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Franzetti E, Casartelli M, D'Antona P, Montali A, Romanelli D, Cappellozza S, Caccia S, Grimaldi A, de Eguileor M, Tettamanti G. Midgut epithelium in molting silkworm: A fine balance among cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Arthropod Struct Dev 2016; 45:368-379. [PMID: 27349418 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The midgut of insects has attracted great attention as a system for studying intestinal stem cells (ISCs) as well as cell death-related processes, such as apoptosis and autophagy. Among insects, Lepidoptera represent a good model to analyze these cells and processes. In particular, larva-larva molting is an interesting developmental phase since the larva must deal with nutrient starvation and its organs are subjected to rearrangements due to proliferation and differentiation events. Several studies have analyzed ISCs in vitro and characterized key factors involved in their division and differentiation during molt. However, in vivo studies performed during larva-larva transition on these cells, and on the whole midgut epithelium, are fragmentary. In the present study, we analyzed the larval midgut epithelium of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, during larva-larva molting, focusing our attention on ISCs. Moreover, we investigated the metabolic changes that occur in the epithelium and evaluated the intervention of autophagy. Our data on ISCs proliferation and differentiation, autophagy activation, and metabolic and functional activities of the midgut cells shed light on the complexity of this organ during the molting phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Franzetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Morena Casartelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola D'Antona
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Aurora Montali
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Davide Romanelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Cappellozza
- CREA - Honey Bee and Silkworm Research Unit, Padua Seat, 35143 Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Caccia
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Magda de Eguileor
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy.
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Berini F, Caccia S, Franzetti E, Congiu T, Marinelli F, Casartelli M, Tettamanti G. Effects of Trichoderma viride chitinases on the peritrophic matrix of Lepidoptera. Pest Manag Sci 2016; 72:980-989. [PMID: 26179981 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peritrophic matrix (PM) is formed by a network of chitin fibrils associated with proteins, glycoproteins and proteoglycans that lines the insect midgut. It is a physical barrier involved in digestion processes, and protects the midgut epithelium from food abrasion, pathogen infections and toxic materials. Given its fundamental role in insect physiology, the PM represents an excellent target for pest control strategies. Although a number of viral, bacterial and insect chitinolytic enzymes affecting PM integrity have already been tested, exploitation of fungal chitinases has been almost neglected. Fungal chitinases, already in use as fungal phytopathogen biocontrol agents, are known to attack the insect cuticle, but their action on the insect gut needs to be better investigated. RESULTS In the present paper, we performed a biochemical characterisation of a commercial mixture of chitinolytic enzymes derived from Trichoderma viride and analysed its in vitro and in vivo effects on the PM of the silkworm Bombyx mori, a model system among Lepidoptera. We found that these enzymes have significant in vitro effects on the structure and permeability of the PM of this insect. A bioassay supported these results and showed that the oral administration of the mixture causes PM alterations, leading to adverse consequences on larval growth and development, negatively affecting pupal weight and even inducing mortality. CONCLUSIONS This study provides an integrated experimental approach to evaluate the effects of fungal chitinases on Lepidoptera. The encouraging results obtained herein make us confident about the possible use of fungal chitinases to control lepidopteran pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Berini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- The Protein Factory Research Centre, Politecnico di Milano, ICRM CNR Milano and University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Caccia
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Franzetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Terenzio Congiu
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Flavia Marinelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- The Protein Factory Research Centre, Politecnico di Milano, ICRM CNR Milano and University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Franzetti E, Romanelli D, Caccia S, Cappellozza S, Congiu T, Rajagopalan M, Grimaldi A, de Eguileor M, Casartelli M, Tettamanti G. The midgut of the silkmoth Bombyx mori is able to recycle molecules derived from degeneration of the larval midgut epithelium. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361:509-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Di Lelio I, Caccia S, Coppola M, Buonanno M, Di Prisco G, Varricchio P, Franzetti E, Corrado G, Monti SM, Rao R, Casartelli M, Pennacchio F. A virulence factor encoded by a polydnavirus confers tolerance to transgenic tobacco plants against lepidopteran larvae, by impairing nutrient absorption. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113988. [PMID: 25438149 PMCID: PMC4250187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological control of insect pests is based on the use of natural enemies. However, the growing information on the molecular mechanisms underpinning the interactions between insects and their natural antagonists can be exploited to develop "bio-inspired" pest control strategies, mimicking suppression mechanisms shaped by long co-evolutionary processes. Here we focus on a virulence factor encoded by the polydnavirus associated with the braconid wasp Toxoneuron nigriceps (TnBV), an endophagous parasitoid of noctuid moth larvae. This virulence factor (TnBVANK1) is a member of the viral ankyrin (ANK) protein family, and appears to be involved both in immunosuppression and endocrine alterations of the host. