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Blümm C, Bonaterra GA, Schwarzbach H, Eiden LE, Weihe E, Kinscherf R. PAC1 deficiency reduces chondrogenesis in atherosclerotic lesions of hypercholesterolemic ApoE-deficient mice. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:566. [PMID: 37980508 PMCID: PMC10657554 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03600-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induction of chondrogenesis is associated with progressive atherosclerosis. Deficiency of the ADCYAP1 gene encoding pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) aggravates atherosclerosis in ApoE deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. PACAP signaling regulates chondrogenesis and osteogenesis during cartilage and bone development. Therefore, this study aimed to decipher whether PACAP signaling is related to atherogenesis-related chondrogenesis in the ApoE-/- mouse model of atherosclerosis and under the influence of a high-fat diet. METHODS For this purpose, PACAP-/-/ApoE-/-, PAC1-/-/ApoE-/-, and ApoE-/- mice, as well as wildtype (WT) mice, were studied under standard chow (SC) or cholesterol-enriched diet (CED) for 20 weeks. The amount of cartilage matrix in atherosclerotic lesions of the brachiocephalic trunk (BT) with maximal lumen stenosis was monitored by alcian blue and collagen II staining on deparaffinized cross sections. The chondrogenic RUNX family transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), macrophages [(MΦ), Iba1+], and smooth muscle cells (SMC, sm-α-actin) were immunohistochemically analyzed and quantified. RESULTS ApoE-/- mice fed either SC or CED revealed an increase of alcian blue-positive areas within the media compared to WT mice. PAC1-/-/ApoE-/- mice under CED showed a reduction in the alcian blue-positive plaque area in the BT compared to ApoE-/- mice. In contrast, PACAP deficiency in ApoE-/- mice did not affect the chondrogenic signature under either diet. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that PAC1 deficiency reduces chondrogenesis in atherosclerotic plaques exclusively under conditions of CED-induced hypercholesterolemia. We conclude that CED-related chondrogenesis occurs in atherosclerotic plaques via transdifferentiation of SMCs and MΦ, partly depending on PACAP signaling through PAC1. Thus, PAC1 antagonists or PACAP agonists may offer therapeutic potential against pathological chondrogenesis in atherosclerotic lesions generated under hypercholesterolemic conditions, especially in familial hypercholesterolemia. This discovery opens therapeutic perspectives to be used in the treatment against the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Blümm
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - G A Bonaterra
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
| | - H Schwarzbach
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - L E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - E Weihe
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - R Kinscherf
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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2
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Waechter C, Fehse L, Welzel M, Heider D, Babalija L, Cheko J, Mueller J, Pöling J, Braun T, Pankuweit S, Weihe E, Kinscherf R, Schieffer B, Luesebrink U, Soufi M, Ruppert V. Comparative analysis of full-length 16s ribosomal RNA genome sequencing in human fecal samples using primer sets with different degrees of degeneracy. Front Genet 2023; 14:1213829. [PMID: 37564874 PMCID: PMC10411958 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1213829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has revolutionized the field of microbiology research and greatly expanded our knowledge of complex bacterial communities. Nanopore sequencing provides distinct advantages, combining cost-effectiveness, ease of use, high throughput, and high taxonomic resolution through its ability to process long amplicons, such as the entire 16s rRNA genome. We examine the performance of the conventional 27F primer (27F-I) included in the 16S Barcoding Kit distributed by Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) and that of a more degenerate 27F primer (27F-II) in the context of highly complex bacterial communities in 73 human fecal samples. The results show striking differences in both taxonomic diversity and relative abundance of a substantial number of taxa between the two primer sets. Primer 27F-I reveals a significantly lower biodiversity and, for example, at the taxonomic level of the phyla, a dominance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria as determined by relative abundances, as well as an unusually high ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes when compared to the more degenerate primer set (27F-II). Considering the findings in the context of the gut microbiomes common in Western industrial societies, as reported in the American Gut Project, the more degenerate primer set (27F-II) reflects the composition and diversity of the fecal microbiome significantly better than the 27F-I primer. This study provides a fundamentally relevant comparative analysis of the in situ performance of two primer sets designed for sequencing of the entire 16s rRNA genome and suggests that the more degenerate primer set (27F-II) should be preferred for nanopore sequencing-based analyses of the human fecal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Waechter
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Leon Fehse
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marius Welzel
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Heider
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lek Babalija
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Juan Cheko
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Julian Mueller
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Pöling
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Pankuweit
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schieffer
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Luesebrink
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Muhidien Soufi
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Undiagnosed and Rare Diseases, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Volker Ruppert
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Undiagnosed and Rare Diseases, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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3
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Wernhart S, Weihe E, Totzeck M, Balcer B, Rassaf T, Luedike P. Cardiopulmonary Profiling of Athletes with Post-Exertional Malaise after COVID-19 Infection-A Single-Center Experience. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4348. [PMID: 37445382 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) has been suggested by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) for assessing the exercise limitations of apparently healthy individuals, but data on elite athletes regarding this test are scarce. (2) Methods: We analyzed CPET in elite (n = 43, 21.9 ± 3.7 years) and recreational (n = 40, 34.7 ± 13.0 years) athletes with persistent subjective exercise intolerance and post-exertional malaise (PEM) after COVID-19 infection. The primary outcome was the point prevalence of the adequate cardiopulmonary response (ACPR), defined by the presence of all of the following ESC criteria for apparently healthy individuals: (1) >100% of predicted peak oxygen consumption (predVO2peak), (2) VE/VCO2 < 30, (3) no exercise oscillatory ventilation (EOV), and (4) heart rate recovery of ≥12 beats/minute 1 min after exercise termination (HRR1). Results: ACPR occurred more frequently in elite athletes than in recreational athletes (70.0% vs. 39.5%; p = 0.005), mainly driven by the lower VE/VCO2 (<30: 97.7% vs. 65%, p < 0.001). Elite (11.6%) and recreational athletes (22.5%) showing a plateau of O2 pulse did not display ACPR. Conclusions: ACPR was not observed in all recreational and elite athletes with PEM. In particular, perturbed VE/VCO2 and the plateauing of O2 pulse are suitable for quantifying exercise limitations and may identify a high-risk population with long-COVID-19 syndrome who require their training intensities to be adapted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wernhart
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart- and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Marburg, Robert-Kochstrasse 8, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Totzeck
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart- and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Bastian Balcer
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart- and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Tienush Rassaf
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart- and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Luedike
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart- and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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4
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Schubart JM, Schaefer MKH, Bonaterra GA, Mey L, Luesebrink U, Schieffer B, Eiden LE, Kinscherf R, Weihe E, Waechter C. Deficiency of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide and its receptor PAC1 confers interstitial cardiac fibrosis in a murine model of metabolic stress. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Fibrosis is a hallmark of cardiac remodeling and is present in a variety of cardiac diseases. In particular, in the highly prevalent heterogeneous group of cardiac dysfunctions with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), interstitial fibrosis has been identified as a pivotal pathophysiological factor. Current evidence suggests that comorbidities, mainly from the metabolic spectrum, promote chronic systemic low-grade inflammation with secondary affection of the heart, leading to fibrosis and thus impairing cardiac structure and function. In contrast to cardiac dysfunction with reduced LVEF, which is predominantly of ischemic origin, effective antifibrotic treatment options are very limited emphasizing the urgent need for new therapeutic targets. In this context, the recent report of an antifibrotic effect of the pleiotropic neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) in irradiation-induced myocardial damage [1] renders it an intriguing new candidate.
Purpose
The aim of this study is to elucidate the role of PACAP and of PAC1 receptor in cardiac fibrosis in a murine model of metabolic stress.
Methods
PACAP−/− and PAC1−/− C57/Bl6 J mice were crossbred with an ApoE−/− strain and metabolic stress was induced by feeding a cholesterol-enriched diet (CED) for 10 weeks. Standard chow (SD) served as control diet. Tissue samples of the ventricles were processed for FFPE histological analysis with hematoxylin/eosin, Giemsa and picrosirius red stains and subjected to morphometric quantification of cardiomyocyte cross diameters and fibrosis using a software-based image analysis approach.
Results
After 10 weeks of CED, a statistically significant higher extent of myocardial fibrosis was detected in PACAP−/−/ApoE−/− and PAC1−/−/ApoE−/− compared to ApoE−/− mice (Fig. 1). The pattern of fibrous deposition was consistent with that of reactive interstitial fibrosis and affected both ventricles uniformly. Morphometric analysis revealed no macroscopic or cellular hypertrophy in the PACAP−/−/ApoE−/− and PAC1−/−/ApoE−/− mice compared with ApoE−/− mice after CED. All morphological changes were exclusively present after feeding CED and were not detectable with SD feeding.
