1
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Tarasovetc EV, Sissoko GB, Mukhina AS, Maiorov A, Ataullakhanov FI, Cheeseman IM, Grishchuk EL. Molecular density-accelerated binding-site maturation underlies CENP-T-dependent kinetochore assembly. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.25.581584. [PMID: 38464265 PMCID: PMC10925139 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.25.581584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Formation of macromolecular cellular structures relies on recruitment of multiple proteins, requiring the precisely controlled pairwise binding interactions. At human kinetochores, our recent work found that the high molecular density environment enables strong bonding between the Ndc80 complex and its two binding sites at the CENP-T receptor. However, the mechanistic basis for this unusual density-dependent facilitation remains unknown. Here, using quantitative single-molecule approaches, we reveal two distinct mechanisms that drive preferential recruitment of the Ndc80 complex to higher-order structures of CENP-T, as opposed to CENP-T monomers. First, the Ndc80 binding sites within the disordered tail of the CENP-T mature over time, leading to a stronger grip on the Spc24/25 heads of the Ndc80 complexes. Second, the maturation of Ndc80 binding sites is accelerated when CENP-T molecules are clustered in close proximity. The rates of the clustering-induced maturation are remarkably different for two binding sites within CENP-T, correlating with different interfaces formed by the corresponding CENP-T sequences as they wrap around the Spc24/25 heads. The differential clustering-dependent regulation of these sites is preserved in dividing human cells, suggesting a distinct regulatory entry point to control kinetochore-microtubule interactions. The tunable acceleration of slowly maturing binding sites by a high molecular-density environment may represent a fundamental physicochemical mechanism to assist the assembly of mitotic kinetochores and other macromolecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V. Tarasovetc
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gunter B. Sissoko
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Anna S. Mukhina
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Maiorov
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fazoil I. Ataullakhanov
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology; Moscow, 117198, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology; 141701, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Iain M. Cheeseman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ekaterina L. Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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2
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Sissoko GB, Tarasovetc EV, Marescal O, Grishchuk EL, Cheeseman IM. Higher-order protein assembly controls kinetochore formation. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:45-56. [PMID: 38168769 PMCID: PMC10842828 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
To faithfully segregate chromosomes during vertebrate mitosis, kinetochore-microtubule interactions must be restricted to a single site on each chromosome. Prior work on pair-wise kinetochore protein interactions has been unable to identify the mechanisms that prevent outer kinetochore formation in regions with a low density of CENP-A nucleosomes. To investigate the impact of higher-order assembly on kinetochore formation, we generated oligomers of the inner kinetochore protein CENP-T using two distinct, genetically engineered systems in human cells. Although individual CENP-T molecules interact poorly with outer kinetochore proteins, oligomers that mimic centromeric CENP-T density trigger the robust formation of functional, cytoplasmic kinetochore-like particles. Both in cells and in vitro, each molecule of oligomerized CENP-T recruits substantially higher levels of outer kinetochore components than monomeric CENP-T molecules. Our work suggests that the density dependence of CENP-T restricts outer kinetochore recruitment to centromeres, where densely packed CENP-A recruits a high local concentration of inner kinetochore proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter B Sissoko
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ekaterina V Tarasovetc
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Océane Marescal
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Iain M Cheeseman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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3
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Evtugina NG, Peshkova AD, Khabirova AI, Andrianova IA, Abdullayeva S, Ayombil F, Shepeliuk T, Grishchuk EL, Ataullakhanov FI, Litvinov RI, Weisel JW. Activation of Piezo1 channels in compressed red blood cells augments platelet-driven contraction of blood clots. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:2418-2429. [PMID: 37268065 PMCID: PMC10949619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Piezo1 is a mechanosensitive cationic channel that boosts intracellular [Ca2+]i. Compression of red blood cells (RBCs) during platelet-driven contraction of blood clots may cause the activation of Piezo1. OBJECTIVES To establish relationships between Piezo1 activity and blood clot contraction. METHODS Effects of a Piezo1 agonist, Yoda1, and antagonist, GsMTx-4, on clot contraction in vitro were studied in human blood containing physiological [Ca2+]. Clot contraction was induced by exogenous thrombin. Activation of Piezo1 was assessed by Ca2+ influx in RBCs and with other functional and morphologic features. RESULTS Piezo1 channels in compressed RBCs are activated naturally during blood clot contraction and induce an upsurge in the intracellular [Ca2+]i, followed by phosphatidylserine exposure. Adding the Piezo1 agonist Yoda1 to whole blood increased the extent of clot contraction due to Ca2+-dependent volumetric shrinkage of RBCs and increased platelet contractility due to their hyperactivation by the enhanced generation of endogenous thrombin on activated RBCs. Addition of rivaroxaban, the inhibitor of thrombin formation, or elimination of Ca2+ from the extracellular space abrogated the stimulating effect of Yoda1 on clot contraction. The Piezo1 antagonist, GsMTx-4, caused a decrease in the extent of clot contraction relative to the control both in whole blood and in platelet-rich plasma. Activated Piezo1 in compressed and deformed RBCs amplified the platelet contractility as a positive feedback mechanism during clot contraction. CONCLUSION The results obtained demonstrate that the Piezo1 channel expressed on RBCs comprises a mechanochemical modulator of blood clotting that may be considered a potential therapeutic target to correct hemostatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia G Evtugina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Alina D Peshkova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation; Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alina I Khabirova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Izabella A Andrianova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Shahnoza Abdullayeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Francis Ayombil
- Division of Hematology and the Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Taisia Shepeliuk
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fazoil I Ataullakhanov
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rustem I Litvinov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John W Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Luo W, Demidov V, Shen Q, Girão H, Chakraborty M, Maiorov A, Ataullakhanov FI, Lin C, Maiato H, Grishchuk EL. CLASP2 recognizes tubulins exposed at the microtubule plus-end in a nucleotide state-sensitive manner. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eabq5404. [PMID: 36598991 PMCID: PMC9812398 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq5404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
CLASPs (cytoplasmic linker-associated proteins) are ubiquitous stabilizers of microtubule dynamics, but their molecular targets at the microtubule plus-end are not understood. Using DNA origami-based reconstructions, we show that clusters of human CLASP2 form a load-bearing bond with terminal non-GTP tubulins at the stabilized microtubule tip. This activity relies on the unconventional TOG2 domain of CLASP2, which releases its high-affinity bond with non-GTP dimers upon their conversion into polymerization-competent GTP-tubulins. The ability of CLASP2 to recognize nucleotide-specific tubulin conformation and stabilize the catastrophe-promoting non-GTP tubulins intertwines with the previously underappreciated exchange between GDP and GTP at terminal tubulins. We propose that TOG2-dependent stabilization of sporadically occurring non-GTP tubulins represents a distinct molecular mechanism to suppress catastrophe at the freely assembling microtubule ends and to promote persistent tubulin assembly at the load-bearing tethered ends, such as at the kinetochores in dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangxi Luo
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vladimir Demidov
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qi Shen
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Hugo Girão
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manas Chakraborty
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aleksandr Maiorov
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fazly I. Ataullakhanov
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Chenxiang Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Cell Division Group, Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ekaterina L. Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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5
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Pogoda K, Byfield F, Deptuła P, Cieśluk M, Suprewicz Ł, Skłodowski K, Shivers JL, van Oosten A, Cruz K, Tarasovetc E, Grishchuk EL, Mackintosh FC, Bucki R, Patteson AE, Janmey PA. Unique Role of Vimentin Networks in Compression Stiffening of Cells and Protection of Nuclei from Compressive Stress. Nano Lett 2022; 22:4725-4732. [PMID: 35678828 PMCID: PMC9228066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate whether stiffening in compression is a feature of single cells and whether the intracellular polymer networks that comprise the cytoskeleton (all of which stiffen with increasing shear strain) stiffen or soften when subjected to compressive strains. We find that individual cells, such as fibroblasts, stiffen at physiologically relevant compressive strains, but genetic ablation of vimentin diminishes this effect. Further, we show that unlike networks of purified F-actin or microtubules, which soften in compression, vimentin intermediate filament networks stiffen in both compression and extension, and we present a theoretical model to explain this response based on the flexibility of vimentin filaments and their surface charge, which resists volume changes of the network under compression. These results provide a new framework by which to understand the mechanical responses of cells and point to a central role of intermediate filaments in response to compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pogoda
