1
|
Krishnan A, Prichett L, Tao X, Alqahtani SA, Hamilton JP, Mezey E, Strauss AT, Kim A, Potter JJ, Chen PH, Woreta TA. Abnormal liver chemistries as a predictor of COVID-19 severity and clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:570-587. [PMID: 35316959 PMCID: PMC8905016 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i5.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal liver chemistries are common findings in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the association of these abnormalities with the severity of COVID-19 and clinical outcomes is poorly understood
AIM We aimed to assess the prevalence of elevated liver chemistries in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and compare the serum liver chemistries to predict the severity and in-hospital mortality.
METHODS This retrospective, observational study included 3380 patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized in the Johns Hopkins Health System (Baltimore, MD, United States). Demographic data, clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, treatment measures, and outcome data were collected. Cox regression modeling was used to explore variables associated with abnormal liver chemistries on admission with disease severity and prognosis
RESULTS A total of 2698 (70.4%) had abnormal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) at the time of admission. Other more prevalent abnormal liver chemistries were aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (44.4%), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (16.1%), and total bilirubin (T-Bil) (5.9%). Factors associated with liver injury were older age, Asian ethnicity, other race, being overweight, and obesity. Higher ALT, AST, T-Bil, and ALP levels were more commonly associated with disease severity. Multivariable adjusted Cox regression analysis revealed that abnormal AST and T-Bil were associated with the highest mortality risk than other liver injury indicators during hospitalization. Abnormal AST, T-Bil, and ALP were associated with a need for vasopressor drugs, whereas higher levels of AST, T-Bil, and a decreased albumin levels were associated with mechanical ventilation
CONCLUSION Abnormal liver chemistries are common at the time of hospital admission in COVID-19 patients and can be closely related to the patient’s severity and prognosis. Elevated liver chemistries, specifically ALT, AST, ALP, and T-Bil levels, can be used to stratify risk and predict the need for advanced therapies in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar Krishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Laura Prichett
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Xueting Tao
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Saleh A Alqahtani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
- Liver Transplant Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 12713, Saudi Arabia
| | - James P Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Alexandra T Strauss
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Ahyoung Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - James J Potter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Po-Hung Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Tinsay A Woreta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vitale-Cross L, Szalayova I, Scoggins A, Palkovits M, Mezey E. SARS-CoV-2 entry sites are present in all structural elements of the human glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves: clinical implications. bioRxiv 2022. [PMID: 35018378 PMCID: PMC8750701 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.30.474580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infections result in the temporary loss of smell and taste (anosmia and dysgeusia) in about one third of confirmed cases. Several investigators have reported that the viral spike protein receptor is present in olfactory neurons. However, no study has been published to date showing the presence of viral entry sites angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), neuropilin1 (NRP1), and TMPRSS2, the serine protease necessary for priming the viral proteins, in human nerves that are responsible for taste sensation (cranial nerves: VII, IX and X). We used immunocytochemistry to examine three postmortem donor samples of the IXth (glossopharyngeal) and Xth (vagal) cranial nerves where they leave/join the medulla from three donors to confirm the presence of ACE2, NRP1 and TMPRSS2. Two samples were paraffin embedded; one was a frozen sample. In addition to staining sections from the latter, we isolated RNA from it, made cDNA, and performed PCR to confirm the presence of the mRNAs that encode the proteins visualized. All three of the proteins required for SARS-CoV-2 infections appear to be present in the human IXth and Xth nerves near the medulla. Direct infection of these nerves by the COVID-19 virus is likely to cause the loss of taste experienced by many patients. In addition, potential viral spread through these nerves into the adjacent brainstem respiratory centers might also aggravate the respiratory problems patients are experiencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Vitale-Cross
- Adult Stem Cell Section, NIDCR, NIH, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Md 20892
| | - I Szalayova
- Adult Stem Cell Section, NIDCR, NIH, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Md 20892
| | - A Scoggins
