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Sullivan KM, Harding-Esch EM, Batcho WE, Issifou AAB, Lopes MDFC, Szwarcwald CL, Vaz Ferreira Gomez D, Bougouma C, Christophe N, Kabore M, Bucumi V, Bella AL, Epee E, Yaya G, Trujillo-Trujillo J, Dejene M, Gebretsadik FS, Gebru G, Kebede F, Mathewos T, Cassama ETDS, Sanha S, Barasa E, Sultani HM, Watitu T, Tekeraoi R, Kalua KM, Masika MP, Traoré L, Minnih AO, Abdala M, Massangaie ME, Win Y, Apadinuwe SC, Mishra SK, Sharma S, Amza A, Kadri B, Nassirou B, Mpyet CD, Olobio N, Hussain A, Khan AA, Jambi G, Ko R, Kello AB, Badiane MD, Sarr B, Dalmar A, Elshafie BE, Kabona GE, Kaitaba O, Mwingira U, Simon A, Kanyi S, Awoussi MS, Togbey K, Baayenda G, Francis M, Tukahebwa EM, Bakhtiari A, Keil AP, Maselko J, Westreich D, Garae M, Taleo F, Al-Khateeb TQ, Mwale C, Solomon AW, Gower EW. Gender differences in the surgical management of trachomatous trichiasis: an exploratory analysis of global trachoma survey data, 2015-2019. Int Health 2023; 15:ii58-ii67. [PMID: 38048383 PMCID: PMC10695456 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihad067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trachomatous trichiasis (TT) is a painful, potentially blinding eye condition that can be managed through epilation or surgery. Women are affected by TT approximately twice as often as men and are believed to face gendered barriers to receiving surgical care to prevent vision loss. METHODS We used data from 817 cross-sectional surveys conducted during 2015-2019 in 20 African countries to estimate the prevalence difference (PD) between female and male eyes for four outcomes potentially indicating gender-related differences in TT management: (1) received surgery and developed postoperative TT (PTT), (2) never offered surgery, (3) offered surgery but declined it, and (4) offered epilation but never offered surgery. RESULTS The prevalence was modestly elevated among female eyes compared with male eyes for having PTT (PD:1.8 [95% confidence limits (CL): 0.6, 3.0]) and having declined surgery for the eye (PD: 6.2 [95% CL: 1.8, 10.7]). The proportion offered epilation was similar by gender (PD:0.5 [95% CL: -0.4, 1.3]), while never having been offered surgery was somewhat more prevalent among male eyes (PD: -2.1 [95% CL: -3.5, -0.7]). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest potential gender differences in TT management. More research is needed to determine the causes and implications of the observed differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Sullivan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emma M Harding-Esch
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Wilfrid E Batcho
- Programme National De Lutte Contre Les Maladies Transmissibles, Ministère De La Santé, Cotonou, Benin
| | | | | | - Celia Landmann Szwarcwald
- Institute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Clarisse Bougouma
- Direction de la Protection de la Santé de la Population, Ministère de la Santé, Burkina Faso
| | - Nassa Christophe
- Attaché de Santé en Épidémiologie, Programme National de Lutte Contre Les MTN, Burkina Faso
| | - Martin Kabore
- L'unité d'élimination du trachome, PNMTN, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Victor Bucumi
- Département En Charge des Maladies Tropicales, Négligées Ministère De La Santé Publique Et De La Lutte Contre Le Sida, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Assumpta L Bella
- Programme National de Lutte Contre La Cecite, Ministère de la Santé Publique, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Emilienne Epee
- Department Of Ophthalmology, University of Yaoundé Yaounde Centre/Ministère de la Santé Publique, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Georges Yaya
- Ministère de la Santé Publique, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Julian Trujillo-Trujillo
- Subdirectorate of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Fikre Seife Gebretsadik
- Neglected Tropical Disease Prevention and Control Program, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Genet Gebru
- Neglected Tropical Disease Prevention and Control Program, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fikreab Kebede
- Neglected Tropical Disease Prevention and Control Program, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tsedeke Mathewos
- Neglected Tropical Disease Prevention and Control Program, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Salimato Sanha
- Programa Nacional De Sau´de De Visão, Minsap, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | | | | | | | | | - Khumbo M Kalua
- Blantyre Institute for Community Outreach, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Michael P Masika
- Department of Clinical and Medical Rehabilitation Services, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Lamine Traoré
- National Eye Health Program, Ministry of Health and Social Development, Mali
| | - Abdallahi O Minnih
- Département Des Maladies Transmissibles, Ministère De La Santé Nouakchott, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mariamo Abdala
- Direção Nacional de Saúde Pública, Ministerio Da Saude, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Ye Win
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | | | - Sailesh Kumar Mishra
- National Society for Comprehensive Eye Care, Nepal Netra Jyoti Sangh, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Abdou Amza
- Programme National De Santé Oculaire, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Niamey, Niger
| | - Boubacar Kadri
- Programme National De Santé Oculaire, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Niamey, Niger
| | - Beido Nassirou
- Programme National De Santé Oculaire, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Niamey, Niger
| | - Caleb D Mpyet
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau, Nigeria
| | - Nicholas Olobio
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Division, Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Arif Hussain
- Community Ophthalmology, College of Ophthalmology & Allied Vision Sciences (COAVS), Mayo Hospital Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asad Aslam Khan
- College of Ophthalmology and Allied Vision Sciences, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Garap Jambi
- Prevention of Blindness Committee, PNG Eye Care, Boroko, Papua New Guinea
| | - Robert Ko
- National Department of Health, Waigani, Papua New Guinea
| | - Amir B Kello
- AF/UCU UHC/Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases Unit, ESPEN, World Health Organization, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Mouctar D Badiane
- Programme National de Promotion de La Santé Oculaire, Ministère de la Santé et de L'Action Sociale, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Boubacar Sarr
- Ministère de la Santé et de l'Action Sociale, Senegal
| | | | - Balgesa E Elshafie
- National Program for Prevention of Blindness, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - George E Kabona
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Oscar Kaitaba
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Upendo Mwingira
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Alistidia Simon
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Sarjo Kanyi
- National Eye Health Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul, The Gambia
| | | | - Kwamy Togbey
- Programme National des Maladies Tropicales Negligées, Ministry of Health, Public Hygiene and Universal Access to Care, Lomé, Togo
| | - Gilbert Baayenda
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mugume Francis
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edridah M Tukahebwa
- Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ana Bakhtiari
- International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Alexander P Keil
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joanna Maselko
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel Westreich
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mackline Garae
- Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vanuatu Ministry of Health, Port Vila, Vanuatu
| | - Fasiah Taleo
- Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vanuatu Ministry of Health, Port Vila, Vanuatu
| | | | - Consity Mwale
- Kitwe Teaching Eye Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Anthony W Solomon
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emily W Gower
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Harding-Esch EM, Burgert-Brucker CR, Jimenez C, Bakhtiari A, Willis R, Dejene Bejiga M, Mpyet C, Ngondi J, Boyd S, Abdala M, Abdou A, Adamu Y, Alemayehu A, Alemayehu W, Al-Khatib T, Apadinuwe SC, Awaca N, Awoussi MS, Baayendag G, Badiane Mouctar D, Bailey RL, Batcho W, Bay Z, Bella A, Beido N, Bol YY, Bougouma C, Brady CJ, Bucumi V, Butcher R, Cakacaka R, Cama A, Camara M, Cassama E, Chaora SG, Chebbi AC, Chisambi AB, Chu B, Conteh A, Coulibaly SM, Courtright P, Dalmar A, Dat TM, Davids T, DJAKER MEA, de Fátima Costa Lopes M, Dézoumbé D, Dodson S, Downs P, Eckman S, Elshafie BE, Elmezoghi M, Elvis AA, Emerson P, Epée EEE, Faktaufon D, Fall M, Fassinou A, Fleming F, Flueckiger R, Gamael KK, Garae M, Garap J, Gass K, Gebru G, Gichangi MM, Giorgi E, Goépogui A, Gómez DVF, Gómez Forero DP, Gower EW, Harte A, Henry R, Honorio-Morales HA, Ilako DR, Issifou AAB, Jones E, Kabona G, Kabore M, Kadri B, Kalua K, Kanyi SK, Kebede S, Kebede F, Keenan JD, Kello AB, Khan AA, KHELIFI H, Kilangalanga J, KIM SH, Ko R, Lewallen S, Lietman T, Logora MSY, Lopez YA, MacArthur C, Macleod C, Makangila F, Mariko B, Martin DL, Masika M, Massae P, Massangaie M, Matendechero HS, Mathewos T, McCullagh S, Meite A, Mendes EP, Abdi HM, Miller H, Minnih A, Mishra SK, Molefi T, Mosher A, M’Po N, Mugume F, Mukwiza R, Mwale C, Mwatha S, Mwingira U, Nash SD, NASSA C, Negussu N, Nieba C, Noah Noah JC, Nwosu CO, Olobio N, Opon R, Pavluck A, Phiri I, Rainima-Qaniuci M, Renneker KK, Saboyá-Díaz MI, Sakho F, Sanha S, Sarah V, Sarr B, Szwarcwald CL, Shah Salam A, Sharma S, Seife F, Serrano Chavez GM, Sissoko M, Sitoe HM, Sokana O, Tadesse F, Taleo F, Talero SL, Tarfani Y, Tefera A, Tekeraoi R, Tesfazion A, Traina A, Traoré L, Trujillo-Trujillo J, Tukahebwa EM, Vashist P, Wanyama EB, WARUSAVITHANA SD, Watitu TK, West S, Win Y, Woods G, YAJIMA A, Yaya G, Zecarias A, Zewengiel S, Zoumanigui A, Hooper PJ, Millar T, Rotondo L, Solomon AW. Tropical Data: Approach and Methodology as Applied to Trachoma Prevalence Surveys. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2023; 30:544-560. [PMID: 38085791 PMCID: PMC10751062 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2023.2249546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Population-based prevalence surveys are essential for decision-making on interventions to achieve trachoma elimination as a public health problem. This paper outlines the methodologies of Tropical Data, which supports work to undertake those surveys. METHODS Tropical Data is a consortium of partners that supports health ministries worldwide to conduct globally standardised prevalence surveys that conform to World Health Organization recommendations. Founding principles are health ministry ownership, partnership and collaboration, and quality assurance and quality control at every step of the survey process. Support covers survey planning, survey design, training, electronic data collection and fieldwork, and data management, analysis and dissemination. Methods are adapted to meet local context and needs. Customisations, operational research and integration of other diseases into routine trachoma surveys have also been supported. RESULTS Between 29th February 2016 and 24th April 2023, 3373 trachoma surveys across 50 countries have been supported, resulting in 10,818,502 people being examined for trachoma. CONCLUSION This health ministry-led, standardised approach, with support from the start to the end of the survey process, has helped all trachoma elimination stakeholders to know where interventions are needed, where interventions can be stopped, and when elimination as a public health problem has been achieved. Flexibility to meet specific country contexts, adaptation to changes in global guidance and adjustments in response to user feedback have facilitated innovation in evidence-based methodologies, and supported health ministries to strive for global disease control targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amza Abdou
- Programme National de Santé Oculaire, Niger
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Naomie Awaca
- Ministère de la Santé Publique, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Clarisse Bougouma
- Programme national de lutte contre les maladies tropicales négligées (PNMTN), Burkina Faso
| | | | - Victor Bucumi
- National Integrated Programme for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases and Blindness (PNIMTNC), Burundi
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brian Chu
- International Trachoma Initiative, USA
| | | | | | - Paul Courtright
- Division of Ophthalmology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, South Africa
| | - Abdi Dalmar
- Ministry of Human Development and Public Services, Somalia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ange Aba Elvis
- Programme National de la Santé Oculaire et de la lutte contre l’Onchocercose, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jambi Garap
- Port Moresby General Hospital, Papua New Guinea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Harte
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Rob Henry
- U.S. Agency for International Development, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin Kabore
- Programme national de lutte contre les maladies tropicales négligées (PNMTN), Burkina Faso
| | | | - Khumbo Kalua
- Blantyre Institute for Community Outreach, Malawi
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert Ko
- Port Moresby General Hospital, Papua New Guinea
| | - Susan Lewallen
- Division of Ophthalmology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, South Africa
| | | | | | - Yuri A Lopez
- SACAICET / MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA SALUD, Venezuela
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aboulaye Meite
- Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique, Cote d’Ivoire
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aryc Mosher
- U.S. Agency for International Development, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cece Nieba
- Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiene Publique, Guinea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Oliver Sokana
- Solomon Islands Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Solomon Islands
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Baayenda G, Mugume F, Mubangizi A, Turyaguma P, Tukahebwa EM, Byakika S, Kahwa B, Kusasira D, Bakhtiari A, Boyd S, Butcher R, Solomon AW, Binagwa B, Agunyo S, Osilo M, Crowley K, Thuo W, French M, Plunkett E, Mosher AW, Harding-Esch EM, Ngondi J. Baseline Prevalence of Trachoma in Refugee Settlements in Uganda: Results of 11 Population-based Surveys. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2023; 30:580-590. [PMID: 34488539 PMCID: PMC10581675 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2021.1961816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There are several settlements in the Northern and Western Regions of Uganda serving refugees from South Sudan and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), respectively. Trachoma prevalence surveys were conducted in a number of those settlements with the aim of determining whether interventions for trachoma are required. METHODS An evaluation unit (EU) was defined as all refugee settlements in one district. Cross-sectional population-based trachoma prevalence survey methodologies designed to adhere to World Health Organization recommendations were deployed in 11 EUs to assess prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) in 1-9-year-olds and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) unknown to the health system in ≥15-year-olds. Household-level water, sanitation and hygiene coverage was also assessed in study populations. RESULTS A total of 40,892 people were examined across 11 EUs between 2018 and 2020. The prevalence of TF in 1-9-year-olds was <5% in all EUs surveyed. The prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) unknown to the health system in ≥15-year-olds was <0.2% in 5 out of 11 EUs surveyed and ≥0.2% in the remaining 6 EUs. A high proportion of households had improved water sources, but a low proportion had improved latrines or quickly (within a 30-minute return journey) accessible water sources. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of the antibiotic, facial cleanliness and environmental improvement components of the SAFE strategy is not needed for the purposes of trachoma's elimination as a public health problem in these refugee settlements; however, intervention with TT surgery is needed in six EUs. Since instability continues to drive displacement of people from South Sudan and DRC into Uganda, there is likely to be a high rate of new arrivals to the settlements over the coming years. These populations may therefore have trachoma surveillance needs that are distinct from the surrounding non-refugee communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Binta Kahwa
- Kampala International University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Darlson Kusasira
- Refugees Department, Office of the Prime Minister, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Sarah Boyd
- Task Force for Global Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert Butcher
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anthony W. Solomon
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aryc W. Mosher
- United States Agency for International Development, Washington DC, USA
| | - Emma M. Harding-Esch
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Oettle RC, Dickinson HA, Fitzsimmons CM, Sacko M, Tukahebwa EM, Chalmers IW, Wilson S. Protective human IgE responses are promoted by comparable life-cycle dependent Tegument Allergen-Like expression in Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011037. [PMID: 37228019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma haematobium is the most prevalent of the human-infecting schistosome species, causing significant morbidity in endemically exposed populations. Despite this, it has been relatively understudied compared to its fellow species, S. mansoni. Here we provide the first comprehensive characterization of the S. haematobium Tegument Allergen-Like protein family, a key protein family directly linked to protective immunity in S. mansoni infection. Comparable with observations for S. mansoni, parasite phylogenetic analysis and relative gene expression combined with host serological analysis support a cross-reactive relationship between S. haematobium TAL proteins, exposed to the host immune system as adult worms die, and closely related proteins, exposed during penetration by the infecting cercarial and early schistosomulae stages. Specifically, our results strengthen the evidence for host immunity driven by cross-reactivity between family members TAL3 and TAL5, establishing it for the first time for S. haematobium infection. Furthermore, we build upon this relationship to include the involvement of an additional member of the TAL protein family, TAL11 for both schistosome species. Finally, we show a close association between experience of infection and intensity of transmission and the development of protective IgE responses to these antigens, thus improving our knowledge of the mechanisms by which protective host immune responses develop. This knowledge will be critical in understanding how control efforts such as mass drug administration campaigns influence the development of host immunity and subsequent patterns of infection and disease within endemic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Oettle
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Moussa Sacko
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Research, Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Iain W Chalmers
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Shona Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Clark J, Moses A, Nankasi A, Faust CL, Moses A, Ajambo D, Besigye F, Atuhaire A, Wamboko A, Carruthers LV, Francoeur R, Tukahebwa EM, Prada JM, Lamberton PHL. Reconciling Egg- and Antigen-Based Estimates of Schistosoma mansoni Clearance and Reinfection: A Modeling Study. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 74:1557-1563. [PMID: 34358299 PMCID: PMC9070857 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite decades of interventions, 240 million people have schistosomiasis. Infections cannot be directly observed, and egg-based Kato-Katz thick smears lack sensitivity, affected treatment efficacy and reinfection rate estimates. The point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (referred to from here as POC-CCA+) test is advocated as an improvement on the Kato-Katz method, but improved estimates are limited by ambiguities in the interpretation of trace results. METHOD We collected repeated Kato-Katz egg counts from 210 school-aged children and scored POC-CCA tests according to the manufacturer's guidelines (referred to from here as POC-CCA+) and the externally developed G score. We used hidden Markov models parameterized with Kato-Katz; Kato-Katz and POC-CCA+; and Kato-Katz and G-Scores, inferring latent clearance and reinfection probabilities at four timepoints over six-months through a more formal statistical reconciliation of these diagnostics than previously conducted. Our approach required minimal but robust assumptions regarding trace interpretations. RESULTS Antigen-based models estimated higher infection prevalence across all timepoints compared with the Kato-Katz model, corresponding to lower clearance and higher reinfection estimates. Specifically, pre-treatment prevalence estimates were 85% (Kato-Katz; 95% CI: 79%-92%), 99% (POC-CCA+; 97%-100%) and 98% (G-Score; 95%-100%). Post-treatment, 93% (Kato-Katz; 88%-96%), 72% (POC-CCA+; 64%-79%) and 65% (G-Score; 57%-73%) of those infected were estimated to clear infection. Of those who cleared infection, 35% (Kato-Katz; 27%-42%), 51% (POC-CCA+; 41%-62%) and 44% (G-Score; 33%-55%) were estimated to have been reinfected by 9-weeks. CONCLUSIONS Treatment impact was shorter-lived than Kato-Katz-based estimates alone suggested, with lower clearance and rapid reinfection. At 3 weeks after treatment, longer-term clearance dynamics are captured. At 9 weeks after treatment, reinfection was captured, but failed clearance could not be distinguished from rapid reinfection. Therefore, frequent sampling is required to understand these important epidemiological dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Clark
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Christina L Faust
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Adriko Moses
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Uganda
| | - Diana Ajambo
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Uganda
| | - Fred Besigye
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Uganda
| | | | | | - Lauren V Carruthers
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Francoeur
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science & Engineering, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joaquin M Prada
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Poppy H L Lamberton
