High serum uric acid levels increase the risk of metabolic syndrome in elderly women: The PRO.V.A study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Serum uric acid (SUA) is the end-product of purine metabolism in humans, and its levels often increase in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Despite several studies demonstrating a relationship between increased SUA levels and the prevalence of MetS, prospective data on SUA as a predictor of the incidence of MetS in the elderly are limited. Our aim was to conduct a prospective study on the association between SUA concentrations and the onset of MetS in an elderly Italian cohort.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This is a cohort study (Progetto Veneto Anziani; Pro.V.A.) involving community-dwelling subjects aged ≥65 years and followed up for a mean 4.4 years. We included 1128 participants (aged 74.7 ± 7.1 years) without MetS at the baseline. Gender-specific SUA groups according to the standard deviation (SD) from the mean were considered, taking the incidence of MetS as the main outcome. The mean SUA level was significantly higher in men than in women (5.4 ± 1.2 vs. 4.5 ± 1.2 mg/dl; p < 0.0001). Over the 4.4-year follow-up, 496 individuals developed MetS. After adjusting for potential confounders, Cox's regression analysis revealed no relationship between higher baseline SUA concentrations and the incidence of MetS in men or in the sample as whole, while women with SUA levels more than 1 SD above the mean (≥5.7 mg/dl) carried a 58% higher risk (95%CI: 1.03-2.40; p = 0.03) of being newly diagnosed with MetS during the follow-up.

CONCLUSION

High SUA levels significantly and independently predicted MetS in older women, but not in men, over a 4.4-year follow-up.

Association between dietary folate intake and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels in healthy old women

OBJECTIVE

High serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) seem to coincide with higher rates of some types of cancer and the risk of all-cause mortality in old people. Eating vegetables seems to reduce IGF-1 levels because they are rich in micronutrients such as vitamins. This study investigates the possible association between vitamin intake and IGF-1 levels in a representative group of healthy elderly women with Mediterranean dietary habits.

DESIGN

This cross-sectional study included 124 healthy women with a mean age of 71.3 ± 4.2 years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 27.37 ± 3.48 kg/m(2) attending a mild fitness program twice a week at public gyms in Padova. The main parameters considered were IGF-1 (measured by chemiluminescence) and diet, assessed on the basis of a 3-day record and a questionnaire on the frequency with which they usually ate certain foods.

RESULTS

The mean IGF-1 level for the sample as a whole was 136.2 ± 38.9 μg/l, and was significantly lower in women with a higher folate intake (p = 0.04). On simple linear analysis, the vitamins found associated with serum IGF-1 levels were: folates (r: -0.25; p = 0.003); vitamin E (r: -0.21; p = 0.01); vitamin D (r: -0.17; p = 0.03); and riboflavin (r: -0.16; p=0.03). After removing the effect of calorie, protein, carbohydrate and fat intake, and other known potential confounders (age, BMI, alcohol intake), only folate intake correlated with IGF-1 levels (r = -0.17; p = 0.04).

CONCLUSION

A folate-rich diet could have the effect of lowering circulating IGF-1 levels in elderly women.

Taste loss in hospitalized multimorbid elderly subjects

BACKGROUND

Loss of the sense of taste is common among older people. Morbidities and polypharmacy may contribute to the age-related decline in gustatory function. The aims of the present study were to investigate taste perception in elderly hospitalized patients by comparing their taste recognition thresholds with those of healthy, free-living elderly individuals and to identify potential determinants of taste loss.

METHODS

The participants in this observational study were 55 elderly patients hospitalized in the acute geriatric section of the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences at Padova University and 41 free-living individuals aged older than 65 years, randomly recruited from elderly people attending mild fitness programs at public gymnasiums in Padova. Data were collected on nutrition, health, cognitive, and functional status for all participants. Gustatory capabilities were assessed using aqueous solutions of sucrose, sodium chloride, citric acid, and quinine hydrochloride (representing sweet, salty, sour, and bitter stimuli, respectively), and taste recognition thresholds were measured in both groups.

RESULTS

In comparison with the free-living elderly subjects, those in hospital were significantly less able to recognize the taste of citric acid (P < 0.05). Low citric acid sensitivity was independently associated with advanced age (≥75 years; odds ratio [OR] 3.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-9.82), polypharmacy (number of prescribed drugs ≥ 4; OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.01-7.72), and poor nutritional status (as assessed by Mini Nutritional Assessment score < 23.5; OR 5.08, 95% CI 1.76-14.6).

CONCLUSION

Because gustatory impairment may reduce a person's appetite and lead to inadequate dietary intake, compensatory nutritional measures, such as the use of flavor-enhanced foods, should be strongly encouraged, particularly in the hospital setting.

Psychometric properties of the pain assessment in advanced dementia scale compared to self assessment of pain in elderly patients

AIM

The aims of the present study were to report on the psychometric properties of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale by comparing it with the gold standard method of self-reporting on a numerical rating scale (NRS), and to provide a categorical version of the PAINAD scale comparable with the verbal descriptor scale of the NRS.

METHODS

Six hundred elderly patients with various degrees of cognitive impairment consecutively admitted to the acute geriatric section at Padua University were evaluated. Cognitive, functional, and health statuses were evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), activities of daily living, and the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS), respectively. Pain measurements were obtained by administering the NRS and the PAINAD scale.

RESULTS

Cognitive decline was recorded in 310 subjects (52%). The internal reliability of the PAINAD scale was adequate for all items, both in patients with dementia (α = 0.90) and in those with no cognitive impairment (α = 0.94). The psychometric evaluation demonstrated a stronger level of concurrent validity (Kendall's τ = 0.73, p < 0.0001) and inter-rater agreement (ĸ = 0.74, p < 0.0001) for the PAINAD compared with the NRS.