- Adult Stem Cell Section, NIDCR, NIH, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Md 20892
| | | | - E Mezey
- Adult Stem Cell Section, NIDCR, NIH, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Md 20892
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mezzano G, Juanola A, Cardenas A, Mezey E, Hamilton JP, Pose E, Graupera I, Ginès P, Solà E, Hernaez R. Global burden of disease: acute-on-chronic liver failure, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut 2022; 71:148-155. [PMID: 33436495 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is characterised by acute decompensation of cirrhosis associated with organ failures. We systematically evaluated the geographical variations of ACLF across the world in terms of prevalence, mortality, aetiology of chronic liver disease (CLD), triggers and organ failures. METHODS We searched EMBASE and PubMed from 3/1/2013 to 7/3/2020 using the ACLF-EASL-CLIF (European Association for the Study of the Liver-Chronic Liver Failure) criteria. Two investigators independently conducted the abstract selection/abstraction of the aetiology of CLD, triggers, organ failures and prevalence/mortality by presence/grade of ACLF. We grouped countries into Europe, East/South Asia and North/South America. We calculated the pooled proportions, evaluated the methodological quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and statistical heterogeneity, and performed sensitivity analyses. RESULTS We identified 2369 studies; 30 cohort studies met our inclusion criteria (43 206 patients with ACLF and 140 835 without ACLF). The global prevalence of ACLF among patients admitted with decompensated cirrhosis was 35% (95% CI 33% to 38%), highest in South Asia at 65%. The global 90-day mortality was 58% (95% CI 51% to 64%), highest in South America at 73%. Alcohol was the most frequently reported aetiology of underlying CLD (45%, 95% CI 41 to 50). Infection was the most frequent trigger (35%) and kidney dysfunction the most common organ failure (49%). Sensitivity analyses showed regional estimates grossly unchanged for high-quality studies. Type of design, country health index, underlying CLD and triggers explained the variation in estimates. CONCLUSIONS The global prevalence and mortality of ACLF are high. Region-specific variations could be explained by the type of triggers/aetiology of CLD or grade. Health systems will need to tailor early recognition and treatment of ACLF based on region-specific data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Mezzano
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Gastroenterología - Hepatología, Hospital del Salvador. Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adria Juanola
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Digestive Disease and Metabolism, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James P Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elisa Pose
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Graupera
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Pere Ginès
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Elsa Solà
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Ruben Hernaez
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Depatment of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA .,Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for Innovation in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pandita H, Mezey E, Ganapathy-Kanniappan S. Augmented Liver Uptake of the Membrane Voltage Sensor Tetraphenylphosphonium Distinguishes Early Fibrosis in a Mouse Model. Front Physiol 2021; 12:676722. [PMID: 34759830 PMCID: PMC8573124 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.676722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial (mito-) oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) is a critical determinant of cellular membrane potential/voltage. Dysregulation of OxPhos is a biochemical signature of advanced liver fibrosis. However, less is known about the net voltage of the liver in fibrosis. In this study, using the radiolabeled [3H] voltage sensor, tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP), which depends on membrane potential for cellular uptake/accumulation, we determined the net voltage of the liver in a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis. We demonstrated that the liver uptake of 3H-TPP significantly increased at 4 weeks of CCl4-administration (6.07 ± 0.69% ID/g, p < 0.05) compared with 6 weeks (4.85 ± 1.47% ID/g) and the control (3.50 ± 0.22% ID/g). Analysis of the fibrosis, collagen synthesis, and deposition showed that the increased 3H-TPP uptake at 4 weeks corresponds to early fibrosis (F1), according to the METAVIR scoring system. Biodistribution data revealed that the 3H-TPP accumulation is significant in the fibrogenic liver but not in other tissues. Mechanistically, the augmentation of the liver uptake of 3H-TPP in early fibrosis concurred with the upregulation of mito-electron transport chain enzymes, a concomitant increase in mito-oxygen consumption, and the activation of the AMPK-signaling pathway. Collectively, our results indicate that mito-metabolic response to hepatic insult may underlie the net increase in the voltage of the liver in early fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Pandita
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shanmugasundaram Ganapathy-Kanniappan