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Clark J, Moses A, Nankasi A, Faust CL, Adriko M, Ajambo D, Besigye F, Atuhaire A, Wamboko A, Rowel C, Carruthers LV, Francoeur R, Tukahebwa EM, Lamberton PHL, Prada JM. Translating From Egg- to Antigen-Based Indicators for Schistosoma mansoni Elimination Targets: A Bayesian Latent Class Analysis Study. Front Trop Dis 2022; 3:825721. [PMID: 35784267 PMCID: PMC7612949 DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.825721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease affecting over 240-million people. World Health Organization (WHO) targets for Schistosoma mansoni elimination are based on Kato-Katz egg counts, without translation to the widely used, urine-based, point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen diagnostic (POC-CCA). We aimed to standardize POC-CCA score interpretation and translate them to Kato-Katz-based standards, broadening diagnostic utility in progress towards elimination. A Bayesian latent-class model was fit to data from 210 school-aged-children over four timepoints pre- to six-months-post-treatment. We used 1) Kato-Katz and established POC-CCA scoring (Negative, Trace, +, ++ and +++), and 2) Kato-Katz and G-Scores (a new, alternative POC-CCA scoring (G1 to G10)). We established the functional relationship between Kato-Katz counts and POC-CCA scores, and the score-associated probability of true infection. This was combined with measures of sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the curve to determine the optimal POC-CCA scoring system and positivity threshold. A simulation parametrized with model estimates established antigen-based elimination targets. True infection was associated with POC-CCA scores of ≥ + or ≥G3. POC-CCA scores cannot predict Kato-Katz counts because low infection intensities saturate the POC-CCA cassettes. Post-treatment POC-CCA sensitivity/specificity fluctuations indicate a changing relationship between egg excretion and antigen levels (living worms). Elimination targets can be identified by the POC-CCA score distribution in a population. A population with ≤2% ++/+++, or ≤0.5% G7 and above, indicates achieving current WHO Kato-Katz-based elimination targets. Population-level POC-CCA scores can be used to access WHO elimination targets prior to treatment. Caution should be exercised on an individual level and following treatment, as POC-CCAs lack resolution to discern between WHO Kato-Katz-based moderate- and high-intensity-infection categories, with limited use in certain settings and evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Clark
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Jessica Clark, ; Joaquin M. Prada,
| | - Arinaitwe Moses
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrina Nankasi
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christina L. Faust
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Moses Adriko
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Diana Ajambo
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Besigye
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Arron Atuhaire
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Aidah Wamboko
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Candia Rowel
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lauren V. Carruthers
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Francoeur
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Poppy H. L. Lamberton
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joaquin M. Prada
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Jessica Clark, ; Joaquin M. Prada,
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7
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Trienekens SCM, Faust CL, Besigye F, Pickering L, Tukahebwa EM, Seeley J, Lamberton PHL. Variation in water contact behaviour and risk of Schistosoma mansoni (re)infection among Ugandan school-aged children in an area with persistent high endemicity. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:15. [PMID: 34991702 PMCID: PMC8734346 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05121-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Annual mass drug administration with praziquantel has reduced schistosomiasis transmission in some highly endemic areas, but areas with persistent high endemicity have been identified across sub-Saharan Africa, including Uganda. In these areas many children are rapidly reinfected post treatment, while some children remain uninfected or have low-intensity infections. The aim of this mixed-methods study was to better understand variation in water contact locations, behaviours and infection risk in school-aged children within an area with persistent high endemicity to inform additional control efforts. Methods Data were collected in Bugoto, Mayuge District, Uganda. Two risk groups were identified from a longitudinal cohort, and eight children with no/low-intensity infections and eight children with reinfections were recruited. Individual structured day-long observations with a focus on water contact were conducted over two periods in 2018. In all identified water contact sites, four snail surveys were conducted quarterly over 1 year. All observed Biomphalaria snails were collected, counted and monitored in the laboratory for Schistosoma mansoni cercarial shedding for 3 weeks. Results Children came into contact with water for a range of purposes, either directly at the water sources or by coming into contact with water collected previously. Although some water contact practices were similar between the risk groups, only children with reinfection were observed fetching water for commercial purposes and swimming in water sources; this latter group of children also came into contact with water at a larger variety and number of sites compared to children with no/low-intensity infection. Households with children with no/low-intensity infections collected rainwater more often. Water contact was observed at 10 sites throughout the study, and a total of 9457 Biomphalaria snails were collected from these sites over four sampling periods. Four lake sites had a significantly higher Biomphalaria choanomphala abundance, and reinfected children came into contact with water at these sites more often than children with no/low-intensity infections. While only six snails shed cercariae, four were from sites only contacted by reinfected children. Conclusions Children with reinfection have more high-risk water contact behaviours and accessed water sites with higher B. choanomphala abundance, demonstrating that specific water contact behaviours interact with environmental features to explain variation in risk within areas with persistent high endemicity. Targeted behaviour change, vector control and safe water supplies could reduce reinfection in school-aged children in these settings. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-05121-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan C M Trienekens
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. .,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. .,Institute of Health & Wellbeing, College of Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Christina L Faust
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fred Besigye
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lucy Pickering
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, College of Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Janet Seeley
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Poppy H L Lamberton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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8
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Kokaliaris C, Garba A, Matuska M, Bronzan RN, Colley DG, Dorkenoo AM, Ekpo UF, Fleming FM, French MD, Kabore A, Mbonigaba JB, Midzi N, Mwinzi PNM, N'Goran EK, Polo MR, Sacko M, Tchuem Tchuenté LA, Tukahebwa EM, Uvon PA, Yang G, Wiesner L, Zhang Y, Utzinger J, Vounatsou P. Effect of preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel on schistosomiasis among school-aged children in sub-Saharan Africa: a spatiotemporal modelling study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2022; 22:136-149. [PMID: 34863336 PMCID: PMC8695385 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Over the past 20 years, schistosomiasis control has been scaled up. Preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel is the main intervention. We aimed to assess the effect of preventive chemotherapy on schistosomiasis prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa, comparing 2000–10 with 2011–14 and 2015–19. Methods In this spatiotemporal modelling study, we analysed survey data from school-aged children (aged 5–14 years) in 44 countries across sub-Saharan Africa. The data were extracted from the Global Neglected Tropical Diseases database and augmented by 2018 and 2019 survey data obtained from disease control programmes. Bayesian geostatistical models were fitted to Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni survey data. The models included data on climatic predictors obtained from satellites and other open-source environmental databases and socioeconomic predictors obtained from various household surveys. Temporal changes in Schistosoma species prevalence were estimated by a categorical variable with values corresponding to the three time periods (2000–10, 2011–14, and 2015–19) during which preventive chemotherapy interventions were scaled up. Findings We identified 781 references with relevant geolocated schistosomiasis survey data for 2000–19. There were 19 166 unique survey locations for S haematobium and 23 861 for S mansoni, of which 77% (14 757 locations for S haematobium and 18 372 locations for S mansoni) corresponded to 2011–19. Schistosomiasis prevalence among school-aged children in sub-Saharan Africa decreased from 23·0% (95% Bayesian credible interval 22·1–24·1) in 2000–10 to 9·6% (9·1–10·2) in 2015–19, an overall reduction of 58·3%. The reduction of S haematobium was 67·9% (64·6–71·1) and that of S mansoni 53·6% (45·2–58·3) when comparing 2000–10 with 2015–19. Interpretation Our model-based estimates suggest that schistosomiasis prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa has decreased considerably, most likely explained by the scale-up of preventive chemotherapy. There is a need to consolidate gains in the control of schistosomiasis by means of preventive chemotherapy, coupled with other interventions to interrupt disease transmission. Funding European Research Council and WHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Kokaliaris
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amadou Garba
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin Matuska
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel G Colley
- Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, and Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ameyo M Dorkenoo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Uwem F Ekpo
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Jean B Mbonigaba
- Malaria and Other Parasitic Disease Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Nicholas Midzi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Pauline N M Mwinzi
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Expanded Special Project for Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases, WHO, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Eliézer K N'Goran
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Maria Rebollo Polo
- Expanded Special Project for Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases, WHO, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Moussa Sacko
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Research, Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Bamako, Mali
| | - Louis-Albert Tchuem Tchuenté
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Pitchouna A Uvon
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Ministère de la Santé Publique, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Guojing Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Wiesner
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yaobi Zhang
- Regional Office for Africa, Helen Keller International, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Penelope Vounatsou
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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9
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Gasan TA, Kuipers ME, Roberts GH, Padalino G, Forde-Thomas JE, Wilson S, Wawrzyniak J, Tukahebwa EM, Hoffmann KF, Chalmers IW. Schistosoma mansoni Larval Extracellular Vesicle protein 1 (SmLEV1) is an immunogenic antigen found in EVs released from pre-acetabular glands of invading cercariae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009981. [PMID: 34793443 PMCID: PMC8639091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are an integral component of cellular/organismal communication and have been found in the excreted/secreted (ES) products of both protozoan and metazoan parasites. Within the blood fluke schistosomes, EVs have been isolated from egg, schistosomula, and adult lifecycle stages. However, the role(s) that EVs have in shaping aspects of parasite biology and/or manipulating host interactions is poorly defined. Herein, we characterise the most abundant EV-enriched protein in Schistosoma mansoni tissue-migrating schistosomula (Schistosoma mansoni Larval Extracellular Vesicle protein 1 (SmLEV1)). Comparative sequence analysis demonstrates that lev1 orthologs are found in all published Schistosoma genomes, yet homologs are not found outside of the Schistosomatidae. Lifecycle expression analyses collectively reveal that smlev1 transcription peaks in cercariae, is male biased in adults, and is processed by alternative splicing in intra-mammalian lifecycle stages. Immunohistochemistry of cercariae using a polyclonal anti-recombinant SmLEV1 antiserum localises this protein to the pre-acetabular gland, with some disperse localisation to the surface of the parasite. S. mansoni-infected Ugandan fishermen exhibit a strong IgG1 response against SmLEV1 (dropping significantly after praziquantel treatment), with 11% of the cohort exhibiting an IgE response and minimal levels of detectable antigen-specific IgG4. Furthermore, mice vaccinated with rSmLEV1 show a slightly reduced parasite burden upon challenge infection and significantly reduced granuloma volumes, compared with control animals. Collectively, these results describe SmLEV1 as a Schistosomatidae-specific, EV-enriched immunogen. Further investigations are now necessary to uncover the full extent of SmLEV1's role in shaping schistosome EV function and definitive host relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Gasan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Marije E. Kuipers
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Grisial H. Roberts
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Gilda Padalino
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine E. Forde-Thomas
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Shona Wilson
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Wawrzyniak
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karl F. Hoffmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Iain W. Chalmers
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
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10
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Moses A, Adriko M, Kibwika B, Tukahebwa EM, Faust CL, Lamberton PHL. Residence Time, Water Contact, and Age-driven Schistosoma mansoni Infection in Hotspot Communities in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105:1772-1781. [PMID: 34662868 PMCID: PMC8641335 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is the second most important parasitic infection after malaria in terms of its socioeconomic impact and is endemic in 78 countries. It affects more than 240 million people worldwide, with 90% of cases occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. In Uganda, Schistosoma mansoni is the most common species, with more than seven million people infected and 17 million living at risk despite mass drug administration (MDA) of praziquantel initiated more than 16 years ago. There has been a shift in the WHO schistosomiasis goals from controlling morbidity to elimination as a public health problem. Understanding the drivers of infection in persistent transmission hotspots despite ongoing control interventions is paramount. We conducted a cross-sectional epidemiological study of 381 individuals in Bugoto community, Mayuge district, Eastern Uganda, along with a structured survey to ascertain drivers of S. mansoni infection. Bugoto has had community-wide MDA since 2004. We detected a S. mansoni prevalence of 52% across the whole community and a prevalence of 71% in school-age children. This qualifies Bugoto as a highly endemic community according to WHO guidelines. Using a multivariate logistic regression, we found that S. mansoni infection was best explained by age group, longer residence times, and any daily contact with lake water. Schistosoma mansoni infection remains a large burden across this community. This study identifies opportunities for interventions that reduce lake water contact, expand treatment eligibility to all at risk, and improve MDA coverage for long-term residents in these settings to control schistosomiasis in persistent transmission hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinaitwe Moses
- Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda.,Cavendish University Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses Adriko
- Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Edridah M Tukahebwa
- Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christina L Faust
- Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine and Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Poppy H L Lamberton
- Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine and Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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11
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Webb EL, Edielu A, Wu HW, Kabatereine NB, Tukahebwa EM, Mubangizi A, Adriko M, Elliott AM, Hope WW, Mawa PA, Friedman JF, Bustinduy AL. The praziquantel in preschoolers (PIP) trial: study protocol for a phase II PK/PD-driven randomised controlled trial of praziquantel in children under 4 years of age. Trials 2021; 22:601. [PMID: 34488846 PMCID: PMC8419815 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 200 million individuals worldwide are infected with Schistosoma species, with over half of infections occurring in children. Many children experience first infections early in life and this impacts their growth and development; however praziquantel (PZQ), the drug used worldwide for the treatment of schistosomiasis, only has regulatory approval among adults and children over the age of four, although it is frequently used "off label" in endemic settings. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) evidence suggests the standard PZQ dose of 40 mg/kg is insufficient in preschool-aged children (PSAC). Our goal is to understand the best approaches to optimising the treatment of PSAC with intestinal schistosomiasis. METHODS We will conduct a randomised, controlled phase II trial in a Schistosoma mansoni endemic region of Uganda and a Schistosoma japonicum endemic region of the Philippines. Six hundred children, 300 in each setting, aged 12-47 months with Schistosoma infection will be randomised in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to receive either (1) 40 mg/kg PZQ at baseline and placebo at 6 months, (2) 40 mg/kg PZQ at baseline and 40 mg/kg PZQ at 6 months, (3) 80 mg/kg PZQ at baseline and placebo at 6 months, or (4) 80 mg/kg PZQ at baseline and 80 mg/kg PZQ at 6 months. Following baseline treatment, children will be followed up for 12 months. The co-primary outcomes will be cure rate and egg reduction rate at 4 weeks. Secondary outcomes include drug efficacy assessed by novel antigenic endpoints at 4 weeks, actively collected adverse events and toxicity for 12 h post-treatment, morbidity and nutritional outcomes at 6 and 12 months, biomarkers of inflammation and environmental enteropathy and PZQ PK/PD parameters. DISCUSSION The trial will provide valuable information on the safety and efficacy of the 80 mg/kg PZQ dose in PSAC, and on the impact of six-monthly versus annual treatment, in this vulnerable age group. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03640377 . Registered on 21 Aug 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Webb
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Andrew Edielu
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Hannah W Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Center for International Health Research, Lifespan Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Moses Adriko
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alison M Elliott
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - William W Hope
- Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK.,Royal Liverpool, Broadgreen University Hospital Trust, Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
| | - Patrice A Mawa
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Immunology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jennifer F Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Center for International Health Research, Lifespan Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Amaya L Bustinduy
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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12
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Berger DJ, Crellen T, Lamberton PHL, Allan F, Tracey A, Noonan JD, Kabatereine NB, Tukahebwa EM, Adriko M, Holroyd N, Webster JP, Berriman M, Cotton JA. Whole-genome sequencing of Schistosoma mansoni reveals extensive diversity with limited selection despite mass drug administration. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4776. [PMID: 34362894 PMCID: PMC8346512 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Control and elimination of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis relies on mass administration of praziquantel. Whilst these programmes reduce infection prevalence and intensity, their impact on parasite transmission and evolution is poorly understood. Here we examine the genomic impact of repeated mass drug administration on Schistosoma mansoni populations with documented reduced praziquantel efficacy. We sequenced whole-genomes of 198 S. mansoni larvae from 34 Ugandan children from regions with contrasting praziquantel exposure. Parasites infecting children from Lake Victoria, a transmission hotspot, form a diverse panmictic population. A single round of treatment did not reduce this diversity with no apparent population contraction caused by long-term praziquantel use. We find evidence of positive selection acting on members of gene families previously implicated in praziquantel action, but detect no high frequency functionally impactful variants. As efforts to eliminate schistosomiasis intensify, our study provides a foundation for genomic surveillance of this major human parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J Berger
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Herts, UK.
| | - Thomas Crellen
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London, UK
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Poppy H L Lamberton
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London, UK
- Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, and Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fiona Allan
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, UK
| | - Alan Tracey
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Jennifer D Noonan
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Narcis B Kabatereine
- Vector Borne & Neglected Tropical Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edridah M Tukahebwa
- Vector Borne & Neglected Tropical Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses Adriko
- Vector Borne & Neglected Tropical Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Joanne P Webster
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Herts, UK.
