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Woodhouse E, Hollingdale J, Davies L, Al-Attar Z, Young S, Vinter LP, Agyemang K, Bartlett C, Berryessa C, Chaplin E, Deeley Q, Freckelton I, Gerry F, Gudjonsson G, Maras K, Mattison M, McCarthy J, Mills R, Misch P, Murphy D, Allely C. Identification and support of autistic individuals within the UK Criminal Justice System: a practical approach based upon professional consensus with input from lived experience. BMC Med 2024; 22:157. [PMID: 38609939 PMCID: PMC11015650 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (hereafter referred to as autism) is characterised by difficulties with (i) social communication, social interaction, and (ii) restricted and repetitive interests and behaviours. Estimates of autism prevalence within the criminal justice system (CJS) vary considerably, but there is evidence to suggest that the condition can be missed or misidentified within this population. Autism has implications for an individual's journey through the CJS, from police questioning and engagement in court proceedings through to risk assessment, formulation, therapeutic approaches, engagement with support services, and long-term social and legal outcomes. METHODS This consensus based on professional opinion with input from lived experience aims to provide general principles for consideration by United Kingdom (UK) CJS personnel when working with autistic individuals, focusing on autistic offenders and those suspected of offences. Principles may be transferable to countries beyond the UK. Multidisciplinary professionals and two service users were approached for their input to address the effective identification and support strategies for autistic individuals within the CJS. RESULTS The authors provide a consensus statement including recommendations on the general principles of effective identification, and support strategies for autistic individuals across different levels of the CJS. CONCLUSION Greater attention needs to be given to this population as they navigate the CJS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Woodhouse
- Compass Psychology Services Ltd, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Zainab Al-Attar
- University of Oxford, London, UK
- University College London, London, UK
- Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Susan Young
- Psychology Services Limited, London, UK
- University of Reykjavík, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Luke P Vinter
- Department of Criminology, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | | | | | | | - Eddie Chaplin
- London South Bank University, Institute of Health and Social Care, London, UK
| | - Quinton Deeley
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Autism Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ian Freckelton
- Law Faculty and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Castan Chambers, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Felicity Gerry
- Libertas Chambers, London, UK
- Crockett Chambers, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gisli Gudjonsson
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Jane McCarthy
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard Mills
- AT-Autism, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - David Murphy
- Broadmoor Hospital, West London NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Clare Allely
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Manchester, UK.
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Ougrin D, Woodhouse E, Tucker G, Ronaldson A, Bakolis I. The Prevalence of Behavioural Symptoms and Psychiatric Disorders in Hadza Children. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22061. [PMID: 38086816 PMCID: PMC10716231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide pooled prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children is 13.4%. Studying the prevalence of childhood psychiatric disorders across radically different economic systems and social structures could indicate universal factors leading to their development. The prevalence of childhood psychiatric disorders in a mixed-subsistence foraging society has not been studied. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Development and Well-Being Assessment were used to compare the prevalence of behavioural symptoms and psychiatric disorders in Hadza children aged 5-16 years (n = 113) to a nationally representative sample from England (n = 18,029) using a cross-sectional study design. Emotional problems, conduct problems and hyperactivity were lower in the Hadza children. Prosocial behaviour and peer problems were higher in Hadza children. 3.6% of Hadza children met the criteria for a psychiatric disorder compared to 11.8% of English children. All psychiatric disorders in Hadza children were co-morbid with autism spectrum disorder. No child from the Hadza group met the criteria for an emotional, behaviour or eating disorder. Further work should study the factors which lead to the different prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Hadza children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Ougrin
- Youth Resilience Unit, Centre for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Services Development, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- Compass Psychology Services, Bromley, Kent, UK
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gavin Tucker
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Amy Ronaldson
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ioannis Bakolis
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Hollingdale J, Woodhouse E, Young S, Gudjonsson G, Charman T, Mandy W. Sex differences in conduct and emotional outcomes for young people with hyperactive/inattentive traits and social communication difficulties between 9 and 16 years of age: a growth curve analysis. Psychol Med 2023; 53:4539-4549. [PMID: 35904163 PMCID: PMC10388317 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722001416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this paper is to identify the trajectory of conduct and emotional problems for young people within the general population at four time points (between 9 years 7 months and 16 years 6 months), investigate their relationship with hyperactive/inattentive traits and explore the moderating effect of autistic social traits (ASTs). METHODS Data from 9305 individuals involved in The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) study were included. Conduct and emotional problems and hyperactive/inattentive traits were measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. ASTs were assessed using the Social Communication Disorder Checklist. Individual trajectories for conduct and emotional problems were identified via growth curve modelling. Hyperactive/inattentive traits were included within the growth curve model as a time-varying covariate to determine their effect on these outcomes. Finally, participants were split into two groups (below and above clinical threshold ASTs Groups) and multi-group invariance testing was conducted on the data to identify the moderating effect of ASTs on the relationship between hyperactive/inattentive traits and outcomes (i.e. conduct and emotional problems). RESULTS Hyperactive/inattentive traits were associated with higher rates of conduct and emotional problems for both boys and girls. The presence of ASTs moderated these relationships for boys, but not for girls, by increasing the risk of boys with hyperactive/inattentive traits developing greater conduct and emotional problems. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the importance of identifying hyperactive/inattentive traits and ASTs in young people and addressing the increased risk of conduct and emotional problems. Research and clinical implications are explored.
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Young S, Abbasian C, Al-Attar Z, Branney P, Colley B, Cortese S, Cubbin S, Deeley Q, Gudjonsson GH, Hill P, Hollingdale J, Jenden S, Johnson J, Judge D, Lewis A, Mason P, Mukherjee R, Nutt D, Roberts J, Robinson F, Woodhouse E, Cocallis K. Identification and treatment of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder: An expert consensus statement. World J Psychiatry 2023; 13:84-112. [PMID: 37033892 PMCID: PMC10075023 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i3.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often co-occurs with substance use (SU) and/or substance use disorder (SUD). Individuals with concurrent ADHD and SU/SUD can have complex presentations that may complicate diagnosis and treatment. This can be further complicated by the context in which services are delivered. Also, when working with young people and adults with co-existing ADHD and SU/SUD, there is uncertainty among healthcare practitioners on how best to meet their needs. In February 2022, the United Kingdom ADHD Partnership hosted a meeting attended by multidisciplinary experts to address these issues. Following presentations providing attendees with an overview of the literature, group discussions were held synthesizing research evidence and clinical experience. Topics included: (1) A review of substances and reasons for use/misuse; (2) identification, assessment and treatment of illicit SU/SUD in young people and adults with ADHD presenting in community services; and (3) identification, assessment and treatment of ADHD in adults presenting in SU/SUD community and inpatient services. Dis-cussions highlighted inter-service barriers and fragmentation of care. It was concluded that a multimodal and multi-agency approach is needed. The consensus group generated a table of practice recommendations providing guidance on: identification and assessment; pharmacological and psychological treatment; and multi-agency interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Young
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Services Limited, Croydon CR9 7AE, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Cyrus Abbasian
- Psychiatry-UK Limited, Cornwall PL33 9ET, United Kingdom
| | | | - Polly Branney
- ADHD and Autism, Oxford ADHD & Autism Centre, Headington OX3 7BX, United Kingdom
| | - Bill Colley
- CLC Consultancy, Dunkeld PH8 0AY, United Kingdom
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Center for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Cubbin
- Adult ADHD, Adult ADHD Clinic Ltd, Oxford OX3 7RP, United Kingdom
| | - Quinton Deeley
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Gisli Hannes Gudjonsson
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, University of London, London WC1E 7HU, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Hollingdale
- Department of Psychology, Compass Psychology Services Ltd, London BR1 9DX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joe Johnson
- Halton and Knowsley Adult ADHD Team, Merseycare NHS Foundation Trust, Winwick WA2 9WA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexandra Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge CB21 5EF, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Mason
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr Peter Mason ADHD & Psychiatry Services Limited, Liverpool L1 9AR, United Kingdom
| | - Raja Mukherjee
- Adult Neurodevelopmental Service, Horizon House, Epsom KT17 4QJ, United Kingdom
| | - David Nutt
- Department of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London WS12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Roberts
- Service User Representative, Gloucestershire GL1 3NN, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Robinson
- Drug & Alcohol Services, Surrey & Borders Partnership Trust, Leatherhead KT22 7AD, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly Cocallis
- Wansbeck General Hospital, Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Ashington NE63 9JJ, United Kingdom
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Tye C, McEwen FS, Liang H, Woodhouse E, Underwood L, Shephard E, Barker ED, Sheerin F, Higgins N, Steenbruggen J, Bolton PF. Epilepsy severity mediates association between mutation type and ADHD symptoms in tuberous sclerosis complex. Epilepsia 2023; 64:e30-e35. [PMID: 36633094 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is widely reported, with support for the role of epilepsy, yet the mechanisms underlying the association across development are unclear. The Tuberous Sclerosis 2000 Study is a prospective longitudinal study of TSC. In Phase 1 of the study, baseline measures of epilepsy, cortical tuber load, and mutation were obtained with 125 children ages 0-16 years. In Phase 2, at an average of 8 years later, ADHD symptoms were measured for 81 of the participants. Structural equation modeling revealed an indirect pathway from genetic mutation, to cortical tuber load, to epileptic spasm severity in infancy, to ADHD symptoms in middle childhood and adolescence, in addition to a pathway linking current seizure severity to ADHD symptoms. Findings were retained when intelligence quotient (IQ) was entered as a correlated factor. The findings support a cascading developmental pathway to ADHD symptoms mediated by early-onset and severe epilepsy in the first 2 years of life. This warrants detailed investigation of seizure characteristics and cognitive and behavioral sequelae associated with ADHD from early in life, to further the understanding of the association between ADHD and early-onset epilepsy across syndromic and non-syndromic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Tye
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Fiona S McEwen
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Holan Liang
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lisa Underwood
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Shephard
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Edward D Barker
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Fintan Sheerin
- Department of Neuroradiology, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas Higgins
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juul Steenbruggen
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Patrick F Bolton
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Allely CS, Woodhouse E, Mukherjee RA. Autism spectrum disorder and personality disorders: How do clinicians carry out a differential diagnosis? Autism 2023:13623613231151356. [PMID: 36708368 PMCID: PMC10374990 DOI: 10.1177/13623613231151356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT It is now recognised that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and personality disorders (PDs) have a variety of factors in common. However, the exact nature of the relationship between ASD and the PDs remains unclear. The overlapping symptom profiles of ASD and PDs can lead to diagnostic uncertainty - features of ASD and PD can be misattributed and easily lead to misdiagnosis of ASD patients. Since differentiating between ASD and PD is such a complex task, it has been argued that there is a need for additional understanding and markers for facilitating diagnostic procedures. There is an urgent need to explore, first, how clinicians make diagnostic decisions and, second, how to effectively deal with the challenges and difficulties they face when making decisions. Also, where there are clear overlaps, how do clinicians choose how to attribute labels in order to understand the person.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- King's College London, UK.,Compass Psychology Services, UK
| | - Raja As Mukherjee
