since the low temperature required both for binding and destabilization of PNA probes minimizes the loss of signal, and several FISH cycles can therefore be carried out before FISH errors occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Agerholm
- The Fertility Clinic, Braedstrup Hospital, DK 8740 Braedstrup, The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, DK 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
Uncultured coelomic cells were hybridized with alpha satellite DNA probes representing chromosomes X, Y, 18, and 13/21 in order to evaluate the distribution of hybridization signals obtained by fluorescence in situ-hybridization (FISH) analysis of this cell type. Cells from 26 samples were hybridized with the X probe and the Y probe was hybridized with cells from 25 of the samples. Cells from 16 and 11 samples were hybridized with an 18 alpha satellite DNA probe and 13/21 alpha satellite probe, respectively. The evaluation demonstrated that FISH with X, Y, 18, and 13/21 alpha satellite DNA probes on uncultured coelomic cells is a reliable technique since the distribution of hybridization signals is comparable to that seen in uncultured amniotic fluid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Crüger
- Department of Clinical Genetics, County Hospital of Vejle, Denmark
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Crüger DG, Bruun-Petersen G, Kølvraa S. Turner's syndrome 45,X found by coelocentesis. Prenat Diagn 1997; 17:588-9. [PMID: 9203221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Abstract
Coelomic fluid samples (n = 30) were obtained from normal pregnancies between 6.0 and 10.0 weeks and attempts to culture the coelomic cells were made. With one culture system, nine of ten samples were cultured and successful cytogenetic analysis was performed. There have been no previous reports of traditional cytogenetic analysis of coelomic cells and this might be the breakthrough for coelocentesis as a future method for early prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Crüger
- Department of Clinical Genetics, County Hospital of Vejle, Denmark
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