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London, UK.
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.
| | - James A Cotton
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.
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13
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Faust CL, Brunker K, Ajambo D, Ryan M, Moses A, Rowel C, Wangoola RM, Wampande EM, Guma A, Adriko M, Lamberton PHL, Tukahebwa EM, Mugenyi A, Waiswa C. Harnessing technology and portability to conduct molecular epidemiology of endemic pathogens in resource-limited settings. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:3-5. [PMID: 32945867 PMCID: PMC7788292 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvements in genetic and genomic technology have enabled field-deployable molecular laboratories and these have been deployed in a variety of epidemics that capture headlines. In this editorial, we highlight the importance of building physical and personnel capacity in low and middle income countries to deploy these technologies to improve diagnostics, understand transmission dynamics and provide feedback to endemic communities on actionable timelines. We describe our experiences with molecular field research on schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis and rabies and urge the wider tropical medicine community to embrace these methods and help build capacity to benefit communities affected by endemic infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Faust
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Kirstyn Brunker
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Diana Ajambo
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mary Ryan
- Glasgow Centre for International Development, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Arinaitwe Moses
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Candia Rowel
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Eddie M Wampande
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrew Guma
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses Adriko
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Poppy H L Lamberton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Albert Mugenyi
- Coordinating Office for the Control of Trypanosomiasis in Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles Waiswa
- Coordinating Office for the Control of Trypanosomiasis in Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
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14
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Bärenbold O, Garba A, Colley DG, Fleming FM, Assaré RK, Tukahebwa EM, Kebede B, Coulibaly JT, N’Goran EK, Tchuem Tchuenté LA, Mwinzi P, Utzinger J, Vounatsou P. Estimating true prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni from population summary measures based on the Kato-Katz diagnostic technique. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009310. [PMID: 33819266 PMCID: PMC8062092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection is usually assessed by the Kato-Katz diagnostic technique. However, Kato-Katz thick smears have low sensitivity, especially for light infections. Egg count models fitted on individual level data can adjust for the infection intensity-dependent sensitivity and estimate the 'true' prevalence in a population. However, application of these models is complex and there is a need for adjustments that can be done without modeling expertise. This study provides estimates of the 'true' S. mansoni prevalence from population summary measures of observed prevalence and infection intensity using extensive simulations parametrized with data from different settings in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODOLOGY An individual-level egg count model was applied to Kato-Katz data to determine the S. mansoni infection intensity-dependent sensitivity for various sampling schemes. Observations in populations with varying forces of transmission were simulated, using standard assumptions about the distribution of worms and their mating behavior. Summary measures such as the geometric mean infection, arithmetic mean infection, and the observed prevalence of the simulations were calculated, and parametric statistical models fitted to the summary measures for each sampling scheme. For validation, the simulation-based estimates are compared with an observational dataset not used to inform the simulation. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Overall, the sensitivity of Kato-Katz in a population varies according to the mean infection intensity. Using a parametric model, which takes into account different sampling schemes varying from single Kato-Katz to triplicate slides over three days, both geometric and arithmetic mean infection intensities improve estimation of sensitivity. The relation between observed and 'true' prevalence is remarkably linear and triplicate slides per day on three consecutive days ensure close to perfect sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Estimation of 'true' S. mansoni prevalence is improved when taking into account geometric or arithmetic mean infection intensity in a population. We supply parametric functions and corresponding estimates of their parameters to calculate the 'true' prevalence for sampling schemes up to 3 days with triplicate Kato-Katz thick smears per day that allow estimation of the 'true' prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bärenbold
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amadou Garba
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel G. Colley
- Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE), Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Fiona M. Fleming
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rufin K. Assaré
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | | | - Jean T. Coulibaly
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Eliézer K. N’Goran
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Louis-Albert Tchuem Tchuenté
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Pauline Mwinzi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Penelope Vounatsou
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Mawa PA, Kincaid-Smith J, Tukahebwa EM, Webster JP, Wilson S. Schistosomiasis Morbidity Hotspots: Roles of the Human Host, the Parasite and Their Interface in the Development of Severe Morbidity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635869. [PMID: 33790908 PMCID: PMC8005546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is the second most important human parasitic disease in terms of socioeconomic impact, causing great morbidity and mortality, predominantly across the African continent. For intestinal schistosomiasis, severe morbidity manifests as periportal fibrosis (PPF) in which large tracts of macro-fibrosis of the liver, visible by ultrasound, can occlude the main portal vein leading to portal hypertension (PHT), sequelae such as ascites and collateral vasculature, and ultimately fatalities. For urogenital schistosomiasis, severe morbidity manifests as pathology throughout the urinary system and genitals, and is a definitive cause of squamous cell bladder carcinoma. Preventative chemotherapy (PC) programmes, delivered through mass drug administration (MDA) of praziquantel (PZQ), have been at the forefront of schistosomiasis control programmes in sub-Saharan Africa since their commencement in Uganda in 2003. However, despite many successes, 'biological hotspots' (as distinct from 'operational hotspots') of both persistent high transmission and morbidity remain. In some areas, this failure to gain control of schistosomiasis has devastating consequences, with not only persistently high infection intensities, but both "subtle" and severe morbidity remaining prevalent. These hotspots highlight the requirement to revisit research into severe morbidity and its mechanisms, a topic that has been out of favor during times of PC implementation. Indeed, the focality and spatially-structured epidemiology of schistosomiasis, its transmission persistence and the morbidity induced, has long suggested that gene-environmental-interactions playing out at the host-parasite interface are crucial. Here we review evidence of potential unique parasite factors, host factors, and their gene-environmental interactions in terms of explaining differential morbidity profiles in the human host. We then take the situation of schistosomiasis mansoni within the Albertine region of Uganda as a case study in terms of elucidating the factors behind the severe morbidity observed and the avenues and directions for future research currently underway within a new research and clinical trial programme (FibroScHot).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice A. Mawa
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council-Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Immunology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Kincaid-Smith
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences (PPS), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Herts, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joanne P. Webster
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences (PPS), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Shona Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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16
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Molina-Gonzalez SJ, Bhattacharyya T, AlShehri HR, Poulton K, Allen S, Miles MA, Arianitwe M, Tukahebwa EM, Webster B, Russell Stothard J, Bustinduy AL. Application of a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay and pilot field testing for Giardia duodenalis at Lake Albert, Uganda. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:289. [PMID: 32505215 PMCID: PMC7275508 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia duodenalis is a gastrointestinal protozoan causing 184 million cases of giardiasis worldwide annually. Detection is by microscopy or coproantigen assays, although sensitivity is often compromised by intermittent shedding of cysts or trophozoites, or operator expertise. Therefore, for enhanced surveillance field-applicable, point-of-care (POC), molecular assays are needed. Our aims were to: (i) optimise the recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay for the isothermal amplification of the G. duodenalis β-giardin gene from trophozoites and cysts, using published primer and probes; and (ii) perform a pilot field validation of RPA at a field station in a resource-poor setting, on DNA extracted from stool samples from schoolchildren in villages around Lake Albert, Uganda. Results were compared to an established laboratory small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rDNA) qPCR assay with additional testing using a qPCR targeting the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) DNA regions that can distinguish G. duodenalis of two different assemblages (A and B), which are human-specific. Results Initial optimisation resulted in the successful amplification of predicted RPA products from G. duodenalis-purified gDNA, producing a double-labelled amplicon detected using lateral flow strips. In the field setting, of 129 stool samples, 49 (37.9%) were positive using the Giardia/Cryptosporidium QuikChek coproantigen test; however, the RPA assay when conducted in the field was positive for a single stool sample. Subsequent molecular screening in the laboratory on a subset (n = 73) of the samples demonstrated better results with 21 (28.8%) RPA positive. The SSU rDNA qPCR assay resulted in 30/129 (23.3%) positive samples; 18 out of 73 (24.7%) were assemblage typed (9 assemblage A; 5 assemblage B; and 4 mixed A+B). Compared with the SSU rDNA qPCR, QuikChek was more sensitive than RPA (85.7 vs 61.9%), but with similar specificities (80.8 vs 84.6%). In comparison to QuikChek, RPA had 46.4% sensitivity and 82.2% specificity. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in-field and comparative laboratory validation of RPA for giardiasis in low resource settings. Further refinement and technology transfer, specifically in relation to stool sample preparation, will be needed to implement this assay in the field, which could assist better detection of asymptomatic Giardia infections.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J Molina-Gonzalez
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, UK
| | - Tapan Bhattacharyya
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, UK. .,Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Hajri R AlShehri
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.,Ministry of Health, Asir District, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kate Poulton
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, UK.,Natural History Museum Parasites and Vectors Division, Life Sciences Department, London, UK
| | - Stephen Allen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael A Miles
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, UK.,Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Moses Arianitwe
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Bonnie Webster
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, UK.,Natural History Museum Parasites and Vectors Division, Life Sciences Department, London, UK
| | - J Russell Stothard
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amaya L Bustinduy
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, UK
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17
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Faust CL, Crotti M, Moses A, Oguttu D, Wamboko A, Adriko M, Adekanle EK, Kabatereine N, Tukahebwa EM, Norton AJ, Gower CM, Webster JP, Lamberton PHL. Two-year longitudinal survey reveals high genetic diversity of Schistosoma mansoni with adult worms surviving praziquantel treatment at the start of mass drug administration in Uganda. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:607. [PMID: 31881923 PMCID: PMC6935072 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A key component of schistosomiasis control is mass drug administration with praziquantel. While control interventions have been successful in several endemic regions, mass drug administration has been less effective in others. Here we focus on the impact of repeated praziquantel treatment on the population structure and genetic diversity of Schistosoma mansoni. METHODS We examined S. mansoni epidemiology, population genetics, and variation in praziquantel susceptibility in parasites isolated from children across three primary schools in a high endemicity region at the onset of the Ugandan National Control Programme. Children were sampled at 11 timepoints over two years, including one week and four weeks post-praziquantel treatment to evaluate short-term impacts on clearance and evidence of natural variation in susceptibility to praziquantel. RESULTS Prevalence of S. mansoni was 85% at baseline. A total of 3576 miracidia larval parasites, isolated from 203 individual children, were genotyped at seven loci. Overall, genetic diversity was high and there was low genetic differentiation, indicating high rates of parasite gene flow. Schistosome siblings were found both pre-treatment and four weeks post-treatment, demonstrating adult worms surviving treatment and natural praziquantel susceptibility variation in these populations at the beginning of mass drug administration. However, we did not find evidence for selection on these parasites. While genetic diversity decreased in the short-term (four weeks post-treatment), diversity did not decrease over the entire period despite four rounds of mass treatment. Furthermore, within-host genetic diversity was affected by host age, host sex, infection intensity and recent praziquantel treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that praziquantel treatments have short-term impacts on these parasite populations but impacts were transient and no long-term reduction in genetic diversity was observed. High gene flow reduces the likelihood of local adaptation, so even though parasites surviving treatment were observed, these were likely to be diluted at the beginning of the Ugandan National Control Programme. Together, these results suggest that MDA in isolation may be insufficient to reduce schistosome populations in regions with high genetic diversity and gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Faust
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marco Crotti
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Arinaitwe Moses
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Oguttu
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Aidah Wamboko
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses Adriko
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Elizabeth K. Adekanle
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Alice J. Norton
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Charlotte M. Gower
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joanne P. Webster
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead, UK
| | - Poppy H. L. Lamberton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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18
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Deol AK, Fleming FM, Calvo-Urbano B, Walker M, Bucumi V, Gnandou I, Tukahebwa EM, Jemu S, Mwingira UJ, Alkohlani A, Traoré M, Ruberanziza E, Touré S, Basáñez MG, French MD, Webster JP. Schistosomiasis - Assessing Progress toward the 2020 and 2025 Global Goals. N Engl J Med 2019; 381:2519-2528. [PMID: 31881138 PMCID: PMC6785807 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1812165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the vision of "a world free of schistosomiasis," the World Health Organization (WHO) set ambitious goals of control of this debilitating disease and its elimination as a public health problem by 2020 and 2025, respectively. As these milestones become imminent, and if programs are to succeed, it is important to evaluate the WHO programmatic guidelines empirically. METHODS We collated and analyzed multiyear cross-sectional data from nine national schistosomiasis control programs (in eight countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in Yemen). Data were analyzed according to schistosome species (Schistosoma mansoni or S. haematobium), number of treatment rounds, overall prevalence, and prevalence of heavy-intensity infection. Disease control was defined as a prevalence of heavy-intensity infection of less than 5% aggregated across sentinel sites, and the elimination target was defined as a prevalence of heavy-intensity infection of less than 1% in all sentinel sites. Heavy-intensity infection was defined as at least 400 eggs per gram of feces for S. mansoni infection or as more than 50 eggs per 10 ml of urine for S. haematobium infection. RESULTS All but one country program (Niger) reached the disease-control target by two treatment rounds or less, which is earlier than projected by current WHO guidelines (5 to 10 years). Programs in areas with low endemicity levels at baseline were more likely to reach both the control and elimination targets than were programs in areas with moderate and high endemicity levels at baseline, although the elimination target was reached only for S. mansoni infection (in Burkina Faso, Burundi, and Rwanda within three treatment rounds). Intracountry variation was evident in the relationships between overall prevalence and heavy-intensity infection (stratified according to treatment rounds), a finding that highlights the challenges of using one metric to define control or elimination across all epidemiologic settings. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest the need to reevaluate progress and treatment strategies in national schistosomiasis control programs more frequently, with local epidemiologic data taken into consideration, in order to determine the treatment effect and appropriate resource allocations and move closer to achieving the global goals. (Funded by the Children's Investment Fund Foundation and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arminder K Deol
- From the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (A.K.D., F.M.F., B.C.-U.), the London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St. Mary's Campus), Imperial College London (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), and the Royal Veterinary College, the Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, University of London (M.W., J.P.W.) - all in London; the Ministry of Health Burundi, Bujumbura (V.B.); the Ministry of Health Niger, Niamey (I.G.); the Ministry of Health Uganda, Vector Control Division, Kampala (E.M.T.); the Ministry of Health Malawi, Lilongwe (S.J.); the Ministry of Health Tanzania and the National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam (U.J.M.); the Ministry of Health Yemen, Sana'a (A.A.); the Ministry of Public Health and Hygiene Mali, Bamako (M.T.); the Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Institute of HIV-AIDS, Disease Prevention, and Control, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali (E.R.); the National Schistosomiasis Program, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (S.T.); and RTI International, Washington, DC (M.D.F.)
| | - Fiona M Fleming
- From the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (A.K.D., F.M.F., B.C.-U.), the London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St. Mary's Campus), Imperial College London (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), and the Royal Veterinary College, the Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, University of London (M.W., J.P.W.) - all in London; the Ministry of Health Burundi, Bujumbura (V.B.); the Ministry of Health Niger, Niamey (I.G.); the Ministry of Health Uganda, Vector Control Division, Kampala (E.M.T.); the Ministry of Health Malawi, Lilongwe (S.J.); the Ministry of Health Tanzania and the National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam (U.J.M.); the Ministry of Health Yemen, Sana'a (A.A.); the Ministry of Public Health and Hygiene Mali, Bamako (M.T.); the Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Institute of HIV-AIDS, Disease Prevention, and Control, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali (E.R.); the National Schistosomiasis Program, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (S.T.); and RTI International, Washington, DC (M.D.F.)
