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Burrello C, Strati F, Lattanzi G, Diaz-Basabe A, Mileti E, Giuffrè MR, Lopez G, Cribiù FM, Trombetta E, Kallikourdis M, Cremonesi M, Conforti F, Botti F, Porretti L, Rescigno M, Vecchi M, Fantini MC, Caprioli F, Facciotti F. IL10 Secretion Endows Intestinal Human iNKT Cells with Regulatory Functions Towards Pathogenic T Lymphocytes. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 16:1461-1474. [PMID: 35358301 PMCID: PMC9455792 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Invariant natural killer T [iNKT] cells perform pleiotropic functions in different tissues by secreting a vast array of pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic molecules. However, the presence and function of human intestinal iNKT cells capable of secreting immunomodulatory molecules such as IL-10 has never been reported so far. Here we describe for the first time the presence of IL10-producing iNKT cells [NKT10 cells] in the intestinal lamina propria of healthy individuals and of Crohn's disease [CD] patients. METHODS Frequency and phenotype of NKT10 cells were analysed ex vivo from intestinal specimens of Crohn's disease [n = 17] and controls [n = 7]. Stable CD-derived intestinal NKT10 cell lines were used to perform in vitro suppression assays and co-cultures with patient-derived mucosa-associated microbiota. Experimental colitis models were performed by adoptive cell transfer of splenic naïve CD4+ T cells in the presence or absence of IL10-sufficient or -deficient iNKT cells. In vivo induction of NKT10 cells was performed by administration of short chain fatty acids [SCFA] by oral gavage. RESULTS Patient-derived intestinal NKT10 cells demonstrated suppressive capabilities towards pathogenic CD4+ T cells. The presence of increased proportions of mucosal NKT10 cells associated with better clinical outcomes in CD patients. Moreover, an intestinal microbial community enriched in SCFA-producing bacteria sustained the production of IL10 by iNKT cells. Finally, IL10-deficient iNKT cells failed to control the pathogenic activity of adoptively transferred CD4+ T cells in an experimental colitis model. CONCLUSIONS These results describe an unprecedentd IL10-mediated immunoregulatory role of intestinal iNKT cells in controlling the pathogenic functions of mucosal T helper subsets and in maintaining the intestinal immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Burrello
- Current address: Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Erika Mileti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Giuffrè
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Lopez
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fulvia Milena Cribiù
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Trombetta
- Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marinos Kallikourdis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Cremonesi
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Conforti
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Botti
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- General and Emergency Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Porretti
- Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Vecchi
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo C Fantini
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Flavio Caprioli
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Facciotti
- Corresponding author: Dr Federica Facciotti, Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20135, Milan, Italy.
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Berte' R, Mazza S, Stefanucci MR, Noviello D, Costa S, Ciafardini C, Mileti E, Mapelli M, Pasqualato S, Pinto S, Favale A, Vecchi M, Neurath MF, Atreya R, Fantini MC, Facciotti F, Caprioli F. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV2 in IBD Patients Treated with Biologic Therapy. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 15:864-868. [PMID: 33211810 PMCID: PMC7717179 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A similar course of COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD] and in the general population has been reported. However, disease prevalence in IBD patients is presently unknown. In this prospective observational study, we aimed at determining SARS-CoV2 infection prevalence in IBD patients treated with biologic therapy. METHODS From IBD patients under biologic therapy and recruited from three different locations in Italy and Germany, 354 sera were evaluated for antibody presence by RBD ELISA. Control groups were: i] age-matched healthy subjects tested in the same time period in Milan, Italy; ii] healthy subjects collected in the pre-COVID era; iii] IBD patients under biologic therapy collected in the pre-COVID era. RESULTS Eight out of 354 patients tested positive for the anti-RBD-SARS-CoV2 IgG antibody [prevalence 2.3%]. The percentage of IgG-positive patients among those recruited from Milan was significantly higher than among those recruited from other locations [prevalence 5.4% vs 0.4%, p <0.005]. IgG-positive patients reported a significantly higher incidence of fever, anosmia, and ageusia, and were more likely to have entered into close contact with COVID-19-positive subjects before the study enrolment. CONCLUSIONS Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV2 in IBD patients treated with biologic therapy reflects values measured in the local general population. Specific symptoms and contact history with SARS-CoV2-infected individuals strongly increase the likelihood of SARS-CoV2 seropositivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Berte'