- University of Salford, UK.,Surrey and Borders Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Farbstein D, Lukito S, Yorke I, Wilson E, Crudgington H, El-Aalem O, Cliffe C, Bergou N, Itani L, Owusu A, Sedgwick R, Singh N, Tarasenko A, Tucker G, Woodhouse E, Suzuki M, Myerscough AL, Lopez Chemas N, Abdel-Halim N, Del Giovane C, Epstein S, Ougrin D. Risk and protective factors for self-harm and suicide in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e058297. [PMID: 36428021 PMCID: PMC9703327 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-harm and suicide are major public health concerns among children and adolescents. Many risk and protective factors for suicide and self-harm have been identified and reported in the literature. However, the capacity of these identified risk and protective factors to guide assessment and management is limited due to their great number. This protocol describes an ongoing systematic review and meta-analysis which aims to examine longitudinal studies of risk factors for self-harm and suicide in children and adolescents, to provide a comparison of the strengths of association of the various risk factors for self-harm and suicide and to shed light on those that require further investigation. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We perform a systematic search of the literature using the databases EMBASE, PsycINFO, Medline, CINAHL and HMIC from inception up to 28 October 2020, and the search will be updated before the systematic review publication. Additionally, we will contact experts in the field, including principal investigators whose peer-reviewed publications are included in our systematic review as well as investigators from our extensive research network, and we will search the reference lists of relevant reviews to retrieve any articles that were not identified in our search. We will extract relevant data and present a narrative synthesis and combine the results in meta-analyses where there are sufficient data. We will assess the risk of bias for each study using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and present a summary of the quantity and the quality of the evidence for each risk or protective factor. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval will not be sought as this is a systematic review of the literature. Results will be published in mental health journals and presented at conferences focused on suicide prevention. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021228212.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Farbstein
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Psychiatric Division, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Technion Israel Institute of Technology, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Steve Lukito
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Isabel Yorke
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emma Wilson
- Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Holly Crudgington
- Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Omar El-Aalem
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Cliffe
- Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicol Bergou
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lynn Itani
- Emirates Health Services, Maudsley Health, Al Amal Psychiatric Hospital, Dubai, UAE
| | - Andy Owusu
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Nidhita Singh
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Gavin Tucker
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- Compass Psychological Services Ltd, London, UK
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mimi Suzuki
- Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London & East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anna Louise Myerscough
- Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London & East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Natalia Lopez Chemas
- Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London & East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nadia Abdel-Halim
- Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London & East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Cinzia Del Giovane
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Epstein
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dennis Ougrin
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Youth Resilience Research Unit, WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Services Development, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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8
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Zhang AXD, Liang H, McEwen FS, Tye C, Woodhouse E, Underwood L, Shephard E, Sheerin F, Bolton PF. Perinatal adversities in tuberous sclerosis complex: Determinants and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Dev Med Child Neurol 2022; 64:1237-1245. [PMID: 35366331 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the association between perinatal adversities and neurodevelopmental outcome in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). METHOD The Tuberous Sclerosis 2000 study is a prospective, longitudinal UK study of TSC. In phase 1, mutation type, TSC family history, tuber characteristics, presence of cardiac rhabdomyomas, seizure characteristics, and intellectual ability were assessed in 125 children affected with TSC (64 females, 61 males; median age 39mo, range 4-254). In phase 2, 88 participants (49 females, 39 males; median age 148mo, range 93-323) were assessed for neurodevelopmental outcomes including intellectual ability, autism spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Perinatal histories of 88 participants with TSC and 80 unaffected siblings were collected retrospectively using the Obstetric Enquiry Schedule and coded with a modified Gillberg Optimality Scale to measure levels of perinatal adversity. Data were analysed using Mann-Whitney U tests, Spearman's rank correlation, and linear regression with robust standard errors. RESULTS Children with familial TSC experienced significantly greater perinatal adversity than unaffected siblings. Perinatal adversity was higher in children with TSC-affected mothers than those with unaffected mothers. There was no significant association between perinatal adversities and neurodevelopmental outcomes after controlling for confounders. INTERPRETATION Maternal TSC is a significant marker of elevated perinatal risk in addition to risks incurred by fetal genotype. Pregnancies complicated by maternal or fetal TSC require higher vigilance, and mechanisms underlying increased perinatal adversity require further research. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Higher perinatal adversity is associated with familial tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Maternal TSC was associated with higher frequencies of several perinatal risk markers. Paternal TSC was not associated with higher levels of perinatal adversity. Perinatal adversity levels in TSC1 and TSC2 subgroups did not differ significantly. Perinatal adversities were not associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa X D Zhang
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Holan Liang
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Fiona S McEwen
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Tye
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Lisa Underwood
- Department of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth Shephard
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Fintan Sheerin
- Department of Neuroradiology, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Patrick F Bolton
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre in Mental Health at the Maudsley, London, UK
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9
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Shephard E, McEwen FS, Earnest T, Friedrich N, Mörtl I, Liang H, Woodhouse E, Tye C, Bolton PF. Oscillatory neural network alterations in young people with tuberous sclerosis complex and associations with co-occurring symptoms of autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Cortex 2021; 146:50-65. [PMID: 34839218 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations on the TSC1/TSC2 genes, which result in alterations in molecular signalling pathways involved in neurogenesis and hamartomas in the brain and other organs. TSC carries a high risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), although the reasons for this are unclear. One proposal is that TSC-related alterations in molecular signalling during neurogenesis lead to atypical development of neural networks, which are involved in the occurrence of ASD and ADHD in TSC. We investigated this proposal in young people with TSC who have been studied longitudinally since their diagnosis in childhood. Electroencephalography (EEG) was used to examine oscillatory connectivity in functional neural networks and local and global network organisation during three tasks (resting-state, attentional and inhibitory control Go/Nogo task, upright and inverted face processing task) in participants with TSC (n = 48) compared to an age- and sex-matched group of typically developing Controls (n = 20). Compared to Controls, the TSC group showed hypoconnected neural networks in the alpha frequency during the resting-state and in the theta and alpha frequencies during the Go/Nogo task (P ≤ .008), as well as reduced local network organisation in the theta and alpha frequencies during the Go/Nogo task (F = 3.95, P = .010). There were no significant group differences in network metrics during the face processing task. Increased connectivity in the hypoconnected alpha-range resting-state network was associated with greater ASD and inattentive ADHD symptoms (rho≥.40, P ≤ .036). Reduced local network organisation in the theta-range during the Go/Nogo task was significantly associated with higher hyperactive/impulsive ADHD symptoms (rho = -.43, P = .041). These findings suggest that TSC is associated with widespread hypoconnectivity in neural networks and support the proposal that altered network function may be involved in the co-occurrence of ASD and ADHD in TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Shephard
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fiona S McEwen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, UK; Department of Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Thomas Earnest
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, UK
| | - Nina Friedrich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, UK
| | - Isabelle Mörtl
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, UK
| | - Holan Liang
- Population, Policy and Practice Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, UK
| | | | - Charlotte Tye
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, UK; Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, UK
| | - Patrick F Bolton
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, UK; The Maudsley NIHR Biomedical Research Centre in Mental Health, King's College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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10
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Hollingdale J, Woodhouse E, Young S, Fridman A, Mandy W. Autistic Spectrum Disorder symptoms in children and adolescents with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytical review - Corrigendum. Psychol Med 2020; 50:2254. [PMID: 31625498 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719002873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Hollingdale J, Woodhouse E, Young S, Fridman A, Mandy W. Autistic spectrum disorder symptoms in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytical review. Psychol Med 2020; 50:2240-2253. [PMID: 31530292 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719002368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research identifies highly variable prevalence estimates for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), particularly between community and clinical samples, warranting quantitative meta-analyses to investigate the true prevalence of ASD in children and adolescents with ADHD. METHODS Studies were identified through a systematic literature search of PsycINFO, MEDLINE and Web of Science through January 2018. Twenty-two publications met inclusion criteria (total N = 61 985). Two random effects meta-analyses were conducted: (1) to identify the proportion of children and adolescents with ADHD that met criteria for ASD; and (2) to compare the severity of dimensionally-measured ASD symptomology in children and adolescents with and without ADHD. RESULTS The overall pooled effect for children and adolescents with ADHD who met threshold for ASD was 21%. There was no significant difference between community samples (19%) and clinical samples (24%) or between US studies v. those from other countries. Children and adolescents with ADHD had substantially more dimensionally-measured ASD traits compared with those who did not have ADHD (d = 1.23). CONCLUSION The findings provide further evidence that ADHD and ASD are associated in nature. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
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12
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Young S, Adamo N, Ásgeirsdóttir BB, Branney P, Beckett M, Colley W, Cubbin S, Deeley Q, Farrag E, Gudjonsson G, Hill P, Hollingdale J, Kilic O, Lloyd T, Mason P, Paliokosta E, Perecherla S, Sedgwick J, Skirrow C, Tierney K, van Rensburg K, Woodhouse E. Females with ADHD: An expert consensus statement taking a lifespan approach providing guidance for the identification and treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in girls and women. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:404. [PMID: 32787804 PMCID: PMC7422602 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence to suggest that the broad discrepancy in the ratio of males to females with diagnosed ADHD is due, at least in part, to lack of recognition and/or referral bias in females. Studies suggest that females with ADHD present with differences in their profile of symptoms, comorbidity and associated functioning compared with males. This consensus aims to provide a better understanding of females with ADHD in order to improve recognition and referral. Comprehensive assessment and appropriate treatment is hoped to enhance longer-term clinical outcomes and patient wellbeing for females with ADHD. METHODS The United Kingdom ADHD Partnership hosted a meeting of experts to discuss symptom presentation, triggers for referral, assessment, treatment and multi-agency liaison for females with ADHD across the lifespan. RESULTS A consensus was reached offering practical guidance to support medical and mental health practitioners working with females with ADHD. The potential challenges of working with this patient group were identified, as well as specific barriers that may hinder recognition. These included symptomatic differences, gender biases, comorbidities and the compensatory strategies that may mask or overshadow underlying symptoms of ADHD. Furthermore, we determined the broader needs of these patients and considered how multi-agency liaison may provide the support to meet them. CONCLUSIONS This practical approach based upon expert consensus will inform effective identification, treatment and support of girls and women with ADHD. It is important to move away from the prevalent perspective that ADHD is a behavioural disorder and attend to the more subtle and/or internalised presentation that is common in females. It is essential to adopt a lifespan model of care to support the complex transitions experienced by females that occur in parallel to change in clinical presentation and social circumstances. Treatment with pharmacological and psychological interventions is expected to have a positive impact leading to increased productivity, decreased resource utilization and most importantly, improved long-term outcomes for girls and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Young
- Psychology Services Limited, PO 1735, Croydon, London, CR9 7AE, UK.