Conclusions
This study provides novel evidence for a significant involvement of PACAP and its receptor PAC1 in the development of metabolically induced cardiac fibrosis. The antifibrotic effect of PACAP, which can be inferred in this context, is mediated to a significant extent via the PAC1 receptor, and only becomes apparent under metabolic stress conditions. The absence of macroscopic and cellular cardiac hypertrophy in PACAP deficient or PAC1 deficient mice as demonstrated here precludes relevant hemodynamic effects of PACAP and PAC1 receptor, respectively. According to the results of our pilot study, PACAP analogues or PAC1 receptor agonists may offer a therapeutic potential to attenuate metabolically triggered cardiac fibrosis.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): This research was partly supported by the Von Behring-Röntgen-Stiftung Schloss 1 D-35037 Marburg, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Schubart
- Philipps University of Marburg, Department of Medical Cell Biology , Marburg , Germany
| | - M K H Schaefer
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB) , Marburg , Germany
| | - G A Bonaterra
- Philipps University of Marburg, Department of Medical Cell Biology , Marburg , Germany
| | - L Mey
- Philipps University of Marburg, Department of Medical Cell Biology , Marburg , Germany
| | - U Luesebrink
- University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Department of Cardiology , Marburg , Germany
| | - B Schieffer
- University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Department of Cardiology , Marburg , Germany
| | - L E Eiden
- National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation , Bethesda , United States of America
| | - R Kinscherf
- Philipps University of Marburg, Department of Medical Cell Biology , Marburg , Germany
| | - E Weihe
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB) , Marburg , Germany
| | - C Waechter
- University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Department of Cardiology , Marburg , Germany
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5
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Mercurio D, Fumagalli S, Schafer MKH, Pedragosa J, Ngassam LDC, Wilhelmi V, Winterberg S, Planas AM, Weihe E, De Simoni MG. Protein Expression of the Microglial Marker Tmem119 Decreases in Association With Morphological Changes and Location in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:820127. [PMID: 35221925 PMCID: PMC8866855 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.820127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of microglia and the infiltration of macrophages are hallmarks of neuroinflammation after acute brain injuries, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). The two myeloid populations share many features in the post-injury inflammatory response, thus, being antigenically indistinguishable. Recently Tmem119, a type I transmembrane protein specifically expressed by microglia under physiological conditions, was proposed as a tool to differentiate resident microglia from blood-borne macrophages, not expressing it. However, the validity of Tmem119 as a specific marker of resident microglia in the context of acute brain injury, where microglia are activated and macrophages are recruited, needs validation. Our purpose was to investigate Tmem119 expression and distribution in relation to the morphology of brain myeloid cells present in the injured area after TBI. Mice underwent sham surgery or TBI by controlled cortical impact (CCI). Brains from sham-operated, or TBI mice, were analyzed by in situ hybridization to identify the cells expressing Tmem119, and by Western blot and quantitative immunofluorescence to measure Tmem119 protein levels in the entire brain regions and single cells. The morphology of Iba1+ myeloid cells was analyzed at different times (4 and 7 days after TBI) and several distances from the contused edge in order to associate Tmem119 expression with morphological evolution of active microglia. In situ hybridization indicated an increased Tmem119 RNA along with increased microglial complement C1q activation in the contused area and surrounding regions. On the contrary, the biochemical evaluation showed a drop in Tmem119 protein levels in the same areas. The Tmem119 immunoreactivity decreased in Iba1+ myeloid cells found in the contused cortex at both time points, with the cells showing the hypertrophic ameboid morphology having no Tmem119 expression. The Tmem119 was present on ramifications of resident microglia and its presence was decreased as a consequence of microglial activation in cortical areas close to contusion. Based on the data, we conclude that the decrease of Tmem119 in reactive microglia may depend on the process of microglial activation, which involves the retracting of their branchings to acquire an ameboid shape. The Tmem119 immunoreactivity decreases in reactive microglia to similar levels than the blood-borne macrophages, thus, failing to discriminate the two myeloid populations after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Mercurio
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Fumagalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Martin K-H Schafer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jordi Pedragosa
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Verena Wilhelmi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Winterberg
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna M Planas
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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6
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Wernhart S, Weihe E, Rassaf T. Reduced physical activity and weight gain are associated with an increase of depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. A general practitioners' prospective observational study. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 10:20480040211047742. [PMID: 34631041 PMCID: PMC8495516 DOI: 10.1177/20480040211047742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to assess associations between depressive symptoms, lifestyle, and
somatic symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design A prospective, observational study using a self-designed questionnaire. Setting Three general practitioners’ (GP) offices in rural Germany. Participants 271 adult patients without manifest cardiovascular or pulmonary disease with
(n = 82) and without (n = 189) hypertension reporting to our GP offices. Main outcome measures The reported increase of depressive symptoms (loneliness, sleeplessness,
joylessness, listlessness) prior to the first documented case in Germany on
27.01.2020 (t0) as opposed to patients’ health perception during
the Corona pandemic (t1) was the primary outcome measure. The
secondary outcome measures were changes in physical activity (PA), dyspnea
and angina in the two groups. Results Out of 271 patients (50.8 ± 16.8 years, 55.1% females), 1.5% were tested
positive for COVID-19. Overall, listlessness (8.5%, p = 0.001),
sleeplessness (5.2%, p = 0.001) and joylessness (4.2%, p = 0.003) were
increased. Dyspnea significantly increased (9.2%, p < 0.001) and
employment status worsened (6.5%, p < 0.001). There were significant
associations between the increase of depressive symptoms, weight increase
(p = 0.017), and reduction in physical activity (p = 0.046). However, after
adjusting for age, hypertensive patients did not show more depressive
symptoms (p = 0.704), dyspnea (p = 0.063) or angina (p = 0.432), nor was
there any difference in PA (p = 0.906) compared to healthy individuals. Conclusions We demonstrate an association between the deterioration of depressive
symptoms, weight gain, and reduced physical activity during COVID-19, both
in hypertensives and healthy controls. Hypertension is no driver of symptom
deterioration during the pandemic. The trial was registered in the German
Clinical Trials Registry (DRKS00022157).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wernhart
- Sauerlandpraxis, Medebach, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, West German Heart- and Vascular
Center, Essen, Germany
- Simon Wernhart, Department of Cardiology
and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen,
West German Heart- and Vascular Center, Hufelandstrasse 55 45122 Essen, Germany.
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology of
the Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tienush Rassaf
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, West German Heart- and Vascular
Center, Essen, Germany
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7
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Wernhart S, Hedderich J, Wunderlich S, Schauerte K, Weihe E, Dellweg D, Siemon K. The Feasibility of High-Intensity Interval Training in Patients with Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness Syndrome Following Long-Term Invasive Ventilation. Sports Med Open 2021; 7:11. [PMID: 33527199 PMCID: PMC7849616 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Intensive care unit-acquired weakness syndrome (ICUAWS) can be a consequence of long-term mechanical ventilation. Despite recommendations of early patient mobilisation, little is known about the feasibility, safety and benefit of interval training in early rehabilitation facilities (ERF) after long-term invasive ventilation. Methods and Results We retrospectively analysed two established training protocols of bicycle ergometry in ERF patients after long-term (> 7 days) invasive ventilation (n = 46). Patients conducted moderate continuous (MCT, n = 24, mean age 70.3 ± 10.1 years) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT, n = 22, mean age 63.6 ± 12.6 years). The intensity of training was monitored with the BORG CR10 scale (intense phases ≥ 7/10 and moderate phases ≤ 4/10 points). The primary outcome was improvement (∆-values) of six-minute-walk-test (6 MWT), while the secondary outcomes were improvement of vital capacity (VCmax), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax) and functional capabilities (functional independence assessment measure, FIM/FAM and Barthel scores) after 3 weeks of training. No adverse events were observed. There was a trend towards a greater improvement of 6 MWT in HIIT than MCT (159.5 ± 64.9 m vs. 120.4 ± 60.4 m; p = .057), despite more days of invasive ventilation (39.6 ± 16.8 days vs. 26.8 ± 16.2 days; p = .009). VCmax (∆0.5l ± 0.6 vs. ∆0.5l ± 0.3; p = .462), FEV1 (∆0.2l ± 0.3 vs. ∆0.3l ± 0.2; p = .218) PImax (∆0.8 ± 1.1 kPa vs. ∆0.7 ± 1.3pts; p = .918) and functional status (FIM/FAM: ∆29.0 ± 14.8pts vs. ∆30.9 ± 16.0pts; p = .707; Barthel: ∆28.9 ± 16.0 pts vs. ∆25.0 ± 10.5pts; p = .341) improved in HIIT and MCT. Conclusions We demonstrate the feasibility and safety of HIIT in the early rehabilitation of ICUAWS patients. Larger trials are necessary to find adequate dosage of HIIT in ICUAWS patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-021-00299-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wernhart
- Department of Cardiology, Fachkrankenhaus Kloster Grafschaft, Annostrasse 1, 57392, Schmallenberg, Germany. .,Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart- and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Hedderich
- Medistat-Biomedical Statistics, Medistat GmbH, Kronshagen, 24119, Germany
| | - Svenja Wunderlich
- Department of Pneumology, Fachkrankenhaus Kloster Grafschaft, Schmallenberg, 57392, Germany
| | - Kunigunde Schauerte
- Department of Pneumology, Fachkrankenhaus Kloster Grafschaft, Schmallenberg, 57392, Germany
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, 35037, Germany
| | - Dominic Dellweg
- Department of Pneumology, Fachkrankenhaus Kloster Grafschaft, Schmallenberg, 57392, Germany
| | - Karsten Siemon
- Department of Pneumology, Fachkrankenhaus Kloster Grafschaft, Schmallenberg, 57392, Germany
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8
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Wernhart S, Hedderich J, Weihe E. Vital capacity and valvular dysfunction could serve as non-invasive predictors to screen for exercise pulmonary hypertension in the elderly based on a new diagnostic score. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2021; 13:68-78. [PMID: 33815705 PMCID: PMC8007893 DOI: 10.34172/jcvtr.2021.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Exercise pulmonary hypertension (exPH) has been defined as total pulmonary resistance (TPR) >3 mm Hg/L/min and mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) >30 mm Hg, albeit with a considerable risk of false positives in elderly patients with lower cardiac output during exercise.