- Institute
of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow PL-31-342, Poland
| | - Fitzroy Byfield
- Department
of Physiology, and Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6383, United States
| | - Piotr Deptuła
- Department
of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, PL-15222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Mateusz Cieśluk
- Department
of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, PL-15222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Łukasz Suprewicz
- Department
of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, PL-15222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Karol Skłodowski
- Department
of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, PL-15222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jordan L. Shivers
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Center
for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice
University, Houston, Texas 77030, United
States
| | - Anne van Oosten
- Department
of Physiology, and Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6383, United States
| | - Katrina Cruz
- Department
of Physiology, and Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6383, United States
| | - Ekaterina Tarasovetc
- Department
of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6383, United States
| | - Ekaterina L. Grishchuk
- Department
of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6383, United States
| | - Fred C. Mackintosh
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Center
for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice
University, Houston, Texas 77030, United
States
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department
of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, PL-15222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Alison E. Patteson
- Department
of Physics and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse
University, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Paul A. Janmey
- Department
of Physiology, and Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6383, United States
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6
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Abstract
Optical trapping has been instrumental for deciphering translocation mechanisms of the force-generating cytoskeletal proteins. However, studies of the dynamic interactions between microtubules (MTs) and MT-associated proteins (MAPs) with no motor activity are lagging. Investigating the motility of MAPs that can diffuse along MT walls is a particular challenge for optical-trapping assays because thermally driven motions rely on weak and highly transient interactions. Three-bead, ultrafast force-clamp (UFFC) spectroscopy has the potential to resolve static and diffusive translocations of different MAPs with sub-millisecond temporal resolution and sub-nanometer spatial precision. In this report, we present detailed procedures for implementing UFFC, including setup of the optical instrument and feedback control, immobilization and functionalization of pedestal beads, and preparation of MT dumbbells. Example results for strong static interactions were generated using the Kinesin-7 motor CENP-E in the presence of AMP-PNP. Time resolution for MAP-MT interactions in the UFFC assay is limited by the MT dumbbell relaxation time, which is significantly longer than reported for analogous experiments using actin filaments. UFFC, however, provides a unique opportunity for quantitative studies on MAPs that glide along MTs under a dragging force, as illustrated using the kinetochore-associated Ska complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvranta K Tripathy
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA
| | - Vladimir M Demidov
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ivan V Gonchar
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Shaowen Wu
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fazly I Ataullakhanov
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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7
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Tarasovetc EV, Allu PK, Wimbish RT, DeLuca JG, Cheeseman IM, Black BE, Grishchuk EL. Permitted and restricted steps of human kinetochore assembly in mitotic cell extracts. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1241-1255. [PMID: 33956511 PMCID: PMC8351545 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-07-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic kinetochores assemble via the hierarchical recruitment of numerous cytosolic components to the centromere region of each chromosome. However, how these orderly and localized interactions are achieved without spurious macromolecular assemblies forming from soluble kinetochore components in the cell cytosol remains poorly understood. We developed assembly assays to monitor the recruitment of green fluorescent protein-tagged recombinant proteins and native proteins from human cell extracts to inner kinetochore components immobilized on microbeads. In contrast to prior work in yeast and Xenopus egg extracts, we find that human mitotic cell extracts fail to support de novo assembly of microtubule-binding subcomplexes. A subset of interactions, such as those between CENP-A-containing nucleosomes and CENP-C, are permissive under these conditions. However, the subsequent phospho-dependent binding of the Mis12 complex is less efficient, whereas recruitment of the Ndc80 complex is blocked, leading to weak microtubule-binding activity of assembled particles. Using molecular variants of the Ndc80 complex, we show that auto-inhibition of native Ndc80 complex restricts its ability to bind to the CENP-T/W complex, whereas inhibition of the Ndc80 microtubule binding is driven by a different mechanism. Together, our work reveals regulatory mechanisms that guard against the spurious formation of cytosolic microtubule-binding kinetochore particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V Tarasovetc
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Praveen Kumar Allu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Robert T Wimbish
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Jennifer G DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Iain M Cheeseman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Ben E Black
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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8
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Chakraborty M, Tarasovetc EV, Zaytsev AV, Godzi M, Figueiredo AC, Ataullakhanov FI, Grishchuk EL. Microtubule end conversion mediated by motors and diffusing proteins with no intrinsic microtubule end-binding activity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1673. [PMID: 30975984 PMCID: PMC6459870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation relies on microtubule end conversion, the ill-understood ability of kinetochores to transit from lateral microtubule attachment to durable association with dynamic microtubule plus-ends. The molecular requirements for this conversion and the underlying biophysical mechanisms are elusive. We reconstituted end conversion in vitro using two kinetochore components: the plus end-directed kinesin CENP-E and microtubule-binding Ndc80 complex, combined on the surface of a microbead. The primary role of CENP-E is to ensure close proximity between Ndc80 complexes and the microtubule plus-end, whereas Ndc80 complexes provide lasting microtubule association by diffusing on the microtubule wall near its tip. Together, these proteins mediate robust plus-end coupling during several rounds of microtubule dynamics, in the absence of any specialized tip-binding or regulatory proteins. Using a Brownian dynamics model, we show that end conversion is an emergent property of multimolecular ensembles of microtubule wall-binding proteins with finely tuned force-dependent motility characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Chakraborty
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ekaterina V Tarasovetc
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anatoly V Zaytsev
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Maxim Godzi
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ana C Figueiredo
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fazly I Ataullakhanov
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia.,Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, 117997, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
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9
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Nechipurenko DY, Receveur N, Yakimenko AO, Shepelyuk TO, Yakusheva AA, Kerimov RR, Obydennyy SI, Eckly A, Léon C, Gachet C, Grishchuk EL, Ataullakhanov FI, Mangin PH, Panteleev MA. Clot Contraction Drives the Translocation of Procoagulant Platelets to Thrombus Surface. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:37-47. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
After activation at the site of vascular injury, platelets differentiate into 2 subpopulations, exhibiting either proaggregatory or procoagulant phenotype. Although the functional role of proaggregatory platelets is well established, the physiological significance of procoagulant platelets, the dynamics of their formation, and spatial distribution in thrombus remain elusive.
Approach and Results—
Using transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy of arterial thrombi formed in vivo after ferric chloride–induced injury of carotid artery or mechanical injury of abdominal aorta in mice, we demonstrate that procoagulant platelets are located at the periphery of the formed thrombi. Real-time cell tracking during thrombus formation ex vivo revealed that procoagulant platelets originate from different locations within the thrombus and subsequently translocate towards its periphery. Such redistribution of procoagulant platelets was followed by generation of fibrin at thrombus surface. Using in silico model, we show that the outward translocation of procoagulant platelets can be driven by the contraction of the forming thrombi, which mechanically expels these nonaggregating cells to thrombus periphery. In line with the suggested mechanism, procoagulant platelets failed to translocate and remained inside the thrombi formed ex vivo in blood derived from nonmuscle myosin (
MYH9
)-deficient mice. Ring-like distribution of procoagulant platelets and fibrin around the thrombus observed with blood of humans and wild-type mice was not present in thrombi of
MYH9
-knockout mice, confirming a major role of thrombus contraction in this phenomenon.