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Nicoletta Adamo
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
- Service for Complex Autism and Associated Neurodevelopmental Disorders, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Michael Rutter Centre, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Quinton Deeley
- National Autism Unit, Bethlem Royal Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Beckenham, UK
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Emad Farrag
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Maudsley Health, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Gisli Gudjonsson
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Hill
- Independent Consultant in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Private Practice, London, UK
| | - Jack Hollingdale
- Michael Rutter Centre, South London and Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | - Peter Mason
- ADHD and Psychiatry Services Limited, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Jane Sedgwick
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery & Palliative Care, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline Skirrow
- Cambridge Cognition, Cambridge, UK
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kevin Tierney
- Neuropsychiatry Team, National Specialist CAMHS, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kobus van Rensburg
- Adult ADHD and AS Team & CYP ADHD and ASD Service in Northamptonshire, Northampton, UK
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London, UK
- Compass, London, UK
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Earnest T, Shephard E, Tye C, McEwen F, Woodhouse E, Liang H, Sheerin F, Bolton PF. Actigraph-Measured Movement Correlates of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms in Young People with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) with and without Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10080491. [PMID: 32731531 PMCID: PMC7465488 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Actigraphy, an objective measure of motor activity, reliably indexes increased movement levels in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and may be useful for diagnosis and treatment-monitoring. However, actigraphy has not been examined in complex neurodevelopmental conditions. This study used actigraphy to objectively measure movement levels in individuals with a complex neurodevelopmental genetic disorder, tuberous sclerosis (TSC). Thirty participants with TSC (11–21 years, 20 females, IQ = 35–108) underwent brief (approximately 1 h) daytime actigraph assessment during two settings: movie viewing and cognitive testing. Multiple linear regressions were used to test associations between movement measurements and parent-rated ADHD symptoms. Correlations were used to examine associations between actigraph measures and parent-rated ADHD symptoms and other characteristics of TSC (symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual ability (IQ), epilepsy severity, cortical tuber count). Higher movement levels during movies were associated with higher parent-rated ADHD symptoms. Higher ADHD symptoms and actigraph-measured movement levels during movies were positively associated with ASD symptoms and negatively associated with IQ. Inter-individual variability of movement during movies was not associated with parent-rated hyperactivity or IQ but was negatively associated with ASD symptoms. There were no associations with tuber count or epilepsy. Our findings suggest that actigraph-measured movement provides a useful correlate of ADHD in TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Earnest
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (E.S.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (H.L.); (F.S.); (P.F.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elizabeth Shephard
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (E.S.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (H.L.); (F.S.); (P.F.B.)
| | - Charlotte Tye
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (E.S.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (H.L.); (F.S.); (P.F.B.)
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Fiona McEwen
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (E.S.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (H.L.); (F.S.); (P.F.B.)
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK;
| | - Holan Liang
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (E.S.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (H.L.); (F.S.); (P.F.B.)
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Fintan Sheerin
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (E.S.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (H.L.); (F.S.); (P.F.B.)
| | - Patrick F. Bolton
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (E.S.); (C.T.); (F.M.); (H.L.); (F.S.); (P.F.B.)
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14
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Young S, Hollingdale J, Absoud M, Bolton P, Branney P, Colley W, Craze E, Dave M, Deeley Q, Farrag E, Gudjonsson G, Hill P, Liang HL, Murphy C, Mackintosh P, Murin M, O'Regan F, Ougrin D, Rios P, Stover N, Taylor E, Woodhouse E. Guidance for identification and treatment of individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder based upon expert consensus. BMC Med 2020; 18:146. [PMID: 32448170 PMCID: PMC7247165 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with co-occurring hyperactivity disorder/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can have complex presentations that may complicate diagnosis and treatment. There are established guidelines with regard to the identification and treatment of ADHD and ASD as independent conditions. However, ADHD and ASD were not formally recognised diagnostically as co-occurring conditions until the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5) was published in 2013. Hence, awareness and understanding of both conditions when they co-occur is less established and there is little guidance in the clinical literature. This has led to uncertainty among healthcare practitioners when working with children, young people and adults who present with co-existing ADHD and ASD. The United Kingdom ADHD Partnership (UKAP) therefore convened a meeting of professional experts that aimed to address this gap and reach expert consensus on the topic that will aid healthcare practitioners and allied professionals when working with this complex and vulnerable population. METHOD UK experts from multiple disciplines in the fields of ADHD and ASD convened in London in December 2017. The meeting provided the opportunity to address the complexities of ADHD and ASD as a co-occurring presentation from different perspectives and included presentations, discussion and group work. The authors considered the clinical challenges of working with this complex group of individuals, producing a consensus for a unified approach when working with male and female, children, adolescents and adults with co-occurring ADHD and ASD. This was written up, circulated and endorsed by all authors. RESULTS The authors reached a consensus of practical recommendations for working across the lifespan with males and females with ADHD and ASD. Consensus was reached on topics of (1) identification and assessment using rating scales, clinical diagnostic interviews and objective supporting assessments; outcomes of assessment, including standards of clinical reporting; (2) non-pharmacological interventions and care management, including psychoeducation, carer interventions/carer training, behavioural/environmental and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) approaches; and multi-agency liaison, including educational interventions, career advice, occupational skills and training, and (3) pharmacological treatments. CONCLUSIONS The guidance and practice recommendations (Tables 1, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 10) will support healthcare practitioners and allied professionals to meet the needs of this complex group from a multidisciplinary perspective. Further research is needed to enhance our understanding of the diagnosis, treatment and management of individuals presenting with comorbid ADHD and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack Hollingdale
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Service for Complex Autism and Associated Neurodevelopmental Disorders, London, UK
| | - Michael Absoud
- Department of Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Women & Children's Health, King's College, London, UK
| | - Patrick Bolton
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Service for Complex Autism and Associated Neurodevelopmental Disorders, London, UK
| | | | | | - Emily Craze
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, National Autism Unit, Kent, UK
| | - Mayuri Dave
- Positive Behaviour, Learning Disability, Autism and Mental Health Service (PALMS) Hertfordshire Communication Disorders Clinics, Hertfordshire Community NHS Trust, St Albans, UK
| | - Quinton Deeley
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, National Autism Unit, Kent, UK
| | - Emad Farrag
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Maudsley Health, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Gisli Gudjonsson
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Clodagh Murphy
- Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, Behavioural Genetics Clinic, National Adult Autism and ADHD Service, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, London, UK.,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peri Mackintosh
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, National Autism Unit, Kent, UK
| | | | | | - Dennis Ougrin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Patricia Rios
- Diagnostic Assessments and Treatment Services (DATS), Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Eric Taylor
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Tye C, Mcewen FS, Liang H, Underwood L, Woodhouse E, Barker ED, Sheerin F, Yates JRW, Bolton PF. Long-term cognitive outcomes in tuberous sclerosis complex. Dev Med Child Neurol 2020; 62:322-329. [PMID: 31538337 PMCID: PMC7027810 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the interdependence between risk factors associated with long-term intellectual development in individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). METHOD The Tuberous Sclerosis 2000 Study is a prospective longitudinal study of individuals with TSC. In phase 1 of the study, baseline measures of intellectual ability, epilepsy, cortical tuber load, and mutation were obtained for 125 children (63 females, 62 males; median age=39mo). In phase 2, at an average of 8 years later, intellectual abilities were estimated for 88 participants with TSC and 35 unaffected siblings. Structural equation modelling was used to determine the risk pathways from genetic mutation through to IQ at phase 2. RESULTS Intellectual disability was present in 57% of individuals with TSC. Individuals without intellectual disability had significantly lower mean IQ compared to unaffected siblings, supporting specific genetic factors associated with intellectual impairment. Individuals with TSC who had a slower gain in IQ from infancy to middle childhood were younger at seizure onset and had increased infant seizure severity. Structural equation modelling indicated indirect pathways from genetic mutation, to tuber count, to seizure severity in infancy, through to IQ in middle childhood and adolescence. INTERPRETATION Early-onset and severe epilepsy in the first 2 years of life are associated with increased risk of long-term intellectual disability in individuals with TSC, emphasizing the importance of early and effective treatment or prevention of epilepsy. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Intellectual disability was present in 57% of individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Those with TSC without intellectual disability had significantly lower mean IQ compared to unaffected siblings. Earlier onset and greater severity of seizures in the first 2 years were observed in individuals with a slower gain in intellectual ability. Risk pathways through seizures in the first 2 years predict long-term cognitive outcomes in individuals with TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Tye
- Department of Child & Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK,Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Fiona S Mcewen