| | - Beatriz Calvo-Urbano
- From the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (A.K.D., F.M.F., B.C.-U.), the London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St. Mary's Campus), Imperial College London (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), and the Royal Veterinary College, the Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, University of London (M.W., J.P.W.) - all in London; the Ministry of Health Burundi, Bujumbura (V.B.); the Ministry of Health Niger, Niamey (I.G.); the Ministry of Health Uganda, Vector Control Division, Kampala (E.M.T.); the Ministry of Health Malawi, Lilongwe (S.J.); the Ministry of Health Tanzania and the National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam (U.J.M.); the Ministry of Health Yemen, Sana'a (A.A.); the Ministry of Public Health and Hygiene Mali, Bamako (M.T.); the Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Institute of HIV-AIDS, Disease Prevention, and Control, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali (E.R.); the National Schistosomiasis Program, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (S.T.); and RTI International, Washington, DC (M.D.F.)
| | - Martin Walker
- From the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (A.K.D., F.M.F., B.C.-U.), the London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St. Mary's Campus), Imperial College London (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), and the Royal Veterinary College, the Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, University of London (M.W., J.P.W.) - all in London; the Ministry of Health Burundi, Bujumbura (V.B.); the Ministry of Health Niger, Niamey (I.G.); the Ministry of Health Uganda, Vector Control Division, Kampala (E.M.T.); the Ministry of Health Malawi, Lilongwe (S.J.); the Ministry of Health Tanzania and the National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam (U.J.M.); the Ministry of Health Yemen, Sana'a (A.A.); the Ministry of Public Health and Hygiene Mali, Bamako (M.T.); the Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Institute of HIV-AIDS, Disease Prevention, and Control, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali (E.R.); the National Schistosomiasis Program, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (S.T.); and RTI International, Washington, DC (M.D.F.)
| | - Victor Bucumi
- From the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (A.K.D., F.M.F., B.C.-U.), the London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St. Mary's Campus), Imperial College London (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), and the Royal Veterinary College, the Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, University of London (M.W., J.P.W.) - all in London; the Ministry of Health Burundi, Bujumbura (V.B.); the Ministry of Health Niger, Niamey (I.G.); the Ministry of Health Uganda, Vector Control Division, Kampala (E.M.T.); the Ministry of Health Malawi, Lilongwe (S.J.); the Ministry of Health Tanzania and the National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam (U.J.M.); the Ministry of Health Yemen, Sana'a (A.A.); the Ministry of Public Health and Hygiene Mali, Bamako (M.T.); the Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Institute of HIV-AIDS, Disease Prevention, and Control, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali (E.R.); the National Schistosomiasis Program, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (S.T.); and RTI International, Washington, DC (M.D.F.)
| | - Issah Gnandou
- From the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (A.K.D., F.M.F., B.C.-U.), the London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St. Mary's Campus), Imperial College London (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), and the Royal Veterinary College, the Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, University of London (M.W., J.P.W.) - all in London; the Ministry of Health Burundi, Bujumbura (V.B.); the Ministry of Health Niger, Niamey (I.G.); the Ministry of Health Uganda, Vector Control Division, Kampala (E.M.T.); the Ministry of Health Malawi, Lilongwe (S.J.); the Ministry of Health Tanzania and the National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam (U.J.M.); the Ministry of Health Yemen, Sana'a (A.A.); the Ministry of Public Health and Hygiene Mali, Bamako (M.T.); the Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Institute of HIV-AIDS, Disease Prevention, and Control, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali (E.R.); the National Schistosomiasis Program, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (S.T.); and RTI International, Washington, DC (M.D.F.)
| | - Edridah M Tukahebwa
- From the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (A.K.D., F.M.F., B.C.-U.), the London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St. Mary's Campus), Imperial College London (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), and the Royal Veterinary College, the Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, University of London (M.W., J.P.W.) - all in London; the Ministry of Health Burundi, Bujumbura (V.B.); the Ministry of Health Niger, Niamey (I.G.); the Ministry of Health Uganda, Vector Control Division, Kampala (E.M.T.); the Ministry of Health Malawi, Lilongwe (S.J.); the Ministry of Health Tanzania and the National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam (U.J.M.); the Ministry of Health Yemen, Sana'a (A.A.); the Ministry of Public Health and Hygiene Mali, Bamako (M.T.); the Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Institute of HIV-AIDS, Disease Prevention, and Control, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali (E.R.); the National Schistosomiasis Program, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (S.T.); and RTI International, Washington, DC (M.D.F.)
| | - Samuel Jemu
- From the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (A.K.D., F.M.F., B.C.-U.), the London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St. Mary's Campus), Imperial College London (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), and the Royal Veterinary College, the Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, University of London (M.W., J.P.W.) - all in London; the Ministry of Health Burundi, Bujumbura (V.B.); the Ministry of Health Niger, Niamey (I.G.); the Ministry of Health Uganda, Vector Control Division, Kampala (E.M.T.); the Ministry of Health Malawi, Lilongwe (S.J.); the Ministry of Health Tanzania and the National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam (U.J.M.); the Ministry of Health Yemen, Sana'a (A.A.); the Ministry of Public Health and Hygiene Mali, Bamako (M.T.); the Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Institute of HIV-AIDS, Disease Prevention, and Control, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali (E.R.); the National Schistosomiasis Program, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (S.T.); and RTI International, Washington, DC (M.D.F.)
| | - Upendo J Mwingira
- From the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (A.K.D., F.M.F., B.C.-U.), the London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St. Mary's Campus), Imperial College London (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), and the Royal Veterinary College, the Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, University of London (M.W., J.P.W.) - all in London; the Ministry of Health Burundi, Bujumbura (V.B.); the Ministry of Health Niger, Niamey (I.G.); the Ministry of Health Uganda, Vector Control Division, Kampala (E.M.T.); the Ministry of Health Malawi, Lilongwe (S.J.); the Ministry of Health Tanzania and the National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam (U.J.M.); the Ministry of Health Yemen, Sana'a (A.A.); the Ministry of Public Health and Hygiene Mali, Bamako (M.T.); the Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Institute of HIV-AIDS, Disease Prevention, and Control, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali (E.R.); the National Schistosomiasis Program, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (S.T.); and RTI International, Washington, DC (M.D.F.)
| | - Abdulhakeem Alkohlani
- From the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (A.K.D., F.M.F., B.C.-U.), the London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St. Mary's Campus), Imperial College London (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), and the Royal Veterinary College, the Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, University of London (M.W., J.P.W.) - all in London; the Ministry of Health Burundi, Bujumbura (V.B.); the Ministry of Health Niger, Niamey (I.G.); the Ministry of Health Uganda, Vector Control Division, Kampala (E.M.T.); the Ministry of Health Malawi, Lilongwe (S.J.); the Ministry of Health Tanzania and the National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam (U.J.M.); the Ministry of Health Yemen, Sana'a (A.A.); the Ministry of Public Health and Hygiene Mali, Bamako (M.T.); the Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Institute of HIV-AIDS, Disease Prevention, and Control, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali (E.R.); the National Schistosomiasis Program, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (S.T.); and RTI International, Washington, DC (M.D.F.)
| | - Mahamadou Traoré
- From the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (A.K.D., F.M.F., B.C.-U.), the London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St. Mary's Campus), Imperial College London (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), and the Royal Veterinary College, the Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, University of London (M.W., J.P.W.) - all in London; the Ministry of Health Burundi, Bujumbura (V.B.); the Ministry of Health Niger, Niamey (I.G.); the Ministry of Health Uganda, Vector Control Division, Kampala (E.M.T.); the Ministry of Health Malawi, Lilongwe (S.J.); the Ministry of Health Tanzania and the National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam (U.J.M.); the Ministry of Health Yemen, Sana'a (A.A.); the Ministry of Public Health and Hygiene Mali, Bamako (M.T.); the Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Institute of HIV-AIDS, Disease Prevention, and Control, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali (E.R.); the National Schistosomiasis Program, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (S.T.); and RTI International, Washington, DC (M.D.F.)
| | - Eugene Ruberanziza
- From the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (A.K.D., F.M.F., B.C.-U.), the London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St. Mary's Campus), Imperial College London (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), and the Royal Veterinary College, the Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, University of London (M.W., J.P.W.) - all in London; the Ministry of Health Burundi, Bujumbura (V.B.); the Ministry of Health Niger, Niamey (I.G.); the Ministry of Health Uganda, Vector Control Division, Kampala (E.M.T.); the Ministry of Health Malawi, Lilongwe (S.J.); the Ministry of Health Tanzania and the National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam (U.J.M.); the Ministry of Health Yemen, Sana'a (A.A.); the Ministry of Public Health and Hygiene Mali, Bamako (M.T.); the Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Institute of HIV-AIDS, Disease Prevention, and Control, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali (E.R.); the National Schistosomiasis Program, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (S.T.); and RTI International, Washington, DC (M.D.F.)
| | - Seydou Touré
- From the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (A.K.D., F.M.F., B.C.-U.), the London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St. Mary's Campus), Imperial College London (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), and the Royal Veterinary College, the Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, University of London (M.W., J.P.W.) - all in London; the Ministry of Health Burundi, Bujumbura (V.B.); the Ministry of Health Niger, Niamey (I.G.); the Ministry of Health Uganda, Vector Control Division, Kampala (E.M.T.); the Ministry of Health Malawi, Lilongwe (S.J.); the Ministry of Health Tanzania and the National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam (U.J.M.); the Ministry of Health Yemen, Sana'a (A.A.); the Ministry of Public Health and Hygiene Mali, Bamako (M.T.); the Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Institute of HIV-AIDS, Disease Prevention, and Control, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali (E.R.); the National Schistosomiasis Program, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (S.T.); and RTI International, Washington, DC (M.D.F.)
| | - Maria-Gloria Basáñez
- From the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (A.K.D., F.M.F., B.C.-U.), the London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St. Mary's Campus), Imperial College London (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), and the Royal Veterinary College, the Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, University of London (M.W., J.P.W.) - all in London; the Ministry of Health Burundi, Bujumbura (V.B.); the Ministry of Health Niger, Niamey (I.G.); the Ministry of Health Uganda, Vector Control Division, Kampala (E.M.T.); the Ministry of Health Malawi, Lilongwe (S.J.); the Ministry of Health Tanzania and the National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam (U.J.M.); the Ministry of Health Yemen, Sana'a (A.A.); the Ministry of Public Health and Hygiene Mali, Bamako (M.T.); the Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Institute of HIV-AIDS, Disease Prevention, and Control, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali (E.R.); the National Schistosomiasis Program, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (S.T.); and RTI International, Washington, DC (M.D.F.)
| | - Michael D French
- From the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (A.K.D., F.M.F., B.C.-U.), the London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St. Mary's Campus), Imperial College London (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), and the Royal Veterinary College, the Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, University of London (M.W., J.P.W.) - all in London; the Ministry of Health Burundi, Bujumbura (V.B.); the Ministry of Health Niger, Niamey (I.G.); the Ministry of Health Uganda, Vector Control Division, Kampala (E.M.T.); the Ministry of Health Malawi, Lilongwe (S.J.); the Ministry of Health Tanzania and the National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam (U.J.M.); the Ministry of Health Yemen, Sana'a (A.A.); the Ministry of Public Health and Hygiene Mali, Bamako (M.T.); the Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Institute of HIV-AIDS, Disease Prevention, and Control, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali (E.R.); the National Schistosomiasis Program, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (S.T.); and RTI International, Washington, DC (M.D.F.)
| | - Joanne P Webster
- From the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (A.K.D., F.M.F., B.C.-U.), the London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St. Mary's Campus), Imperial College London (A.K.D., F.M.F., M.W., M.-G.B., J.P.W.), and the Royal Veterinary College, the Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, University of London (M.W., J.P.W.) - all in London; the Ministry of Health Burundi, Bujumbura (V.B.); the Ministry of Health Niger, Niamey (I.G.); the Ministry of Health Uganda, Vector Control Division, Kampala (E.M.T.); the Ministry of Health Malawi, Lilongwe (S.J.); the Ministry of Health Tanzania and the National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam (U.J.M.); the Ministry of Health Yemen, Sana'a (A.A.); the Ministry of Public Health and Hygiene Mali, Bamako (M.T.); the Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Institute of HIV-AIDS, Disease Prevention, and Control, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali (E.R.); the National Schistosomiasis Program, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (S.T.); and RTI International, Washington, DC (M.D.F.)