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing TnBVANK1 showed insecticide activity and caused developmental delay in Spodoptera littoralis larvae feeding on them. This effect was more evident in a transgenic line showing a higher number of transcripts of the viral gene. However, this effect was not associated with evidence of translocation into the haemocoel of the entire protein, where the receptors of TnBVANK1 are putatively located. Indeed, immunolocalization experiments evidenced the accumulation of this viral protein in the midgut, where it formed a thick layer coating the brush border of epithelial cells. In vitro transport experiments demonstrated that the presence of recombinant TnBVANK1 exerted a dose-dependent negative impact on amino acid transport. These results open new perspectives for insect control and stimulate additional research efforts to pursue the development of novel bioinsecticides, encoded by parasitoid-derived genes. However, future work will have to carefully evaluate any effect that these molecules may have on beneficial insects and on non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Di Lelio
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Portici, Italy
| | - Silvia Caccia
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Portici, Italy
| | - Mariangela Coppola
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Portici, Italy
| | - Martina Buonanno
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini (IBB), CNR, Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Gennaro Di Prisco
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Portici, Italy
| | - Paola Varricchio
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Portici, Italy
| | - Eleonora Franzetti
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Simona M. Monti
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini (IBB), CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosa Rao
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Portici, Italy
| | - Morena Casartelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Wöltje M, Böbel M, Rheinnecker M, Tettamanti G, Franzetti E, Saviane A, Cappellozza S. Transgenic protein production in silkworm silk glands requires cathepsin and chitinase of Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:4571-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5543-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Casati B, Terova G, Cattaneo AG, Rimoldi S, Franzetti E, de Eguileor M, Tettamanti G. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of ATG1 in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Gene 2012; 511:326-37. [PMID: 23041082 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Atg1 is a Serine/Threonine protein kinase that plays a pivotal role in autophagy. A complete coding sequence of ATG1 is not available for the silkworm, Bombyx mori which is a good model for studying the autophagic process. In the present study we isolated two full-length cDNAs of 2175 (transcript variant A) and 2271 (transcript variant B) bases representing ATG1 in the silkworm. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that BmATG1 was closely related to orthologs of other insects. The encoded BmAtg1 proteins shared extensive homology with orthologs from yeast to mammals, showing high conservation at the N-terminal region where the catalytic domain and ATP- and Mg-binding sites are located. A de novo prediction of the three-dimensional structure for each protein is presented. We used real-time RT-PCR to quantify dynamic changes in mRNA copy number of BmATG1 in the midgut and fat body of fifth instar larvae undergoing starvation, as well as in other tissues of silkworm at the end of last larval instar. Our qPCR results revealed that BmATG1 expression levels at the end of larval life were comparable in the midgut, fat body and Malpighian tubules, while these were higher in the gonads; moreover, the mRNA copy number of ATG1 was very different among the anterior, middle and posterior silk glands. Real-time PCR analysis also showed that starvation significantly influenced BmATG1 mRNA copy number in the fat body of silkworm, inducing an upregulation 24h after food withdrawal, with only a slight effect in the midgut. Low expression levels of BmATG1 were observed in both tissues of control animals up to the second day of spinning phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Casati
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
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Casati B, Franzetti E, Terova G, Cappellozza S, de Eguileor M, Tettamanti G. Starvation strongly influences the development of Bombyx mori larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.05.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rost-Roszkowska MM, Vilimova J, Sosinka A, Skudlik J, Franzetti E. The role of autophagy in the midgut epithelium of Eubranchipus grubii (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Anostraca). Arthropod Struct Dev 2012; 41:271-279. [PMID: 22445350 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Eubranchipus grubii (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Anostraca) is an omnivorous filter feeder whose life span lasts no more than 12 weeks. Adult males and females of E. grubii were used for ultrastructural studies of the midgut epithelium and an analysis of autophagy. The midgut epithelium is formed by columnar digestive cells and no regenerative cells were observed. A distinct regionalization in the distribution of organelles appears - basal, perinuclear and apical regions were distinguished. No differences in the ultrastructure of digestive cells were observed between males and females. Autophagic disintegration of organelles occurs throughout the midgut epithelium. Degenerated organelles accumulate in the neighborhood of Golgi complexes, and these complexes presumably take part in phagophore and autophagosome formation. In some cases, the phagophore also surrounds small autophagosomes, which had appeared earlier. Fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes was not observed, but lysosomes are enclosed during autophagosome formation. Autophagosomes and autolysosomes are discharged into the midgut lumen due to apocrine secretion. Autophagy plays a role in cell survival by protecting the cell from cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Rost-Roszkowska
- University of Silesia, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Katowice, Poland.