Methods: We retrospectively analysed patients with unclear dyspnea receiving right heart catheterisation at rest and exercise (n=244) between January 2015 and January 2020. Lung function testing, blood gas analysis, and echocardiography were performed. We elaborated a combinatorial score to advance the current definition of exPH in an elderly population (mean age 67.0 years±11.9). A stepwise regression model was calculated to non-invasively predict exPH.
Results: Analysis of variables across the achieved peak power allowed the creation of a model for defining exPH, where three out of four criteria needed to be fulfilled: Peak power ≤100 Watt, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ≥18 mm Hg, pulmonary vascular resistance >3 Wood Units, and mPAP ≥35 mm Hg. The new scoring model resulted in a lower number of exPH diagnoses than the current suggestion (63.1% vs. 78.3%). We present a combinatorial model with vital capacity (VCmax) and valvular dysfunction to predict exPH (sensitivity 93.2%; specificity 44.2%, area under the curve 0.73) based on our suggested criteria. The odds of the presence of exPH were 2.1 for a 1 l loss in VCmax and 3.6 for having valvular dysfunction.
Conclusion: We advance a revised definition of exPH in elderly patients in order to overcome current limitations. We establish a new non-invasive approach to predict exPH by assessing VCmax and valvular dysfunction for early risk stratification in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wernhart
- Department of Cardiology, Fachkrankenhaus Kloster Grafschaft, Schmallenberg, Germany.,University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, West German Heart- and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hedderich
- Medistat-Biomedical Statistics, Medistat GmbH, Kronshagen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
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9
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Wernhart S, Förster TH, Weihe E. Outpatient Management of Oligosymptomatic Patients with respiratory infection in the era of SARS-CoV-2: Experience from rural German general practitioners. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:811. [PMID: 33158425 PMCID: PMC7646708 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Covid-19 is causing a pandemic and forces physicians to restructure their work. We want to share our experience in the outpatient management of potentially-infected patients with special consideration of altered national test strategies during the crisis. METHODS We analysed patients with respiratory symptoms reporting to our three rural general practitioner (GP) offices in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, from 27.01-20.04.2020 (n = 489 from a total of 6090 patients). A history of symptoms was taken at the doorstep following a specific questionnaire. Patients with respiratory symptoms were examined in a separated isolation area, while the others were allowed to enter the office. We applied the first recommended algorithm of the German Robert Koch Institute (RKI) to test suspected patients and compared our results with an adapted, more liberal version of the RKI, which is currently applied in Germany. RESULTS Eighty patients (16.36%, mean age: 47.03 years+ - 18.08) were sent to a nasopharyngeal smear. Five patients (6.25%) proved to be positive, four of whom had established risk factors for COVID-19. Overall, the most common symptoms were cough (83.75%), sore throat (71.25%), as well as myalgia and fatigue (66.25%). The most common diagnoses were rhinopharyngitis (37.22%) and acute bronchitis (30.27%). A sore throat was more common in positively-tested patients (80% vs. 12%). Applying the first RKI test strategy yielded 6.25% of positive tests (n = 80), while the more liberal later RKI recommendation would have achieved 1.36% positive tests from 369 patients. No positive test was missed by applying the conservative strategy. None of our employees called in sick during this period, which emphasises the efficacy and safety of our screening methods. CONCLUSION A clinical distinction between ordinary respiratory infections and COVID-19 is not possible in a low-prevalence population. Our model to prevent unprotected physical contact, screen patients in front of the office with protective equipment, and examine respiratory infections in separated areas works in the GP setting without overt health risks for employees. Thus, this approach should be used as a GP standard to uphold patient care without major health risks for the personnel. Large multi-centre studies are necessary to work out the most suitable test strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wernhart
- Sauerlandpraxis Medebach-Hallenberg-Winterberg, Niederstrasse 2, 59964, Medebach, Germany.
| | - Tim-Henning Förster
- Sauerlandpraxis Medebach-Hallenberg-Winterberg, Niederstrasse 2, 59964, Medebach, Germany
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Philipps-University Marburg, 35037, Marburg, Germany
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10
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Splitthoff P, Rasbach E, Neudert P, Bonaterra GA, Schwarz A, Mey L, Schwarzbach H, Eiden LE, Weihe E, Kinscherf R. PAC1 deficiency attenuates progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE deficient mice under cholesterol-enriched diet. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151930. [PMID: 32173151 PMCID: PMC9741700 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is vasoactive and cytoprotective and exerts immunoregulatory functions throughout the nervous, neuroendocrine cardiovascular and immune systems in health and disease. PACAP mainly acts through PAC1 receptor signaling in neuronal communication, but the role of PAC1 in immune regulation of atherosclerosis is not known. Here, we generated PAC1-/-/ApoE-/- mice to test, whether PAC1-/- influences plasma cholesterol-/triglyceride levels and/or atherogenesis in the brachiocephalic trunk (BT) seen in ApoE-/- mice, under standard chow (SC) or cholesterol-enriched diet (CED). Furthermore, the effect of PAC1-/-, on inflammatory, autophagy-, apoptosis- and necroptosis-relevant proteins in atherosclerotic plaques was determined. In plaques of PAC1-/-/ApoE-/- mice fed a SC, the immunoreactivity for apoptotic, autophagic, necroptotic and proinflammatory proteins was increased, however, proliferation was unaffected. Interestingly, without affecting hyperlipidemia, PAC1-/- in ApoE-/- mice remarkably reduced CED-induced lumen stenosis seen in ApoE-/- mice. Thus, PAC1-/- allows unchecked inflammation, necroptosis and decreased proliferation during SC, apparently priming the BT to develop reduced atheroma under subsequent CED. Remarkably, no differences in inflammation/necroptosis signatures in the atheroma under CED between PAC1-/-/ApoE-/- and ApoE-/- mice were observed. These data indicate that selective PAC1 antagonists should offer potential as a novel class of atheroprotective therapeutics, especially during hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Splitthoff
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Erik Rasbach
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Philip Neudert
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gabriel A. Bonaterra
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany,Corresponding author at: Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany., (G.A. Bonaterra)
| | - Anja Schwarz
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lilli Mey
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans Schwarzbach
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lee E. Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, 20814, Maryland, USA
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany
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11
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Hänze J, Rexin P, Jakubowski P, Schreiber H, Heers H, Lingelbach S, Kinscherf R, Weihe E, Hofmann R, Hegele A. Prostate cancer tissues with positive TMPRSS2-ERG-gene-fusion status may display enhanced nerve density. Urol Oncol 2020; 38:3.e7-3.e15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Lindberg PT, Mitchell JW, Burgoon PW, Beaulé C, Weihe E, Schäfer MKH, Eiden LE, Jiang SZ, Gillette MU. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide (PACAP)-Glutamate Co-transmission Drives Circadian Phase-Advancing Responses to Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell Projections by Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1281. [PMID: 31866806 PMCID: PMC6909886 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Results from a variety of sources indicate a role for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in light/glutamate-induced phase resetting of the circadian clock mediated by the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). Attempts to block or remove PACAP’s contribution to clock-resetting have generated phenotypes that differ in their responses to light or glutamate. For example, previous studies of circadian behaviors found that period-maintenance and early-night phase delays are intact in PACAP-null mice, yet there is a consistent deficit in behavioral phase-resetting to light stimulation in the late night. Here we report rodent stimulus–response characteristics of PACAP release from the RHT, and map these to responses of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in intact and PACAP-deficient mouse hypothalamus with regard to phase-resetting. SCN of PACAP-null mice exhibit normal circadian rhythms in neuronal activity, but are “blind” to glutamate stimulating phase-advance responses in late night, although not in early night, consistent with previously reported selective lack of late-night light behavioral responsiveness of these mice. Induction of CREB phosphorylation, a hallmark of the light/glutamate response of the SCN, also is absent in SCN-containing ex vivo slices from PACAP-deficient mouse hypothalamus. PACAP replacement to the SCN of PACAP-null mice restored wild-type phase-shifting of firing-rate patterns in response to glutamate applied to the SCN in late night. Likewise, ex vivo SCN of wild-type mice post-orbital enucleation are unresponsive to glutamate unless PACAP also is restored. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the period of efficacy of PACAP at SCN nerve terminals corresponds to waxing of PACAP mRNA expression in ipRGCs during the night, and waning during the day. These results validate the use of PACAP-deficient mice in defining the role and specificity of PACAP as a co-transmitter with glutamate in ipRGC-RHT projections to SCN in phase advancing the SCN circadian rhythm in late night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder T Lindberg
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jennifer W Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Penny W Burgoon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Christian Beaulé
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Center of Mind, Brain and Behaviour, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin K-H Schäfer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Center of Mind, Brain and Behaviour, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sunny Z Jiang
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Martha U Gillette
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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13