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Mazza
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Rachele Stefanucci
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Noviello
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Costa
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Clorinda Ciafardini
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Mileti
- European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Mapelli
- European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Pasqualato
- European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Pinto
- Gastroenterology Unit, Duilio Casula Hospital, AOU Cagliari, Italy,Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Agnese Favale
- Gastroenterology Unit, Duilio Casula Hospital, AOU Cagliari, Italy,Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maurizio Vecchi
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan Italy
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie (DZI), FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg, Germany,Department of Internal Medicine 1, FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raja Atreya
- Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie (DZI), FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg, Germany,Department of Internal Medicine 1, FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Massimo Claudio Fantini
- Gastroenterology Unit, Duilio Casula Hospital, AOU Cagliari, Italy,Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Facciotti
- European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Flavio Caprioli
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan Italy,Correspondence to: Prof. Flavio Caprioli, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS, Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy.
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Bruni M, Cecatiello V, Diaz-Basabe A, Lattanzi G, Mileti E, Monzani S, Pirovano L, Rizzelli F, Visintin C, Bonizzi G, Giani M, Lavitrano M, Faravelli S, Forneris F, Caprioli F, Pelicci PG, Natoli G, Pasqualato S, Mapelli M, Facciotti F. Persistence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Convalescent Health Care Workers. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3188. [PMID: 33019628 PMCID: PMC7600936 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 can be detected early during the infection, several outstanding questions remain to be addressed regarding the magnitude and persistence of antibody titer against different viral proteins and their correlation with the strength of the immune response. An ELISA assay has been developed by expressing and purifying the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor Binding Domain (RBD), Soluble Ectodomain (Spike), and full length Nucleocapsid protein (N). Sera from healthcare workers affected by non-severe COVID-19 were longitudinally collected over four weeks, and compared to sera from patients hospitalized in Intensive Care Units (ICU) and SARS-CoV-2-negative subjects for the presence of IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies as well as soluble pro-inflammatory mediators in the sera. Non-hospitalized subjects showed lower antibody titers and blood pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles as compared to patients in Intensive Care Units (ICU), irrespective of the antibodies tested. Noteworthy, in non-severe COVID-19 infections, antibody titers against RBD and Spike, but not against the N protein, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines decreased within a month after viral clearance. Thus, rapid decline in antibody titers and in pro-inflammatory cytokines may be a common feature of non-severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting that antibody-mediated protection against re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 is of short duration. These results suggest caution in using serological testing to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Bruni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (V.C.); (A.D.-B.); (G.L.); (E.M.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (F.R.); (C.V.); (G.B.); (P.G.P.); (G.N.); (S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Valentina Cecatiello
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (V.C.); (A.D.-B.); (G.L.); (E.M.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (F.R.); (C.V.); (G.B.); (P.G.P.); (G.N.); (S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Angelica Diaz-Basabe
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (V.C.); (A.D.-B.); (G.L.); (E.M.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (F.R.); (C.V.); (G.B.); (P.G.P.); (G.N.); (S.P.); (M.M.)
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Georgia Lattanzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (V.C.); (A.D.-B.); (G.L.); (E.M.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (F.R.); (C.V.); (G.B.); (P.G.P.); (G.N.); (S.P.); (M.M.)