- Department of Child & Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK,Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK,Department of Biological and Experimental PsychologySchool of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Holan Liang
- Department of Child & Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK,Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS TrustLondonUK,Institute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Lisa Underwood
- Department of Population HealthUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental SciencesInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK,South London and Maudsley NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Edward D Barker
- Department of PsychologyInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Fintan Sheerin
- Department of NeuroradiologyOxford University Hospital NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - John R W Yates
- Department of Medical GeneticsCambridge UniversityCambridgeUK
| | - Patrick F Bolton
- Department of Child & Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK,Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
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16
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Young S, Gudjonsson G, Chitsabesan P, Colley B, Farrag E, Forrester A, Hollingdale J, Kim K, Lewis A, Maginn S, Mason P, Ryan S, Smith J, Woodhouse E, Asherson P. Identification and treatment of offenders with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the prison population: a practical approach based upon expert consensus. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:281. [PMID: 30180832 PMCID: PMC6122636 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1858-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 25% of prisoners meet diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Because ADHD is associated with increased recidivism and other functional and behavioural problems, appropriate diagnosis and treatment can be a critical intervention to improve outcomes. While ADHD is a treatable condition, best managed by a combination of medication and psychological treatments, among individuals in the criminal justice system ADHD remains both mis- and under-diagnosed and consequently inadequately treated. We aimed to identify barriers within the prison system that prevent appropriate intervention, and provide a practical approach to identify and treat incarcerated offenders with ADHD. METHODS The United Kingdom ADHD Partnership hosted a consensus meeting to discuss practical interventions for youth (< 18 years) and adult (≥18 years) offenders with ADHD. Experts at the meeting addressed prisoners' needs for effective identification, treatment, and multiagency liaison, and considered the requirement of different approaches based on age or gender. RESULTS The authors developed a consensus statement that offers practical advice to anyone working with prison populations. We identified specific barriers within the prison and criminal justice system such as the lack of adequate: staff and offender awareness of ADHD symptoms and treatments; trained mental health staff; use of appropriate screening and diagnostic tools; appropriate multimodal interventions; care management; supportive services; multiagency liaison; and preparation for prison release. Through discussion, a consensus was reached regarding prisoners' needs, effective identification, treatment and multiagency liaison and considered how this may differ for age and gender. CONCLUSIONS This practical approach based upon expert consensus will inform effective identification and treatment of offenders with ADHD. Appropriate intervention is expected to have a positive impact on the offender and society and lead to increased productivity, decreased resource utilization, and most importantly reduced rates of re-offending. Research is still needed, however, to identify optimal clinical operating models and to monitor their implementation and measure their success. Furthermore, government support will likely be required to effect change in criminal justice and mental health service policies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gisli Gudjonsson
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Prathiba Chitsabesan
- Offender Health Research Network, Division of Psychology and Mental Health and Division of Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Emad Farrag
- Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Children & Young People’s Service, Tunbridge Wells Kent, UK
| | - Andrew Forrester
- Forensic Psychiatry and Offender Health Research Network, Division of Psychology and Mental Health and Division of Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jack Hollingdale
- Division of Psychology and Language Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Keira Kim
- Independent Medical Writer, San Diego, California USA
| | - Alexandra Lewis
- Barnet Enfield & Haringey Mental Health NHS Trust, HMP/YOI Feltham, Feltham, UK
- Health & Justice Central Team, NHS, London, UK
| | - Sarah Maginn
- Kent Prisons, Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, Dartford, UK
| | - Peter Mason
- Cheshire & Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, The Stein Centre, St Catherine’s Hospital, Birkenhead, UK
| | - Sarah Ryan
- Tees, Esk & Wear Valley NHS Foundation Trust, HMP Frankland, Durham, UK
| | - Jade Smith
- Humber NHS Foundation Trust, East Yorkshire, London, UK
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, National Adult Outpatient Neurodevelopmental Clinic, and National Autism Unit, London, UK
| | - Philip Asherson
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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17
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Murphy D, Glaser K, Hayward H, Eklund H, Cadman T, Findon J, Woodhouse E, Ashwood K, Beecham J, Bolton P, McEwen F, Wilson E, Ecker C, Wong I, Simonoff E, Russell A, McCarthy J, Chaplin E, Young S, Asherson P. Crossing the divide: a longitudinal study of effective treatments for people with autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan. Programme Grants Appl Res 2018. [DOI: 10.3310/pgfar06020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently persist into adolescence and young adulthood. However, there are few clinical services that support those with these disorders through adulthood.ObjectiveOur aim was to determine if clinical services meet the needs of people with ASD and ADHD, who are ‘at transition’ from childhood to adulthood.DesignA longitudinal study of individuals with ASD and ADHD, the impact of services and treatments.MethodsOur research methods included (1) interviewing > 180 affected individuals (and their families) with a confirmed diagnosis of ASD and/or ADHD, (2) screening for ASD and ADHD in approximately 1600 patients and (3) surveying general practitioner prescribing to 5651 ASD individuals across the UK. In addition, we tested the effectiveness of (1) new ASD diagnostic interview measures in 169 twins, 145 familes and 150 non-twins, (2) a magnetic resonance imaging-based diagnostic aid in 40 ASD individuals, (3) psychological treatments in 46 ASD individuals and (4) the feasability of e-learning in 28 clinicians.SettingNHS clinical services and prisons.ParticipantsFocus – young people with ASD and ADHD as they ‘transition’ from childhood and adolescence into early adulthood.InterventionsTesting the utility of diagnostic measures and services, web-based learning interventions, pharmacological prescribing and cognitive–behavioural treatments.Main outcome measuresSymptom severity, service provision and met/unmet need.ResultsPeople with ASD and ADHD have very significant unmet needs as they transition through adolescence and young adulthood. A major contributor to this is the presence of associated mental health symptoms. However, these are mostly undiagnosed (and untreated) by clinical services. Furthermore, the largest determinant of service provision was age and not severity of symptoms. We provide new tools to help diagnose both the core disorders and their associated symptoms. We also provide proof of concept for the effectiveness of simple psychological interventions to treat obsessional symptoms, the potential to run treatment trials in prisons and training interventions.LimitationsOur findings only apply to clinical service settings.ConclusionsAs individuals ‘transition’ their contact with treatment and support services reduces significantly. Needs-led services are required, which can both identify individuals with the ‘core symptoms’ of ASD and ADHD and treat their residual symptoms and associated conditions.Future workTo test our new diagnostic measures and treatment approaches in larger controlled trials.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN87114880.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Programme Grants for Applied Research programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan Murphy
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Karen Glaser
- Institute of Gerontology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah Hayward
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Hanna Eklund
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Tim Cadman
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - James Findon
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Karen Ashwood
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Patrick Bolton
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Fiona McEwen
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ellie Wilson
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Christine Ecker
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ian Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, PokFuLam, Hong Kong
| | - Emily Simonoff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ailsa Russell
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Eddie Chaplin
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Susan Young
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Philip Asherson
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
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18
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Young S, Absoud M, Blackburn C, Branney P, Colley B, Farrag E, Fleisher S, Gregory G, Gudjonsson GH, Kim K, O'Malley KD, Plant M, Rodriguez A, Ozer S, Takon I, Woodhouse E, Mukherjee R. Guidelines for identification and treatment of individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and associated fetal alcohol spectrum disorders based upon expert consensus. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:324. [PMID: 27655132 PMCID: PMC5032241 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1027-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) results in a complex constellation of symptoms that complicates the successful diagnosis and treatment of the affected individual. Current literature lacks formal guidelines, randomized control trials, and evidence-based treatment plans for individuals with ADHD and associated FASD. Therefore, a meeting of professional experts was organized with the aim of producing a consensus on identification and treatment guidelines that will aid clinicians in caring for this unique patient population. METHODS Experts from multiple disciplines in the fields of ADHD and FASD convened in London, United Kingdom, for a meeting hosted by the United Kingdom ADHD Partnership (UKAP; www.UKADHD.com ) in June 2015. The meeting provided the opportunity to address the complexities of ADHD and FASD from different perspectives and included presentations, discussions, and group work. The attendees worked towards producing a consensus for a unified approach to ADHD and associated FASD. RESULTS The authors successfully came to consensus and produced recommended guidelines with specific regards to identification and assessment, interventions and treatments, and multiagency liaisons and care management, highlighting that a lifespan approach to treatment needs to be adopted by all involved. Included in the guidelines are: 1) unique 'red flags', which when identified in the ADHD population can lead to an accurate associated FASD diagnosis, 2) a treatment decision tree, and 3) recommendations for multiagency care management. CONCLUSIONS While clinically useful guidelines were achieved, more research is still needed to contribute to the knowledge base about the diagnosis, treatment, and management of those with ADHD and associated FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Young
- Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Broadmoor Hospital, West London Mental Health Trust, Crowthorne, Berkshire, UK.