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Kim H, Vu P, Harrow K, Liang C, Selvaggi G, Weihe E, Mitchell W, Bazhenova L, Patel S. P1.14-57 Post-Ensartinib Outcomes in Refractory Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK)-Rearranged Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). J Thorac Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.08.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Sharabi A, Kim S, Proudfoot J, Kato S, Patel H, Nunez M, Sanders P, Guram K, Miyauchi S, Simpson D, Cohen E, Patel S, Weihe E, Mell L, Mundt A, Kurzrock R. Interim Safety and Toxicity Analysis of a Prospective Phase II Randomized Trial of Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy Combined with Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Advanced Metastatic Disease. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.07.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Rasbach E, Splitthoff P, Bonaterra GA, Schwarz A, Mey L, Schwarzbach H, Eiden LE, Weihe E, Kinscherf R. PACAP deficiency aggravates atherosclerosis in ApoE deficient mice. Immunobiology 2018; 224:124-132. [PMID: 30447883 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) plays an important role in cytoprotection, inflammation and cardiovascular regulation. Thus, we studied the involvement of PACAP in atherogenesis. Differentiated human THP-1 macrophages (MΦ) were stimulated with oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) and the influence of PACAP38 treatment on lipid content and TNF release was determined. To test the effect of PACAP deficiency (PACAP-/-) on the development of atherosclerosis under standard chow (SC) or cholesterol-enriched diet (CED) in vivo, PACAP-/- mice were crossbred with ApoE-/- to generate PACAP-/-/ApoE-/- mice. Blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels were quantified. Lumen stenosis in the brachiocephalic trunk, cellularity and amounts of pro-inflammatory as well as autophagy-, apoptosis- and necroptosis-relevant proteins were analysed in atherosclerotic plaques by quantitative immunohistochemistry. In vitro, PACAP38 inhibited oxLDL-induced intracellular lipid storage as well as TNF release in MФ. In vivo, after SC, but not under CED, PACAP-/-/ApoE-/- mice showed an increased lumen stenosis compared to ApoE-/- mice. In atherosclerotic plaques of PACAP-/-/ApoE-/- mice, the immunoreactive areas of TNF+, IL-1β+, autophagic, apoptotic and necroptotic cells were increased. In contrast, the overall cell density was decreased compared to ApoE-/- under SC, while no differences were seen under CED. Similar plasma cholesterol levels were observed in PACAP-/-/ApoE-/- and ApoE-/- mice under the respective feeding regime. Thus, PACAP-/-/ApoE-/- mice represent a novel mouse model of accelerated atherosclerosis where CED is not required. Our data indicate that PACAP acts as an endogenous atheroprotective neuropeptide. Thus, stable PACAP agonists may have potential as anti-atherosclerotic therapeutics. The specific PACAP receptor(s) mediating atheroprotection remain(s) to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Rasbach
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Paul Splitthoff
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gabriel A Bonaterra
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Anja Schwarz
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lilli Mey
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans Schwarzbach
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, 20814 MD, USA
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Philipps-University of Marburg Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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16
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Ringer C, Weihe E, Schütz B. SOD1G93A Mutant Mice Develop a Neuroinflammation-Independent Dendropathy in Excitatory Neuronal Subsets of the Olfactory Bulb and Retina. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:769-778. [PMID: 28859334 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonmotor neuron-related pathology is a feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), both in patients and in animal models. There is emerging evidence that sensory systems (olfaction and vision) are affected in humans. Here, we asked whether such sensory neuropathology is recapitulated in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1G93A) mouse model of ALS. Neuronal vacuolization in olfaction and vision pathways was assessed in tissue sections from presymptomatic and symptomatic disease stages, and compared to wild type. In both, the olfactory bulb and retina, vacuolization started around postnatal day 60, and vacuole sizes increased until disease end-stage. Notably, vacuolization was largely restricted to the external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb and to the inner plexiform layer of the retina. In both layers, hSOD1-immunoreactive vacuoles localized to dendrites of excitatory neurons. Downstream olfaction and vision pathway fiber tracts and relay stations did not display obvious vacuolization. Finally, on a morphological level, there was no evidence for an activation of astrocytes and microglia in the 2 affected areas. Thus, we identified a new pathology hallmark in SOD1G93A ALS mice: a glutamatergic sensory neuron dendropathy restricted to olfactory bulb mitral cells and retinal ganglionic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Ringer
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Schütz
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
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17
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Joosten L, Brom M, Schäfer MKH, Boerman OC, Weihe E, Gotthardt M. Preclinical evaluation of PAC1 targeting with radiolabeled Maxadilan. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1751. [PMID: 28496188 PMCID: PMC5431918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01852-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an ongoing search for new tracers to optimize imaging of beta cell-derived tumors (insulinomas). The PAC1 receptor, expressed by insulinomas, can be used for targeting of these tumors. Here, we investigated whether radiolabeled maxadilan could be used for insulinoma imaging. Maxadilan was C- or N-terminally conjugated with DTPA (termed maxadilan-DPTA or DTPA-maxadilan respectively). BALB/c nude mice bearing subcutaneous INS-1 tumors were injected with either In-111-labeled maxadilan-DTPA or In-111-DTPA-maxadilan. Biodistribution studies were carried out at 1, 2 and 4 hours after injection and SPECT/CT imaging 1 and 4 hours after injection of maxadilan-DTPA-111In. Radiolabeling of maxadilan-DTPA (680 MBq/nmol) was more efficient than of DTPA-maxadilan (55 MBq/nmol). Conjugation with DTPA slightly reduced receptor binding affinity in vitro: IC50 values were 3.2, 21.0 and 21.0 nM for maxadilan, natIn-DTPA-maxadilan and maxadilan-DTPA-natIn respectively. Upon i.v. injection maxadilan-DTPA-111In accumulated specifically in INS-1 tumors (7.30 ± 1.87%ID/g) and in the pancreas (3.82 ± 0.22%ID/g). INS-1 tumors were clearly visualized by small animal SPECT/CT. In conclusion, this study showed that the high affinity of maxadilan to the PAC1 receptor was maintained after DTPA conjugation. Furthermore, radiolabeled maxadilan-DTPA accumulated specifically in INS-1 tumors and, therefore, may qualify as a useful tracer to image insulinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke Joosten
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten Brom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin K H Schäfer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Dept. of Molecular Neuroscience, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Otto C Boerman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Dept. of Molecular Neuroscience, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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Wächter C, Eiden LE, Naumann N, Depboylu C, Weihe E. Loss of cerebellar neurons in the progression of lentiviral disease: effects of CNS-permeant antiretroviral therapy. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:272. [PMID: 27737697 PMCID: PMC5064958 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of investigations on HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) neglect the cerebellum in spite of emerging evidence for its role in higher cognitive functions and dysfunctions in common neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS We systematically investigated the molecular and cellular responses of the cerebellum as contributors to lentiviral infection-induced neurodegeneration, in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaque model for HIV infection and HAND. Four cohorts of animals were studied: non-infected controls, SIV-infected asymptomatic animals, and SIV-infected AIDS-diseased animals with and without brain-permeant antiretroviral treatment. The antiretroviral utilized was 6-chloro-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine (6-Cl-ddG), a CNS-permeable nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Quantitation of granule cells and Purkinje cells, of an established biomarker of SIV infection (gp41), of microglial/monocyte/macrophage markers (IBA-1, CD68, CD163), and of the astroglial marker (GFAP) were used to reveal cell-specific cerebellar responses to lentiviral infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART). The macromolecular integrity of the blood brain barrier was tested by albumin immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Productive CNS infection was observed in the symptomatic stage of disease, and correlated with extensive microglial/macrophage and astrocyte activation, and widespread macromolecular blood brain barrier defects. Signs of productive infection, and inflammation, were reversed upon treatment with 6-Cl-ddG, except for a residual low-grade activation of microglial cells and astrocytes. There was an extensive loss of granule cells in the SIV-infected asymptomatic cohort, which was further increased in the symptomatic stage of the disease and persisted after 6-Cl-ddG (administered after the onset of symptoms of AIDS). In the symptomatic stage, Purkinje cell density was reduced. Purkinje cell loss was likewise unaffected by 6-Cl-ddG treatment at this time. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that neurodegenerative mechanisms are triggered by SIV infection early in the disease process, i. e., preceding large-scale cerebellar productive infection and marked neuroinflammation. These affect primarily granule cells early in disease, with later involvement of Purkinje cells, indicating differential vulnerability of the two neuronal populations. The results presented here indicate a role for the cerebellum in neuro-AIDS. They also support the conclusion that, in order to attenuate the development of motor and cognitive dysfunctions in HIV-positive individuals, CNS-permeant antiretroviral therapy combined with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective treatment is indicated even before overt signs of CNS inflammation occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wächter
- Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nedye Naumann
- Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Candan Depboylu
- Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany.,Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
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Klietz M, Keber U, Carlsson T, Chiu WH, Höglinger GU, Weihe E, Schäfer MKH, Depboylu C. l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia is associated with a deficient numerical downregulation of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA-expressing neurons. Neuroscience 2016; 331:120-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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20