Conclusions—
Contraction of arterial thrombus is responsible for the mechanical extrusion of procoagulant platelets to its periphery, leading to heterogeneous structure of thrombus exterior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Y. Nechipurenko
- From the Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia (D.Y.N., R.R.K., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
| | - Nicolas Receveur
- INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang-Grand Est, UMR_S1255, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, France (N.R., A.E., C.L., C.G., P.H.M.)
| | - Alena O. Yakimenko
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
| | - Taisiya O. Shepelyuk
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia (T.O.S.)
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
| | - Alexandra A. Yakusheva
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
| | - Roman R. Kerimov
- From the Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia (D.Y.N., R.R.K., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
| | - Sergei I. Obydennyy
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
| | - Anita Eckly
- INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang-Grand Est, UMR_S1255, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, France (N.R., A.E., C.L., C.G., P.H.M.)
| | - Catherine Léon
- INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang-Grand Est, UMR_S1255, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, France (N.R., A.E., C.L., C.G., P.H.M.)
| | - Christian Gachet
- INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang-Grand Est, UMR_S1255, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, France (N.R., A.E., C.L., C.G., P.H.M.)
| | - Ekaterina L. Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (E.L.G.)
| | - Fazoil I. Ataullakhanov
- From the Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia (D.Y.N., R.R.K., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Department of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia (F.I.A., M.A.P.)
| | - Pierre H. Mangin
- INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang-Grand Est, UMR_S1255, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, France (N.R., A.E., C.L., C.G., P.H.M.)
| | - Mikhail A. Panteleev
- From the Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia (D.Y.N., R.R.K., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia (D.Y.N., A.O.Y., T.O.S., A.A.Y., S.I.O., F.I.A., M.A.P.)
- Department of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia (F.I.A., M.A.P.)
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10
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Abstract
During mitosis, kinetochores often bind to the walls of spindle microtubules, but these lateral interactions are then converted into a different binding mode in which microtubule plus-ends are embedded at kinetochores, forming dynamic "end-on" attachments. This remarkable configuration allows continuous addition or loss of tubulin subunits from the kinetochore-bound microtubule ends, concomitant with movement of the chromosomes. Here, we describe novel experimental assays for investigating this phenomenon using a well-defined in vitro reconstitution system visualized by fluorescence microscopy. Our assays take advantage of the kinetochore kinesin CENP-E, which assists in microtubule end conversion in vertebrate cells. In the experimental setup, CENP-E is conjugated to coverslip-immobilized microbeads coated with selected kinetochore components, creating conditions suitable for microtubule gliding and formation of either static or dynamic end-on microtubule attachment. This system makes it possible to analyze, in a systematic and rigorous manner, the molecular friction generated by the microtubule wall-binding proteins during lateral transport, as well as the ability of these proteins to establish and maintain association with microtubule plus-end, providing unique insights into the specific activities of various kinetochore components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Chakraborty
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ekaterina V Tarasovetc
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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11
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Monda JK, Whitney IP, Tarasovetc EV, Wilson-Kubalek E, Milligan RA, Grishchuk EL, Cheeseman IM. Microtubule Tip Tracking by the Spindle and Kinetochore Protein Ska1 Requires Diverse Tubulin-Interacting Surfaces. Curr Biol 2017; 27:3666-3675.e6. [PMID: 29153323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The macromolecular kinetochore functions to generate interactions between chromosomal DNA and spindle microtubules [1]. To facilitate chromosome movement and segregation, kinetochores must maintain associations with both growing and shrinking microtubule ends. It is critical to define the proteins and their properties that allow kinetochores to associate with dynamic microtubules. The kinetochore-localized human Ska1 complex binds to microtubules and tracks with depolymerizing microtubule ends [2]. We now demonstrate that the Ska1 complex also autonomously tracks with growing microtubule ends in vitro, a key property that would allow this complex to act at kinetochores to mediate persistent associations with dynamic microtubules. To define the basis for Ska1 complex interactions with dynamic microtubules, we investigated the tubulin-binding properties of the Ska1 microtubule binding domain. In addition to binding to the microtubule lattice and dolastatin-induced protofilament-like structures, we demonstrate that the Ska1 microtubule binding domain can associate with soluble tubulin heterodimers and promote assembly of oligomeric ring-like tubulin structures. We generated mutations on distinct surfaces of the Ska1 microtubule binding domain that disrupt binding to soluble tubulin but do not prevent microtubule binding. These mutants display compromised microtubule tracking activity in vitro and result in defective chromosome alignment and mitotic progression in cells using a CRISPR/Cas9-based replacement assay. Our work supports a model in which multiple surfaces of Ska1 interact with diverse tubulin substrates to associate with dynamic microtubule polymers and facilitate optimal chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Monda
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ian P Whitney
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ekaterina V Tarasovetc
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ronald A Milligan
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Iain M Cheeseman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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12
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Abstract
The main physiological function of mitotic kinetochores is to provide durable attachment to spindle microtubules, which segregate chromosomes in order to partition them equally between the two daughter cells. Numerous kinetochore components that can bind directly to microtubules have been identified, including ATP-dependent motors and various microtubule-associated proteins with no motor activity. A major challenge facing the field is to explain chromosome motions based on the biochemical and structural properties of these individual kinetochore components and their assemblies. This chapter reviews the molecular mechanisms responsible for the motions associated with dynamic microtubule tips at the single-molecule level, as well as the activities of multimolecular ensembles called couplers. These couplers enable persistent kinetochore motion even under load, but their exact composition and structure remain unknown. Because no natural or artificial macro-machines function in an analogous manner to these molecular nano-devices, understanding their underlying biophysical mechanisms will require conceptual advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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13
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Zakharov P, Gudimchuk N, Voevodin V, Tikhonravov A, Ataullakhanov FI, Grishchuk EL. Molecular and Mechanical Causes of Microtubule Catastrophe and Aging. Biophys J 2016; 109:2574-2591. [PMID: 26682815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulin polymers, microtubules, can switch abruptly from the assembly to shortening. These infrequent transitions, termed "catastrophes", affect numerous cellular processes but the underlying mechanisms are elusive. We approached this complex stochastic system using advanced coarse-grained molecular dynamics modeling of tubulin-tubulin interactions. Unlike in previous simplified models of dynamic microtubules, the catastrophes in this model arise owing to fluctuations in the composition and conformation of a growing microtubule tip, most notably in the number of protofilament curls. In our model, dynamic evolution of the stochastic microtubule tip configurations over a long timescale, known as the system's "aging", gives rise to the nonexponential distribution of microtubule lifetimes, consistent with experiment. We show that aging takes place in the absence of visible changes in the microtubule wall or tip, as this complex molecular-mechanical system evolves slowly and asymptotically toward the steady-state level of the catastrophe-promoting configurations. This new, to our knowledge, theoretical basis will assist detailed mechanistic investigations of the mechanisms of action of different microtubule-binding proteins and drugs, thereby enabling accurate control over the microtubule dynamics to treat various pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Zakharov
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nikita Gudimchuk
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Fazoil I Ataullakhanov
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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14
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Zaytsev AV, Segura-Peña D, Godzi M, Calderon A, Ballister ER, Stamatov R, Mayo AM, Peterson L, Black BE, Ataullakhanov FI, Lampson MA, Grishchuk EL. Bistability of a coupled Aurora B kinase-phosphatase system in cell division. eLife 2016; 5:e10644. [PMID: 26765564 PMCID: PMC4798973 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aurora B kinase, a key regulator of cell division, localizes to specific cellular locations, but the regulatory mechanisms responsible for phosphorylation of substrates located remotely from kinase enrichment sites are unclear. Here, we provide evidence that this activity at a distance depends on both sites of high kinase concentration and the bistability of a coupled kinase-phosphatase system. We reconstitute this bistable behavior and hysteresis using purified components to reveal co-existence of distinct high and low Aurora B activity states, sustained by a two-component kinase autoactivation mechanism. Furthermore, we demonstrate these non-linear regimes in live cells using a FRET-based phosphorylation sensor, and provide a mechanistic theoretical model for spatial regulation of Aurora B phosphorylation. We propose that bistability of an Aurora B-phosphatase system underlies formation of spatial phosphorylation patterns, which are generated and spread from sites of kinase autoactivation, thereby regulating cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V Zaytsev