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Mileti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (V.C.); (A.D.-B.); (G.L.); (E.M.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (F.R.); (C.V.); (G.B.); (P.G.P.); (G.N.); (S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Silvia Monzani
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (V.C.); (A.D.-B.); (G.L.); (E.M.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (F.R.); (C.V.); (G.B.); (P.G.P.); (G.N.); (S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Laura Pirovano
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (V.C.); (A.D.-B.); (G.L.); (E.M.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (F.R.); (C.V.); (G.B.); (P.G.P.); (G.N.); (S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Francesca Rizzelli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (V.C.); (A.D.-B.); (G.L.); (E.M.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (F.R.); (C.V.); (G.B.); (P.G.P.); (G.N.); (S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Clara Visintin
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (V.C.); (A.D.-B.); (G.L.); (E.M.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (F.R.); (C.V.); (G.B.); (P.G.P.); (G.N.); (S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Giuseppina Bonizzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (V.C.); (A.D.-B.); (G.L.); (E.M.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (F.R.); (C.V.); (G.B.); (P.G.P.); (G.N.); (S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Marco Giani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; (M.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Marialuisa Lavitrano
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; (M.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Silvia Faravelli
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.F.); (F.F.)
| | - Federico Forneris
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.F.); (F.F.)
| | - Flavio Caprioli
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Policlinico Milano, Via F. Sforza 35, 20135 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via F. Sforza 35, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (V.C.); (A.D.-B.); (G.L.); (E.M.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (F.R.); (C.V.); (G.B.); (P.G.P.); (G.N.); (S.P.); (M.M.)
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Natoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (V.C.); (A.D.-B.); (G.L.); (E.M.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (F.R.); (C.V.); (G.B.); (P.G.P.); (G.N.); (S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Sebastiano Pasqualato
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (V.C.); (A.D.-B.); (G.L.); (E.M.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (F.R.); (C.V.); (G.B.); (P.G.P.); (G.N.); (S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Marina Mapelli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (V.C.); (A.D.-B.); (G.L.); (E.M.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (F.R.); (C.V.); (G.B.); (P.G.P.); (G.N.); (S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Federica Facciotti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (V.C.); (A.D.-B.); (G.L.); (E.M.); (S.M.); (L.P.); (F.R.); (C.V.); (G.B.); (P.G.P.); (G.N.); (S.P.); (M.M.)
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Mouries J, Brescia P, Silvestri A, Spadoni I, Sorribas M, Wiest R, Mileti E, Galbiati M, Invernizzi P, Adorini L, Penna G, Rescigno M. Microbiota-driven gut vascular barrier disruption is a prerequisite for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis development. J Hepatol 2019; 71:1216-1228. [PMID: 31419514 PMCID: PMC6880766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fatty liver disease, including non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH), has been associated with increased intestinal barrier permeability and translocation of bacteria or bacterial products into the blood circulation. In this study, we aimed to unravel the role of both intestinal barrier integrity and microbiota in NAFLD/NASH development. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) or methionine-choline-deficient diet for 1 week or longer to recapitulate aspects of NASH (steatosis, inflammation, insulin resistance). Genetic and pharmacological strategies were then used to modulate intestinal barrier integrity. RESULTS We show that disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier and gut vascular barrier (GVB) are early events in NASH pathogenesis. Mice fed HFD for only 1 week undergo a diet-induced dysbiosis that drives GVB damage and bacterial translocation into the liver. Fecal microbiota transplantation from HFD-fed mice into specific pathogen-free recipients induces GVB damage and epididymal adipose tissue enlargement. GVB disruption depends on interference with the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, as shown by genetic intervention driving β-catenin activation only in endothelial cells, preventing GVB disruption and NASH development. The bile acid analogue and farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) drives β-catenin activation in endothelial cells. Accordingly, pharmacologic intervention with OCA protects against GVB disruption, both as a preventive and therapeutic agent. Importantly, we found upregulation of the GVB leakage marker in the colon of patients with NASH. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a new player in NASH development, the GVB, whose damage leads to bacteria or bacterial product translocation into the blood circulation. Treatment aimed at restoring β-catenin activation in endothelial cells, such as administration of OCA, protects against GVB damage and NASH development. LAY SUMMARY The incidence of fatty liver disease is reaching epidemic levels in the USA, with more than 30% of adults having NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease), which can progress to more severe non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Herein, we show that disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier and gut vascular barrier are early events in the development of NASH. We show that the drug obeticholic acid protects against barrier disruption and thereby prevents the development of NASH, providing further evidence for its use in the prevention or treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Mouries
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS –, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Paola Brescia
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS –, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Alessandra Silvestri
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS –, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Ilaria Spadoni
- Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy
| | - Marcel Sorribas
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erika Mileti
- European Institute of Oncology, Department of Experimental Oncology, 20139 Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Marianna Galbiati
- Division of Gastroenterology and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, MI, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Penna
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS –, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI, Italy,Postbiotica srl, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS -, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI, Italy; Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy.