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Carruthers LV, Moses A, Adriko M, Faust CL, Tukahebwa EM, Hall LJ, Ranford-Cartwright LC, Lamberton PHL. The impact of storage conditions on human stool 16S rRNA microbiome composition and diversity. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8133. [PMID: 31824766 PMCID: PMC6894433 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple factors can influence stool sample integrity upon sample collection. Preservation of faecal samples for microbiome studies is therefore an important step, particularly in tropical regions where resources are limited and high temperatures may significantly influence microbiota profiles. Freezing is the accepted standard to preserve faecal samples however, cold chain methods are often unfeasible in fieldwork scenarios particularly in low and middle-income countries and alternatives are required. This study therefore aimed to address the impact of different preservative methods, time-to-freezing at ambient tropical temperatures, and stool heterogeneity on stool microbiome diversity and composition under real-life physical environments found in resource-limited fieldwork conditions. Methods Inner and outer stool samples collected from one specimen obtained from three children were stored using different storage preservation methods (raw, ethanol and RNAlater) in a Ugandan field setting. Mixed stool was also stored using these techniques and frozen at different time-to-freezing intervals post-collection from 0-32 h. Metataxonomic profiling was used to profile samples, targeting the V1-V2 regions of 16S rRNA with samples run on a MiSeq platform. Reads were trimmed, combined and aligned to the Greengenes database. Microbial diversity and composition data were generated and analysed using Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology and R software. Results Child donor was the greatest predictor of microbiome variation between the stool samples, with all samples remaining identifiable to their child of origin despite the stool being stored under a variety of conditions. However, significant differences were observed in composition and diversity between preservation techniques, but intra-preservation technique variation was minimal for all preservation methods, and across the time-to-freezing range (0-32 h) used. Stool heterogeneity yielded no apparent microbiome differences. Conclusions Stool collected in a fieldwork setting for comparative microbiome analyses should ideally be stored as consistently as possible using the same preservation method throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V Carruthers
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Arinaitwe Moses
- Vector Control Divison, Ugandan Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses Adriko
- Vector Control Divison, Ugandan Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christina L Faust
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Lindsay J Hall
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Lisa C Ranford-Cartwright
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Poppy H L Lamberton
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Cohn DA, Kelly MP, Bhandari K, Zoerhoff KL, Batcho WE, Drabo F, Negussu N, Marfo B, Goepogui A, Lemoine JF, Ganefa S, Massangaie M, Rimal P, Gnandou I, Anagbogu IN, Ndiaye M, Bah YM, Mwingira UJ, Awoussi MS, Tukahebwa EM, Stelmach RD, Mingkwan PC, Pou B, Koroma JB, Rotondo LA, Kraemer JD, Baker MC. Gender equity in mass drug administration for neglected tropical diseases: data from 16 countries. Int Health 2019; 11:370-378. [PMID: 30845318 PMCID: PMC6748770 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender equity in global health is a target of the Sustainable Development Goals and a requirement of just societies. Substantial progress has been made towards control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) via mass drug administration (MDA). However, little is known about whether MDA coverage is equitable. This study assesses the availability of gender-disaggregated data and whether systematic gender differences in MDA coverage exist. METHODS Coverage data were analyzed for 4784 district-years in 16 countries from 2012 through 2016. The percentage of districts reporting gender-disaggregated data was calculated and male-female coverage compared. RESULTS Reporting of gender-disaggregated coverage data improved from 32% of districts in 2012 to 90% in 2016. In 2016, median female coverage was 85.5% compared with 79.3% for males. Female coverage was higher than male coverage for all diseases. However, within-country differences exist, with 64 (3.3%) districts reporting male coverage >10 percentage points higher than female coverage. CONCLUSIONS Reporting of gender-disaggregated data is feasible. And NTD programs consistently achieve at least equal levels of coverage for women. Understanding gendered barriers to MDA for men and women remains a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Cohn
- RTI International, 701 13th St NW, Suite 750, Washington, DC USA
| | - Maureen P Kelly
- RTI International, 701 13th St NW, Suite 750, Washington, DC USA
| | - Kalpana Bhandari
- RTI International, 701 13th St NW, Suite 750, Washington, DC USA
| | | | - Wilfrid E Batcho
- National Communicable Disease Control Program, Ministry of Health, 01 BP 882, Cotonou, Republic of Benin
| | - François Drabo
- National Neglected Tropical Disease Control Program, Disease Control Directorate, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Nebiyu Negussu
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Team, Disease Prevention and Control Directorate, Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
| | - Benjamin Marfo
- National NTD Program, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Republic of Ghana
| | - André Goepogui
- National Onchocerciasis and Blindness and Neglected Tropical Disease Control Program, National Prevention and Community Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, BP 585, Conakry, Republic of Guinea
| | - Jean-Frantz Lemoine
- National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Public Health and Population, 30 Rue Mercier Laham, Delmas 60, Republic of Haiti
| | - Sitti Ganefa
- Sub-Directorate of Filariasis & Helminthiasis Control, Directorate of Vector Borne Disease Control, Directorate General of Communicable Disease and Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Jl. Percetakan Negara No. 29, Jakarta, Republic of Indonesia
| | - Marilia Massangaie
- Department of Other Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, AV. Eduardo Mondlane e Salvador Allende, Maputo, Republic of Mozambique
| | - Pradip Rimal
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health, Teku, Kathmandu, Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
| | - Issa Gnandou
- National Bilharzia and Soil-Transmitted Helminths Control Program, Ministry of Public Health, Niamey, Republic of Niger
| | - Ifeoma N Anagbogu
- Department of Public Health, Neglected Tropical Diseases Division, Federal Ministry of Health, Federal Secretariat Complex Phase 3, Ahmadu Bello Way, CBD, Abuja, Federal Republic of Nigeria
| | - Mamadou Ndiaye
- Neglected Tropical Disease Control Program, Disease Control Directorate, Ministry of Health and Social Work, Dakar, Republic of Senegal
| | - Yakuba Madina Bah
- NTD Programme, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Republic of Sierra Leone
| | - Upendo J Mwingira
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- National Institute for Medical Research, 2448 Barack Obama Dr, Box 9653, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Marcel S Awoussi
- National Neglected Tropical Disease Control Program, General Directorate of Health, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Lomé, Republic of Togo
| | | | | | - Pia C Mingkwan
- RTI International, 701 13th St NW, Suite 750, Washington, DC USA
| | - Bolivar Pou
- FHI 360, 1825 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Joseph B Koroma
- FHI 360, 1st Floor, Marvel House, 148A Giffard Road, East Cantonments, Accra, Ghana
| | - Lisa A Rotondo
- RTI International, 701 13th St NW, Suite 750, Washington, DC USA
| | - John D Kraemer
- RTI International, 701 13th St NW, Suite 750, Washington, DC USA
- Department of Health Systems Administration, Georgetown University, 3700 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Margaret C Baker
- RTI International, 701 13th St NW, Suite 750, Washington, DC USA
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21
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Exum NG, Kibira SPS, Ssenyonga R, Nobili J, Shannon AK, Ssempebwa JC, Tukahebwa EM, Radloff S, Schwab KJ, Makumbi FE. The prevalence of schistosomiasis in Uganda: A nationally representative population estimate to inform control programs and water and sanitation interventions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007617. [PMID: 31412023 PMCID: PMC6709927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To improve schistosomiasis control programs in Uganda, where intestinal schistosomiasis is a widespread public health problem, a country-wide assessment of the disease prevalence among all age ranges is needed. Few studies have aimed to quantify the relationships between disease prevalence and water and sanitation characteristics across Uganda to understand the potential to interrupt disease transmission with an integrated package of interventions. Methodology/Principal findings A nationally representative survey was undertaken that included a household and individual questionnaire followed by disease testing based on detection of worm antigens (circulating cathodic antigen–CCA), diagnosis and treatment. A comprehensive set of questions was asked of randomly sampled individuals, two years of age and above, to understand their water and sanitation infrastructure, open defecation behaviors, exposure to surface water bodies, and knowledge of schistosomiasis. From a set of 170 randomly sampled, geographically diverse enumeration areas, a total of 9,183 study participants were included. After adjustment with sample weights, the national prevalence of schistosomiasis was 25.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 22.3, 29.0) with children ages two to four most at risk for the disease with 36.1% infected (95% CI: 30.1, 42.2). The defecation behaviors of an individual were more strongly associated with infection status than the household water and sanitation infrastructure, indicating the importance of incorporating behavior change into community-led total sanitation coverage. Conclusions/Significance Our results highlight the importance of incorporating monitoring and evaluation data into control programs in Uganda to understand the geographic distribution of schistosomiasis prevalence outside of communities where endemicity is known to be high. The high prevalence of schistosomiasis among the youngest age group, ineligible to receive drug treatment, shows the imperative to develop a child-appropriate drug protocol that can be safely administered to preschool-aged children. Water and sanitation interventions should be considered an essential investment for elimination alongside drug treatment. Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease in sub-Saharan Africa that has remained intractable despite efforts to eliminate it through mass drug administration. The transmission cycle is perpetuated when sanitation infrastructure does not adequately capture infected urine or feces and local water bodies, with snail vectors, are contaminated. Schistosomiasis has been linked with stunting and cognitive deficits and there is particular concern for the most vulnerable age group under five years old who are undergoing critical intestinal development but are ineligible to receive drug treatment. Efforts to reduce the disease have focused on children and young adolescents in endemic areas, near water bodies where transmission is known to be high. In Uganda, where fresh water bodies are abundant and intestinal schistosomiasis is endemic, very little is understood about the disease prevalence at a national level. We conducted a large, nationally representative survey and found a national prevalence of 25.6% where the 2–4 year old children had the highest prevalence for schistosomiasis with 36.1% infected. The most significant risk-factor for the disease was an individual’s open defecation behaviors in surface waters. This emphasizes the need to include water and sanitation investments alongside drug treatment and behavior change to control schistosomiasis in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie G. Exum
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Simon P. S. Kibira
- Department of Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ronald Ssenyonga
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Julien Nobili
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Alexandra K. Shannon
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - John C. Ssempebwa
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Scott Radloff
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Kellogg J. Schwab
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Fredrick E. Makumbi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Chami GF, Kabatereine NB, Tukahebwa EM. Profiling the best-performing community medicine distributors for mass drug administration: a comprehensive, data-driven analysis of treatment for schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, and soil-transmitted helminths in Uganda. BMC Med 2019; 17:69. [PMID: 30917824 PMCID: PMC6437990 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most prevalent neglected tropical diseases are treated through blanket drug distribution that is reliant on lay community medicine distributors (CMDs). Yet, treatment rates achieved by CMDs vary widely and it is not known which CMDs treat the most people. METHODS In Mayuge District, Uganda, we tracked 6779 individuals (aged 1+ years) in 1238 households across 31 villages. Routine, community-based mass drug administration (MDA) was implemented for schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, and soil-transmitted helminths. For each CMD, the percentage of eligible individuals treated (offered and ingested medicines) with at least one drug of praziquantel, albendazole, or ivermectin was examined. CMD attributes (more than 25) were measured, ranging from altruistic tendencies to socioeconomic characteristics to MDA-specific variables. The predictors of treatment rates achieved by CMDs were selected with least absolute shrinkage and selection operators and then analyzed in ordinary least squares regression with standard errors clustered by village. The influences of participant compliance and the ordering of drugs offered also were examined for the treatment rates achieved by CMDs. RESULTS Overall, only 44.89% (3043/6779) of eligible individuals were treated with at least one drug. Treatment rates varied amongst CMDs from 0% to 84.25%. Treatment rate increases were associated (p value< 0.05) with CMDs who displayed altruistic biases towards their friends (13.88%), had friends who helped with MDA (8.43%), were male (11.96%), worked as fishermen/fishmongers (14.93%), and used protected drinking water sources (13.43%). Only 0.24% (16/6779) of all eligible individuals were noncompliant by refusing to ingest all offered drugs. Distributing praziquantel first was strongly, positively correlated (p value < 0.0001) with treatment rates for albendazole and ivermectin. CONCLUSIONS These findings profile CMDs who treat the most people during routine MDA. Criteria currently used to select CMDs-community-wide meetings, educational attainment, age, years as a CMD, etc.-were uninformative. Participant noncompliance and the provision of praziquantel before albendazole and ivermectin did not negatively impact treatment rates achieved by CMDs. Engaging CMD friend groups with MDA, selecting CMDs who practise good preventative health behaviours, and including CMDs with high-risk occupations for endemic infections may improve MDA treatment rates. Evidence-based guidelines are needed to improve the monitoring, selection, and replacement of CMDs during MDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goylette F Chami
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Ct. Rd., Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Narcis B Kabatereine
- Vector Control Division, Bilharzia and Worm Control Programme, Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edridah M Tukahebwa
- Vector Control Division, Bilharzia and Worm Control Programme, Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
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Bärenbold O, Garba A, Colley DG, Fleming FM, Haggag AA, Ramzy RMR, Assaré RK, Tukahebwa EM, Mbonigaba JB, Bucumi V, Kebede B, Yibi MS, Meité A, Coulibaly JT, N’Goran EK, Tchuem Tchuenté LA, Mwinzi P, Utzinger J, Vounatsou P. Translating preventive chemotherapy prevalence thresholds for Schistosoma mansoni from the Kato-Katz technique into the point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen diagnostic test. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006941. [PMID: 30550594 PMCID: PMC6310297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervention guidelines against Schistosoma mansoni are based on the Kato-Katz technique. However, Kato-Katz thick smears show low sensitivity, especially for light-intensity infections. The point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) is a promising rapid diagnostic test detecting antigen output of living worms in urine and results are reported as trace, 1+, 2+, and 3+. The use of POC-CCA for schistosomiasis mapping, control, and surveillance requires translation of the Kato-Katz prevalence thresholds into POC-CCA relative treatment cut-offs. Furthermore, the infection status of egg-negative but antigen-positive individuals and the intensity-dependent sensitivity of POC-CCA should be estimated to determine its suitability for verification of disease elimination efforts. METHODOLOGY We used data from settings in Africa and the Americas characterized by a wide range of S. mansoni endemicity. We estimated infection intensity-dependent sensitivity and specificity of each test at the unit of the individual, using a hierarchical Bayesian egg-count model that removes the need to define a 'gold' standard applied to data with multiple Kato-Katz thick smears and POC-CCA urine cassette tests. A simulation study was carried out based on the model estimates to assess the relation of the two diagnostic tests for different endemicity scenarios. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS POC-CCA showed high specificity (> 95%), and high sensitivity (> 95%) for moderate and heavy infection intensities, and moderate sensitivity (> 75%) for light infection intensities, and even for egg-negative but antigen-positive infections. A 10% duplicate slide Kato-Katz thick smear prevalence corresponded to a 15-40% prevalence of ≥ trace-positive POC-CCA, and 10-20% prevalence of ≥ 1+ POC-CCA. The prevalence of ≥ 2+ POC-CCA corresponded directly to single slide Kato-Katz prevalence for all prevalence levels. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The moderate sensitivity of POC-CCA, even for very light S. mansoni infections where the sensitivity of Kato-Katz is very low, and the identified relationship between Kato-Katz and POC-CCA prevalence thresholds render the latter diagnostic tool useful for surveillance and initial estimation of elimination of S. mansoni. For prevalence below 10% based on a duplicate slide Kato-Katz thick smear, we suggest using POC-CCA including trace results to evaluate treatment needs and propose new intervention thresholds that need to be validated in different settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bärenbold
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amadou Garba
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel G. Colley
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Fiona M. Fleming
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Reda M. R. Ramzy
- National Nutrition Institute, General Organisation for Teaching Hospitals and Institutes, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rufin K. Assaré
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | | | - Victor Bucumi
- Programme National Intégré de Lutte contre les Maladies Tropicales Négligées et la Cécité au Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | | | - Makoy S. Yibi
- Neglected Tropical Disease Department, Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Aboulaye Meité
- Programme National de Lutte contre les Maladies Tropicales Négligées à Chimiothérapie Préventive, Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Jean T. Coulibaly
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Eliézer K. N’Goran
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Louis-Albert Tchuem Tchuenté
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Pauline Mwinzi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Penelope Vounatsou
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Egesa M, Lubyayi L, Jones FM, van Diepen A, Chalmers IW, Tukahebwa EM, Bagaya BS, Hokke CH, Hoffmann KF, Dunne DW, Elliott AM, Yazdanbakhsh M, Wilson S, Cose S. Antibody responses to Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula antigens. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12591. [PMID: 30239012 PMCID: PMC6492298 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While antigens from Schistosoma schistosomula have been suggested as potential vaccine candidates, the association between antibody responses with schistosomula antigens and infection intensity at reinfection is not well known. Schistosoma mansoni-infected individuals were recruited from a schistosomiasis endemic area in Uganda (n = 372), treated with 40 mg/kg praziquantel (PZQ) and followed up at five weeks and at one year post-treatment. Pre-treatment and five weeks post-treatment immunoglobulin (Ig) E, IgG1 and IgG4 levels against recombinant schistosomula antigens rSmKK7, rSmLy6A, rSmLy6B and rSmTSP7 were measured using ELISA. Factors associated with detectable pre-treatment or post-treatment antibody response against the schistosomula antigens and the association between five-week antibody responses and one year post-treatment reinfection intensity among antibody responders were examined. Being male was associated with higher pre-treatment IgG1 to rSmKK7, rSmLy6a and AWA. Five weeks post-treatment antibody responses against schistosomula antigens were not associated with one year post-treatment reinfection intensity among antibody responders' antibody levels against rSmKK7, rSmLy6B and rSmTSP7 dropped, but increased against rSmLy6A, AWA and SEA at five weeks post-treatment among antibody responders. S. mansoni-infected individuals exhibit detectable antibody responses to schistosomula antigens that are affected by treatment. These findings indicate that schistosomula antigens induce highly varied antibody responses and could have implications for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Egesa
- Department of Medical MicrobiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesMakerere University College of Health SciencesKampalaUganda
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research UnitEntebbeUganda
| | - Lawrence Lubyayi
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research UnitEntebbeUganda
| | | | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of ParasitologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Iain W. Chalmers
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural SciencesAberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
| | | | - Bernard S. Bagaya
- Department of Immunology and Molecular BiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesMakerere University College of Health SciencesKampalaUganda
| | - Cornelis H. Hokke
- Department of ParasitologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Karl F. Hoffmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural SciencesAberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