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Pazzaglia UE, Congiu T, Franzetti E, Marchese M, Spagnuolo F, Di Mascio L, Zarattini G. A model of osteoblast-osteocyte kinetics in the development of secondary osteons in rabbits. J Anat 2012; 220:372-83. [PMID: 22324883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of osteogenic cells within secondary osteons have been examined within a 2-D model. The linear osteoblast density of the osteons and the osteocyte lacunae density were compared with other endosteal lamellar systems of different geometries. The cell density was significantly greater in the endosteal appositional zone and was always flatter than the central osteonal canals. Fully structured osteons compared with early structuring (cutting cones) did not show any significant differences in density. The osteoblast density may remain constant because some of them leave the row and become embedded within matrix. The overall shape of the Haversian system represented a geometrical restraint and it was thought to be related to osteoblast-osteocyte transformation. To test this hypothesis of an early differentiation and recruitment of the osteoblast pool which completes the lamellar structure of the osteon, the number and density of osteoblasts and osteocyte lacunae were evaluated. In the central canal area, the mean osteoblast linear density and the osteocyte lacunae planar density were not significantly different among sub-classes (with the exclusion of the osteocyte lacunae of the 300-1000 μm(2) sub-class). The mean number of osteoblasts compared with osteocyte lacunae resulted in significantly higher numbers in the two sub-classes, no significant difference was seen in the two middle sub-classes with the larger canals, and there were significantly lower levels in the smallest central canal sub-class. The TUNEL technique was used to identify the morphological features of apoptosis within osteoblasts. It was found that apoptosis occurred during the late phase of osteon formation but not in osteocytes. This suggests a regulatory role of apoptosis in balancing the osteoblast-osteocyte equilibrium within secondary osteon development. The position of the osteocytic lacunae did not correlate with the lamellar pattern and the lacunae density in osteonal radial sectors was not significantly different. These findings support the hypothesis of an early differentiation of the osteoblast pool and the independence of the fibrillar lamellation from osteoblast-osteocyte transformation.
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Franzetti E, Huang ZJ, Shi YX, Xie K, Deng XJ, Li JP, Li QR, Yang WY, Zeng WN, Casartelli M, Deng HM, Cappellozza S, Grimaldi A, Xia Q, Feng Q, Cao Y, Tettamanti G. Erratum to: Autophagy precedes apoptosis during the remodeling of silkworm larval midgut. Apoptosis 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Franzetti E, Huang ZJ, Shi YX, Xie K, Deng XJ, Li JP, Li QR, Yang WY, Zeng WN, Casartelli M, Deng HM, Cappellozza S, Grimaldi A, Xia Q, Tettamanti G, Cao Y, Feng Q. Autophagy precedes apoptosis during the remodeling of silkworm larval midgut. Apoptosis 2011; 17:305-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cappellozza S, Saviane A, Tettamanti G, Squadrin M, Vendramin E, Paolucci P, Franzetti E, Squartini A. Identification of Enterococcus mundtii as a pathogenic agent involved in the “flacherie” disease in Bombyx mori L. larvae reared on artificial diet. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 106:386-93. [PMID: 21167172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cappellozza
- CRA - Apiculture and Sericulture Research Unit, Padua seat, via Eulero, 6a, 35143 Padova, Italy.
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