| | - Michael Absoud
- Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Kings Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre, London, UK
| | - Carolyn Blackburn
- Centre for the Study of Practice and Culture in Education, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Emad Farrag
- Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Children & Young People's Service, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK
| | - Susan Fleisher
- National Organisation for Foetal Alcohol Syndrome-UK (NOFAS-UK), London, UK
| | - Ges Gregory
- Integrated Child Health, Cambridge and Peterborough Foundation Trust, 80 Thorpe Road, Peterborough, PE3 6AP, UK
| | - Gisli H Gudjonsson
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Keira Kim
- Contracted Medical Writer, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kieran D O'Malley
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, FASD Specialist, Slievemore Clinic, Dublin, Ireland
- President Elect, Intellectual Disability Section Royal Society Medicine, London, UK
| | - Moira Plant
- University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
- National Drug Research Institute Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Alina Rodriguez
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- Sweden University, Department of Psychology Campus Östersund, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Susan Ozer
- East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Inyang Takon
- East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust. Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University College Ibadan, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Raja Mukherjee
- FASD Specialist Behaviour Clinic, Surrey and Borders Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Oxted, Surrey, UK
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19
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Ashwood KL, Gillan N, Horder J, Hayward H, Woodhouse E, McEwen FS, Findon J, Eklund H, Spain D, Wilson CE, Cadman T, Young S, Stoencheva V, Murphy CM, Robertson D, Charman T, Bolton P, Glaser K, Asherson P, Simonoff E, Murphy DG. Predicting the diagnosis of autism in adults using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) questionnaire. Psychol Med 2016; 46:2595-2604. [PMID: 27353452 PMCID: PMC4988267 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716001082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remain undiagnosed. Specialist assessment clinics enable the detection of these cases, but such services are often overstretched. It has been proposed that unnecessary referrals to these services could be reduced by prioritizing individuals who score highly on the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), a self-report questionnaire measure of autistic traits. However, the ability of the AQ to predict who will go on to receive a diagnosis of ASD in adults is unclear. METHOD We studied 476 adults, seen consecutively at a national ASD diagnostic referral service for suspected ASD. We tested AQ scores as predictors of ASD diagnosis made by expert clinicians according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 criteria, informed by the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic (ADOS-G) and Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) assessments. RESULTS Of the participants, 73% received a clinical diagnosis of ASD. Self-report AQ scores did not significantly predict receipt of a diagnosis. While AQ scores provided high sensitivity of 0.77 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72-0.82] and positive predictive value of 0.76 (95% CI 0.70-0.80), the specificity of 0.29 (95% CI 0.20-0.38) and negative predictive value of 0.36 (95% CI 0.22-0.40) were low. Thus, 64% of those who scored below the AQ cut-off were 'false negatives' who did in fact have ASD. Co-morbidity data revealed that generalized anxiety disorder may 'mimic' ASD and inflate AQ scores, leading to false positives. CONCLUSIONS The AQ's utility for screening referrals was limited in this sample. Recommendations supporting the AQ's role in the assessment of adult ASD, e.g. UK NICE guidelines, may need to be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. L. Ashwood
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental
Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &
Neuroscience, King's College London, London,
UK
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service
Foundation Trust (SLAM), Maudsley Hospital,
London, UK
| | - N. Gillan
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental
Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &
Neuroscience, King's College London, London,
UK
| | - J. Horder
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental
Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &
Neuroscience, King's College London, London,
UK
| | - H. Hayward
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental
Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &
Neuroscience, King's College London, London,
UK
| | - E. Woodhouse
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental
Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &
Neuroscience, King's College London, London,
UK
| | - F. S. McEwen
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service
Foundation Trust (SLAM), Maudsley Hospital,
London, UK
- Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College
London, London, UK
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry
(SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &
Neuroscience, King's College London, London,
UK
- Biological and Experimental Psychology,
School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary
University of London, London, UK
| | - J. Findon
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental
Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &
Neuroscience, King's College London, London,
UK
| | - H. Eklund
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental
Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &
Neuroscience, King's College London, London,
UK
| | - D. Spain
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental
Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &
Neuroscience, King's College London, London,
UK
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service
Foundation Trust (SLAM), Maudsley Hospital,
London, UK
| | - C. E. Wilson
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental
Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &
Neuroscience, King's College London, London,
UK
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service
Foundation Trust (SLAM), Maudsley Hospital,
London, UK
- Individual Differences, Language and Cognition
Laboratory, Department of Developmental and Educational
Psychology, University of Seville,
Seville, Spain
| | - T. Cadman
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental
Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &
Neuroscience, King's College London, London,
UK
| | - S. Young
- Centre for Mental Health, Imperial College
London, London, UK
| | - V. Stoencheva
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental
Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &
Neuroscience, King's College London, London,
UK
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service
Foundation Trust (SLAM), Maudsley Hospital,
London, UK
| | - C. M. Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental
Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &
Neuroscience, King's College London, London,
UK
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service
Foundation Trust (SLAM), Maudsley Hospital,
London, UK
| | - D. Robertson
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service
Foundation Trust (SLAM), Maudsley Hospital,
London, UK
| | - T. Charman
- Department of Psychology,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College
London, London, UK
| | - P. Bolton
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry
(SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &
Neuroscience, King's College London, London,
UK
| | - K. Glaser
- Department of Social Science, Health &
Medicine, School of Social Science & Public
Policy, King's College London,
London, UK
| | - P. Asherson
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry
(SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &
Neuroscience, King's College London, London,
UK
| | - E. Simonoff
- Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College
London, London, UK
| | - D. G. Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental
Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &
Neuroscience, King's College London, London,
UK
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service
Foundation Trust (SLAM), Maudsley Hospital,
London, UK
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Abstract
This study aimed to assess the value of periodic review by an occupational therapist (OT) of elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Twenty-four patients aged over 65 years who had longstanding RA and had had at least one previous contact with an OT completed a modified health assessment questionnaire (HAQ)1.2 to give an assessment of their self perceived functional ability then had a formal OT assessment. Two months later the patients completed a second HAQ to assess the effect of the OT assessment and assistance. Only three of the 24 patients were felt by the OT to have no need of intervention by her; 17 of the patients felt that the OT contact had been useful. Possible intervention to improve quality of life was not predicted by the patient's perception of limitations nor by the HAQ score. There were no significant changes in HAQ scores despite OT assessment and intervention. Other assessments of disability or wellbeing merit investigation in the context of OT intervention but the need for OT review of elderly patients with RA is clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- CH McAlpine
- Department of Rheumatology, Gathavel General Hospital
| | - E. Woodhouse
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Gatrtnavel General Hospital
| | - J. MacDonald
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Gartnavel General Hospital
| | - J. Hunter
- Department of Rheumatology, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow
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21
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Findon J, Cadman T, Stewart CS, Woodhouse E, Eklund H, Hayward H, De Le Harpe Golden D, Chaplin E, Glaser K, Simonoff E, Murphy D, Bolton PF, McEwen FS. Screening for co-occurring conditions in adults with autism spectrum disorder using the strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A pilot study. Autism Res 2016; 9:1353-1363. [PMID: 27120552 PMCID: PMC5215637 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at elevated risk of co‐occurring mental health problems. These are often undiagnosed, can cause significant impairment, and place a very high burden on family and carers. Detecting co‐occurring disorders is extremely important. However, there is no validated screening tool for this purpose. The aim of this pilot study is to test the utility of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) to screen for co‐occurring emotional disorders and hyperactivity in adolescents and adults with ASD. The SDQ was completed by 126 parents and 98 individuals with ASD (in 79 cases both parent and self‐report were available from the same families). Inter‐rater reliability, test‐retest stability, internal consistency, and construct validity were examined. SDQ subscales were also compared to clinically utilized measures of emotional disorders and hyperactivity to establish the ability to predict risk of disorder. Inter‐rater reliability (r = 0.42), test‐retest stability (r = 0.64), internal consistency (α = 0.52–0.81) and construct validity (r = 0.42–0.57) for the SDQ subscales were comparable to general population samples. Parent‐ and self‐report SDQ subscales were significantly associated with measures of anxiety, depression and hyperactivity (62–74% correctly classified). Parent‐report performed significantly better than self‐report; adults with ASD under‐reported difficulties. The SDQ shows promise as a simple and efficient way to screen for emotional disorders and hyperactivity in adolescents and adults with ASD that could help reduce the impact of these disorders on individuals and their families. However, further more systematic attempts at validation are warranted. Autism Res2016, 9: 1353–1363. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Findon
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Tim Cadman
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Catherine S Stewart
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.,South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Hanna Eklund
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Hannah Hayward
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Daniel De Le Harpe Golden
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.,South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Eddie Chaplin
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Karen Glaser
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Emily Simonoff
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.,South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Declan Murphy
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Patrick F Bolton
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.,South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Fiona S McEwen
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.,South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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22
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McEwen FS, Stewart CS, Colvert E, Woodhouse E, Curran S, Gillan N, Hallett V, Lietz S, Garnett T, Ronald A, Murphy D, Happé F, Bolton P. Diagnosing autism spectrum disorder in community settings using the Development and Well-Being Assessment: validation in a UK population-based twin sample. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 57:161-70. [PMID: 26174111 PMCID: PMC4949990 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing numbers of people are being referred for the assessment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The NICE (UK) and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend gathering a developmental history using a tool that operationalises ICD/DSM criteria. However, the best-established diagnostic interview instruments are time consuming, costly and rarely used outside national specialist centres. What is needed is a brief, cost-effective measure validated in community settings. We tested the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) for diagnosing ASD in a sample of children/adolescents representative of those presenting in community mental health settings. METHODS A general population sample of twins (TEDS) was screened and 276 adolescents were selected as at low (CAST score < 12; n = 164) or high risk for ASD (CAST score ≥ 15 and/or parent reported that ASD suspected/previously diagnosed; n = 112). Parents completed the ASD module of the DAWBA interview by telephone or online. Families were visited at home: the ADI-R and autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS) were completed to allow a best-estimate research diagnosis of ASD to be made. RESULTS Development and Well-Being Assessment ASD symptom scores correlated highly with ADI-R algorithm scores (ρ = .82, p < .001). Good sensitivity (0.88) and specificity (0.85) were achieved using DAWBA computerised algorithms. Clinician review of responses to DAWBA questions minimally changed sensitivity (0.86) and specificity (0.87). Positive (0.82-0.95) and negative (0.90) predictive values were high. Eighty-six per cent of children were correctly classified. Performance was improved by using it in conjunction with the ADOS. CONCLUSIONS The DAWBA is a brief structured interview that showed good sensitivity and specificity in this general population sample. It requires little training, is easy to administer (online or by interview) and diagnosis is aided by an algorithm. It holds promise as a tool for assisting with assessment in community settings and may help services implement the recommendations made by NICE and the American Academy of Pediatrics regarding diagnosis of young people on the autism spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona S. McEwen
- Department of Child & Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN)King's College LondonLondonUK,MRC SocialGenetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreIoPPNKings College LondonLondonUK
| | - Catherine S. Stewart
- Psychology DepartmentIoPPNKings College LondonLondonUK,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLAM)LondonUK
| | - Emma Colvert
- MRC SocialGenetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreIoPPNKings College LondonLondonUK
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental SciencesIoPPNKings College LondonLondonUK
| | - Sarah Curran
- Psychology DepartmentIoPPNKings College LondonLondonUK,Brighton and Sussex Medical SchoolUniversity of SussexBrightonUK,Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation TrustTrust HQWest SussexUK
| | - Nicola Gillan
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLAM)LondonUK
| | | | - Stephanie Lietz
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Tracy Garnett
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLAM)LondonUK
| | - Angelica Ronald
- MRC SocialGenetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreIoPPNKings College LondonLondonUK,Department of Psychological SciencesBirkbeck, University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Declan Murphy
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLAM)LondonUK,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental SciencesIoPPNKings College LondonLondonUK
| | - Francesca Happé
- MRC SocialGenetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreIoPPNKings College LondonLondonUK
| | - Patrick Bolton
- Department of Child & Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN)King's College LondonLondonUK,MRC SocialGenetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreIoPPNKings College LondonLondonUK,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLAM)LondonUK
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23
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Tick B, Colvert E, McEwen F, Stewart C, Woodhouse E, Gillan N, Hallett V, Lietz S, Garnett T, Simonoff E, Ronald A, Bolton P, Happé F, Rijsdijk F. Autism Spectrum Disorders and Other Mental Health Problems: Exploring Etiological Overlaps and Phenotypic Causal Associations. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 55:106-13.e4. [PMID: 26802777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have highlighted the impact of coexisting mental health problems in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). No twin studies to date have reported on individuals meeting diagnostic criteria of ASD. This twin study reports on the etiological overlap between the diagnosis of ASD and emotional symptoms, hyperactivity, and conduct problems measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. METHOD Genetic and environmental influences on the covariance between ASD and coexisting problems were estimated, in line with the correlated risks model prediction. Phenotypic causality models were also fitted to explore alternative explanations of comorbidity: namely, that coexisting problems are the result of or result in ASD symptoms; that they increase recognition of ASD; or that they arise due to an over-observation bias/confusion when differentiating between phenotypes. RESULTS More than 50% of twins with broad spectrum/ASD met the borderline/abnormal levels cut-off criteria for emotional symptoms or hyperactivity, and approximately 25% met these criteria for the 3 reported problems. In comparison, between 13% and 16% of unaffected twins scored above the cut-offs. The phenotypic correlation between ASD and emotional symptoms was explained entirely by genetic influences and accompanied by a moderate genetic correlation (0.42). The opposite was true for the overlap with conduct problems, as nonshared-environmental factors had the strongest impact. For hyperactivity, the best-fitting model suggested a unidirectional phenotypic influence of hyperactivity on ASD. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a possible effect of hyperactivity on identification of ASD. The lack of genetic influences on conduct problems-ASD overlap further supports the genetic independence of these 2 phenotypes. Finally, the co-occurrence of emotional symptoms in ASD, compared to other co-occurring problems, is completely explained by common genetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Tick
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IOPPN), King's College London, UK.