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li L, Knutsdottir H, Hui K, Weiss MJ, He J, Philosophe B, Cameron AM, Wolfgang CL, Pawlik TM, Ghiaur G, Ewald AJ, Mezey E, Bader JS, Selaru FM. Human primary liver cancer organoids reveal intratumor and interpatient drug response heterogeneity. JCI Insight 2019; 4:121490. [PMID: 30674722 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality and is distinguished by a relative paucity of chemotherapy options. It has been hypothesized that intratumor genetic heterogeneity may contribute to the high failure rate of chemotherapy. Here, we evaluated functional heterogeneity in a cohort of primary human liver cancer organoid lines. Each primary human liver cancer surgical specimen was used to generate multiple cancer organoid lines, obtained from distinct regions of the tumor. A total of 27 liver cancer lines were established and tested with 129 cancer drugs, generating 3,483 cell survival data points. We found a rich intratumor, functional (drug response) heterogeneity in our liver cancer patients. Furthermore, we established that the majority of drugs were either ineffective, or effective only in select organoid lines. In contrast, we found that a subset of drugs appeared pan-effective, displaying at least moderate activity in the majority of these cancer organoid lines. These drugs, which are FDA approved for indications other than liver cancers, deserve further consideration as either systemic or local therapeutics. Of note, molecular profiles, obtained for a reduced sample set, did not correlate with the drug response heterogeneity of liver cancer organoid lines. Taken together, these findings lay the foundation for in-depth studies of pan-effective drugs, as well as for functional personalized oncology approaches. Lastly, these functional studies demonstrate the utility of cancer organoid drug testing as part of a drug discovery pipeline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
| | | | - Ken Hui
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
| | - Matthew J Weiss
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jin He
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin Philosophe
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew M Cameron
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher L Wolfgang
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy M Pawlik
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute, Health Services Management and Policy, The Ohio State University Ohio, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Ewald
- Departments of Cell Biology and Oncology, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Joel S Bader
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and High-Throughput Biology Center
| | - Florin M Selaru
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gajendiran P, Vega LI, Itoh K, Sesaki H, Vakili MR, Lavasanifar A, Hong K, Mezey E, Ganapathy-Kanniappan S. Elevated mitochondrial activity distinguishes fibrogenic hepatic stellate cells and sensitizes for selective inhibition by mitotropic doxorubicin. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:2210-2219. [PMID: 29397578 PMCID: PMC5867155 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is an integral component of the wound‐healing process in liver injury/inflammation. However, uncontrolled activation of HSCs leads to constant secretion of collagen‐rich extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, resulting in liver fibrosis. The enhanced ECM synthesis/secretion demands an uninterrupted supply of intracellular energy; however, there is a paucity of data on the bioenergetics, particularly the mitochondrial (mito) metabolism of fibrogenic HSCs. Here, using human and rat HSCs in vitro, we show that the mito‐respiration, mito‐membrane potential (Δψm) and cellular ‘bioenergetic signature’ distinguish fibrogenic HSCs from normal, less‐active HSCs. Ex vivo, HSCs from mouse and rat models of liver fibrosis further confirmed the altered ‘bioenergetic signature’ of fibrogenic HSCs. Importantly, the distinctive elevation in mito‐Δψm sensitized fibrogenic HSCs for selective inhibition by mitotropic doxorubicin while normal, less‐active HSCs and healthy human primary hepatocytes remained minimally affected if not, unaffected. Thus, the increased mito‐Δψm may provide an opportunity to selectively target fibrogenic HSCs in liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Gajendiran
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leonel Iglesias Vega
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kie Itoh
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Vakili
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Afsaneh Lavasanifar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Kelvin Hong
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shanmugasundaram Ganapathy-Kanniappan
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nemeth K, Gorog A, Mezey E, Pinter D, Kuroli E, Harsing J, Kovacs L, Fischer M, Rady P, Sillo P, Tyring S, Karpati S. Cover Image: Detection of hair follicle-associated Merkel cell polyomavirus in an immunocompromised host with follicular spicules and alopecia. Br J Dermatol 2017; 175:1409. [PMID: 27996135 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Nemeth
- Department of Dermatology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, U.S.A
| | - A Gorog
- Department of Dermatology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - E Mezey