| | - David W. Dunne
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Alison M. Elliott
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research UnitEntebbeUganda
- Department of Clinical ResearchLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of ParasitologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Shona Wilson
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Stephen Cose
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research UnitEntebbeUganda
- Department of Clinical ResearchLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
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25
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Baayenda G, Mugume F, Turyaguma P, Tukahebwa EM, Binagwa B, Onapa A, Agunyo S, Osilo MK, French MD, Thuo W, Rotondo LA, Renneker K, Willis R, Bakhtiari A, Harding-Esch EM, Solomon AW, Ngondi JM. Completing Baseline Mapping of Trachoma in Uganda: Results of 14 Population-Based Prevalence Surveys Conducted in 2014 and 2018. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2018; 25:162-170. [PMID: 30806547 PMCID: PMC6444199 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2018.1546879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to estimate the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) in children aged 1-9 years, trichiasis in adults aged ≥15 years, and water and sanitation (WASH) indicators in 12 suspected-endemic districts in Uganda. METHODS Surveys were undertaken in 14 evaluation units (EUs) covering 12 districts. Districts were selected based on a desk review in 2014 (four districts) and trachoma rapid assessments in 2018 (eight districts). We calculated that 1,019 children aged 1-9 years were needed in each EU to estimate TF prevalence with acceptable precision and used three-stage cluster sampling to select 30 households in each of 28 (2014 surveys) or 24 (2018 surveys) villages. Participants living in selected households aged ≥1 year were examined for trachoma; thus enabling estimation of prevalences of TF in 1-9 year-olds and trichiasis in ≥15 year-olds. Household-level WASH access data were also collected. RESULTS A total of 11,796 households were surveyed; 22,465 children aged 1-9 years and 24,652 people aged ≥15 years were examined. EU-level prevalence of TF ranged from 0.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.1-0.7) to 3.9% (95% CI 2.1-5.8). EU-level trichiasis prevalence ranged from 0.01% (95% CI 0-0.11) to 0.81% (95% CI 0.35-1.50). Overall proportions of households with improved drinking water source, water source in yard or within 1km, and improved sanitation facilities were 88.1%, 23.0% and 23.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION TF was not a public health problem in any of the 14 EUs surveyed: antibiotic mass drug administration is not required in these districts. However, in four EUs, trichiasis prevalence was ≥ 0.2%, so public health-level trichiasis surgery interventions are warranted. These findings will facilitate planning for elimination of trachoma in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emma M. Harding-Esch
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anthony W. Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Egesa M, Lubyayi L, Tukahebwa EM, Bagaya BS, Chalmers IW, Wilson S, Hokke CH, Hoffmann KF, Dunne DW, Yazdanbakhsh M, Labuda LA, Cose S. Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula antigens induce Th1/Pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12592. [PMID: 30239006 PMCID: PMC6492251 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Larvae of Schistosoma (schistosomula) are highly susceptible to host immune responses and are attractive prophylactic vaccine targets, although cellular immune responses against schistosomula antigens in endemic human populations are not well characterized. We collected blood and stool from 54 Schistosoma mansoni-infected Ugandans, isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and stimulated them for 24 hours with schistosome adult worm and soluble egg antigens (AWA and SEA), along with schistosomula recombinant proteins rSmKK7, Lymphocyte Antigen 6 isoforms (rSmLy6A and rSmLy6B), tetraspanin isoforms (rSmTSP6 and rSmTSP7). Cytokines, chemokines and growth factors were measured in the culture supernatants using a multiplex luminex assay, and infection intensity was determined before and at 1 year after praziquantel (PZQ) treatment using the Kato-Katz method. Cellular responses were grouped and the relationship between groups of correlated cellular responses and infection intensity before and after PZQ treatment was investigated. AWA and SEA induced mainly Th2 responses. In contrast, rSmLy6B, rSmTSP6 and rSmTSP7 induced Th1/pro-inflammatory responses. While recombinant antigens rSmKK7 and rSmLy6A did not induce a Th1/pro-inflammatory response, they had an association with pre-treatment infection intensity after adjusting for age and sex. Testing more schistosomula antigens using this approach could provide immune-epidemiology identifiers necessary for prioritizing next generation schistosomiasis vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Egesa
- Department of Medical MicrobiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesMakerere University College of Health SciencesKampalaUganda
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research UnitEntebbeUganda
| | - Lawrence Lubyayi
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research UnitEntebbeUganda
| | | | - Bernard S. Bagaya
- Department of Immunology and Molecular BiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesMakerere University College of Health SciencesKampalaUganda
| | - Iain W. Chalmers
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural SciencesAberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
| | - Shona Wilson
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Cornelis H. Hokke
- Department of ParasitologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Karl F. Hoffmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural SciencesAberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
| | - David W. Dunne
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of ParasitologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Lucja A. Labuda
- Department of ParasitologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Stephen Cose
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research UnitEntebbeUganda
- Department of Clinical ResearchLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
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Chami GF, Kabatereine NB, Tukahebwa EM, Dunne DW. Precision global health and comorbidity: a population-based study of 16 357 people in rural Uganda. J R Soc Interface 2018; 15:20180248. [PMID: 30381343 PMCID: PMC6228477 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In low-income countries, complex comorbidities and weak health systems confound disease diagnosis and treatment. Yet, data-driven approaches have not been applied to develop better diagnostic strategies or to tailor treatment delivery for individuals within rural poor communities. We observed symptoms/diseases reported within three months by 16 357 individuals aged 1+ years in 17 villages of Mayuge District, Uganda. Symptoms were mapped to the Human Phenotype Ontology. Comorbidity networks were constructed. An edge between two symptoms/diseases was generated if the relative risk greater than 1, ϕ correlation greater than 0, and local false discovery rate less than 0.05. We studied how network structure and flagship symptom profiles varied against biosocial factors. 88.05% of individuals (14 402/16 357) reported at least one symptom/disease. Young children and individuals in worse-off households-low socioeconomic status, poor water, sanitation, and hygiene, and poor medical care-had dense network structures with the highest comorbidity burden and/or were conducive to the onset of new comorbidities from existing flagship symptoms, such as fever. Flagship symptom profiles for fever revealed self-misdiagnoses of fever as malaria and sexually transmitted infections as a potentially missed cause of fever in individuals of reproductive age. Network analysis may inform the development of new diagnostic and treatment strategies for flagship symptoms used to characterize syndromes/diseases of global concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goylette F Chami
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Narcis B Kabatereine
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
- Bilharzia and Worm Control Programme, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, 15 Bombo Road, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edridah M Tukahebwa
- Bilharzia and Worm Control Programme, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, 15 Bombo Road, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David W Dunne
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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Adriko M, Tinkitina B, Arinaitwe M, Kabatereine NB, Nanyunja M, M. Tukahebwa E. Impact of a national deworming campaign on the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Uganda (2004-2016): Implications for national control programs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006520. [PMID: 29975696 PMCID: PMC6135520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Soil-transmitted Helminths and Anemia potentially reduce and retard cognitive and physical growth in school-age children with great implications for national control programs in Africa. After 13 years of deworming and limited health education campaigns, a study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of deworming interventions on the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminthic infections in school-age children in Uganda. Methodology A cross-sectional study was carried out in six regions of Uganda, where two districts were randomly selected per region based on the ecological zones in the country. Included in the study were the districts; Mpigi and Nakasongola from the Central; Nakapiripirit and Kotido from Karamoja; Arua and Yumbe from West Nile; Gulu and Alebtong from the North; Kaliro and Mbale from the East; Hoima and Bundibugyo in the West. Five schools were randomly selected from each district and in each school 50 children aged 6–14 years were randomly selected. Stool samples were taken each child and examined for the presence of helminthic infections. A short pretested questionnaire was administered to each participant to obtain their knowledge, attitude, and practice relating to STH infections, their control. General observations were made on environmental sanitation in the schools. The location of each school was geo-referenced using a GPS machine (Garmin®GPSMAP62, Garmin Ltd, Southampton, UK). Results In total, 4,285 children were assessed including 719(16.82%) from central region, 718(16.80%) from eastern region, 719 (16.82%) from northern region, 689 (18.82%) from Karamoja region, 717(16.77%) from West Nile region and 723(16.91%) from western region. The average age of the children was 12.6 years with a standard deviation, SD 1.8 years and the minimum age was 6 years and upper age limit of 12 years. The percentage of boys (50.1%) and girls (49.9%) was comparable. 8.8% (95% CI; 8.0–9.7) were infected with at least any one STH species. Hookworm was the most prevalent (7.7%; 95% CI; 6.9–8.5) followed by whipworms (Trichuris trichiura) (1.3%; 95% CI; 1.0–1.7) and roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides) (0.5%; 95% CI; 0.3–0.7). Some children had Schistosoma mansoni, 13.0% (95% CI; 12.0–14.0). All the children knew what soil transmitted helminths were (62.8%, 95% CI: 61.3–64.2) and most common knowledge of information were from; home (39%, 95% CI: 37.1–40.8), media (radio& newspaper)(11%, 95% CI: 9.8–12.2), school(65.7%, 95% CI: 63.9–67.5) and friends(11.5%, 95% CI: 10.3–12.7). Majority were aware of how one gets infected with soil transmitted helminths through; eating contaminated food (77.5%, 95% CI: 76.0–79.1), walking barefoot (59.6%, 95% CI: 57.8–61.5), drinking contaminated water (52.9%, 95% CI: 51.0–54.8), playing in dirty places (21.8%, 95% CI: 20.2–23.3) and dirty hands (2.3%, 95% CI: 1.7–2.9). Conclusion Semi-annual deworming campaigns have proved effective in significantly reducing helminthic infections in most of the districts in Uganda. Regular evaluations are vital to assess impact of the interventions and guide programme implementation. Our data shows that the prevalence of infection has been reduced to a level where STH morbidity is no longer of public health importance in most districts surveyed. Soil-transmitted Helminths potentially reduce physical growth and retard cognitive development in school-age children (SAC) with great implications for national control programs in Africa. In Uganda, baseline investigations between 1998 and 2002, indicated STH prevalence was over 60.0% in most districts, the commonest worms infections were Hookworms, Ascaris and Trichuris. Twice a year national deworming campaign was initiated in 2003 targeting aged 1–14 years. Over ten years of deworming campaigns, has reduced the overall STH prevalence to 8.8% in 2016. The findings suggest routine deworming campaigns reduce STH exposure and infections. Periodic program evaluations are key to determining the progress made in order to achieve the elimination targets by 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Adriko
- Uganda Institute of Allied Health & Management Science (UIAHMS), School of Medical Entomology and Parasitology, Kampala, Uganda
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Moses Arinaitwe
- Uganda Institute of Allied Health & Management Science (UIAHMS), School of Medical Entomology and Parasitology, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Narcis B. Kabatereine
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
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Prada JM, Touloupou P, Adriko M, Tukahebwa EM, Lamberton PHL, Hollingsworth TD. Understanding the relationship between egg- and antigen-based diagnostics of Schistosoma mansoni infection pre- and post-treatment in Uganda. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:21. [PMID: 29310695 PMCID: PMC5759883 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a major socio-economic and public health problem in many sub-Saharan African countries. After large mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns, prevalence of infection rapidly returns to pre-treatment levels. The traditional egg-based diagnostic for schistosome infections, Kato-Katz, is being substituted in many settings by circulating antigen recognition-based diagnostics, usually the point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen test (CCA). The relationship between these diagnostics is poorly understood, particularly after treatment in both drug-efficacy studies and routine monitoring. RESULTS We created a model of schistosome infections to better understand and quantify the relationship between these two egg- and adult worm antigen-based diagnostics. We focused particularly on the interpretation of "trace" results after CCA testing. Our analyses suggest that CCA is generally a better predictor of prevalence, particularly after treatment, and that trace CCA results are typically associated with truly infected individuals. CONCLUSIONS Even though prevalence rises to pre-treatment levels only six months after MDAs, our model suggests that the average intensity of infection is much lower, and is probably in part due to a small burden of surviving juveniles from when the treatment occurred. This work helps to better understand CCA diagnostics and the interpretation of post-treatment prevalence estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín M. Prada
- Department of Mathematics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | - Moses Adriko
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Poppy H. L. Lamberton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - T. Déirdre Hollingsworth
- Department of Mathematics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Chami GF, Kontoleon AA, Bulte E, Fenwick A, Kabatereine NB, Tukahebwa EM, Dunne DW. Diffusion of treatment in social networks and mass drug administration. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1929. [PMID: 29208898 PMCID: PMC5717046 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01499-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Information, behaviors, and technologies spread when people interact. Understanding these interactions is critical for achieving the greatest diffusion of public interventions. Yet, little is known about the performance of starting points (seed nodes) for diffusion. We track routine mass drug administration-the large-scale distribution of deworming drugs-in Uganda. We observe friendship networks, socioeconomic factors, and treatment delivery outcomes for 16,357 individuals in 3491 households of 17 rural villages. Each village has two community medicine distributors (CMDs), who are the seed nodes and responsible for administering treatments. Here, we show that CMDs with tightly knit (clustered) friendship connections achieve the greatest reach and speed of treatment coverage. Importantly, we demonstrate that clustering predicts diffusion through social networks when spreading relies on contact with seed nodes while centrality is unrelated to diffusion. Clustering should be considered when selecting seed nodes for large-scale treatment campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goylette F Chami
- Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, 19 Silver St., Cambridge, CB3 9EP, UK.
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Ct. Rd., Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Andreas A Kontoleon
- Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, 19 Silver St., Cambridge, CB3 9EP, UK.
| | - Erwin Bulte
- Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, 19 Silver St., Cambridge, CB3 9EP, UK
- Development Economics Group, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, Wageningen, 6706 KN, The Netherlands
| | - Alan Fenwick
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, Norfolk Pl., London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Narcis B Kabatereine
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, Norfolk Pl., London, W2 1PG, UK
- Uganda Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Bilharzia and Worm Control Programme, 15 Bombo Rd., Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edridah M Tukahebwa
- Uganda Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Bilharzia and Worm Control Programme, 15 Bombo Rd., Kampala, Uganda
| | - David W Dunne
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Ct. Rd., Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
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Loum D, Katholi CR, Lakwo T, Habomugisha P, Tukahebwa EM, Unnasch TR. Evaluation of Community-Directed Operation of Black Fly Traps for Entomological Surveillance of Onchocerca volvulus Transmission in the Madi-Mid North Focus of Onchocerciasis in Northern Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1235-1242. [PMID: 29031285 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomological measures of transmission are important metrics specified by the World Health Organization to document the suppression and interruption of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus, the causative agent of onchocerciasis. These metrics require testing of large numbers of vector black flies. Black fly collection has relied on human landing collections, which are inefficient and potentially hazardous. As the focus of the international community has shifted from onchocerciasis control to elimination, replacement of human landing collections has become a priority. The Esperanza window trap (EWT) has shown promise as an alternative method for collection of Simulium damnosum s.l., the primary vector of O. volvulus in Africa. Here, we report the results of a community-based trial of the EWT in northern Uganda. Traps operated by residents were compared with human landing collections in two communities over 5 months. Three traps, when operated by a single village resident, collected over four times as many S. damnosum as did the two-men collection team. No significant differences were noted among the bait formulations. The results suggest that EWTs may be effectively operated by community residents and that the trap represents a viable alternative to human landing collections for entomological surveillance of O. volvulus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Loum
- Nwoya District Local Government, Nwoya, Uganda
| | - Charles R Katholi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Thomson Lakwo
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Thomas R Unnasch
- Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Chami GF, Kontoleon AA, Bulte E, Fenwick A, Kabatereine NB, Tukahebwa EM, Dunne DW. Community-directed mass drug administration is undermined by status seeking in friendship networks and inadequate trust in health advice networks. Soc Sci Med 2017; 183:37-47. [PMID: 28458073 PMCID: PMC5446315 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Over 1.9 billion individuals require preventive chemotherapy through mass drug administration (MDA). Community-directed MDA relies on volunteer community medicine distributors (CMDs) and their achievement of high coverage and compliance. Yet, it is unknown if village social networks influence effective MDA implementation by CMDs. In Mayuge District, Uganda, census-style surveys were conducted for 16,357 individuals from 3,491 households in 17 villages. Praziquantel, albendazole, and ivermectin were administered for one month in community-directed MDA to treat Schistosoma mansoni, hookworm, and lymphatic filariasis. Self-reported treatment outcomes, socioeconomic characteristics, friendship networks, and health advice networks were collected. We investigated systematically missed coverage and noncompliance. Coverage was defined as an eligible person being offered at least one drug by CMDs; compliance included ingesting at least one of the offered drugs. These outcomes were analyzed as a two-stage process using a Heckman selection model. To further assess if MDA through CMDs was working as intended, we examined the probability of accurate drug administration of 1) praziquantel, 2) both albendazole and ivermectin, and 3) all drugs. This analysis was conducted using bivariate Probit regression. Four indicators from each social network were examined: degree, betweenness centrality, closeness centrality, and the presence of a direct connection to CMDs. All models accounted for nested household and village standard errors. CMDs were more likely to offer medicines, and to accurately administer the drugs as trained by the national control programme, to individuals with high friendship degree (many connections) and high friendship closeness centrality (households that were only a short number of steps away from all other households in the network). Though high (88.59%), additional compliance was associated with directly trusting CMDs for health advice. Effective treatment provision requires addressing CMD biases towards influential, well-embedded individuals in friendship networks and utilizing health advice networks to increase village trust in CMDs. Evaluation of mass drug administration implementation using social networks. Evidence of social biases and status-seeking from community medicine distributors. Coverage and compliance with mass drug administration for 16,357 individuals. Impact of friendship and health advice networks on treatment probability. Overlap of network status and formal social status in rural villages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goylette F Chami
- Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9EP, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom.