| | - Emma Colvert
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IOPPN), King's College London, UK
| | - Fiona McEwen
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IOPPN), King's College London, UK; IOPPN, King's College London
| | - Catherine Stewart
- IOPPN, King's College London; South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust (SLAM), Maudsley Hospital, London
| | | | - Nicola Gillan
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust (SLAM), Maudsley Hospital, London
| | | | - Stephanie Lietz
- Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London
| | - Tracy Garnett
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust (SLAM), Maudsley Hospital, London
| | | | | | - Patrick Bolton
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IOPPN), King's College London, UK
| | - Francesca Happé
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IOPPN), King's College London, UK
| | - Frühling Rijsdijk
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IOPPN), King's College London, UK
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Wilson CE, Murphy CM, McAlonan G, Robertson DM, Spain D, Hayward H, Woodhouse E, Deeley PQ, Gillan N, Ohlsen JC, Zinkstok J, Stoencheva V, Faulkner J, Yildiran H, Bell V, Hammond N, Craig MC, Murphy DG. Does sex influence the diagnostic evaluation of autism spectrum disorder in adults? Autism 2016; 20:808-19. [PMID: 26802113 PMCID: PMC5363500 DOI: 10.1177/1362361315611381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It is unknown whether sex influences the diagnostic evaluation of autism spectrum disorder, or whether male and female adults within the spectrum have different symptom profiles. This study reports sex differences in clinical outcomes for 1244 adults (935 males and 309 females) referred for autism spectrum disorder assessment. Significantly, more males (72%) than females (66%) were diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder of any subtype (x(2) = 4.09; p = 0.04). In high-functioning autism spectrum disorder adults (IQ > 70; N = 827), there were no significant sex differences in severity of socio-communicative domain symptoms. Males had significantly more repetitive behaviours/restricted interests than females (p = 0.001, d = 0.3). A multivariate analysis of variance indicated a significant interaction between autism spectrum disorder subtype (full-autism spectrum disorder/partial-autism spectrum disorder) and sex: in full-autism spectrum disorder, males had more severe socio-communicative symptoms than females; for partial-autism spectrum disorder, the reverse was true. There were no sex differences in prevalence of co-morbid psychopathologies. Sex influenced diagnostic evaluation in a clinical sample of adults with suspected autism spectrum disorder. The sexes may present with different manifestations of the autism spectrum disorder phenotype and differences vary by diagnostic subtype. Understanding and awareness of adult female repetitive behaviours/restricted interests warrant attention and sex-specific diagnostic assessment tools may need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ellie Wilson
- King's College London, UK South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK University of Seville, Spain
| | - Clodagh M Murphy
- King's College London, UK South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Grainne McAlonan
- King's College London, UK South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Dene M Robertson
- King's College London, UK South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Debbie Spain
- King's College London, UK South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Hannah Hayward
- King's College London, UK South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- King's College London, UK South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - P Quinton Deeley
- King's College London, UK South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK Bethlem Royal Hospital, UK
| | - Nicola Gillan
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK Bristol Autism Spectrum Service, UK University of Bristol, UK
| | | | - Janneke Zinkstok
- King's College London, UK South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - Jessica Faulkner
- King's College London, UK South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - Vaughan Bell
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK University College London, UK
| | - Neil Hammond
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Michael C Craig
- King's College London, UK South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK Bethlem Royal Hospital, UK
| | - Declan Gm Murphy
- King's College London, UK South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Galanopoulos A, Robertson D, Woodhouse E. The assessment of autism spectrum disorders in adults. Advances in Autism 2016. [DOI: 10.1108/aia-09-2015-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore and highlight the main elements of an autism spectrum disorder assessment in adults. It features significant challenges for the clinical teams responsible to undertake the assessment. This paper aims to explain the importance of the wider needs assessment in accordance to the Autism Act and Autism Strategy.
Design/methodology/approach
– The paper describes the main symptom domains for an ASD diagnosis, according to the two basic diagnostic manuals. It provides compendious summary of the available diagnostic tools and the significant comorbidities people with ASD present with including other neurodevelopmental disorders, mental or physical health problems, challenging behaviour and risk issues.
Findings
– The paper proposes that all National Health System professionals should be able to recognise possible signs of ASD and accordingly refer individuals for a comprehensive assessment to secondary services. It highlights the importance of a wider needs assessment as part of a broader approach to addressing the needs of those with suspected ASD.
Practical implications
– The paper aims to improve the gaps which remain in the referral and diagnostic process of people affected by ASD.
Social implications
– Through a comprehensive assessment the paper aims to improve the educational, social and personal functioning of people with ASD as well as the quality of life of their parents and carers.
Originality/value
– The paper assembles a wide range of relevant considerations in regards to potential ASD in one place, and can be used to inform a comprehensive understanding of the assessment/diagnosis process.
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Brunsdon VEA, Colvert E, Ames C, Garnett T, Gillan N, Hallett V, Lietz S, Woodhouse E, Bolton P, Happé F. Exploring the cognitive features in children with autism spectrum disorder, their co-twins, and typically developing children within a population-based sample. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:893-902. [PMID: 25418509 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The behavioural symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are thought to reflect underlying cognitive deficits/differences. The findings in the literature are somewhat mixed regarding the cognitive features of ASD. This study attempted to address this issue by investigating a range of cognitive deficits and the prevalence of multiple cognitive atypicalities in a large population-based sample comprising children with ASD, their unaffected co-twins, and typically developing comparison children. METHODS Participants included families from the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS) where one or both children met diagnostic criteria for ASD. Overall, 181 adolescents with a diagnosis of ASD and 73 unaffected co-twins were included, plus an additional 160 comparison control participants. An extensive cognitive battery was administered to measure IQ, central coherence, executive function, and theory of mind ability. RESULTS Differences between groups (ASD, co-twin, control) are reported on tasks assessing theory of mind, executive function, and central coherence. The ASD group performed atypically in significantly more cognitive tasks than the unaffected co-twin and control groups. Nearly a third of the ASD group presented with multiple cognitive atypicalities. CONCLUSIONS Multiple cognitive atypicalities appear to be a characteristic, but not universal feature, of ASD. Further work is needed to investigate whether specific cognitive atypicalities, either alone or together, are related to specific behaviours characteristic of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E A Brunsdon
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emma Colvert
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Catherine Ames
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tracy Garnett
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nicola Gillan
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Victoria Hallett
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Lietz
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick Bolton
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Happé
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Colvert E, Tick B, McEwen F, Stewart C, Curran SR, Woodhouse E, Gillan N, Hallett V, Lietz S, Garnett T, Ronald A, Plomin R, Rijsdijk F, Happé F, Bolton P. Heritability of Autism Spectrum Disorder in a UK Population-Based Twin Sample. JAMA Psychiatry 2015; 72:415-23. [PMID: 25738232 PMCID: PMC4724890 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Most evidence to date highlights the importance of genetic influences on the liability to autism and related traits. However, most of these findings are derived from clinically ascertained samples, possibly missing individuals with subtler manifestations, and obtained estimates may not be representative of the population. OBJECTIVES To establish the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors in liability to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and a broader autism phenotype in a large population-based twin sample and to ascertain the genetic/environmental relationship between dimensional trait measures and categorical diagnostic constructs of ASD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We used data from the population-based cohort Twins Early Development Study, which included all twin pairs born in England and Wales from January 1, 1994, through December 31, 1996. We performed joint continuous-ordinal liability threshold model fitting using the full information maximum likelihood method to estimate genetic and environmental parameters of covariance. Twin pairs underwent the following assessments: the Childhood Autism Spectrum Test (CAST) (6423 pairs; mean age, 7.9 years), the Development and Well-being Assessment (DAWBA) (359 pairs; mean age, 10.3 years), the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) (203 pairs; mean age, 13.2 years), the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) (205 pairs; mean age, 13.2 years), and a best-estimate diagnosis (207 pairs). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Participants underwent screening using a population-based measure of autistic traits (CAST assessment), structured diagnostic assessments (DAWBA, ADI-R, and ADOS), and a best-estimate diagnosis. RESULTS On all ASD measures, correlations among monozygotic twins (range, 0.77-0.99) were significantly higher than those for dizygotic twins (range, 0.22-0.65), giving heritability estimates of 56% to 95%. The covariance of CAST and ASD diagnostic status (DAWBA, ADOS and best-estimate diagnosis) was largely explained by additive genetic factors (76%-95%). For the ADI-R only, shared environmental influences were significant (30% [95% CI, 8%-47%]) but smaller than genetic influences (56% [95% CI, 37%-82%]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The liability to ASD and a more broadly defined high-level autism trait phenotype in this large population-based twin sample derives primarily from additive genetic and, to a lesser extent, nonshared environmental effects. The largely consistent results across different diagnostic tools suggest that the results are generalizable across multiple measures and assessment methods. Genetic factors underpinning individual differences in autismlike traits show considerable overlap with genetic influences on diagnosed ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Colvert
- MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England
| | - Beata Tick
- MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England
| | - Fiona McEwen
- MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England2Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, K
| | - Catherine Stewart
- South London and Maudsley NHS (National Health Service) Foundation Trust, Maudsley Hospital, London, England4Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England
| | - Sarah R. Curran
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England5Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, East Sussex, England6Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Trust Headquart
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England