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Ringer C, Tune S, Bertoune MA, Schwarzbach H, Tsujikawa K, Weihe E, Schütz B. Disruption of calcitonin gene-related peptide signaling accelerates muscle denervation and dampens cytotoxic neuroinflammation in SOD1 mutant mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:339-358. [PMID: 27554772 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disease. Neuronal vacuolization and glial activation are pathologic hallmarks in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mouse model of ALS. Previously, we found the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) associated with vacuolization and astrogliosis in the spinal cord of these mice. We now show that CGRP abundance positively correlated with the severity of astrogliosis, but not vacuolization, in several motor and non-motor areas throughout the brain. SOD1 mice harboring a genetic depletion of the βCGRP isoform showed reduced CGRP immunoreactivity associated with vacuolization, while motor functions, body weight, survival, and astrogliosis were not altered. When CGRP signaling was completely disrupted through genetic depletion of the CGRP receptor component, receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), hind limb muscle denervation, and loss of muscle performance were accelerated, while body weight and survival were not affected. Dampened neuroinflammation, i.e., reduced levels of astrogliosis in the brain stem already in the pre-symptomatic disease stage, and reduced microgliosis and lymphocyte infiltrations during the late disease phase were additional neuropathology features in these mice. On the molecular level, mRNA expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and those of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) were elevated, while those of several pro-inflammatory cytokines found reduced in the brain stem of RAMP1-deficient SOD1 mice at disease end stage. Our results thus identify an important, possibly dual role of CGRP in ALS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Ringer
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sarah Tune
- Department of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mirjam A Bertoune
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans Schwarzbach
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kazutake Tsujikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Burkhard Schütz
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
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Hegele A, Heers H, Jakubowski P, Lingelbach S, Kinscherf R, Weihe E, Rexin P, Olbert PJ, Hofmann R, Haenze J. Correlation of RNA levels of certain members of the semaphorin/plexin/neuropilin family with the oncogenic ERG transcription factor in prostate cancer homogenate. J Clin Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.34.15_suppl.e16561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hendrik Heers
- Department of Urology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - P Jakubowski
- Department of Urology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Bilogy, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter Rexin
- Institute of pathology, Phlipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Joerg Haenze
- Department of Urology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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Bette M, Springmann V, Rossmann A, Weihe E, Schütz B. Evidence for the absence of visceral pain in C57BL6/N mice subjected to therapeutically relevant O 3/O 2-pneumoperitoneum. Lab Anim 2016; 51:17-23. [PMID: 26946118 DOI: 10.1177/0023677216636832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Each different gas that is used to induce a pneumoperitoneum (PP) exhibits individual effects within the peritoneal cavity. This might include adverse effects such as pain and/or inflammatory reactions. The acute effects of ozonized oxygen (O3/O2), a highly oxidative gas mixture, after being insufflated into the peritoneal cavity are analysed in this study. Using the abdominal constriction response ('writhing') assay of chemical nociception in C57BL6/N mice, O3/O2-PP was found not to be associated with visible pain responses and did not alter the c-fos expression in the spinal cord. In addition, mRNA expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, were found unaltered in the spleen 2 h after insufflation. In conclusion, O3/O2-PP is free of adverse pain and does not trigger inflammatory immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bette
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Volker Springmann
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Annette Rossmann
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Schütz
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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Soultanova A, Panneck A, Rafiq A, Schütz B, Chubanov V, Gudermann T, Weihe E, Krasteva-Christ G, Müller-Redetzky H, Witzenrath M, Voigt A, Meyerhof W, Kummer W. Chemosensory cholinergic signaling network in the thymic medullary epithelium. Pneumologie 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1556632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Krasteva-Christ G, Soultanova A, Schütz B, Papadakis T, Weiss C, Deckmann K, Chubanov V, Gudermann T, Voigt A, Meyerhof W, Boehm U, Weihe E, Kummer W. Identification of cholinergic chemosensory cells in mouse tracheal and laryngeal glandular ducts. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:158-65. [PMID: 26033492 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Specialized epithelial cells in the respiratory tract such as solitary chemosensory cells and brush cells sense the luminal content and initiate protective reflexes in response to the detection of potentially harmful substances. The majority of these cells are cholinergic and utilize the canonical taste signal transduction cascade to detect "bitter" substances such as bacterial quorum sensing molecules. Utilizing two different mouse strains reporting expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the synthesizing enzyme of acetylcholine (ACh), we detected cholinergic cells in the submucosal glands of the murine larynx and trachea. These cells were localized in the ciliated glandular ducts and were neither found in the collecting ducts nor in alveolar or tubular segments of the glands. ChAT expression in tracheal gland ducts was confirmed by in situ hybridization. The cholinergic duct cells expressed the brush cell marker proteins, villin and cytokeratin-18, and were immunoreactive for components of the taste signal transduction cascade (Gα-gustducin, transient receptor potential melastatin-like subtype 5 channel = TRPM5, phospholipase C(β2)), but not for carbonic anhydrase IV. Furthermore, these cells expressed the bitter taste receptor Tas2r131, as demonstrated utilizing an appropriate reporter mouse strain. Our study identified a previously unrecognized presumptive chemosensory cell type in the duct of the airway submucosal glands that likely utilizes ACh for paracrine signaling. We propose that these cells participate in infection-sensing mechanisms and initiate responses assisting bacterial clearance from the lower airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Krasteva-Christ
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - A Soultanova
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - B Schütz
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - T Papadakis
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - C Weiss
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - K Deckmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - V Chubanov
- Walter-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - T Gudermann
- Walter-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - A Voigt
- Dept. Molecular Genetics, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - W Meyerhof
- Dept. Molecular Genetics, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - U Boehm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Saarland School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - E Weihe
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - W Kummer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Hegele A, Heers H, Urbschat A, Di Fazio P, Weihe E, Kinscherf R, Hofmann R, Haenze J. Targeting prostate cancer cells with neurotransmission modulating drugs. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.e16093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hendrik Heers
- Department of Urology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anja Urbschat
- Department of Urology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Pietro Di Fazio
- Departmnent of Visceral Surgery, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Bilogy, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Joerg Haenze
- Department of Urology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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Keber U, Klietz M, Carlsson T, Oertel WH, Weihe E, Schäfer MKH, Höglinger GU, Depboylu C. Striatal tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons are associated with L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in hemiparkinsonian mice. Neuroscience 2015; 298:302-17. [PMID: 25892702 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) is the therapeutic gold standard in Parkinson's disease. However, long-term treatment is complicated by the induction of debilitating abnormal involuntary movements termed L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LIDs). Until today the underlying mechanisms of LID pathogenesis are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to reveal new factors, which may be involved in the induction of LID. We have focused on the expression of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) neurons, which are capable of producing either L-DOPA or dopamine (DA) in target areas of ventral midbrain DAergic neurons. To address this issue, a daily L-DOPA dose was administered over the course of 15 days to mice with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the medial forebrain bundle and LIDs were evaluated. Remarkably, the number of striatal TH+ neurons strongly correlated with both induction and severity of LID as well as ΔFosB expression as an established molecular marker for LID. Furthermore, dyskinetic mice showed a marked augmentation of serotonergic fiber innervation in the striatum, enabling the decarboxylation of L-DOPA to DA. Axial, limb and orolingual dyskinesias were predominantly associated with TH+ neurons in the lateral striatum, whereas medially located TH+ neurons triggered locomotive rotations. In contrast, identified accumbal and cortical TH+ cells did not contribute to the generation of LID. Thus, striatal TH+ cells and serotonergic terminals may cooperatively synthesize DA and subsequently contribute to supraphysiological synaptic DA concentrations, an accepted cause in LID pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Keber
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - M Klietz
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - T Carlsson
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Section of Pharmacology, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden(†)
| | - W H Oertel
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - E Weihe
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - M K-H Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - G U Höglinger
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany(†); Department of Neurology, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - C Depboylu