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Dario Segura-Peña
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Maxim Godzi
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Abram Calderon
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Edward R Ballister
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Rumen Stamatov
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Alyssa M Mayo
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Laura Peterson
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Ben E Black
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Fazly I Ataullakhanov
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael A Lampson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
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15
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Zaytsev AV, Grishchuk EL. Basic mechanism for biorientation of mitotic chromosomes is provided by the kinetochore geometry and indiscriminate turnover of kinetochore microtubules. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3985-98. [PMID: 26424798 PMCID: PMC4710231 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accuracy of chromosome segregation relies on the ill-understood ability of mitotic kinetochores to biorient, whereupon each sister kinetochore forms microtubule (MT) attachments to only one spindle pole. Because initial MT attachments result from chance encounters with the kinetochores, biorientation must rely on specific mechanisms to avoid and resolve improper attachments. Here we use mathematical modeling to critically analyze the error-correction potential of a simplified biorientation mechanism, which involves the back-to-back arrangement of sister kinetochores and the marked instability of kinetochore-MT attachments. We show that a typical mammalian kinetochore operates in a near-optimal regime, in which the back-to-back kinetochore geometry and the indiscriminate kinetochore-MT turnover provide strong error-correction activity. In human cells, this mechanism alone can potentially enable normal segregation of 45 out of 46 chromosomes during one mitotic division, corresponding to a mis-segregation rate in the range of 10(-1)-10(-2) per chromosome. This theoretical upper limit for chromosome segregation accuracy predicted with the basic mechanism is close to the mis-segregation rate in some cancer cells; however, it cannot explain the relatively low chromosome loss in diploid human cells, consistent with their reliance on additional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V Zaytsev
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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16
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Kononova O, Kholodov Y, Theisen KE, Marx KA, Dima RI, Ataullakhanov FI, Grishchuk EL, Barsegov V. 52 Tubulin bond energies and microtubule biomechanics determined from nanoindentation in silico. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1032601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Barisic M, Silva e Sousa R, Tripathy SK, Magiera MM, Zaytsev AV, Pereira AL, Janke C, Grishchuk EL, Maiato H. Mitosis. Microtubule detyrosination guides chromosomes during mitosis. Science 2015; 348:799-803. [PMID: 25908662 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa5175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Before chromosomes segregate into daughter cells, they align at the mitotic spindle equator, a process known as chromosome congression. Centromere-associated protein E (CENP-E)/Kinesin-7 is a microtubule plus-end-directed kinetochore motor required for congression of pole-proximal chromosomes. Because the plus-ends of many astral microtubules in the spindle point to the cell cortex, it remains unknown how CENP-E guides pole-proximal chromosomes specifically toward the equator. We found that congression of pole-proximal chromosomes depended on specific posttranslational detyrosination of spindle microtubules that point to the equator. In vitro reconstitution experiments demonstrated that CENP-E-dependent transport was strongly enhanced on detyrosinated microtubules. Blocking tubulin tyrosination in cells caused ubiquitous detyrosination of spindle microtubules, and CENP-E transported chromosomes away from spindle poles in random directions. Thus, CENP-E-driven chromosome congression is guided by microtubule detyrosination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Barisic
- Chromosome Instability and Dynamics Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal. Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silva e Sousa
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Suvranta K Tripathy
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maria M Magiera
- Institut Curie, 91405 Orsay, France. Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3348, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Anatoly V Zaytsev
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia. Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ana L Pereira
- Chromosome Instability and Dynamics Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal. Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, 91405 Orsay, France. Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3348, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability and Dynamics Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal. Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Portugal. Cell Division Unit, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
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18
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Zaytsev AV, Mick JE, Maslennikov E, Nikashin B, DeLuca JG, Grishchuk EL. Multisite phosphorylation of the NDC80 complex gradually tunes its microtubule-binding affinity. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1829-44. [PMID: 25808492 PMCID: PMC4436829 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-11-1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule (MT) attachment to kinetochores is vitally important for cell division, but how these interactions are controlled by phosphorylation is not well known. We used quantitative approaches in vitro combined with molecular dynamics simulations to examine phosphoregulation of the NDC80 complex, a core kinetochore component. We show that the outputs from multiple phosphorylation events on the unstructured tail of its Hec1 subunit are additively integrated to elicit gradual tuning of NDC80-MT binding both in vitro and in silico. Conformational plasticity of the Hec1 tail enables it to serve as a phosphorylation-controlled rheostat, providing a new paradigm for regulating the affinity of MT binders. We also show that cooperativity of NDC80 interactions is weak and is unaffected by NDC80 phosphorylation. This in vitro finding strongly supports our model that independent molecular binding events to MTs by individual NDC80 complexes, rather than their structured oligomers, regulate the dynamics and stability of kinetochore-MT attachments in dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V Zaytsev
- Physiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jeanne E Mick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Evgeny Maslennikov
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Boris Nikashin
- Physiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jennifer G DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Physiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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19
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Zakharov P, Gudimchuk N, Voevodin V, Tikhonravov A, Ataullakhanov FI, Grishchuk EL. Multiple Reversible Molecular Events at the Microtubule Tip Drive the Age-Dependent Microtubule Catastrophes. Biophys J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.2786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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20
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Tripathy SK, Silva e Sousa R, Magiera MM, Zaytsev AV, Barisic M, Maiato H, Janke C, Grishchuk EL. Motility of Kinetochore Kinesin CENP-E is Enhanced by Tubulin Detyrosination. Biophys J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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21
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Kononova O, Kholodov Y, Theisen KE, Marx KA, Dima RI, Ataullakhanov FI, Grishchuk EL, Barsegov V. Tubulin bond energies and microtubule biomechanics determined from nanoindentation in silico. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17036-45. [PMID: 25389565 PMCID: PMC4277772 DOI: 10.1021/ja506385p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Microtubules,
the primary components of the chromosome segregation
machinery, are stabilized by longitudinal and lateral noncovalent
bonds between the tubulin subunits. However, the thermodynamics of
these bonds and the microtubule physicochemical properties are poorly
understood. Here, we explore the biomechanics of microtubule polymers
using multiscale computational modeling and nanoindentations in silico of a contiguous microtubule fragment. A close
match between the simulated and experimental force–deformation
spectra enabled us to correlate the microtubule biomechanics with
dynamic structural transitions at the nanoscale. Our mechanical testing
revealed that the compressed MT behaves as a system of rigid elements
interconnected through a network of lateral and longitudinal elastic
bonds. The initial regime of continuous elastic deformation of the
microtubule is followed by the transition regime, during which the
microtubule lattice undergoes discrete structural changes, which include
first the reversible dissociation of lateral bonds followed by irreversible
dissociation of the longitudinal bonds. We have determined the free
energies of dissociation of the lateral (6.9 ± 0.4 kcal/mol)
and longitudinal (14.9 ± 1.5 kcal/mol) tubulin–tubulin
bonds. These values in conjunction with the large flexural rigidity
of tubulin protofilaments obtained (18,000–26,000 pN·nm2) support the idea that the disassembling microtubule is capable
of generating a large mechanical force to move chromosomes during
cell division. Our computational modeling offers a comprehensive quantitative
platform to link molecular tubulin characteristics with the physiological
behavior of microtubules. The developed in silico nanoindentation method provides a powerful tool for the exploration
of biomechanical properties of other cytoskeletal and multiprotein
assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kononova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts , Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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22