- Adult Stem Cell Section, NIDCR, CSDB, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - D Pinter
- Department of Dermatology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - E Kuroli
- Department of Dermatology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Harsing
- Department of Dermatology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - L Kovacs
- First Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - M Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A
| | - P Rady
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Medical School of Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - P Sillo
- Department of Dermatology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - S Tyring
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Medical School of Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - S Karpati
- Department of Dermatology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cho YE, Mezey E, Hardwick JP, Salem N, Clemens DL, Song BJ. Increased ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450-2E1 and cytochrome P450 isoforms in exosomes of alcohol-exposed rodents and patients with alcoholism through oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1:675-690. [PMID: 29404485 PMCID: PMC5721437 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the role of ethanol‐inducible cytochrome P450‐2E1 (CYP2E1) in enhancing CYP2E1 and other P450 proteins in extracellular vesicles (EVs) from alcohol‐exposed rodents and human patients with alcoholism and their effects on oxidative hepatocyte injury. Female Fischer rats and wild‐type or Cyp2e1‐null mice were exposed to three oral doses of binge ethanol or dextrose control at 12‐hour intervals. Plasma EV and hepatic proteins from alcohol‐exposed rodents, patients with alcoholism, and their respective controls were isolated and characterized. The number of EVs and the amounts of EV CYP2E1, CYP2A, CYP1A1/2, and CYP4B proteins were markedly elevated in both patients with alcoholism and alcohol‐exposed rats and mice. The number of EVs and EV P450 proteins were significantly reduced in ethanol‐exposed rats fed a diet containing polyunsaturated fatty acids. The increased number of EVs and EV CYP2E1 and other P450 isoforms in alcohol‐exposed wild types were significantly reduced in the corresponding Cyp2e1‐null mice. EV CYP2E1 amounts depended on increased oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress because their levels were decreased by cotreatment with the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine or the CYP2E1 inhibitor chlormethiazole but increased by ER stress‐inducer thapsigargin, which was blocked by 4‐phenylbutyric acid. Furthermore, cell death rates were elevated when primary hepatocytes or human hepatoma cells were exposed to EVs from alcohol‐exposed rodents and patients with alcoholism, demonstrating that EVs from alcohol‐exposed rats and patients with alcoholism are functional and can promote cell death by activating the apoptosis signaling pathway, including phospho‐c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, proapoptotic Bax, and activated caspase‐3. Conclusion: CYP2E1 has an important role in elevating EV CYP2E1 and other P450 isoforms through increased oxidative and ER stress. Elevated EV‐CYP2E1 detected after withdrawal from alcohol or exposure to the CYP2E1 inducer pyrazole can be a potential biomarker for liver injury. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:675–690)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Cho
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Department of Medicine The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD
| | - James P Hardwick
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown OH
| | - Norman Salem
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
| | - Dahn L Clemens
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu L, Dong Y, Ye M, Jin S, Yang J, Joosse ME, Sun Y, Zhang J, Lazarev M, Brant SR, Safar B, Marohn M, Mezey E, Li X. The Pathogenic Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases of Both Mice and Humans. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:737-750. [PMID: 27993998 PMCID: PMC5881697 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS NLRP3 inflammasome is known to be involved in inflammatory bowel diseases. However, it is controversial whether it is pathogenic or beneficial. This study evaluated the roles of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease in IL-10-/- mice and humans. METHODS NLRP3 inflammasome in colonic mucosa, macrophages, and colonic epithelial cells were analysed by western blotting. The NLRP3 inflammasome components were studied by sucrose density gradient fractionation, chemical cross-linking, and co-immunoprecipitation. The role of NLPR3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of colitis was extensively evaluated in IL-10-/- mice, using a specific NLPR3 inflammasome inhibitor glyburide. RESULTS NLRP3 inflammasome was upregulated in colonic mucosa of both IL-10-/- mice and Crohn's patients. NLRP3 inflammasome activity in IL-10-/- mice was elevated prior to colitis onset; it progressively increased as disease worsened and peaked as macroscopic disease emerged. NLRP3 inflammasome was found in both intestinal epithelial cells and colonic macrophages, as a large complex with a molecular weight of ≥ 360 kDa in size. In the absence of IL-10, NLRP3 inflammasome was spontaneously active and more robustly responsive when activated by LPS and nigericin. Glyburide markedly suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome expression/activation in IL-10-/- mice, leading to not only alleviation of ongoing colitis but also prevention/delay of disease onset. Glyburide also effectively inhibited the release of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines by mucosal explants from Crohn's patients. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal activation of NLRP3 inflammasome plays a major pathogenic role in the development of chronic colitis in IL-10-/- mice and humans. Glyburide, an FDA-approved drug, may have great potential in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Minhang Qu, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Ye
- Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Internal Medicine & Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shi Jin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jianbo Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria E. Joosse
- Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Lazarev
- Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven R. Brant
- Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bashar Safar
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Marohn
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xuhang Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cho YE, Im EJ, Moon PG, Mezey E, Song BJ, Baek MC. Increased liver-specific proteins in circulating extracellular vesicles as potential biomarkers for drug- and alcohol-induced liver injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172463. [PMID: 28225807 PMCID: PMC5321292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug- and alcohol-induced liver injury are a leading cause of liver failure and transplantation. Emerging evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a source of biomarkers because they contain unique proteins reflecting the identity and tissue-specific origin of the EV proteins. This study aimed to determine whether potentially hepatotoxic agents, such as acetaminophen (APAP) and binge alcohol, can increase the amounts of circulating EVs and evaluate liver-specific EV proteins as potential biomarkers for liver injury. The circulating EVs, isolated from plasma of APAP-exposed, ethanol-fed mice, or alcoholic hepatitis patients versus normal control counterparts, were characterized by proteomics and biochemical methods. Liver specific EV proteins were analyzed by immunoblots and ELISA. The amounts of total and liver-specific proteins in circulating EVs from APAP-treated mice significantly increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Proteomic analysis of EVs from APAP-exposed mice revealed that the amounts of liver-specific and/or hepatotoxic proteins were increased compared to those of controls. Additionally, the increased protein amounts in EVs following APAP exposure returned to basal levels when mice were treated with N-acetylcysteine or glutathione. Similar results of increased amounts and liver-specific proteins in circulating EVs were also observed in mice exposed to hepatotoxic doses of thioacetamide or d-galactosamine but not by non-hepatotoxic penicillin or myotoxic bupivacaine. Additionally, binge ethanol exposure significantly elevated liver-specific proteins in circulating EVs from mice and alcoholics with alcoholic hepatitis, compared to control counterparts. These results indicate that circulating EVs in drug- and alcohol-mediated hepatic injury contain liver-specific proteins that could serve as specific biomarkers for hepatotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Cho
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eun-Ju Im
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyong-Gon Moon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Moon-Chang Baek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li L, Piontek K, Ishida M, Fausther M, Dranoff JA, Fu R, Mezey E, Gould SJ, Fordjour FK, Meltzer SJ, Sirica AE, Selaru FM. Extracellular vesicles carry microRNA-195 to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and improve survival in a rat model. Hepatology 2017; 65:501-514. [PMID: 27474881 PMCID: PMC5258762 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The cancer microenvironment plays a central role in cancer development, growth, and homeostasis. This paradigm suggests that cancer fibroblasts support cancers, probably in response to stimuli received from the cancer cells. We aimed at investigating whether extracellular vesicles (EVs) can shuttle microRNA (miR) species between cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and cancer cells. To this end, we extracted EVs according to published protocols. EVs were studied for their miR content by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. EVs were transfected with select miR species and utilized in vitro as well as in vivo in a rat model of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). We found that miR-195 is down-regulated in CCA cells, as well as in adjoining fibroblasts. Furthermore, we report that EVs shuttle miR-195 from fibroblasts to cancer cells. Last, we show that fibroblast-derived EVs, loaded with miR-195, can be administered in a rat model of CCA, concentrate within the tumor, decrease the size of cancers, and improve survival of treated rats. CONCLUSION EVs play a salient role in trafficking miR species between cancer cells and CAFs in human CCA. Understanding of these mechanisms may allow devising of novel therapeutics. (Hepatology 2017;65:501-514).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Klaus Piontek