| | - Nicola Gillan
- South London and Maudsley NHS (National Health Service) Foundation Trust, Maudsley Hospital, London, England
| | - Victoria Hallett
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England
| | - Stephanie Lietz
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, England
| | - Tracy Garnett
- South London and Maudsley NHS (National Health Service) Foundation Trust, Maudsley Hospital, London, England
| | - Angelica Ronald
- MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England9Department of Psychological Sciences, University of London, London, England
| | - Robert Plomin
- MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England
| | - Frühling Rijsdijk
- MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England
| | - Francesca Happé
- MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England
| | - Patrick Bolton
- MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England2Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, K
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Hollingdale J, Woodhouse E, Asherson P, Gudjonsson GH, Young S. A Pilot Study Examining ADHD and Behavioural Disturbance in Female Mentally Disordered Offenders. AIMS Public Health 2014; 1:100-108. [PMID: 29546079 PMCID: PMC5689798 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2014.2.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with general population rates, prevalence rates of ADHD have been consistently reported to be higher in both male and female offender populations, the latter estimated to range between 10-29%. Research in forensic institutional settings has reported that aggressive behaviour is a particularly prominent source of impairment among men with ADHD. However there is a paucity of research investigating the type of behavioural incidents that may arise in female offenders with ADHD. This pilot study therefore aimed to further our understanding of ADHD within a cohort of female mentally disordered offenders by ascertaining estimated rates of ADHD and associated functional disturbance presenting in this population. Fifty female offenders completed the Barkley ADHD rating scales. Data on aggressive and self-harming behaviours were obtained from patients' clinical records. Almost one-third of patients (28%) screened positive for ADHD, most commonly hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes. They were significantly younger than their peers and there were no significant differences in behavioural disturbance records between groups. When controlling for age, hyperactive/impulsive symptoms and combined symptoms were significantly and positively correlated with measures of behavioural disturbance. ADHD symptoms correlated more strongly with self-harm than outward aggression, which is a novel finding. This pilot study has contributed to the knowledge base about the rate and functional problems of female offenders with ADHD. Future research should replicate the study using a larger sample and explore the effect of treatment (pharmacological and psychological) on the reduction of ADHD symptoms, behavioural disturbance, length of stay and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Hollingdale
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Philip Asherson
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Gisli H. Gudjonsson
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Broadmoor Hospital, Crowthorne, West London Mental Health Trust, UK
| | - Susan Young
- Broadmoor Hospital, Crowthorne, West London Mental Health Trust, UK
- Centre for Mental Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Hallett V, Ronald A, Colvert E, Ames C, Woodhouse E, Lietz S, Garnett T, Gillan N, Rijsdijk F, Scahill L, Bolton P, Happé F. Exploring anxiety symptoms in a large-scale twin study of children with autism spectrum disorders, their co-twins and controls. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013; 54:1176-85. [PMID: 24273800 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) experience difficulties with anxiety,the manifestation of these difficulties remains unresolved. The current study assessed anxiety in a large population based twin sample, aged 10–15 years. Phenotypic analyses were used to explore anxiety symptoms in children with ASDs, their unaffected co-twins and a control sample. METHODS Participants included 146 families from the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS) where one or both children had a suspected ASD. Eighty control families were also included. The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression scale (Chorpita, Yim, Moffitt, Umemoto & Francis, 2000) was completed (self- and parent-report), along with diagnostic and cognitive tests. Children were categorized into four groups (a) ASD (b) Broader Autism Phenotype (BAP: mainly co-twins of children with ASDs, with high subclinical autistic traits) (c) unaffected co-twins (with neither ASDs nor BAP) (d) controls. RESULTS Children in the ASD and BAP groups scored significantly higher than controls for all parent-rated (although not child-rated) anxiety subscales.There were no significant differences between the ASD and BAP groups for any of the parent-rated anxiety subscales. Compared with controls, unaffected co-twins showed significantly heightened Social Anxiety, Generalized Anxiety,and Panic symptoms. Significant associations were observed between certain anxiety subscales and both IQ and ASD symptoms. For example, greater parent-rated Social Anxiety was associated with higher IQ and increased social and communicative impairments. Significant interrater correlations were observed for anxiety reports in children with ASDs (r = .27–.54; p < .01), their unaffected co-twins (r = .32–.63; p < .01) and controls (r = .23–.43; p < .01)suggesting that children in this sample with and without ASD symptoms were able to report on their anxiety symptoms with some accuracy. CONCLUSIONS These findings support previous reports of heightened anxiety in children with ASDs, at least on parent-reported measures. Unaffected co-twins of children with ASDs also showed increased anxiety, generating questions about the potential etiological overlap between ASDs and anxiety. Progress in this area now depends on more refined anxiety measurement in ASDs and continued investigation of interrater differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Hallett
- Department of Psychology; Institute of Psychiatry; King's College London; London UK
| | - Angelica Ronald
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck; University of London; London UK
| | - Emma Colvert
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry; King's College London; London UK
| | - Catherine Ames
- Department of Psychology; Institute of Psychiatry; King's College London; London UK
| | - Emma Woodhouse
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry; King's College London; London UK
| | - Stephanie Lietz
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry; King's College London; London UK
| | - Tracy Garnett
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust; Denmark Hill UK
| | - Nicola Gillan
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust; Denmark Hill UK
| | - Fruhling Rijsdijk
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry; King's College London; London UK
| | | | - Patrick Bolton
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry; King's College London; London UK
| | - Francesca Happé
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry; King's College London; London UK
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Woodhouse E, Schmale GA, Simonian P, Tencer A, Huber P, Seidel K. Reproductive hormone effects on strength of the rat anterior cruciate ligament. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2007; 15:453-60. [PMID: 17187283 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-006-0237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The material properties of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in female rats with normal estrous cycles were compared to those regulated by oral contraceptive steroids. Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: an experimental group received daily ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel in a dosing model designed to simulate a typical oral contraception regime in humans, while a control group received daily oral placebo. After eight cycles, six rats from each group underwent daily phlebotomy to measure serum estradiol and progesterone levels over the course of a single 5-day estrous cycle. Significant differences between groups were found for the area under the curve of blood progesterone levels versus time over the length of the estrous cycle (P=0.02). After 12 cycles, the rats were euthanized and one femur-ACL-tibia complex from each animal was dynamically loaded to failure. The ACLs from the rats in the experimental group had significantly decreased average and tangent stiffness, (P=0.002 and 0.0001, respectively), and significantly increased elongation (P=0.002) and total energy absorbed (P=0.03), or greater toughness than controls. In rats, it appears that the administration of reproductive hormones designed to simulate typical oral contraception in humans alters the mechanical properties of the rat ACL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Woodhouse
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Abstract
Acute traumatic pelvic ring instability causes severe pain and associated hemorrhage. Circumferential pelvic sheeting provides patient comfort and noninvasive, rapid, and temporary pelvic ring stability. A bed sheet is readily available, inexpensive, easily applied around the pelvis, and disposable.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Chip Routt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
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Abstract
Acute traumatic pelvic ring instability causes severe pain and associated hemorrhage. Circumferential pelvic sheeting provides patient comfort and noninvasive, rapid, and temporary pelvic ring stability. A bed sheet is readily available, inexpensive, easily applied around the pelvis, and disposable.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Chip Routt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
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Ward Y, Wang W, Woodhouse E, Linnoila I, Liotta L, Kelly K. Signal pathways which promote invasion and metastasis: critical and distinct contributions of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Ral-specific guanine exchange factor pathways. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:5958-69. [PMID: 11486034 PMCID: PMC87314 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.17.5958-5969.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 50% of metastatic tumors contain Ras mutations. Ras proteins can activate at least three downstream signaling cascades mediated by the Raf-MEK-extracellular signal-regulated kinase family, phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI3) kinase, and Ral-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RalGEFs). Here we investigated the contribution of RalGEF and ERK activation to the development of experimental metastasis in vivo and associated invasive properties in vitro. Each pathway contributes distinct properties to the metastatic phenotype. Following lateral tail vein injection, 3T3 cells transformed by constitutively active Raf or MEK produced lung metastasis that displayed circumscribed, noninfiltrating borders. In contrast, 3T3 cells transformed by Ras(12V,37G), a Ras effector mutant that activates RalGEF but not Raf or P13 kinase, formed aggressive, infiltrative metastasis. Dominant negative RalB inhibited Ras(12V,37G)-activated invasion and metastasis, demonstrating the necessity of the RalGEF pathway for a fully transformed phenotype. Moreover, 3T3 cells constitutively expressing a membrane-associated form of RalGEF (RalGDS-CAAX) formed invasive tumors as well, demonstrating that activation of a RalGEF pathway is sufficient to initiate the invasive phenotype. Despite the fact that Ras(12V,37G) expression does not elevate ERK activity, inhibition of this kinase by a conditionally expressed ERK phosphatase demonstrated that ERK activity was necessary for Ras(12V,37G)-transformed cells to express matrix-degrading activity in vitro and tissue invasiveness in vivo. Therefore, these experiments have revealed a hitherto-unknown but essential interaction of the RalGEF and ERK pathways to produce a malignant phenotype. The generality of the role of the RalGEF pathway in metastasis is supported by the finding that Ras(12V,37G) increased the invasiveness of epithelial cells as well as fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ward