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Zaytsev AV, Sundin LJR, DeLuca KF, Grishchuk EL, DeLuca JG. Accurate phosphoregulation of kinetochore-microtubule affinity requires unconstrained molecular interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:45-59. [PMID: 24982430 PMCID: PMC4085703 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201312107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Accurate regulation of kinetochore–microtubule affinity is driven by incremental phosphorylation of an NDC80 molecular “lawn,” in which NDC80–microtubule bonds reorganize dynamically in response to the number and stability of microtubule attachments. Accurate chromosome segregation relies on dynamic interactions between microtubules (MTs) and the NDC80 complex, a major kinetochore MT-binding component. Phosphorylation at multiple residues of its Hec1 subunit may tune kinetochore–MT binding affinity for diverse mitotic functions, but molecular details of such phosphoregulation remain elusive. Using quantitative analyses of mitotic progression in mammalian cells, we show that Hec1 phosphorylation provides graded control of kinetochore–MT affinity. In contrast, modeling the kinetochore interface with repetitive MT binding sites predicts a switchlike response. To reconcile these findings, we hypothesize that interactions between NDC80 complexes and MTs are not constrained, i.e., the NDC80 complexes can alternate their binding between adjacent kinetochore MTs. Experiments using cells with phosphomimetic Hec1 mutants corroborate predictions of such a model but not of the repetitive sites model. We propose that accurate regulation of kinetochore–MT affinity is driven by incremental phosphorylation of an NDC80 molecular “lawn,” in which the NDC80–MT bonds reorganize dynamically in response to the number and stability of MT attachments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V Zaytsev
- Physiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Lynsie J R Sundin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Keith F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Physiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jennifer G DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
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Vitre B, Gudimchuk N, Borda R, Kim Y, Heuser JE, Cleveland DW, Grishchuk EL. Kinetochore-microtubule attachment throughout mitosis potentiated by the elongated stalk of the kinetochore kinesin CENP-E. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2272-81. [PMID: 24920822 PMCID: PMC4116301 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-01-0698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Centromere protein E (CENP-E) is a highly elongated kinesin that transports pole-proximal chromosomes during congression in prometaphase. During metaphase, it facilitates kinetochore-microtubule end-on attachment required to achieve and maintain chromosome alignment. In vitro CENP-E can walk processively along microtubule tracks and follow both growing and shrinking microtubule plus ends. Neither the CENP-E-dependent transport along microtubules nor its tip-tracking activity requires the unusually long coiled-coil stalk of CENP-E. The biological role for the CENP-E stalk has now been identified through creation of "Bonsai" CENP-E with significantly shortened stalk but wild-type motor and tail domains. We demonstrate that Bonsai CENP-E fails to bind microtubules in vitro unless a cargo is contemporaneously bound via its C-terminal tail. In contrast, both full-length and truncated CENP-E that has no stalk and tail exhibit robust motility with and without cargo binding, highlighting the importance of CENP-E stalk for its activity. Correspondingly, kinetochore attachment to microtubule ends is shown to be disrupted in cells whose CENP-E has a shortened stalk, thereby producing chromosome misalignment in metaphase and lagging chromosomes during anaphase. Together these findings establish an unexpected role of CENP-E elongated stalk in ensuring stability of kinetochore-microtubule attachments during chromosome congression and segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Vitre
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nikita Gudimchuk
- Physiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ranier Borda
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Yumi Kim
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - John E Heuser
- Department of Cell Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, MO 63110WPI Institute for Cell and Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Don W Cleveland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Physiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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24
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Volkov VA, Zaytsev AV, Grishchuk EL. Preparation of segmented microtubules to study motions driven by the disassembling microtubule ends. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24686554 DOI: 10.3791/51150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule depolymerization can provide force to transport different protein complexes and protein-coated beads in vitro. The underlying mechanisms are thought to play a vital role in the microtubule-dependent chromosome motions during cell division, but the relevant proteins and their exact roles are ill-defined. Thus, there is a growing need to develop assays with which to study such motility in vitro using purified components and defined biochemical milieu. Microtubules, however, are inherently unstable polymers; their switching between growth and shortening is stochastic and difficult to control. The protocols we describe here take advantage of the segmented microtubules that are made with the photoablatable stabilizing caps. Depolymerization of such segmented microtubules can be triggered with high temporal and spatial resolution, thereby assisting studies of motility at the disassembling microtubule ends. This technique can be used to carry out a quantitative analysis of the number of molecules in the fluorescently-labeled protein complexes, which move processively with dynamic microtubule ends. To optimize a signal-to-noise ratio in this and other quantitative fluorescent assays, coverslips should be treated to reduce nonspecific absorption of soluble fluorescently-labeled proteins. Detailed protocols are provided to take into account the unevenness of fluorescent illumination, and determine the intensity of a single fluorophore using equidistant Gaussian fit. Finally, we describe the use of segmented microtubules to study microtubule-dependent motions of the protein-coated microbeads, providing insights into the ability of different motor and nonmotor proteins to couple microtubule depolymerization to processive cargo motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Volkov
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Zaytsev
- Physiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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26
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Zaytsev A, Mick JE, Nikashin B, Maslennikov E, Ataullakhanov FI, DeLuca JG, Grishchuk EL. NDC80 Microtubule Binding but not Cooperativity Decreases Proportionally to the Number of Phosphorylated Residues and Independently of their Positions in NDC80 Tail. Biophys J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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27
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Zaytsev AV, Ataullakhanov FI, Grishchuk EL. Highly Transient Molecular Interactions Underlie the Stability of Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachment During Cell Division. Cell Mol Bioeng 2013; 6. [PMID: 24376473 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-013-0309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation during mitosis is mediated by spindle microtubules that attach to chromosomal kinetochores with strong yet labile links. The exact molecular composition of the kinetochore-microtubule interface is not known but microtubules are thought to bind to kinetochores via the specialized microtubule-binding sites, which contain multiple microtubule-binding proteins. During prometaphase the lifetime of microtubule attachments is short but in metaphase it increases 3-fold, presumably owing to dephosphorylation of the microtubule-binding proteins that increases their affinity. Here, we use mathematical modeling to examine in quantitative and systematic manner the general relationships between the molecular properties of microtubule-binding proteins and the resulting stability of microtubule attachment to the protein-containing kinetochore site. We show that when the protein connections are stochastic, the physiological rate of microtubule turnover is achieved only if these molecular interactions are very transient, each lasting fraction of a second. This "microscopic" time is almost four orders of magnitude shorter than the characteristic time of kinetochore-microtubule attachment. Cooperativity of the microtubule-binding events further increases the disparity of these time scales. Furthermore, for all values of kinetic parameters the microtubule stability is very sensitive to the minor changes in the molecular constants. Such sensitivity of the lifetime of microtubule attachment to the kinetics and cooperativity of molecular interactions at the microtubule-binding site may hinder the accurate regulation of kinetochore-microtubule stability during mitotic progression, and it necessitates detailed experimental examination of the microtubule-binding properties of kinetochore-localized proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V Zaytsev
- Physiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3700 Hamilton Walk, A401 Richards Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fazly I Ataullakhanov
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, RAS, Moscow, Russia, 119991 ; Physics Department, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119899 ; Laboratory of Biophysics, Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia, 117198
| | - Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Physiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3700 Hamilton Walk, A401 Richards Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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28
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Gudimchuk N, Vitre B, Kim Y, Kiyatkin A, Cleveland DW, Ataullakhanov FI, Grishchuk EL. Kinetochore kinesin CENP-E is a processive bi-directional tracker of dynamic microtubule tips. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:1079-1088. [PMID: 23955301 PMCID: PMC3919686 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During vertebrate mitosis, the centromere-associated kinesin CENP-E (centromere protein E) transports misaligned chromosomes to the plus ends of spindle microtubules. Subsequently, the kinetochores that form at the centromeres establish stable associations with microtubule ends, which assemble and disassemble dynamically. Here we provide evidence that after chromosomes have congressed and bi-oriented, the CENP-E motor continues to play an active role at kinetochores, enhancing their links with dynamic microtubule ends. Using a combination of single-molecule approaches and laser trapping in vitro, we demonstrate that once reaching microtubule ends, CENP-E converts from a lateral transporter into a microtubule tip-tracker that maintains association with both assembling and disassembling microtubule tips. Computational modelling of this behaviour supports our proposal that CENP-E tip-tracks bi-directionally through a tethered motor mechanism, which relies on both the motor and tail domains of CENP-E. Our results provide a molecular framework for the contribution of CENP-E to the stability of attachments between kinetochores and dynamic microtubule ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Gudimchuk
- Physiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Benjamin Vitre
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yumi Kim
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Anatoly Kiyatkin
- Physiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Don W Cleveland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Fazly I Ataullakhanov
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Physiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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29
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McIntosh JR, O'Toole E, Zhudenkov K, Morphew M, Schwartz C, Ataullakhanov FI, Grishchuk EL. Conserved and divergent features of kinetochores and spindle microtubule ends from five species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 200:459-74. [PMID: 23420873 PMCID: PMC3575531 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201209154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive, cross-species electron tomography analysis of kinetochore–microtubule interfaces has provided insight into shared structural features and their likely functional consequences. Interfaces between spindle microtubules and kinetochores were examined in diverse species by electron tomography and image analysis. Overall structures were conserved in a mammal, an alga, a nematode, and two kinds of yeasts; all lacked dense outer plates, and most kinetochore microtubule ends flared into curved protofilaments that were connected to chromatin by slender fibrils. Analyses of curvature on >8,500 protofilaments showed that all classes of spindle microtubules displayed some flaring protofilaments, including those growing in the anaphase interzone. Curved protofilaments on anaphase kinetochore microtubules were no more flared than their metaphase counterparts, but they were longer. Flaring protofilaments in budding yeasts were linked by fibrils to densities that resembled nucleosomes; these are probably the yeast kinetochores. Analogous densities in fission yeast were larger and less well-defined, but both yeasts showed ring- or partial ring-shaped structures girding their kinetochore microtubules. Flaring protofilaments linked to chromatin are well placed to exert force on chromosomes, assuring stable attachment and reliable anaphase segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Richard McIntosh
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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30
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Gudimchuk N, Vitre B, Kim Y, Cleveland DW, Ataullakhanov FI, Grishchuk EL. Kinetochore Kinesin CENP-E Tracks the Tips of Dynamic Microtubules via the ‘Tethered Motor’ Mechanism. Biophys J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.11.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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31
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Zaytsev A, Sundin LJ, Nikashin B, DeLuca KF, Mick J, Guimaraes GJ, Ataullakhanov FI, Grishchuk EL, DeLuca JG. Incremental Phosphorylation of a Dynamic Lawn of NDC80 Complexes Provides Graded Control of Kinetochore-Microtubule Affinity. Biophys J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.11.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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32
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Schmidt JC, Arthanari H, Boeszoermenyi A, Dashkevich NM, Wilson-Kubalek EM, Monnier N, Markus M, Oberer M, Milligan RA, Bathe M, Wagner G, Grishchuk EL, Cheeseman IM. The kinetochore-bound Ska1 complex tracks depolymerizing microtubules and binds to curved protofilaments. Dev Cell 2012; 23:968-80. [PMID: 23085020 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To ensure equal chromosome segregation during mitosis, the macromolecular kinetochore must remain attached to depolymerizing microtubules, which drive chromosome movements. How kinetochores associate with depolymerizing microtubules, which undergo dramatic structural changes forming curved protofilaments, has yet to be defined in vertebrates. Here, we demonstrate that the conserved kinetochore-localized Ska1 complex tracks with depolymerizing microtubule ends and associates with both the microtubule lattice and curved protofilaments. In contrast, the Ndc80 complex, a central player in the kinetochore-microtubule interface, binds only to the straight microtubule lattice and lacks tracking activity. We demonstrate that the Ska1 complex imparts its tracking capability to the Ndc80 complex. Finally, we present a structure of the Ska1 microtubule-binding domain that reveals its interaction with microtubules and its regulation by Aurora B. This work defines an integrated kinetochore-microtubule interface formed by the Ska1 and Ndc80 complexes that associates with depolymerizing microtubules, potentially by interacting with curved microtubule protofilaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens C Schmidt
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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33
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Gudimchuk N, Vitre B, Kim Y, Cleveland DW, Ataullakhanov FI, Grishchuk EL. Mitotic Kinesin CENP-E is a Robust Tracker of Dynamic Microtubule ends. Biophys J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.3815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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34
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Abstract
The motions of mitotic chromosomes are complex and show considerable variety across species. A wealth of evidence supports the idea that microtubule-dependent motor enzymes contribute to this variation and are important both for spindle formation and for the accurate completion of chromosome segregation. Motors that walk towards the spindle pole are, however, dispensable for at least some poleward movements of chromosomes in yeasts, suggesting that depolymerizing spindle microtubules can generate mitotic forces in vivo. Tubulin protofilaments that flare outward in association with microtubule shortening may be the origin of such forces, because they can move objects that are appropriately attached to a microtubule wall. For example, some kinetochore-associated proteins can couple experimental objects, such as microspheres, to shortening microtubules in vitro, moving them over many micrometers. Here, we review recent evidence about such phenomena, highlighting the force-generation mechanisms and different coupling strategies. We also consider bending filaments of the tubulin-like protein FtsZ, which form rings girding bacteria at their sites of cytokinesis. Mechanical similarities between these force-generation systems suggest a deep phylogenetic relationship between tubulin depolymerization in eukaryotic mitosis and FtsZ-mediated ring contraction in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Richard McIntosh
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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35
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Welburn JPI, Grishchuk EL, Backer CB, Wilson-Kubalek EM, Yates JR, Cheeseman IM. The human kinetochore Ska1 complex facilitates microtubule depolymerization-coupled motility. Dev Cell 2009; 16:374-85. [PMID: 19289083 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitotic chromosome segregation requires that kinetochores attach to microtubule polymers and harness microtubule dynamics to drive chromosome movement. In budding yeast, the Dam1 complex couples kinetochores with microtubule depolymerization. However, a metazoan homolog of the Dam1 complex has not been identified. To identify proteins that play a corresponding role at the vertebrate kinetochore-microtubule interface, we isolated a three subunit human Ska1 complex, including the previously uncharacterized protein Rama1 that localizes to the outer kinetochore and spindle microtubules. Depletion of Ska1 complex subunits severely compromises proper chromosome segregation. Reconstituted Ska1 complex possesses two separable biochemical activities: direct microtubule binding through the Ska1 subunit, and microtubule-stimulated oligomerization imparted by the Rama1 subunit. The full Ska1 complex forms assemblies on microtubules that can facilitate the processive movement of microspheres along depolymerizing microtubules. In total, these results demonstrate a critical role for the Ska1 complex in interacting with dynamic microtubules at the outer kinetochore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie P I Welburn
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Suite 401, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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36
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Fedyanina OS, Book AJ, Grishchuk EL. Tubulin heterodimers remain functional for one cell cycle after the inactivation of tubulin-folding cofactor D in fission yeast cells. Yeast 2009; 26:235-47. [PMID: 19330768 PMCID: PMC5705012 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulin-folding cofactor D plays a major role in the formation of functional tubulin heterodimers, the subunits of microtubules (MTs) that are essential for cell division. Previous work has suggested that, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, cofactor D function is required during G(1) or S phases of the cell cycle, and when it fails to function due to the temperature-sensitive mutation alp1-t1, cells are unable to segregate their chromosomes in the subsequent mitosis. Here we report that another mutation in the cofactor D gene, alp1-1315, causes failures in either the first or second mitosis in cells synchronized in G(1) or G(2) phases, respectively. Other results, however, suggest that the kinetics of viability loss in these mutants does not depend on progression through the cell cycle. When cofactor D function is perturbed in cells blocked in G(2), cytoplasmic MTs appear normal for 2-3 h but thereafter they disintegrate quickly, so that only a few short MTs remain. These residual MTs are, however, stably maintained, suggesting that they do not require active cofactor D function. The abrupt disassembly of MT cytoskeleton at restrictive temperature in non-cycling cofactor D mutant cells strongly suggests that the life-span of folded tubulin dimers might be downregulated. Indeed, this period is significantly shorter than the previously determined dissociation time of bovine tubulins in vitro. The death of mutant cells occurs inevitably after 2-3 h at restrictive temperature in the following mitosis, and is explained by the idea that MT structures formed in the absence of cofactor D cannot support normal cell division.