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Zagato E, Mileti E, Massimiliano L, Fasano F, Budelli A, Penna G, Rescigno M. Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 metabolic products and fermented milk for infant formula have anti-inflammatory activity on dendritic cells in vitro and protective effects against colitis and an enteric pathogen in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87615. [PMID: 24520333 PMCID: PMC3919712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid expansion of commercially available fermented food products raises important safety issues particularly when infant food is concerned. In many cases, the activity of the microorganisms used for fermentation as well as what will be the immunological outcome of fermented food intake is not known. In this manuscript we used complex in vitro, ex-vivo and in vivo systems to study the immunomodulatory properties of probiotic-fermented products (culture supernatant and fermented milk without live bacteria to be used in infant formula). We found in vitro and ex-vivo that fermented products of Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 act via the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine release leaving anti-inflammatory cytokines either unaffected or even increased in response to Salmonella typhimurium. These activities are not dependent on the inactivated bacteria but to metabolic products released during the fermentation process. We also show that our in vitro systems are predictive of an in vivo efficacy by the fermented products. Indeed CBA L74 fermented products (both culture medium and fermented milk) could protect against colitis and against an enteric pathogen infection (Salmonella typhimurium). Hence we found that fermented products can act via the inhibition of immune cell inflammation and can protect the host from pathobionts and enteric pathogens. These results open new perspectives in infant nutrition and suggest that L. paracasei CBA L74 fermented formula can provide immune benefits to formula-fed infants, without carrying live bacteria that may be potentially dangerous to an immature infant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zagato
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Mileti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Massimiliano
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Penna
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (GP); (MR)
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (GP); (MR)
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Matteoli G, Mazzini E, Iliev ID, Mileti E, Fallarino F, Puccetti P, Chieppa M, Rescigno M. Gut CD103+ dendritic cells express indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase which influences T regulatory/T effector cell balance and oral tolerance induction. Gut 2010; 59:595-604. [PMID: 20427394 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2009.185108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CD103(+) gut dendritic cells (DCs) have been shown to be required for de novo conversion of adaptive T regulatory (Treg) cells. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an enzyme involved in tryptophan catabolism that is expressed by DCs isolated from tumour-draining lymph nodes. IDO-expressing DCs sustain and differentiate Tregs. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and the possible physiological role of IDO in the tolerogenic properties of intestinal DCs. DESIGN The expression level of IDO in CD103(+) and CD103(-) DCs was analysed by qRT-PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence. CD103(+) and CD103(-) DCs were sorted from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and the small intestinal lamina propria, and the role of IDO in the conversion of Tregs and Th effector cell development was evaluated via specific inhibition or gene deletion. Oral tolerance, experimental colitis and T cell differentiation in vivo were assessed upon IDO inactivation. RESULTS We show that, primarily, CD103(+) but not CD103(-) gut DCs express IDO whose inhibition results in reduced CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory cell conversion and enhanced T cell proliferation. When IDO was inhibited or genetically deleted there was an increase in Th1 and Th17 differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, in vivo IDO blockade affected the development of Tregs specific for orally administered antigens, impaired oral tolerance induction and exacerbated colitis. CONCLUSIONS We identified a new IDO-dependent pathway leading to acquisition of tolerogenic functions in mucosal CD103-expressing DCs, indicating IDO as a possible therapeutic target for gut disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Matteoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan, Italy