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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Schütz B, Jurastow I, Bader S, Ringer C, von Engelhardt J, Chubanov V, Gudermann T, Diener M, Kummer W, Krasteva-Christ G, Weihe E. Chemical coding and chemosensory properties of cholinergic brush cells in the mouse gastrointestinal and biliary tract. Front Physiol 2015; 6:87. [PMID: 25852573 PMCID: PMC4371653 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse gastro-intestinal and biliary tract mucosal epithelia harbor choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive brush cells with taste cell-like traits. With the aid of two transgenic mouse lines that express green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of the ChAT promoter (EGFP (ChAT) ) and by using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry we found that EGFP (ChAT) cells were clustered in the epithelium lining the gastric groove. EGFP (ChAT) cells were numerous in the gall bladder and bile duct, and found scattered as solitary cells along the small and large intestine. While all EGFP (ChAT) cells were also ChAT-positive, expression of the high-affinity choline transporter (ChT1) was never detected. Except for the proximal colon, EGFP (ChAT) cells also lacked detectable expression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). EGFP (ChAT) cells were found to be separate from enteroendocrine cells, however they were all immunoreactive for cytokeratin 18 (CK18), transient receptor potential melastatin-like subtype 5 channel (TRPM5), and for cyclooxygenases 1 (COX1) and 2 (COX2). The ex vivo stimulation of colonic EGFP (ChAT) cells with the bitter substance denatonium resulted in a strong increase in intracellular calcium, while in other epithelial cells such an increase was significantly weaker and also timely delayed. Subsequent stimulation with cycloheximide was ineffective in both cell populations. Given their chemical coding and chemosensory properties, EGFP (ChAT) brush cells thus may have integrative functions and participate in induction of protective reflexes and inflammatory events by utilizing ACh and prostaglandins for paracrine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Schütz
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Innokentij Jurastow
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - Sandra Bader
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Ringer
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Jakob von Engelhardt
- Synaptic Signaling and Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn, Germany ; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Chubanov
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Diener
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kummer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Krasteva-Christ
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany ; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
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Pluteanu F, Heß J, Plackic J, Nikonova Y, Preisenberger J, Bukowska A, Schotten U, Rinne A, Kienitz MC, Schäfer MKH, Weihe E, Goette A, Kockskämper J. Early subcellular Ca2+ remodelling and increased propensity for Ca2+ alternans in left atrial myocytes from hypertensive rats. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:87-97. [PMID: 25691541 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Hypertension is a major risk factor for atrial fibrillation. We hypothesized that arterial hypertension would alter atrial myocyte calcium (Ca2+) handling and that these alterations would serve to trigger atrial tachyarrhythmias. METHODS AND RESULTS Left atria or left atrial (LA) myocytes were isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) or normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls. Early after the onset of hypertension, at 3 months of age, there were no differences in Ca2+ transients (CaTs) or expression and phosphorylation of Ca2+ handling proteins between SHR and WKY. At 7 months of age, when left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy had progressed and markers of fibrosis were increased in left atrium, CaTs (at 1 Hz stimulation) were still unchanged. Subcellular alterations in Ca2+ handling were observed, however, in SHR atrial myocytes including (i) reduced expression of the α1C subunit of and reduced Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channels, (ii) reduced expression of ryanodine receptors with increased phosphorylation at Ser2808, (iii) decreased activity of the Na+ / Ca2+ exchanger (at unaltered intracellular Na+ concentration), and (iv) increased SR Ca2+ load with reduced fractional release. These changes were associated with an increased propensity of SHR atrial myocytes to develop frequency-dependent, arrhythmogenic Ca2+ alternans. CONCLUSIONS In SHR, hypertension induces early subcellular LA myocyte Ca2+ remodelling during compensated LV hypertrophy. In basal conditions, atrial myocyte CaTs are not changed. At increased stimulation frequency, however, SHR atrial myocytes become more prone to arrhythmogenic Ca2+ alternans, suggesting a link between hypertension, atrial Ca2+ homeostasis, and development of atrial tachyarrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Pluteanu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Biochemical and Pharmacological Center (BPC) Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 1, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Heß
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Biochemical and Pharmacological Center (BPC) Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 1, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jelena Plackic
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Biochemical and Pharmacological Center (BPC) Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 1, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Yulia Nikonova
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Biochemical and Pharmacological Center (BPC) Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 1, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Judit Preisenberger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Biochemical and Pharmacological Center (BPC) Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 1, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alicja Bukowska
- Working Group of Molecular Electrophysiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schotten
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Rinne
- Institute of Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Martin K-H Schäfer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Goette
- Working Group of Molecular Electrophysiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany St. Vincenz-Hospital, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Jens Kockskämper
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Biochemical and Pharmacological Center (BPC) Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 1, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Mustafa T, Jiang SZ, Eiden AM, Weihe E, Thistlethwaite I, Eiden LE. Impact of PACAP and PAC1 receptor deficiency on the neurochemical and behavioral effects of acute and chronic restraint stress in male C57BL/6 mice. Stress 2015; 18:408-18. [PMID: 25853791 PMCID: PMC4834918 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2015.1025044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute restraint stress (ARS) for 3 h causes corticosterone (CORT) elevation in venous blood, which is accompanied by Fos up-regulation in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of male C57BL/6 mice. CORT elevation by ARS is attenuated in PACAP-deficient mice, but unaffected in PAC1-deficient mice. Correspondingly, Fos up-regulation by ARS is greatly attenuated in PACAP-deficient mice, but much less so in PAC1-deficient animals. We noted that both PACAP- and PAC1-deficiency greatly attenuate CORT elevation after ARS when CORT measurements are performed on trunk blood following euthanasia by abrupt cervical separation: this latter observation is of critical importance in assessing the role of PACAP neurotransmission in ARS, based on previous reports in which serum CORT was sampled from trunk blood. Seven days of chronic restraint stress (CRS) induces non-habituating CORT elevation, and weight loss consequent to hypophagia, in wild-type male C57BL/6 mice. Both CORT elevation and weight loss following 7-day CRS are severely blunted in PACAP-deficient mice, but only slightly in PAC1-deficient mice. However, longer periods of daily restraint (14-21 days) resulted in sustained weight loss and elevated CORT in wild-type mice, and these effects of long-term chronic stress were attenuated or abolished in both PACAP- and PAC1-deficient mice. We conclude that while a PACAP receptor in addition to PAC1 may mediate some of the PACAP-dependent central effects of ARS and short-term (<7 days) CRS on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the PAC1 receptor plays a prominent role in mediating PACAP-dependent HPA axis activation, and hypophagia, during long-term (>7 days) CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adrian M Eiden
- b Section on Functional Neuroanatomy, National Institute of Mental Health , Bethesda , MD USA , and
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- c Institute of Anatomy, Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
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Weihe E, Ringer C, Schütz B. Emerging roles for neuropeptides in neuro-immune regulation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Lessons from the superoxide dismutase 1-G93A mouse model. J Neuroimmunol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Schütz B, Schäfer MKH, Gördes M, Eiden LE, Weihe E. Satb2-independent acquisition of the cholinergic sudomotor phenotype in rodents. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 35:205-16. [PMID: 25239161 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Expression of Satb2 (Special AT-rich sequence-binding protein-2) elicits expression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in cultured rat sympathetic neurons exposed to soluble differentiation factors. Here, we determined whether or not Satb2 plays a similar role in cholinergic differentiation in vivo, by comparing the postnatal profile of Satb2 expression in the rodent stellate ganglion to that of VAChT and ChAT. Throughout postnatal development, VAChT and ChAT were found to be co-expressed in a numerically stable subpopulation of rat stellate ganglion neurons. Nerve fibers innervating rat forepaw sweat glands on P1 were VAChT immunoreactive, while ChAT was detectable at this target only after P5. The postnatal abundance of VAChT transcripts in the stellate ganglion was at maximum already on P1, whereas ChAT mRNA levels increased from low levels on P1 to reach maximum levels between P5 and P21. Satb2 mRNA was detected in cholinergic neurons in the stellate ganglion beginning with P8, thus coincident with the onset of unequivocal detection of ChAT immunoreactivity in forepaw sweat gland endings. Satb2 knockout mice exhibited no change in the P1 cholinergic VAChT/ChAT co-phenotype in stellate ganglion neurons. Thus, cholinergic phenotype maturation involves first, early target (sweat-gland)-independent expression and trafficking of VAChT, and later, potentially target- and Satb2-dependent elevation of ChAT mRNA and protein transport into sweat gland endings. In rat sudomotor neurons that, unlike mouse sudomotor neurons, co-express calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), Satb2 may also be related to the establishment of species-specific neuropeptide co-phenotypes during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Schütz
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany,