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Masaharu Ishida
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Department of Surgery, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michel Fausther
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Dranoff
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Rongdang Fu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen J. Gould
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Francis K. Fordjour
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen J. Meltzer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alphonse E. Sirica
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Florin M. Selaru
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,The Institute for Nanobiotechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nemeth K, Gorog A, Mezey E, Harsing J, Kuroli E, Rady P, Fischer M, Kovacs L, Sillo P, Tyring S, Karpati S. LB807 Detection of hair follicle-associated Merkel Cell Polyomavirus in an immunocompromised host with follicular spicules and alopecia and successful treatment with valganciclovir. J Invest Dermatol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Saberi B, Dadabhai AS, Jang YY, Gurakar A, Mezey E. Current Management of Alcoholic Hepatitis and Future Therapies. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2016; 4:113-22. [PMID: 27350941 PMCID: PMC4913072 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is one of the most common etiologies of liver disease, and alcoholic liver disease overall is the second most common indication for liver transplantation in the United States. It encompasses a spectrum of disease, including fatty liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis (AH), and alcoholic cirrhosis. AH can range from mild to severe disease, with severe disease being defined as: Discriminant Function (DF) ≥ 32, or Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) ≥ 21, or presence of hepatic encephalopathy. Management of the mild disease consists mainly of abstinence and supportive care. Severe AH is associated with significant mortality. Currently, there is no ideal medical treatment for this condition. Besides alcohol cessation, corticosteroids have been used with conflicting results and are associated with an inherent risk of infection. Overall steroids have shown short term benefit when compared to placebo, but they have no obvious long term benefits. Pentoxifylline does not improve survival in patients with severe AH and is no longer recommended based on the results of the STOPAH (Steroid Or Pentoxifylline for Alcoholic Hepatitis) trial. Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents are associated with increased risk of life threatening infections and death. Currently, early stage trials are underway, mainly targeting novel pathways based on disease pathogenesis, including modulation of innate immune system, inhibition of gut-liver axis and cell death pathways, and activation of transcription factor farnesyl X receptor (FXR). Future treatment may lie in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, which is currently under investigation for the study of pathogenesis, drug discovery, and stem cell transplantation. Liver transplantation has been reported with good results in highly selected patients but is controversial due to limited organ supply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Saberi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- *Correspondence to: Behnam Saberi, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. Tel: +1-410-614-2543, Fax: +1-410-614-7340, E-mail:
| | - Alia S. Dadabhai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yoon-Young Jang
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ahmet Gurakar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hamilton JP, Koganti L, Muchenditsi A, Pendyala VS, Huso D, Hankin J, Murphy RC, Huster D, Merle U, Mangels C, Yang N, Potter JJ, Mezey E, Lutsenko S. Activation of liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor pathway ameliorates liver disease in Atp7B(-/-) (Wilson disease) mice. Hepatology 2016; 63:1828-41. [PMID: 26679751 PMCID: PMC4874878 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Wilson disease (WD) is a hepatoneurological disorder caused by mutations in the copper-transporter, ATP7B. Copper accumulation in the liver is a hallmark of WD. Current therapy is based on copper chelation, which decreases the manifestations of liver disease, but often worsens neurological symptoms. We demonstrate that in Atp7b(-/-) mice, an animal model of WD, liver function can be significantly improved without copper chelation. Analysis of transcriptional and metabolic changes in samples from WD patients and Atp7b(-/-) mice identified dysregulation of nuclear receptors (NRs), especially the liver X receptor (LXR)/retinoid X receptor heterodimer, as an important event in WD pathogenesis. Treating Atp7b(-/-) mice with the LXR agonist, T0901317, ameliorated disease manifestations despite significant copper overload. Genetic markers of liver fibrosis and inflammatory cytokines were significantly decreased, lipid profiles normalized, and liver function and histology were improved. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the major role of an altered NR function in the pathogenesis of WD and suggest that modulation of NR activity should be explored as a supplementary approach to improving liver function in WD. (Hepatology 2016;63:1828-1841).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JP Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - L Koganti