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37
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Grishchuk EL, Efremov AK, Volkov VA, Spiridonov I, Gudimchuk N, Westermann S, Dubin D, Barnes G, McIntosh JR, Ataullakhanov FI. The Dam1 Ring Binds Microtubules Strongly Enough To Be A Processive As Well As Energy-efficient Coupler For Chromosome Motion. Biophys J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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38
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Grissom PM, Fiedler T, Grishchuk EL, Nicastro D, West RR, McIntosh JR. Kinesin-8 from fission yeast: a heterodimeric, plus-end-directed motor that can couple microtubule depolymerization to cargo movement. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 20:963-72. [PMID: 19037096 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-09-0979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fission yeast expresses two kinesin-8s, previously identified and characterized as products of the klp5(+) and klp6(+) genes. These polypeptides colocalize throughout the vegetative cell cycle as they bind cytoplasmic microtubules during interphase, spindle microtubules, and/or kinetochores during early mitosis, and the interpolar spindle as it elongates in anaphase B. Here, we describe in vitro properties of these motor proteins and some truncated versions expressed in either bacteria or Sf9 cells. The motor-plus-neck domain of Klp6p formed soluble dimers that cross-linked microtubules and showed both microtubule-activated ATPase and plus-end-directed motor activities. Full-length Klp5p and Klp6p, coexpressed in Sf9 cells, formed soluble heterodimers with the same activities. The latter recombinant protein could also couple microbeads to the ends of shortening microtubules and use energy from tubulin depolymerization to pull a load in the minus end direction. These results, together with the spindle localizations of these proteins in vivo and their requirement for cell viability in the absence of the Dam1/DASH kinetochore complex, support the hypothesis that fission yeast kinesin-8 contributes both to chromosome congression to the metaphase plate and to the coupling of spindle microtubules to kinetochores during anaphase A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Grissom
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
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39
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McIntosh JR, Grishchuk EL, Morphew MK, Efremov AK, Zhudenkov K, Volkov VA, Cheeseman IM, Desai A, Mastronarde DN, Ataullakhanov FI. Fibrils connect microtubule tips with kinetochores: a mechanism to couple tubulin dynamics to chromosome motion. Cell 2008; 135:322-33. [PMID: 18957206 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochores of mitotic chromosomes are coupled to spindle microtubules in ways that allow the energy from tubulin dynamics to drive chromosome motion. Most kinetochore-associated microtubule ends display curving "protofilaments," strands of tubulin dimers that bend away from the microtubule axis. Both a kinetochore "plate" and an encircling, ring-shaped protein complex have been proposed to link protofilament bending to poleward chromosome motion. Here we show by electron tomography that slender fibrils connect curved protofilaments directly to the inner kinetochore. Fibril-protofilament associations correlate with a local straightening of the flared protofilaments. Theoretical analysis reveals that protofilament-fibril connections would be efficient couplers for chromosome motion, and experimental work on two very different kinetochore components suggests that filamentous proteins can couple shortening microtubules to cargo movements. These analyses define a ring-independent mechanism for harnessing microtubule dynamics directly to chromosome movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Richard McIntosh
- Department of M.C.D. Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA.
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40
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Molodtsov MI, Grishchuk EL, McIntosh JR, Ataullakhanov FI. Measurement of the force developed by disassembling microtubule during calcium-induced depolymerization. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2008; 412:18-21. [PMID: 17506346 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672907010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M I Molodtsov
- Hematology Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125167, Russia
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Grishchuk EL, Spiridonov IS, McIntosh JR. Mitotic chromosome biorientation in fission yeast is enhanced by dynein and a minus-end-directed, kinesin-like protein. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:2216-25. [PMID: 17409356 PMCID: PMC1877089 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-11-0987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome biorientation, the attachment of sister kinetochores to sister spindle poles, is vitally important for accurate chromosome segregation. We have studied this process by following the congression of pole-proximal kinetochores and their subsequent anaphase segregation in fission yeast cells that carry deletions in any or all of this organism's minus end-directed, microtubule-dependent motors: two related kinesin 14s (Pkl1p and Klp2p) and dynein. None of these deletions abolished biorientation, but fewer chromosomes segregated normally without Pkl1p, and to a lesser degree without dynein, than in wild-type cells. In the absence of Pkl1p, which normally localizes to the spindle and its poles, the checkpoint that monitors chromosome biorientation was defective, leading to frequent precocious anaphase. Ultrastructural analysis of mutant mitotic spindles suggests that Pkl1p contributes to error-free biorientation by promoting normal spindle pole organization, whereas dynein helps to anchor a focused bundle of spindle microtubules at the pole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Grishchuk EL, McIntosh JR. Microtubule depolymerization can drive poleward chromosome motion in fission yeast. EMBO J 2006; 25:4888-96. [PMID: 17036054 PMCID: PMC1618090 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Prometaphase kinetochores interact with spindle microtubules (MTs) to establish chromosome bi-orientation. Before becoming bi-oriented, chromosomes frequently exhibit poleward movements (P-movements), which are commonly attributed to minus end-directed, MT-dependent motors. In fission yeast there are three such motors: dynein and two kinesin-14s, Pkl1p and Klp2p. None of these enzymes is essential for viability, and even the triple deletion grows well. This might be due to the fact that yeasts kinetochores are normally juxtapolar at mitosis onset, removing the need for poleward chromosome movement during prometaphase. Anaphase P-movement might also be dispensable in a spindle that elongates significantly. To test this supposition, we have analyzed kinetochore dynamics in cells whose kinetochore-pole connections have been dispersed. In cells recovering from this condition, the maximum rate of poleward kinetochore movement was unaffected by the deletion of any or all of these motors, strongly suggesting that other factors, like MT depolymerization, can cause such movements in vivo. However, Klp2p, which localizes to kinetochores, contributed to the effectiveness of P-movement by promoting the shortening of kinetochore fibers.