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Iliev ID, Spadoni I, Mileti E, Matteoli G, Sonzogni A, Sampietro GM, Foschi D, Caprioli F, Viale G, Rescigno M. Human intestinal epithelial cells promote the differentiation of tolerogenic dendritic cells. Gut 2009; 58:1481-9. [PMID: 19570762 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2008.175166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In mice, a subpopulation of gut dendritic cells (DCs) expressing CD103 drives the development of regulatory T (T(reg)) cells. Further, it was recently described that the cross-talk between human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and DCs helps in maintaining gut immune homeostasis via the induction of non-inflammatory DCs. In this study, an analysis was carried out to determine whether IECs could promote the differentiation of CD103+ tolerogenic DCs, and the function of primary CD103+ DCs isolated from human mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) was evaluated. METHODS Monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) and circulating CD1c+ DCs were conditioned or not with supernatants from Caco-2 cells or IECs isolated from healthy donors or donors with Crohn's disease and analysed for their ability to induce T(reg) cell differentiation. In some cases, transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta), retinoic acid (RA) or thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) were neutralised before conditioning. CD103+ and CD103- DCs were sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from MLNs and used in T(reg) cell differentiation experiments. RESULTS It was found that human IECs promoted the differentiation of tolerogenic DCs able to drive the development of adaptive Foxp3+ T(reg) cells. This control was lost in patients with Crohn's disease and paralleled a reduced expression of tolerogenic factors by primary IECs. MoDCs differentiated with RA or IEC supernatant upregulated the expression of CD103. Consistently, human primary CD103+ DCs isolated from MLNs were endowed with the ability to drive T(reg) cell differentiation. This subset of DCs expressed CCR7 and probably represents a lamina propria-derived migratory population. CONCLUSIONS A population of tolerogenic CD103+ DCs was identified in the human gut that probably differentiate in response to IEC-derived factors and drive T(reg) cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Iliev
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy
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Mileti E, Matteoli G, Iliev ID, Rescigno M. Comparison of the immunomodulatory properties of three probiotic strains of Lactobacilli using complex culture systems: prediction for in vivo efficacy. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7056. [PMID: 19756155 PMCID: PMC2738944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While the use of probiotics to treat or prevent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been proposed, to this point the clinical benefits have been limited. In this report we analyzed the immunological activity of three strains of Lactobacillus to predict their in vivo efficacy in protecting against experimental colitis. Methodology/Principal Findings We compared the immunological properties of Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB8826, L. rhamnosus GG (LGG), L. paracasei B21060 and pathogenic Salmonella typhimurium (SL1344). We studied the stimulatory effects of these different strains upon dendritic cells (DCs) either directly by co-culture or indirectly via conditioning of an epithelial intermediary. Furthermore, we characterized the effects of these strains in vivo using a Dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) model of colitis. We found that the three strains exhibited different abilities to induce inflammatory cytokine production by DCs with L. plantarum being the most effective followed by LGG and L. paracasei. L. paracasei minimally induced the release of cytokines, while it also inhibited the potential of DCs to both produce inflammatory cytokines (IL-12 and TNF-α) and to drive Th1 T cells in response to Salmonella. This effect on DCs was found under both direct and indirect stimulatory conditions – i.e. mediated by epithelial cells - and was dependent upon an as yet unidentified soluble mediator. When tested in vivo, L. plantarum and LGG exacerbated the development of DSS-induced colitis and caused the death of treated mice, while, conversely L. paracasei was protective. Conclusions We describe a new property of probiotics to either directly or indirectly inhibit DC activation by inflammatory bacteria. Moreover, some immunostimulatory probiotics not only failed to protect against colitis, they actually amplified the disease progression. In conclusion, caution must be exercised when choosing a probiotic strain to treat IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Mileti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Matteoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Iliyan D. Iliev
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Rescigno M, Mileti E. Interactions between Epithelial Cells and Dendritic Cells in Bacterial Handling. Biosci Microflora 2008. [DOI: 10.12938/bifidus.27.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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