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Rossmann A, Mandic R, Heinis J, Höffken H, Küssner O, Kinscherf R, Weihe E, Bette M. Intraperitoneal oxidative stress in rabbits with papillomavirus-associated head and neck cancer induces tumoricidal immune response that is adoptively transferable. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4289-301. [PMID: 24944316 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE How tumors evade or suppress immune surveillance is a key question in cancer research, and overcoming immune escape is a major goal for lengthening remission after cancer treatment. Here, we used the papillomavirus-associated rabbit auricular VX2 carcinoma, a model for studying human head and neck cancer, to reveal the mechanisms underlying the antitumorigenic effects of intraperitoneal oxidative stress following O3/O2-pneumoperitoneum (O3/O2-PP) treatment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Solid auricular VX2 tumors were induced in immune-competent adult New Zealand White Rabbits. Animals were O3/O2-PP- or sham-treated, after which they underwent tumor ablation upon reaching no-go criteria. CD3(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and expression levels of 84 immune response genes were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Adoptive transfer of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL)-derived from animals with tumor regression-into control animals with progressing tumors was implemented to assess acquired tumor resistance functionally. RESULTS Auricular VX2 tumors regressing after O3/O2-PP treatment exhibited increased levels of CD3(+) TILs; they also exhibited enhanced expression of genes that encode receptors involved in pattern recognition, molecules that are required for antigen presentation and T cell activation, and inflammatory mediators. Adoptive cell transfer of PBLs from donor rabbits with regressing tumors to recipient rabbits with newly implanted VX2 carcinoma resulted in acquired tumor resistance of the host and tumor regression. CONCLUSION Intraperitoneal oxidative stress effectively converts the immune response against the papillomavirus-associated rabbit VX2 carcinoma from tumor permissive to tumoricidal and leads to a sustainable, adoptively transferable oncolytic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Rossmann
- Departments of Molecular Neuroscience and Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and
| | | | - Jochen Heinis
- Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Höffken
- Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Küssner
- Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University; Departments of
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Krieg A, Mersch S, Boeck I, Dizdar L, Weihe E, Hilal Z, Krausch M, Möhlendick B, Topp SA, Piekorz RP, Huckenbeck W, Stoecklein NH, Anlauf M, Knoefel WT. New model for gastroenteropancreatic large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: establishment of two clinically relevant cell lines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88713. [PMID: 24551139 PMCID: PMC3925161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a novel WHO-classification has been introduced that divided gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NEN) according to their proliferation index into G1- or G2-neuroendocrine tumors (NET) and poorly differentiated small-cell or large-cell G3-neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC). Our knowledge on primary NECs of the GEP-system is limited due to the rarity of these tumors and chemotherapeutic concepts of highly aggressive NEC do not provide convincing results. The aim of this study was to establish a reliable cell line model for NEC that could be helpful in identifying novel druggable molecular targets. Cell lines were established from liver (NEC-DUE1) or lymph node metastases (NEC-DUE2) from large cell NECs of the gastroesophageal junction and the large intestine, respectively. Morphological characteristics and expression of neuroendocrine markers were extensively analyzed. Chromosomal aberrations were mapped by array comparative genomic hybridization and DNA profiling was analyzed by DNA fingerprinting. In vitro and in vivo tumorigenicity was evaluated and the sensitivity against chemotherapeutic agents assessed. Both cell lines exhibited typical morphological and molecular features of large cell NEC. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that both cell lines retained their malignant properties. Whereas NEC-DUE1 and -DUE2 were resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs such as cisplatin, etoposide and oxaliplatin, a high sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil was observed for the NEC-DUE1 cell line. Taken together, we established and characterized the first GEP large-cell NEC cell lines that might serve as a helpful tool not only to understand the biology of these tumors, but also to establish novel targeted therapies in a preclinical setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Krieg
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sabrina Mersch
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Inga Boeck
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Levent Dizdar
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Zena Hilal
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Krausch
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Birte Möhlendick
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan A. Topp
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Roland P. Piekorz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Huckenbeck
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Nikolas H. Stoecklein
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Anlauf
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfram T. Knoefel
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Schütz B, Bader S, Ringer C, Gäckler C, Krasteva-Christ G, Kummer W, Diener M, Weihe E. The cholinergic phenotype and responsiveness of brush cells in the mouse digestive tract. Auton Neurosci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.05.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Schäfer MKH, Hartwig NR, Kalmbach N, Klietz M, Anlauf M, Eiden LE, Weihe E. Species-specific vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) expression in mammalian pancreatic beta cells: implications for optimising radioligand-based human beta cell mass (BCM) imaging in animal models. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1047-56. [PMID: 23404442 PMCID: PMC3955760 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Imaging of beta cell mass (BCM) is a major challenge in diabetes research. The vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) is abundantly expressed in human beta cells. Radiolabelled analogues of tetrabenazine (TBZ; a low-molecular-weight, cell-permeant VMAT2-selective ligand) have been employed for pancreatic islet imaging in humans. Since reports on TBZ-based VMAT2 imaging in rodent pancreas have been fraught with confusion, we compared VMAT2 gene expression patterns in the mouse, rat, pig and human pancreas, to identify appropriate animal models with which to further validate and optimise TBZ imaging in humans. METHODS We used a panel of highly sensitive VMAT2 antibodies developed against equivalently antigenic regions of the transporter from each species in combination with immunostaining for insulin and species-specific in situ hybridisation probes. Individual pancreatic islets were obtained by laser-capture microdissection and subjected to analysis of mRNA expression of VMAT2. RESULTS The VMAT2 protein was not expressed in beta cells in the adult pancreas of common mouse or rat laboratory strains, in contrast to its expression in beta cells (but not other pancreatic endocrine cell types) in the pancreas of pigs and humans. VMAT2- and tyrosine hydroxylase co-positive (catecholaminergic) innervation was less abundant in humans than in rodents. VMAT2-positive mast cells were identified in the pancreas of all species. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Primates and pigs are suitable models for TBZ imaging of beta cells. Rodents, because of a complete lack of VMAT2 expression in the endocrine pancreas, are a 'null' model for assessing interference with BCM measurements by VMAT2-positive mast cells and sympathetic innervation in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K-H Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
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Schafer MKH, Weihe E, Eiden LE. Localization and expression of VMAT2 aross mammalian species: a translational guide for its visualization and targeting in health and disease. Adv Pharmacol 2013; 68:319-34. [PMID: 24054151 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411512-5.00015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
VMAT2 is the vesicular monoamine transporter that allows DA, NE, Epi, His, and 5-HT uptake into neurons and endocrine cells. A second isoform, VMAT1, has similar structure and function, but does not recognize histamine as a substrate. VMAT1 is absent from neurons, and its major function appears to be in endocrine cells, that is, enterochromaffin cells, which scavenge 5-HT, but not histamine, from dietary sources. This chapter provides an update on the neuroanatomical distribution of VMAT2 across various mammalian species, including human, primate, pig, rat, and mouse. When necessary, VMAT1 expression is provided as a contrast. The main purpose of this chapter is to allow clinicians, in particular endocrinologists and diagnosing neuroradiologists and neuropathologists, an acquaintanceship with the possibilities for VMAT2 as a target for in vivo imaging, and drug development, based on this updated information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K-H Schafer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Topp T, Müller T, Huss S, Kann PH, Weihe E, Ruchholtz S, Zettl RP. Embalmed and fresh frozen human bones in orthopedic cadaveric studies: which bone is authentic and feasible? Acta Orthop 2012; 83:543-7. [PMID: 22978564 PMCID: PMC3488184 DOI: 10.3109/17453674.2012.727079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The most frequently used bones for mechanical testing of orthopedic and trauma devices are fresh frozen cadaveric bones, embalmed cadaveric bones, and artificial composite bones. Even today, the comparability of these different bone types has not been established. METHODS We tested fresh frozen and embalmed cadaveric femora that were similar concerning age, sex, bone mineral density, and stiffness. Artificial composite femora were used as a reference group. Testing parameters were pullout forces of cortex and cancellous screws, maximum load until failure, and type of fracture generated. RESULTS Stiffness and type of fracture generated (Pauwels III) were similar for all 3 bone types (fresh frozen: 969 N/mm, 95% confidence interval (CI): 897-1,039; embalmed: 999 N/mm, CI: 875-1,121; composite: 946 N/mm, CI: 852-1,040). Furthermore, no significant differences were found between fresh frozen and embalmed femora concerning pullout forces of cancellous screws (fresh frozen: 654 N, CI: 471-836; embalmed: 595 N, CI: 365-823) and cortex screws (fresh frozen: 1,152 N, CI: 894-1,408; embalmed: 1,461 N, CI: 880-2,042), and axial load until failure (fresh frozen: 3,427 N, CI: 2,564-4290; embalmed: 3,603 N, CI: 2,898-4,306). The reference group showed statistically significantly different results for pullout forces of cancellous screws (2,344 N, CI: 2,068-2,620) and cortex screws (5,536 N, CI: 5,203-5,867) and for the axial load until failure (> 7,952 N). INTERPRETATION Embalmed femur bones and fresh frozen bones had similar characteristics by mechanical testing. Thus, we suggest that embalmed human cadaveric bone is a good and safe option for mechanical testing of orthopedic and trauma devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Topp
- Departments of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery
| | | | - Sebastian Huss
- Department of Pathology, Bonn University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Eberhard Weihe
- Institutes of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg