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 10, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Mulvaney PT, Stracke ML, Nam SW, Woodhouse E, O'Keefe M, Clair T, Liotta LA, Khaddurah-Daouk R, Schiffmann E. Cyclocreatine inhibits stimulated motility in tumor cells possessing creatine kinase. Int J Cancer 1998; 78:46-52. [PMID: 9724093 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980925)78:1<46::aid-ijc9>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cyclocreatine (1-carboxymethyl-2-iminoimidazolidine), an analog of creatine and a substrate for creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2), inhibits the stimulated motility of tumor cells which possess creatine kinase. A2058-055 human melanoma cells, transfected with a creatine kinase gene, showed an 80-90% reduction in chemotactic response to type IV collagen when incubated overnight in the presence of 10 mM cyclocreatine (p < 0.0001 for n = 8 experiments). This inhibitory effect of cyclocreatine can be partially reversed by addition of creatine to the overnight cell treatment. Non-transfected cells, with very low levels of creatine kinase, were not significantly inhibited. Further experiments utilizing type IV collagen as attractant demonstrated that cyclocreatine inhibited the chemokinetic (91%) and the haptotactic (73%) responses and the in vitro invasion of A2058-055 cells through Matrigel-coated membranes (88%). In addition, motility stimulation of A2058-055 cells by either autotaxin or fibronectin was markedly inhibited by cyclocreatine. DU-145 prostatic tumor cells, which express endogenous creatine kinase, also have a reduced motility response to either autotaxin or epidermal growth factor induced motility in the presence of cyclocreatine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Mulvaney
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Woodhouse E, Hersperger E, Shearn A. Growth, metastasis, and invasiveness of Drosophila tumors caused by mutations in specific tumor suppressor genes. Dev Genes Evol 1998; 207:542-50. [PMID: 9510549 DOI: 10.1007/s004270050145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
More than 50 genes have been identified in Drosophila by loss-of-function mutations that lead to overgrowth of specific tissues. Loss-of-function mutations in the lethal giant larvae, discs large, or brain tumor genes cause neoplastic overgrowth of larval brains and imaginal discs. In the present study, the growth and metastatic potential of tumors resulting from mutations in these genes were quantified. Overgrown brains and imaginal discs were transplanted into adults and beta-galactosidase accumulation was used as a marker to identify donor cells. Mutations in these three genes generated tumors with similar metastatic patterns. For brain tumors, the metastatic index (a measure we defined as the fraction of hosts that acquired secondary tumors normalized for the amount of primary tumor growth) of each of the three mutants was similar. Analysis of cell proliferation in mutant brains suggests that the tumors arise from a population of several hundred cells which represent only 1-2% of the cells in third instar larval brains. For imaginal disc tumors from lethal giant larvae and brain tumor mutants, it is shown for the first time that they can be metastatic and invasive. Primary imaginal disc tumors from lethal giant larvae and brain tumor mutants formed secondary tumors in 43 and 53% of the hosts, respectively, although the secondary tumors were, in general, smaller than the secondary tumors derived from primary brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Woodhouse
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Woodhouse E, Emmert-Buck M, Zhuang Z, Liotta L. The revolution in cancer molecular diagnostics. Cancer J Sci Am 1996; 2:197-9. [PMID: 9166530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Woodhouse
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Najmabadi H, Chai N, Kapali A, Subbarao MN, Bhasin D, Woodhouse E, Yen P, Bhasin S. Genomic structure of a Y-specific ribonucleic acid binding motif-containing gene: a putative candidate for a subset of male infertility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81:2159-64. [PMID: 8964845 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.81.6.8964845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis of infertility remains unclear in a majority of infertile men. Deletion mapping studies suggest that genes on the long arm of the Y-chromosome (Yq) may be important in the spermatogenic process and may play a pathogenetic role in a subset of infertile men. Complementary DNA sequences of two Y-specific genes that contain ribonucleic acid binding motifs and, therefore, referred to as RBM genes (previously named YRRM) were published recently. To develop a PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism strategy for detection of point mutations in the RBM gene(s) in infertile men, we determined the genomic structure and flanking sequences at the intron-exon junctions. Two separate strategies were used in parallel to isolate the genomic fragment bearing the RBM gene. The first strategy employed screening of a P1 genomic library using PCR primers corresponding to the sequences in the 5'- and 3'-ends of the published RBM-1 complementary DNA sequence. The second strategy used subcloning of the YAC clone 925D10 (that contained the RBM gene described here) into cosmids. The P1 and cosmid clones were further restriction mapped and subcloned for DNA sequencing. Because the sequences contained in the P1 and cosmid clones were identical, the sequence information was pooled. A 15-kilobase genomic segment includes the entire RBM gene. The genomic structure of this RBM gene is characterized by 12 exons and 11 introns. There is considerable homology among exons VII, VIII, IX, and X; each encodes one of the SRGY boxes. Several introns also have a high degree of homology among them (introns VI, VII, VIII, and IX). Eleven of the 12 exons have complete sequence homology with the RBM-1 sequence. There is 1 base difference in exon IV at position 495 (a T in the previously published DNA sequence vs. an A in the sequence reported here). The exonic sequences of this gene are distinct from that of the RBM-2 gene. The flanking sequences at the exon-intron junctions were also determined and are reported. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis, using human testis ribonucleic acid suggests that this gene is either not expressed in the testis or, more likely, the single base difference from RBM1 represents a polymorphism in the YAC clone. A high degree of homology between intronic and exonic sequences within the same gene and between different members of the RBM gene family (data not reported in this paper) suggests origin from common ancestral sequences; this also indicates that development of a single strand conformation polymorphism approach for detection of point mutations is likely to prove difficult for some of the exons of this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Najmabadi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Science and Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA
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Woodhouse E, Hersperger E, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Liotta LA, Shearn A. Increased type IV collagenase in lgl-induced invasive tumors of Drosophila. Cell Growth Differ 1994; 5:151-9. [PMID: 8180128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Loss of function mutations in the lethal giant larvae (lgl) gene causes neoplastic brain tumors in Drosophila. We have introduced a lacZ reporter gene into lgl mutant cells and used beta-galactosidase expression as a marker to monitor the growth of such tumors following transplantation into wild-type adult hosts. Whereas normal larval brains do not grow when transplanted, mutant brains can develop into enormous tumors that fill the entire abdominal cavity. To investigate whether these tumors are similar to mammalian tumors at the biochemical level, we examined the accumulation of a specific protein which is differentially expressed in mammalian metastatic tumors and is likely to be involved in the invasive and/or metastatic mechanism. Increased accumulation of a 72 kilodalton (kDa) type IV collagenase has been observed in several metastatic human tumors. Using antibodies directed against this human 72 kDa type IV collagenase, we show for the first time that Drosophila has a cross-reacting 49 kDa protein with gelatinase activity. In brains dissected from lgl mutant larvae, the accumulation of this 49 kDa gelatinase of Drosophila is increased compared to the level in brains dissected from wild-type larvae. In tumors derived from mutant brains, all of the cells express this protein. Moreover, the tumor cells that invade host organs express this protein. These data suggest that the metastasis of Drosophila tumor cells is similar to the metastasis of some human tumors at the biochemical level as well as at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Woodhouse
- Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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Timmons L, Hersperger E, Woodhouse E, Xu J, Liu LZ, Shearn A. The expression of the Drosophila awd gene during normal development and in neoplastic brain tumors caused by lgl mutations. Dev Biol 1993; 158:364-79. [PMID: 8393813 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1993.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The abnormal wing discs (awd) gene of Drosophila is homologous to the nm23 gene of mammals, a gene whose expression is altered in metastatic tumors. Both awd and nm23 encode nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDP kinases). We have examined the accumulation of AWD/NDP kinase during normal development by assaying enzyme activity in extracts. There is a nearly constant level of activity throughout larval and pupal development. We have examined the tissue-specific transcription of the awd gene by RNA in situ hybridization and by reporter gene expression. In imaginal discs and brains there is no detectable awd gene expression until the beginning of the third larval instar, despite the constant level of enzyme activity measured in extracts of larvae and pupae. The most intense awd gene expression in imaginal discs and brains occurs after the end of larval development. We have also examined awd gene expression in neoplastic brain tumors caused by mutations in the lethal giant larvae (lgl) gene. In lgl mutant brains, as in normal brains, awd gene expression begins during the third larval instar. No tumors form in brains from lgl-; awd- double mutant larva, so awd gene expression is required for tumor formation and/or proliferation. There is more accumulation of AWD/NDP kinase in lgl- mutant brains than there is in normal brains. Using an awd reporter gene, we show that this is a consequence of an increased proportion of awd gene-expressing cells in mutant brains. Using the same awd reporter gene as a marker of donor cells, we have confirmed the invasiveness of lgl-induced neuroblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Timmons
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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Flisser A, Woodhouse E, Larralde C. Human cysticercosis: antigens, antibodies and non-responders. Clin Exp Immunol 1980; 39:27-37. [PMID: 7389197 PMCID: PMC1537930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoelectrophoresis of sera from patients with brain cysticercosis against a crude antigenic extract from Cysticercus cellulosae indicates that nearly 50% of the patients do not make sufficient antibodies to ostensively precipitate. The other 50% of the patients who do make precipitating antibodies show a very heterogeneous response in the number of antigens they recognize as well as in the type of antigen--as classified by their electrophoretic mobilities. The most favoured, called antigen B, is recognized by 84% of positive sera and corresponds to one or a limited number of antigens isoelectric at pH 8.6. Indirect immunofluorescence with monospecific anti-human immunoglobulins, performed upon the immunoelectrophoretic preparations, reveal that all cysticercus antigens induced the synthesis of antibodies in the immunoglobulin classes in the order G greater than M greater than E greater than A greater than D. Finally, antigen H (an anodic component) seems to favour IgE relative to its ability to induce IgG. Thus, although in natural infection a good proportion of cysticercotic patients do not seem to mount an energetic antibody response against the parasite, giving rise to some speculations about immunosuppression, the fact that 50% do synthesize antibodies allows for some optimistic expectations from vaccination of humans--in view of the good results of vaccination in experimental animals mediated by IgG antibodies. A likely prospect for a human vaccine would be antigen B because it is the most frequently detected by humans, although its immunizing and toxic properties remain to be properly studied.
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Abstract
Through a retrospective study of bladder neck contracture it was found that bladder neck resection and incision were equally effective for treatment of postoperative bladder neck contractures. It was also found that incising the bladder neck at the end of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) did not cause vesicoureteral reflux and did not improve the incidence of postoperative bladder neck contracture.
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