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Fedyanina OS, Mardanov PV, Tokareva EM, McIntosh JR, Grishchuk EL. Chromosome segregation in fission yeast with mutations in the tubulin folding cofactor D. Curr Genet 2006; 50:281-94. [PMID: 17004072 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-006-0095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation requires the combined activities of the microtubule-based mitotic spindle and the multiple proteins that form mitotic kinetochores. Here, we show that the fission yeast mitotic mutant, tsm1-512, is an allele of the tubulin folding chaperone, cofactor D. Chromosome segregation in this and in an additional cofactor D mutant depends on growth conditions that are monitored specifically by the mitotic checkpoint proteins Mad1, 2, 3 and Bub3. The temperature-sensitive mutants we have used disrupt the function of cofactor D to different extents, but both strains form a mitotic spindle in which the poles separate in anaphase. However, chromosome segregation is often unequal, apparently due to a defect in kinetochore-microtubule interactions. Mutations in cofactor D render cells particularly sensitive to the expression levels of a CENP-B-like protein, Abp1p, which works as an allele-specific, high-copy suppressor of cofactor D. This and other genetic interactions between cofactor D mutants and specific kinetochore and spindle components suggest their critical role in establishing the normal kinetochore-microtubule interface.
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Grishchuk EL, Molodtsov MI, Ataullakhanov FI, McIntosh JR. Force production by disassembling microtubules. Nature 2005; 438:384-8. [PMID: 16292315 DOI: 10.1038/nature04132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are important components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton: they contribute to cell shape and movement, as well as to the motions of organelles including mitotic chromosomes. MTs bind motor enzymes that drive many such movements, but MT dynamics can also contribute to organelle motility. Each MT polymer is a store of chemical energy that can be used to do mechanical work, but how this energy is converted to motility remains unknown. Here we show, by conjugating glass microbeads to tubulin polymers through strong inert linkages, such as biotin-avidin, that depolymerizing MTs exert a brief tug on the beads, as measured with laser tweezers. Analysis of these interactions with a molecular-mechanical model of MT structure and force production shows that a single depolymerizing MT can generate about ten times the force that is developed by a motor enzyme; thus, this mechanism might be the primary driving force for chromosome motion. Because even the simple coupler used here slows MT disassembly, physiological couplers may modulate MT dynamics in vivo.
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Molodtsov MI, Grishchuk EL, Efremov AK, McIntosh JR, Ataullakhanov FI. Force production by depolymerizing microtubules: a theoretical study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:4353-8. [PMID: 15767580 PMCID: PMC555502 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0501142102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome movement during mitosis is powered in part by energy released through the depolymerization of kinetochore microtubules (MTs). Strong but indirect evidence suggests the existence of a specialized coupling between kinetochores and MT plus ends that enables this transduction of chemical energy into mechanical work. Analysis of this phenomenon is important for learning how energy is stored within the MT lattice, how it is transduced, and how efficient the process can be, given coupling devices of different designs. Here we use a recently developed molecular-mechanical model of MTs to examine the mechanism of disassembly dependent force generation. Our approach is based on changes in tubulin dimer conformation that occur during MT disassembly. We find that all of the energy of polymerization-associated GTP hydrolysis can be stored as deformations of the longitudinal bonds between tubulin dimers, and its optimal use does not require the weakening of lateral bonds between dimers. Maximum utilization of this stored energy and, hence, the generation of the strongest possible force, is achieved by a protofilament power-stroke mechanism, so long as the coupling device does not restrict full dissociation of the lateral bonds between tubulin dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Molodtsov
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Abstract
Dynamic instability of MTs is thought to be regulated by biochemical transformations within tubulin dimers that are coupled to the hydrolysis of bound GTP. Structural studies of nucleotide-bound tubulin dimers have recently provided a concrete basis for understanding how these transformations may contribute to MT dynamic instability. To analyze these ideas, we have developed a molecular-mechanical model in which structural and biochemical properties of tubulin are used to predict the shape and stability of MTs. From simple and explicit features of tubulin, we define bond energy relationships and explore the impact of their variations on integral MT properties. This modeling provides quantitative predictions about the GTP cap. It specifies important mechanical features underlying MT instability and shows that this property does not require GTP-hydrolysis to alter the strength of tubulin-tubulin bonds. The MT plus end is stabilized by at least two layers of GTP-tubulin subunits, whereas the minus end requires at least one; this and other differences between the ends are explained by asymmetric force balances. Overall, this model provides a new link between the biophysical characteristics of tubulin and the physiological behavior of MTs. It will also be useful in building a more complete description of MT dynamics and mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim I Molodtsov
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Fedianina OS, Grishchuk EL. [Effect of superexpression of DNA-binding protein heterochromatin Abp1p on frequency of loss of minichromosomes and growth of Schizosaccharomyces pombe with mutations of the gene coding cofactor D]. Genetika 2004; 40:26-36. [PMID: 15027197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitotic chromosome segregation is partly determined by interaction between microtubules (MTs) and the kinetochores of sister chromatids. The precise mechanism of the interaction between kinetochores and MTs remains unclear. This process has been studied in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe by analyzing interaction between genes encoding kinetochore components, such as DNA-binding protein Abp1p, and genes whose protein products affect the dynamics of MTs, such as cofactor D of tubulin dimer assembly. Analysis of cell growth and minichromosome loss frequency has demonstrated that mutations in the gene of cofactor D, especially mutation tsm1-512, increase the rate of minichromosome loss and the sensitivity to changes in Abp1p concentration in cells compared to wild-type cells Probably, mutations alp1-1315 and tsm1-512 of the cofactor D gene cause defects in the kinetochore-MT interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Fedianina
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117334 Russia.
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Abstract
Spindle microtubules interact with mitotic chromosomes, binding to their kinetochores to generate forces that are important for accurate chromosome segregation. Motor enzymes localized both at kinetochores and spindle poles help to form the biologically significant attachments between spindle fibers and their cargo, but microtubule-associated proteins without motor activity contribute to these junctions in important ways. This review examines the molecules necessary for chromosome-microtubule interaction in a range of well-studied organisms, using biological diversity to identify the factors that are essential for organized chromosome movement. We conclude that microtubule dynamics and the proteins that control them are likely to be more important for mitosis than the current enthusiasm for motor enzymes would suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Richard McIntosh
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309-0347, USA.
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Grishchuk EL, Frolov DI, Savchenko GV. [Overexpression of the apc10+ gene in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe can suppress temperature sensitivity of the nuc2-663 mutant,but not its sterility]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2000; 34:809-15. [PMID: 11033806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Grishchuk EL, McIntosh JR. Sto1p, a fission yeast protein similar to tubulin folding cofactor E, plays an essential role in mitotic microtubule assembly. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 ( Pt 12):1979-88. [PMID: 10341216 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.12.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper functioning of microtubules depends crucially on the availability of polymerizable alpha/beta tubulin dimers. Their production occurs concomitant with the folding of the tubulin polypeptides and is accomplished in part by proteins known as Cofactors A through E. In the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, this tubulin folding pathway is essential. We have taken advantage of the excellent cytology available in S. pombe to examine the phenotypic consequences of a deletion of sto1(+), a gene that encodes a protein similar to Cofactor E, which is required for the folding of alpha-tubulin. The interphase microtubule cytoskeleton in sto1-delta cells is severely disrupted, and as cells enter mitosis their spindles fail to form. After a transient arrest with condensed chromosomes, the cells exit mitosis and resume DNA synthesis, whereupon they septate abnormally and die. Overexpression of Spo1p is toxic to cells carrying a cold-sensitive allele of the alpha- but not the beta-tubulin gene, consistent with the suggestion that this protein plays a role like that of Cofactor E. Unlike its presumptive partner Cofactor D (Alp1p), however, Sto1p does not localize to microtubules but is found throughout the cell. Overexpression of Sto1p has no toxic effects in wild-type cells, suggesting that it is unable to disrupt alpha/beta tubulin dimers in vivo.
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