| | - Andreas A Kontoleon
- Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9EP, United Kingdom
| | - Erwin Bulte
- Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9EP, United Kingdom; Development Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6706 KN, The Netherlands
| | - Alan Fenwick
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Narcis B Kabatereine
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Uganda Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Bilharzia and Worm Control Programme, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edridah M Tukahebwa
- Uganda Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Bilharzia and Worm Control Programme, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David W Dunne
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
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Crellen T, Walker M, Lamberton PHL, Kabatereine NB, Tukahebwa EM, Cotton JA, Webster JP. Reduced Efficacy of Praziquantel Against Schistosoma mansoni Is Associated With Multiple Rounds of Mass Drug Administration. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:1151-1159. [PMID: 27470241 PMCID: PMC5064161 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel is the cornerstone of schistosomiasis control in sub-Saharan Africa. The effectiveness of this strategy is dependent on the continued high efficacy of praziquantel; however, drug efficacy is rarely monitored using appropriate statistical approaches that can detect early signs of wane. Methods. We conducted a repeated cross-sectional study, examining children infected with Schistosoma mansoni from 6 schools in Uganda that had previously received between 1 and 9 rounds of MDA with praziquantel. We collected up to 12 S. mansoni egg counts from 414 children aged 6–12 years before and 25–27 days after treatment with praziquantel. We estimated individual patient egg reduction rates (ERRs) using a statistical model to explore the influence of covariates, including the number of prior MDA rounds. Results. The average ERR among children within schools that had received 8 or 9 previous rounds of MDA (95% Bayesian credible interval [BCI], 88.23%–93.64%) was statistically significantly lower than the average in schools that had received 5 rounds (95% BCI, 96.13%–99.08%) or 1 round (95% BCI, 95.51%–98.96%) of MDA. We estimate that 5.11%, 4.55%, and 16.42% of children from schools that had received 1, 5, and 8–9 rounds of MDA, respectively, had ERRs below the 90% threshold of optimal praziquantel efficacy set by the World Health Organization. Conclusions. The reduced efficacy of praziquantel in schools with a higher exposure to MDA may pose a threat to the effectiveness of schistosomiasis control programs. We call for the efficacy of anthelmintic drugs used in MDA to be closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Crellen
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and the London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire
| | - Martin Walker
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and the London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus
| | - Poppy H L Lamberton
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and the London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine and Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Joanne P Webster
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and the London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire
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Tweyongyere R, Namanya H, Naniima P, Cose S, Tukahebwa EM, Elliott AM, Dunne DW, Wilson S. Human eosinophils modulate peripheral blood mononuclear cell response to Schistosoma mansoni adult worm antigen in vitro. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:516-22. [PMID: 27169695 PMCID: PMC4973678 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
High numbers of eosinophils are observed in parasitic infections and allergic diseases, where they are proposed to be terminally differentiated effector cells that play beneficial role in host defence, or cause harmful inflammatory response. Eosinophils have been associated with killing of schistosomulae in vitro, but there is growing evidence that eosinophils can play additional immuno‐regulatory role. Here, we report results of a study that examines peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cytokine responses to Schistosoma mansoni adult worm antigen (SWA) when stimulated alone or enriched with autologous eosinophils. Production of the Th‐2 type cytokines interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐13 was lower (P = 0·017, 0·018 and <0·001, respectively) in PBMC + eosinophil cultures than in PBMC‐only cultures stimulated with SWA. Substantial levels of IL‐13, IL‐10, interferon gamma and tumour necrosis factor alpha were recorded in cultures of eosinophils, but none of these cytokines showed significant association with the observed eosinophil‐induced drop in cytokine responses of PBMC. Transwell experiments suggested that the observed effect is due to soluble mediators that downmodulate production of Th‐2 type cytokines. This study shows that eosinophils may down‐modulate schistosome‐specific Th‐2 type cytokine responses in S. mansoni‐infected individuals. The mechanism of this immune modulation remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tweyongyere
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacy Clinical & Comparative Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,MRC/UVRI Research Unit on AIDS, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - H Namanya
- Vector Control Division- Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - P Naniima
- MRC/UVRI Research Unit on AIDS, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - S Cose
- MRC/UVRI Research Unit on AIDS, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda.,London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - E M Tukahebwa
- Vector Control Division- Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - A M Elliott
- MRC/UVRI Research Unit on AIDS, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda.,London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - D W Dunne
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Fuhrimann S, Winkler MS, Kabatereine NB, Tukahebwa EM, Halage AA, Rutebemberwa E, Medlicott K, Schindler C, Utzinger J, Cissé G. Risk of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in People with Different Exposures to Wastewater and Fecal Sludge in Kampala, Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004469. [PMID: 26938060 PMCID: PMC4777287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are health risks associated with wastewater and fecal sludge management and use, but little is known about the magnitude, particularly in rapidly growing urban settings of low- and middle-income countries. We assessed the point-prevalence and risk factors of intestinal parasite infections in people with different exposures to wastewater and fecal sludge in Kampala, Uganda. Methodology A cross-sectional survey was carried out in September and October 2013, enrolling 915 adults from five distinct population groups: workers maintaining wastewater facilities; workers managing fecal sludge; urban farmers; slum dwellers at risk of flooding; and slum dwellers without risk of flooding. Stool samples were subjected to the Kato-Katz method and a formalin-ether concentration technique for the diagnosis of helminth and intestinal protozoa infections. A questionnaire was administered to determine self-reported signs and symptoms, and risk factors for intestinal parasite infections. Univariate and multivariate analyses, adjusted for sex, age, education, socioeconomic status, water, sanitation, and hygiene behaviors, were conducted to estimate the risk of infection with intestinal parasites and self-reported health outcomes, stratified by population group. Principal Findings The highest point-prevalence of intestinal parasite infections was found in urban farmers (75.9%), whereas lowest point-prevalence was found in workers managing fecal sludge (35.8%). Hookworm was the predominant helminth species (27.8%). In urban farmers, the prevalence of Trichuris trichiura, Schistosoma mansoni, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar was 15% and above. For all investigated parasites, we found significantly higher odds of infection among urban farmers compared to the other groups (adjusted odds ratios ranging between 1.6 and 12.9). In general, female participants had significantly lower odds of infection with soil-transmitted helminths and S. mansoni compared to males. Higher educational attainment was negatively associated with the risk of intestinal protozoa infections, while socioeconomic status did not emerge as a significant risk factor for any tested health outcome. Conclusions/Significance Urban farmers are particularly vulnerable to infections with soil-transmitted helminths, S. mansoni, and intestinal protozoa. Hence, our findings call for public health protection measures for urban farmers and marginalized communities, going hand-in-hand with integrated sanitation safety planning at city level. Urban wastewater and fecal sludge use is of growing importance all over the world. However, unsafe management and inappropriate use might exacerbate the transmission of infectious diseases, including those caused by intestinal protozoa (e.g., amebiasis and giardiasis) and parasitic worms (e.g., soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis). People living and working in densely populated and rapidly transforming cities in Africa and Asia are especially vulnerable. We conducted a cross-sectional survey and assessed people’s risk of intestinal parasitic infections due to exposure to wastewater and fecal sludge management and use in Kampala, the capital of Uganda. We collected data on the prevalence, intensity, and risk factors of infections with parasitic worms and intestinal protozoa among slum dwellers, urban farmers, and workers maintaining the sanitation system. We found high infection prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths in urban farmers and slum dwellers after adjusting for age, sex, and educational attainment. Our data suggest that urban farmers are especially vulnerable to infections with intestinal parasites, which may play an important role in the transmission through contamination of their living and working environments. In view of our results, the control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis should be accelerated in Kampala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Fuhrimann
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirko S. Winkler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Kate Medlicott
- Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Schindler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guéladio Cissé
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Chami GF, Fenwick A, Bulte E, Kontoleon AA, Kabatereine NB, Tukahebwa EM, Dunne DW. Correction: Influence of Schistosoma mansoni and Hookworm Infection Intensities on Anaemia in Ugandan Villages. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004287. [PMID: 26636758 PMCID: PMC4670194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Chami GF, Kontoleon AA, Bulte E, Fenwick A, Kabatereine NB, Tukahebwa EM, Dunne DW. Profiling Nonrecipients of Mass Drug Administration for Schistosomiasis and Hookworm Infections: A Comprehensive Analysis of Praziquantel and Albendazole Coverage in Community-Directed Treatment in Uganda. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 62:200-7. [PMID: 26409064 PMCID: PMC4690482 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated mass drug administration (MDA) with preventive chemotherapies is the mainstay of morbidity control for schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths, yet the World Health Organization recently reported that less than one-third of individuals who required preventive chemotherapies received treatment. METHODS Coverage of community-directed treatment with praziquantel (PZQ) and albendazole (ALB) was analyzed in 17 villages of Mayuge District, Uganda. National drug registers, household questionnaires, and parasitological surveys were collected to track 935 individuals before and after MDA. Multilevel logistic regressions, including household and village effects, were specified with a comprehensive set of socioeconomic and parasitological variables. The factors predicting who did not receive PZQ and ALB from community medicine distributors were identified. RESULTS Drug receipt was correlated among members within a household, and nonrecipients of PZQ or ALB were profiled by household-level socioeconomic factors. Individuals were less likely to receive either PZQ or ALB if they had a Muslim household head or low home quality, belonged to the minority tribe, or had settled for more years in their village. Untreated individuals were also more likely to belong to households that did not purify drinking water, had no home latrine, and had no members who were part of the village government. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate how to locate and target individuals who are not treated in MDA. Infection risk factors were not informative. In particular, age, gender, and occupation were unable to identify non-recipients, although World Health Organization guidelines rely on these factors. Individuals of low socioeconomic status, minority religions, and minority tribes can be targeted to expand MDA coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erwin Bulte
- Departments of Land Economy Development Economics Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Alan Fenwick
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Narcis B Kabatereine
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, United Kingdom Bilharzia and Worm Control Programme, Vector Control Division, Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala
| | - Edridah M Tukahebwa
- Bilharzia and Worm Control Programme, Vector Control Division, Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala
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Farnell EJ, Tyagi N, Ryan S, Chalmers IW, Pinot de Moira A, Jones FM, Wawrzyniak J, Fitzsimmons CM, Tukahebwa EM, Furnham N, Maizels RM, Dunne DW. Known Allergen Structures Predict Schistosoma mansoni IgE-Binding Antigens in Human Infection. Front Immunol 2015; 6:26. [PMID: 25691884 PMCID: PMC4315118 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The IgE response has been associated with both allergic reactions and immunity to metazoan parasites. Recently, we hypothesized that all environmental allergens bear structural homology to IgE-binding antigens from metazoan parasites and that this homology defines the relatively small number of protein families containing allergenic targets. In this study, known allergen structures (Pfam domains) from major environmental allergen families were used to predict allergen-like (SmProfilin, SmVAL-6, SmLipocalin, SmHSP20, Sm triosephosphate isomerase, SmThioredoxin, Sm superoxide dismutase, SmCyclophilin, and Sm phosphoglycerate kinase) and non-allergen-like [Sm dynein light chain (SmDLC), SmAldolase SmAK, SmUbiquitin, and Sm14-3-3] proteins in Schistosoma mansoni. Recombinant antigens were produced in Escherichia coli and IgG1, IgG4, and IgE responses against them measured in a cohort of people (n = 222) infected with S. mansoni. All allergen-like antigens were targeted by IgE responses in infected subjects, whilst IgE responses to the non-allergen-like antigens, SmAK, SmUbiquitin, and Sm14-3-3 were essentially absent being of both low prevalence and magnitude. Two new IgE-binding Pfam domain families, not previously described in allergen family databases, were also found, with prevalent IgE responses against SmDLC (PF01221) and SmAldolase (PF00274). Finally, it was demonstrated that immunoregulatory serological processes typically associated with allergens also occurred in responses to allergen-like proteins in S. mansoni infections, including the production of IgG4 in people responding with IgE and the down-regulation of IgE in response to increased antigen exposure from S. mansoni eggs. This study establishes that structures of known allergens can be used to predict IgE responses against homologous parasite allergen-like molecules (parallergens) and that serological responses with IgE/IgG4 to parallergens mirror those seen against allergens, supporting our hypothesis that allergenicity is rooted in expression of certain protein domain families in metazoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Farnell
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Nidhi Tyagi
- European Bioinformatics Institute , Cambridge , UK
| | - Stephanie Ryan
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Iain W Chalmers
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University , Aberystwyth , UK
| | | | - Frances M Jones
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Jakub Wawrzyniak
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | | | | | - Nicholas Furnham
- European Bioinformatics Institute , Cambridge , UK ; Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - David W Dunne
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
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Kabatereine N, Fleming F, Thuo W, Tinkitina B, Tukahebwa EM, Fenwick A. Community perceptions, attitude, practices and treatment seeking behaviour for schistosomiasis in L. Victoria islands in Uganda. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:900. [PMID: 25495121 PMCID: PMC4307169 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 200,000 people, most of them infected with Schistosoma mansoni inhabit 150 islands in Lake Victoria in Uganda. Although a programme to control the disease has been ongoing since 2003, its implementation in islands is inadequate due to high transport costs on water. In 2011 and 2012, the Global Network for Neglected Tropical Diseases (GNNTD) through Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI) provided financial support to ease treatment delivery on the islands and over the period, therapeutic coverage has been increasing. We conducted a study with an objective to assess community awareness of existence of the disease, its signs, symptoms, causes and transmission as well as attitude, practice and health seeking behavior. METHODS This was a cross sectional descriptive study which used pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaire among purposively selected individuals in schools, health facilities and communities. Frequency distribution tables, graphs and cross tabulations were the main forms of data presentation. RESULTS Our results showed that there are numerous challenges that must be overcome to achieve effective control of schistosomiasis in the islands. Many people especially young men are constantly on the move from island to island in search for richer fishing grounds and such groups are commonly known to miss treatment by mass chemotherapy. Unfortunately case management in health facilities is very poor; health facilities are few and understaffed mainly with unskilled personnel who are overburdened by other illnesses such as malaria and HIV and the supply of praziquantel in health facilities is inadequate. Furthermore, sanitation is appalling, no clean water and community knowledge about schistosomiasis is low even among biomedical staff. CONCLUSION Rather than elimination, our results indicate that the programme should continue to target morbidity control beyond the 2020s until preventive measures have been instituted. The government should provide adequate trained health workers and stock praziquantel in all island health facilities.
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McCreesh N, Arinaitwe M, Arineitwe W, Tukahebwa EM, Booth M. Effect of water temperature and population density on the population dynamics of Schistosoma mansoni intermediate host snails. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:503. [PMID: 25388819 PMCID: PMC4234839 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mathematical models can be used to identify areas at risk of increased or new schistosomiasis transmission as a result of climate change. The results of these models can be very different when parameterised to different species of host snail, which have varying temperature preferences. Currently, the experimental data needed by these models are available for only a few species of snail. The choice of density-dependent functions can also affect model results, but the effects of increasing densities on Biomphalaria populations have only previously been investigated in artificial aquariums. Methods Laboratory experiments were conducted to estimate Biomphalaria sudanica mortality, fecundity and growth rates at ten different constant water temperatures, ranging from 13-32°C. Snail cages were used to determine the effects of snail densities on B. sudanica and B. stanleyi mortality and fecundity rates in semi-natural conditions in Lake Albert. Results B. sudanica survival and fecundity were highest at 20°C and 22°C respectively. Growth in shell diameter was estimated to be highest at 23°C in small and medium sized snails, but the relationship between temperature and growth was not clear. The fecundity of both B. sudanica and B. stanleyi decreased by 72-75% with a four-fold increase in population density. Increasing densities four-fold also doubled B. stanleyi mortality rates, but had no effect on the survival of B. sudanica. Conclusions The optimum temperature for fecundity was lower for B. sudanica than for previously studied species of Biomphalaria. In contrast to other Biomphalaria species, B. sudanica have a distinct peak temperature for survival, as opposed to a plateau of highly suitable temperatures. For both B. stanleyi and B. sudanica, fecundity decreased with increasing population densities. This means that snail populations may experience large fluctuations in numbers, even in the absence of any external factors such as seasonal temperature changes. Survival also decreased with increasing density for B. stanleyi, in contrast to B. sudanica and other studied Biomphalaria species where only fecundity has been shown to decrease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-014-0503-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky McCreesh
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Moses Arinaitwe
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Plot 15 Bombo Road, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Wilber Arineitwe
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Plot 15 Bombo Road, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Edridah M Tukahebwa
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Plot 15 Bombo Road, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Mark Booth
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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Adriko M, Standley CJ, Tinkitina B, Tukahebwa EM, Fenwick A, Fleming FM, Sousa-Figueiredo JC, Stothard JR, Kabatereine NB. Evaluation of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) urine-cassette assay as a survey tool for Schistosoma mansoni in different transmission settings within Bugiri District, Uganda. Acta Trop 2014; 136:50-7. [PMID: 24727052 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of schistosomiasis at the point-of-care (POC) is a growing topic in neglected tropical disease research. There is a need for diagnostic tests which are affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid, equipment-free and delivered to those who need it, and POC is an important tool for disease mapping and guiding mass deworming. The aim of present study was to evaluate the relative diagnostic performance of two urine-circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) cassette assays, one commercially available and the other in experimental production, against results obtained using the standard Kato-Katz faecal smear method (six thick smears from three consecutive days), as a 'gold-standard', for Schistosoma mansoni infection in different transmission settings in Uganda. Our study was conducted among 500 school children randomly selected across 5 schools within Bugiri district, adjacent to Lake Victoria in Uganda. Considering results from the 469 pupils who provided three stool samples for the six Kato-Katz smears, 293 (76%) children had no infection, 109 (23%) were in the light intensity category, while 42 (9%) and 25 (5%) were in the moderate and heavy intensity categories respectively. Following performance analysis of CCA tests in terms of sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values, overall performance of the commercially available CCA test was more informative than single Kato-Katz faecal smear microscopy, the current operational field standard for disease mapping. The current CCA assay is therefore a satisfactory method for surveillance of S. mansoni in an area where disease endemicity is declining due to control interventions. With the recent resolution on schistosomiasis elimination by the 65th World Health Assembly, the urine POC CCA test is an attractive tool to augment and perhaps replace the Kato-Katz sampling within ongoing control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adriko
- Makerere University School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7026, Kampala, Uganda; Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 1661, Plot 15 Bombo Road, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - C J Standley
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - B Tinkitina
- Makerere University School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7026, Kampala, Uganda; Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 1661, Plot 15 Bombo Road, Kampala, Uganda
| | - E M Tukahebwa
- Makerere University School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7026, Kampala, Uganda
| | - A Fenwick
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - F M Fleming
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - J C Sousa-Figueiredo
- Parasitology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 6HT, UK
| | - J R Stothard
- Parasitology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - N B Kabatereine
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 1661, Plot 15 Bombo Road, Kampala, Uganda; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
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Cleland CR, Tukahebwa EM, Fenwick A, Blair L. Mass drug administration with praziquantel reduces the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and improves liver morbidity in untreated preschool children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2014; 108:575-81. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Silas S, Fitzsimmons CM, Jones FM, Pinot de Moira A, Wawrzyniak J, Tukahebwa EM, Dunne DW. Human IgE responses to different splice variants of Schistosoma mansoni tropomyosin: associations with immunity. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:381-90. [PMID: 24657550 PMCID: PMC4026961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tropomyosin (Tpm) is a common IgE antigen in invertebrates. Alternative splicing generates at least 13 Tpm isoforms in Schistosoma mansoni. Four different isoforms of S. mansoni TpmII (SmTpmII.3, 4, 7 and 8) were expressed. IgE and IgG4 responses to isoforms were measured in 228 S. mansoni-infected males. IgE to SmTpmII.3 was associated with reduced re-infection 2 years after treatment.