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Kalmbach N, Krasel C, Schäfer MKH, Bünemann M, Weihe E. Molecular and functional characterization of PACAP/VIP receptors in Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Pneumologie 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1315527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Krasteva G, Hartmann P, Wessels L, Canning BJ, Papadakis T, Kotlikoff MI, Weihe E, Schütz B, Ibanez-Tallon I, Kummer W. Cholinergic chemosensory cells in the respiratory epithelium sense the luminal microenvironment. Pneumologie 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1315552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Krasteva G, Hartmann P, Papadakis T, Bodenbenner M, Wessels L, Weihe E, Schütz B, Langheinrich AC, Chubanov V, Gudermann T, Ibanez-Tallon I, Kummer W. Cholinergic chemosensory cells in the auditory tube. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 137:483-97. [PMID: 22261922 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0911-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The luminal composition of the auditory tube influences its function. The mechanisms involved in the monitoring are currently not known. For the lower respiratory epithelium, such a sentinel role is carried out by cholinergic brush cells. Here, using two different mouse strains expressing eGFP under the control of the promoter of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), we show the presence of solitary cholinergic villin-positive brush cells also in the mouse auditory tube epithelium. They express the vesicular acetylcholine (ACh) transporter and proteins of the taste transduction pathway such as α-gustducin, phospholipase C beta 2 (PLC(β2)) and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 5 (TRPM5). Immunoreactivity for TRPM5 and PLCβ2 was found regularly, whereas α-gustducin was absent in approximately 15% of the brush cells. Messenger RNA for the umami taste receptors (TasR), Tas1R1 and 3, and for the bitter receptors, Tas2R105 and Tas2R108, involved in perception of cycloheximide and denatonium were detected in the auditory tube. Using a transgenic mouse that expresses eGFP under the promotor of the nicotinic ACh receptor α3-subunit, we identified cholinoceptive nerve fibers that establish direct contacts to brush cells in the auditory tube. A subpopulation of these fibers displayed also CGRP immunoreactivity. Collectively, we show for the first time the presence of brush cells in the auditory tube. These cells are equipped with all proteins essential for sensing the composition of the luminal microenvironment and for communication of the changes to the CNS via attached sensory nerve fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Krasteva
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, ECCPS, UGMLC, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
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Krasteva G, Canning B, Hartmann P, Veres T, Papadakis T, Mühlfeld C, Schliecker K, Braun A, Weihe E, Schutz B, Ibanez-Tallon I, Kotlikoff MI, Kummer W. Cholinerge chemosensorische Bürstenzellen sind Wächterzellen der Atemwege. Pneumologie 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1296122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Ringer C, Weihe E, Schütz B. Calcitonin gene-related peptide expression levels predict motor neuron vulnerability in the superoxide dismutase 1-G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:547-54. [PMID: 21964254 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) some motor neurons degenerate while others survive. The molecular mechanisms underlying this selective vulnerability and resistance, respectively, are poorly understood. Since the neuropeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), is expressed by many but not all motor neurons, we asked if motor neuron CGRP levels predict their vulnerability in the SOD1-G93A mouse model of ALS. In wild type mice three types of somatic motor neurons were distinguished based on their CGRP expression pattern, i.e. highCGRP, lowCGRP, and nonCGRP. Since motor nuclei III, IV and VI contained mostly nonCGRP motor neurons, they defined the oculomotor group. In comparison, the facial group (nuclei V, VII and XII) contained equal numbers of all three types, while the spinomedullary group (ambiguus nucleus and lumbar spinal cord) contained mainly highCGRP motor neurons. Analysis on the transcript level, and of mice lacking the αCGRP isoform, revealed that these group differences in CGRP expression were predominantly based on αCGRP. At disease end-stage in SOD1-G93A mice, group-specific extent of motor neuron loss correlated with CGRP expression as neurons with highCGRP were reduced by 80%, those with lowCGRP by 50%, and nonCGRP motor neurons were not significantly affected in all three groups. Finally, highCGRP motor neuron degeneration preceded lowCGRP motor neuron degeneration during disease progression. Our analysis revealed that the relative abundance of CGRP mRNA and immunoreactivity in motor neurons predicts their vulnerability. CGRP may be an autocrine or paracrine factor promoting motor neuron degeneration in this ALS model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Ringer
- Molecular Neurosciences Department, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
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Jositsch G, Ringer C, Wiegand S, Hartmann P, Krasteva G, Schütz B, Nassenstein C, Wess J, Weihe E, Kummer W. Localisation and function of muscarinic receptors in murine tracheal neurons. Auton Neurosci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2011.05.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Depboylu C, Schorlemmer K, Klietz M, Oertel WH, Weihe E, Höglinger GU, Schäfer MKH. Upregulation of microglial C1q expression has no effects on nigrostriatal dopaminergic injury in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson disease. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 236:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
The monoaminergic neuron, in particular the dopaminergic neuron, is central to mediating the hedonic and addictive properties of drugs of abuse. The effects of amphetamine (AMPH) and cocaine (COC), for example, depend on the ability to increase dopamine in the synapse, by effects on either the plasma membrane transporter DAT or the vesicular transporter for monoamine storage, VMAT2. The potential role of DAT as a target for AMPH and COC has been reviewed extensively. Here, we present VMAT2 as a target that enables the rewarding and addictive actions of these drugs, based on imaging, neurochemical, biochemical, cell biological, genetic, and immunohistochemical evidence. The presence of VMAT2 in noradrenergic, serotoninergic, histaminergic, and potentially trace aminergic neurons invites consideration of a wider role for aminergic neurotransmission in AMPH and COC abuse and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Depboylu C, Weihe E, Eiden LE. COX1 and COX2 expression in non-neuronal cellular compartments of the rhesus macaque brain during lentiviral infection. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 42:108-15. [PMID: 21220019 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that cyclooxygenases COX1 and COX2 differentially affect brain immunity. Limited data exist about their expressional changes in neurodegenerative diseases such as neuro-AIDS. Here, we analyzed the regulation of non-neuronal COX1/2 expression in rhesus macaque brain during infection with SIV(δ670) and antiretroviral treatment. COX1 was constitutively expressed in microglia and endothelial cells and was not changed in early SIV infection. Late stage of disease was characterized by increased COX1 expression in globally activated microglia, macrophage nodules, infiltrates, and multinucleated giant cells. Endothelial COX1 expression was unaltered. In contrast, COX2 was not expressed in non-neuronal cells in the brain of uninfected and asymptomatically SIV-infected monkeys but was induced in nodule- and syncytium-forming macrophages and in endothelial cells in areas with infiltrates and SIV in monkeys with AIDS. Antiretroviral treatment of AIDS-diseased monkeys with 6-chloro-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine markedly reduced SIV burden, appearance of COX1-positive macrophage nodules, giant cells, and infiltrates, and COX2 induction in the brain. However, the number of COX1-positive diffuse microglia was still increased in antiretrovirally treated animals as compared to uninfected or asymptomatic SIV-infected monkeys. Our data imply that both COX isoforms are differentially regulated and may distinctly modulate local immune responses in the brain during lentiviral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candan Depboylu
- Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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Fuchs A, Ringer C, Bilkei-Gorzo A, Weihe E, Roeper J, Schütz B. Downregulation of the potassium chloride cotransporter KCC2 in vulnerable motoneurons in the SOD1-G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2010; 69:1057-70. [PMID: 20838240 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181f4dcef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs is critical for the physiological control of motoneurons. The maintenance of a low-intracellular chloride concentration by the potassium chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2) is essential for the efficacy of fast synaptic inhibition of mature motoneurons in response to the activation of ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid A and glycine receptors. Altered synaptic balance and excitotoxicity have been proposed as candidate pathophysiological processes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Therefore, we investigated the expression patterns of KCC2 and its functional opponent, the chloride influx-mediating sodium-potassium chloride cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1-G93A) mouse model of ALS. We detected reduced KCC2 messenger RNA levels and less membrane-bound KCC2 immunoreactivity in ALS-vulnerable motoneurons in lumbar spinal cord and hypoglossal nuclei of SOD1-G93A mice but not in degeneration-resistant oculomotor nuclei. Downregulation of KCC2 started during late presymptomatic stages and accelerated in parallel to hind limb and tongue motor function deficits. In contrast, NKCC1 messenger RNA levels were unaltered in postnatal lumbar spinal cord motoneurons. Our data indicate that reductions in KCC2 gene expression may contribute to selective motor deficits and disease progression in vulnerable motoneurons in a mouse model of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fuchs
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Abstract
The morphology of Merkel cells in sinus hair follicles of the upper lip (vibrissae with a circular blood sinus), and in touch domes of the glabrous skin of the nose, was investigated in cats up to 12 weeks after resection of the infraorbital nerve. Even 12 weeks after denervation there was neither an ultrastructural alteration of Merkel cells nor a reduction of their number in sinus hair follicles. Also in touch domes the Merkel cells did not disappear.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hartschuh
- Universitäts-Hautklinik and Department of Anatomy III, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, G.F.R
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Mandic R, Weihe E, Werner J, Bette M. SP157 – Gene analysis of VX2 carcinoma after treatment with O3/O2-PP. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2009.06.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Depboylu C, Chiu WH, Weihe E, Ries V, Oertel WH, Höglinger GU, Schäfer M. Striatal tyrosine hydroxylase expressing neurons in mouse models of Parkinson's disease. Akt Neurol 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1238465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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