CONCLUSION

Our findings clearly indicate that the PAINAD scale is a reliable and easily administered tool for assessing pain intensity also in elderly patients with advanced dementia.

Ten-year trends in vitamin intake in free-living healthy elderly people: the risk of subclinical malnutrition

OBJECTIVE

To explore the trends of vitamin intake over a 10-year follow-up in a group of successfully aging elderly people.

DESIGN

Longitudinal study.

SETTING

City of Padua, Italy.

PARTICIPANTS

78 (34M/44F) free-living and still well-functioning survivors among the Italian participants in the SENECA multicenter project, aged 70-75 y at the baseline.

MEASUREMENTS

data were collected by means of a modified validated dietary history, both at baseline and then 10 y later. The dietary intake of vitamins B1, B2, A and C were considered, calculating the percentages of individuals with an intake below the lowest European Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI).

RESULTS

mean energy and macronutrient intake were consistent with dietary guidelines at both time points. There was no decline in total energy intake after a decade. At baseline, the intake of all vitamins exceeded the Lowest European RDI, with the exception of vitamin B1, for which 44% of the men and 60% of the women were already deficient. After a decade, the prevalence of vitamin B2 and vitamin A deficiencies rose to 50% of the sample. Vitamin C deficiencies rose in a decade from 3% to 6% in men and from 2.3% to 4.5% in women and it was the least prevalent.

CONCLUSION

despite an adequate nutritional/functional status and a total energy intake that could be expected to cover the recommendations for micronutrients too, a considerable proportion of our successfully aging elderly were already deficient in, or at high risk of becoming deficient in several essential vitamins. Multivitamin supplementation may be necessary, even in healthy individuals, to ensure an adequate micronutrient intake in the elderly.

Ten-year trends in dietary intake, health status and mortality rates in free-living elderly people

OBJECTIVE

To explore the trends of food preferences and nutrient intake over a 10-year follow-up in a group of successfully aging elderly.

DESIGN

Longitudinal study.

SETTING

City of Padua, Italy.

PARTICIPANTS

Randomly stratified sample of 97 men and 94 women born between 1913 and 1918.

MEASUREMENTS

The study involved a dietary assessment conducted in 1988/89 and repeated in 1999. Data were collected by means of a modified validated dietary history.

RESULTS

Nutrient and energy intake remained fairly stable over a decade, despite changes in eating habits, with a higher intake of sweets and a lower consumption of soft drinks in both genders. All individuals significantly increased their daily intake of water.

CONCLUSION

Despite changes in eating habits, no significant decline in total energy and macronutrient intake was recorded in a decade in our elderly. The increased daily consumption of water and decreased use of soft drinks would suggest that these people were still receptive to nutritional advice even in very old age, while the increase in their sweet-eating might be because aging itself increases a person's sweet tooth, and this could be regarded as an age-related effect on dietary habits.

Differences in dietary patterns between older and younger obese and overweight outpatients

BACKGROUND

Transitions from Mediterranean to Western eating habits has been observed, particularly in young people. Thus little information is available on food patterns consumption in overweight/obese Italian elderly.

OBJECTIVES

To describe dietary patterns in a sample of obese/overweight adults, providing differences between older and younger outpatients.

METHODS

Dietary patterns, anthropometric measurements, obesity onset, history of weight and demographic data were obtained in a retrospective survey, according to age groups (< 35 y, 35-64 y, >or= 65 y) and gender in 395 outpatients.

RESULTS

Main differences in dietary patterns have been observed across age groups. Older outpatients reported higher frequency of consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables, and lower daily consumption of sweet high-fat foods. All the participants reported eating cereals. The frequency of consumption of white meat and fish was higher in the oldest age group. The consumption of moderate amount of red wine at mealtime was common in older male patients only; the frequency of consumption of cheese did not differ across age groups, but compared to normal-weight Italian population was higher in older-aged female.

CONCLUSION

Our study provides evidence of two different dietary patterns: a western diet which may have influenced weight gain in the younger patients and an Italian Mediterranean diet in the older ones. Despite its healthy effect, Mediterranean diet style did not prevent older obese patients from additional weight gain. Information on dietary habits may be useful to improve weight management and obesity prevention even in older subjects.

Predictors of drop-out in overweight and obese outpatients

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the impact on drop-out rates of several baseline clinical characteristics of a sample of overweight and obese outpatients.

DESIGN

Retrospective clinical trial.

SUBJECTS

The charts of 383 patients aged 15-82 y attending an outpatient clinic for the treatment of obesity were examined from the first clinical evaluation until 1 y of diet ambulatory treatment.

MEASUREMENTS

We characterised the participants at baseline on the basis of their somatic characteristics, socioeconomic status, obesity-related diseases and dietary habits. The most significant factors resulting in univariate statistical analysis (waist, body mass index (BMI), full-time job, depressive syndrome, number of obesity-related diseases, daily frequency of fruit consumption) were then examined as independent variables in direct multiple logistic regression with the dependent variable drop-out.

RESULTS

The 1-y drop-out rate was 77.3%. A total of 87 patients completed the follow-up study. The noncompleter patients had slightly lower BMI and waist circumference mean values, and they were further regularly employed in full-time jobs, while the completer patients were principally pensioners and housewives. Drop-outs had a lower number of obesity-related diseases and as a result were less depressed. By the logistic regression, full-time job is the best predictor of premature withdrawal (odds ratio=2.40). Age, gender, anthropometric measurements, lifestyle and dietary habits did not result as significant predictors of drop-out.

CONCLUSION

The overweight and obese outpatients at higher risk of ambulatory treatment drop-out are more likely to work full hours, have less obesity-related complications and be less depressed. In our study, the full-time job condition seems to be the strongest predictor of premature withdrawal.