Resistance to Schistosoma mansoni infection has been correlated with IgE responses to the adult worm. Molecular targets of this response are gaining interest as markers of immunity and as indicators of allergenic properties. Few protein families contain IgE antigens (allergens) and one of the most highly represented are the tropomyosins. Alternative splicing generates numerous tropomyosin isoforms, which in parasites is likely to induce a range of anti-tropomyosin responses in the host. Here we examine human IgE and the counteracting IgG4 responses to splice variants of S. mansoni tropomyosin (SmTpm). It was possible to show life-cycle transcription profiles for 12 of 20 predicted splice variants from the four SmTpm genes. We expressed recombinant protein of four variants of TpmII (TpmII.4, 8, 3 and 7) with considerable differences in sequence. TpmII.4 and 8 were muscle, and TpmII.3 and 7 non-muscle, types. IgE and IgG4 responses to all four proteins were measured in a population of 228 infected boys and men (7–76 years) from a region of Uganda endemic for S. mansoni. Levels of these antibodies were not dependent on age and did not change following anthelminthic treatment. IgE to TpmII.3 was common in the cohort (>60%) and IgG4 to TpmII.3 less so (33%). IgE to TpmII.7 was rare (6.5%), but IgG4 to TpmII.7 was more common (49%). In regression analysis, a detectable IgE response to TpmII.3 was associated with reduced re-infection 2 years after treatment and an IgG4 response to TpmII.7 with increased re-infection. Different isoforms generated by alternative splicing are targeted by different components of the anti-Tpm IgE/IgG4 response. Only some of these are associated with immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukrit Silas
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB21QP, UK
| | - Colin M Fitzsimmons
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB21QP, UK.
| | - Frances M Jones
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB21QP, UK
| | - Angela Pinot de Moira
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB21QP, UK
| | - Jakub Wawrzyniak
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB21QP, UK
| | | | - David W Dunne
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB21QP, UK
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Koukounari A, Donnelly CA, Moustaki I, Tukahebwa EM, Kabatereine NB, Wilson S, Webster JP, Deelder AM, Vennervald BJ, van Dam GJ. A latent Markov modelling approach to the evaluation of circulating cathodic antigen strips for schistosomiasis diagnosis pre- and post-praziquantel treatment in Uganda. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003402. [PMID: 24367250 PMCID: PMC3868541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular treatment with praziquantel (PZQ) is the strategy for human schistosomiasis control aiming to prevent morbidity in later life. With the recent resolution on schistosomiasis elimination by the 65th World Health Assembly, appropriate diagnostic tools to inform interventions are keys to their success. We present a discrete Markov chains modelling framework that deals with the longitudinal study design and the measurement error in the diagnostic methods under study. A longitudinal detailed dataset from Uganda, in which one or two doses of PZQ treatment were provided, was analyzed through Latent Markov Models (LMMs). The aim was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of Circulating Cathodic Antigen (CCA) and of double Kato-Katz (KK) faecal slides over three consecutive days for Schistosoma mansoni infection simultaneously by age group at baseline and at two follow-up times post treatment. Diagnostic test sensitivities and specificities and the true underlying infection prevalence over time as well as the probabilities of transitions between infected and uninfected states are provided. The estimated transition probability matrices provide parsimonious yet important insights into the re-infection and cure rates in the two age groups. We show that the CCA diagnostic performance remained constant after PZQ treatment and that this test was overall more sensitive but less specific than single-day double KK for the diagnosis of S. mansoni infection. The probability of clearing infection from baseline to 9 weeks was higher among those who received two PZQ doses compared to one PZQ dose for both age groups, with much higher re-infection rates among children compared to adolescents and adults. We recommend LMMs as a useful methodology for monitoring and evaluation and treatment decision research as well as CCA for mapping surveys of S. mansoni infection, although additional diagnostic tools should be incorporated in schistosomiasis elimination programs. Schistosomiasis remains one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases in developing countries, with Schistosoma mansoni being the most widespread of the human-infecting schistosomes. For the routine surveillance of human S. mansoni infection more “field-applicable,” sensitive, and cost-effective diagnostics that replicate faecal samples over several consecutive days [the Kato-Katz (KK) method], are needed. We propose a statistical modelling framework in order to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the urine strip test for Circulating Cathodic Antigen (CCA) and single-day double KK measurements over three consecutive days for the diagnosis of S. mansoni infection in two different age groups from Uganda pre- and post- praziquantel (PZQ) treatment. We demonstrate that CCA is an appropriate tool for mapping surveys of S. mansoni infection. Our findings should allow for evaluation of the risk of potential misinterpretation with regards to diagnosis of S. mansoni infection through CCA or KK in this endemic setting pre- and post- PZQ treatment as the numbers and infection intensities are brought down, bridging existing important gaps in schistosomiasis diagnostics research. More generally, the proposed statistical analysis can reveal important biological insights from other diseases without gold standard diagnostic tools whenever longitudinal data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemis Koukounari
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Statistics, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Christl A. Donnelly
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Irini Moustaki
- Department of Statistics, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edridah M. Tukahebwa
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative at Vector Control Division – Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Narcis B. Kabatereine
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative at Vector Control Division – Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Shona Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne P. Webster
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - André M. Deelder
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitte J. Vennervald
- Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Govert J. van Dam
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Tukahebwa EM, Magnussen P, Madsen H, Kabatereine NB, Nuwaha F, Wilson S, Vennervald BJ. A very high infection intensity of Schistosoma mansoni in a Ugandan Lake Victoria Fishing Community is required for association with highly prevalent organ related morbidity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2268. [PMID: 23936559 PMCID: PMC3723538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In schistosomiasis control programmes using mass chemotherapy, epidemiological and morbidity aspects of the disease need to be studied so as to monitor the impact of treatment, and make recommendations accordingly. These aspects were examined in the community of Musoli village along Lake Victoria in Mayuge district, highly endemic for Schistosoma mansoni infection. Methodology and Principal Findings A cross sectional descriptive study was undertaken in a randomly selected sample of 217 females and 229 males, with a mean age of 26 years (SD ±16, range 7–76 years). The prevalence of S. mansoni was 88.6% (95% CI: 85.6–91.5). The geometric mean intensity (GMI) of S. mansoni was 236.2 (95% CI: 198.5–460.9) eggs per gram (epg) faeces. Males had significantly higher GMI (370.2 epg) than females (132.6 epg) and age was also significantly associated with intensity of infection. Levels of water contact activities significantly influenced intensity of infection and the highest intensity of infection was found among people involved in fishing. However, organomegaly was not significantly associated with S. mansoni except for very heavy infection (>2000 epg). Liver image patterns C and D indicative of fibrosis were found in only 2.2% and 0.2%, respectively. S. mansoni intensity of infection was associated with portal vein dilation and abnormal spleen length. Anaemia was observed in 36.4% of the participants but it was not associated with S. mansoni infection intensity. Considering growth in children as one of the morbidity indicators of schistosomiasis, intensity of S. mansoni was significantly associated with stunting. Conclusion Although organ-related morbidity, with the exception of periportal fibrosis, and S. mansoni infections were highly prevalent, the two were only associated for individuals with very high infection intensities. These results contrast starkly with reports from Ugandan Lake Albert fishing communities in which periportal fibrosis is more prevalent. Schistosoma mansoni infection is one of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) that perpetuate poverty, especially in Sub Saharan Africa. It is associated with hepatomegaly, splenomegaly or hepatosplenomegaly, liver fibrosis and anaemia. Control of schistosomiasis is now a priority in most endemic countries in Africa as a component of integrated control of NTDs using mass drug administration (MDA). Other than the new WHO strategic plan to eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health problem in WHO Africa region by 2020, the major target in the control of schistosomiasis has for a long time been reduction of its related morbidity. Epidemiological and morbidity studies are key in monitoring the impact of an intervention. However, epidemiology of schistosomiasis and its related morbidity have been shown to vary in different endemic areas and communities. We report on the epidemiology of S. mansoni infection and related morbidity in a community in Mayuge District along Lake Victoria in Uganda.
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Katabarwa MN, Lakwo T, Habomugisha P, Agunyo S, Byamukama E, Oguttu D, Tukesiga E, Unoba D, Dramuke P, Onapa A, Tukahebwa EM, Lwamafa D, Walsh F, Unnasch TR. Transmission of Onchocerca volvulus continues in Nyagak-Bondo focus of northwestern Uganda after 18 years of a single dose of annual treatment with ivermectin. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 89:293-300. [PMID: 23690555 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine whether annual ivermectin treatment in the Nyagak-Bondo onchocerciasis focus could safely be withdrawn. Baseline skin snip microfilariae (mf) and nodule prevalence data from six communities were compared with data collected in the 2011 follow-up in seven communities. Follow-up mf data in 607 adults and 145 children were compared with baseline (300 adults and 58 children). Flies collected in 2011 were dissected, and poolscreen analysis was applied to ascertain transmission. Nodule prevalence in adults dropped from 81.7% to 11.0% (P < 0.0001), and mf prevalence dropped from 97.0% to 23.2% (P < 0.0001). In children, mf prevalence decreased from 79.3% to 14.1% (P < 0.0001). Parous and infection rates of 401 flies that were dissected were 52.9% and 1.5%, respectively, whereas the infective rate on flies examination by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was 1.92% and annual transmission potential was 26.9. Stopping ivermectin treatment may result in onchocerciasis recrudescence.
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Tukahebwa EM, Vennervald BJ, Nuwaha F, Kabatereine NB, Magnussen P. Comparative efficacy of one versus two doses of praziquantel on cure rate of Schistosoma mansoni infection and re-infection in Mayuge District, Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013; 107:397-404. [PMID: 23596262 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trt024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current recommended control strategy for schistosomiasis is annual treatment using 40 mg/kg of praziquantel. However, praziquantel is only effective on adult worms and giving a second dose may increase its efficacy. We assessed the effect of one versus two doses of praziquantel on cure rate and re-infection with Schistosoma mansoni in a high endemic community along Lake Victoria, Uganda. METHODOLOGY To investigate the effect of the two regimens, 395 infected people were randomised into two groups; one received a single standard dose of praziquantel (Distocide® 600 mg, Shin Poong Pharmaceuticals, Seoul, Republic of Korea), 40mg/kg body weight, while the other group received a second dose 2 weeks later. Cure rate and infection intensity were assessed 9 weeks after the first treatment using standard parasitological procedures. Re-infection levels were monitored 8 and 24 months after treatment. RESULTS Those who received two doses were more likely to be cured (69.7%) compared to those who received a single dose (47.9%) (χ(2) = 18.5, p < 0.001). Geometric mean intensity (GMI) of infection at 9 weeks (eggs per gram of faeces [epg]) was 12.0 epg (CI95: 8.9-16.1) for individuals who received 2 doses and 22.1 epg (CI95: 16.9-28.8) for those in the single dose arm. Eight months after treatment, prevalence of re-infection for individuals in the double dose arm (61.6%, CI95: 50.2-73.1) was not significantly different from that of those in a single dose arm (68.3%, CI95: 59.9-76.8). The difference in GMI of re-infection for individuals in the single dose arm (33.8 epg, CI95: 23.2-49.3) and those in the double dose arm (34.5 epg, CI95: 24.7-48.1) was not significant. Twenty four months after treatment, prevalence of re-infection was not significantly different. The difference in GMI of re-infection for those in the single dose arm (57.5 epg, CI95: 33.9-97.5) and those in the double dose arm (42.2 epg, CI95: 29.9-59.6) was also insignificant. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that a second dose of praziquantel given 2 weeks after the first dose improves cure rate and reduces S. mansoni infection intensity. However, there is no added advantage on reduction of S. mansoni re-infection by administering two doses of praziquantel. CLINICAL TRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT00215267.
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Balog CIA, Alexandrov T, Derks RJ, Hensbergen PJ, van Dam GJ, Tukahebwa EM, Kabatereine NB, Thiele H, Vennervald BJ, Mayboroda OA, Deelder AM. The feasibility of MS and advanced data processing for monitoring Schistosoma mansoni infection. Proteomics Clin Appl 2010; 4:499-510. [PMID: 21137067 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200900158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sensitive diagnosis, monitoring of disease progression and the evaluation of chemotherapeutic interventions are of prime importance for the improvement of control and prevention strategies for Schistosomiasis. The aim of the present study was to identify novel markers of Schistosoma mansoni infection and disease using urine samples from a large cohort from an area endemic for S. mansoni. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Urine samples were collected and processed on an automated sample clean-up and fractionation system combining strong cation exchange and reversed phase, and analyzed by MS (MALDI ToF MS). The ClinPro Tools(™) (CPT) software and the Discrete Wavelet Transformation-Support Vector Machine (DWT-SVM) procedure were used for classification and statistical analysis. RESULTS We observed a large difference in urinary peptide profiles between children and adults but classification based on infection was possible only for children. Here, in the external validation data set, 93% of the infected children were classified correctly with DWT-SVM (versus 76% for CPT). In addition 91% of low-infected children were classified correctly using DWT-SVM (versus 85% for CPT). The discriminating peptides were identified as fragments of collagen 1A1 and 1A3, and uromodulin. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In conclusion, we provide the usefulness of a peptidomics profiling approach combined with DWT-SVM in the monitoring of S. mansoni infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crina I A Balog
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Reimert CM, Tukahebwa EM, Kabatereine NB, Dunne DW, Vennervald BJ. Assessment of Schistosoma mansoni induced intestinal inflammation by means of eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil protein X and myeloperoxidase before and after treatment with praziquantel. Acta Trop 2008; 105:253-9. [PMID: 18177822 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Faecal concentrations of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil protein X (EPX) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured in extracts of stool samples obtained from a cohort of people (n=182) living in Bugoigo, a fishing community on the Eastern shore of Lake Albert, Buliisa District, in North Western Uganda where Schistosoma mansoni is endemic. Samples were collected before treatment and 5, 15, 20 and 52 weeks after treatment with praziquantel. Significantly increased levels of faecal ECP and EPX were found in S. mansoni infected individuals (n=155) compared to the levels found in stools from non-infected (n=27) (median values ECP: 11.3 microg/g vs. 5.9 microg/g, P=0.005, and EPX: 413.5 ng/g vs. 232.2 ng/g, P=0.045). An increased level of MPO was also found among the infected individuals compared to the non-infected 11.6 mu/g vs. 5.3 mu/g, P=0.07). Significant but weak correlations were found between faecal egg counts and faecal concentrations of ECP and EPX. Treatment with praziquantel induced a significant decline in both ECP and EPX, but only a non-significant reduction in faecal MPO. Following reinfection and despite of very low infection intensities, the protein levels increased significantly reaching the pre-treatment level (ECP and EPX) or levels significantly higher than the pre-treatment levels (MPO). This response pattern may imply a rebound effect during reinfection following treatment and resolution of immune regulatory immunosuppressive mechanisms in function during the chronic infection.
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Kabatereine NB, Brooker S, Koukounari A, Kazibwe F, Tukahebwa EM, Fleming FM, Zhang Y, Webster JP, Stothard JR, Fenwick A. Impact of a national helminth control programme on infection and morbidity in Ugandan schoolchildren. Bull World Health Organ 2007; 85:91-9. [PMID: 17308729 PMCID: PMC2174620 DOI: 10.2471/blt.06.030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the health impact of a national control programme targeting schistosomiasis and intestinal nematodes in Uganda, which has provided population-based anthelmintic chemotherapy since 2003. METHODS We conducted longitudinal surveys on infection status, haemoglobin concentration and clinical morbidity in 1871 randomly selected schoolchildren from 37 schools in eight districts across Uganda at three time points - before chemotherapy and after one year and two years of annual mass chemotherapy. FINDINGS Mass treatment with praziquantel and albendazole led to a significant decrease in the intensity of Schistosoma mansoni - 70% (95% confidence interval (CI): 66-73%) after one year and 82% (95% CI: 80-85%) after two years of treatment. Intensity of hookworm infection also decreased (75% and 93%; unadjusted). There was a significant increase in haemoglobin concentration after one (0.135 g/dL (95% CI: 0.126-0.144)) and two years (0.303 g/dL (95% CI: 0.293-0.312)) of treatment, and a significant decrease in signs of early clinical morbidity. The impact of intervention on S. mansoni prevalence and intensity was similar to that predicted by mathematical models of the impact of chemotherapy on human schistosomiasis. Improvements in haemoglobin concentration were greatest among children who were anaemic or harbouring heavy S. mansoni infection at baseline. CONCLUSION Anthelmintic treatment delivered as part of a national helminth control programme can decrease infection and morbidity among schoolchildren and improve haemoglobin concentration.
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