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - A Muchenditsi
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - VS Pendyala
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - D Huso
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - J Hankin
- University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | | | - D Huster
- Deakoness Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - U Merle
- University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Mangels
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - N Yang
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - JJ Potter
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - E Mezey
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - S. Lutsenko
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Peng H, Ishida M, Li L, Saito A, Kamiya A, Hamilton JP, Fu R, Olaru AV, An F, Popescu I, Iacob R, Dima S, Alexandrescu ST, Grigorie R, Nastase A, Berindan-Neagoe I, Tomuleasa C, Graur F, Zaharia F, Torbenson MS, Mezey E, Lu M, Selaru FM. Pseudogene INTS6P1 regulates its cognate gene INTS6 through competitive binding of miR-17-5p in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:5666-77. [PMID: 25686840 PMCID: PMC4467393 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex regulation of tumor suppressive gene and its pseudogenes play key roles in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular cancer (HCC). However, the roles played by pseudogenes in the pathogenesis of HCC are still incompletely elucidated. This study identifies the putative tumor suppressor INTS6 and its pseudogene INTS6P1 in HCC through the whole genome microarray expression. Furthermore, the functional studies – include growth curves, cell death, migration assays and in vivo studies – verify the tumor suppressive roles of INTS6 and INTS6P1 in HCC. Finally, the mechanistic experiments indicate that INTS6 and INTS6P1 are reciprocally regulated through competition for oncomiR-17-5p. Taken together, these findings demonstrate INTS6P1 and INTS6 exert the tumor suppressive roles through competing for oncomiR-17-5p. Our investigation of this regulatory circuit reveals novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Peng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Masaharu Ishida
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Atsushi Kamiya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James P Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rongdang Fu
- Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Alexandru V Olaru
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fangmei An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Irinel Popescu
- Dan Setlacec Center of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan Iacob
- Dan Setlacec Center of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Dima
- Dan Setlacec Center of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorin T Alexandrescu
- Dan Setlacec Center of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan Grigorie
- Dan Setlacec Center of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Nastase
- Dan Setlacec Center of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Department of Immunology, The Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania.,Department of Functional Genomics, The Oncology Institute Ion Chiricuta, Cluj Napoca, Romania.,The Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, The Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- The Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, The Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, The Oncology Institute Ion Chiricuta, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Florin Graur
- Department of Surgery, The Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania.,Department of Surgery, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology "Octavian Fodor", Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Florin Zaharia
- Department of Surgery, The Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania.,Department of Surgery, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology "Octavian Fodor", Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Michael S Torbenson
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Minqiang Lu
- Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Florin M Selaru
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Karthikeyan S, Potter JJ, Geschwind JF, Sur S, Hamilton JP, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, Mezey E, Ganapathy-Kanniappan S. Deregulation of energy metabolism promotes antifibrotic effects in human hepatic stellate cells and prevents liver fibrosis in a mouse model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 469:463-9. [PMID: 26525850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis result from uncontrolled secretion and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins by hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) that are activated by liver injury and inflammation. Despite the progress in understanding the biology liver fibrogenesis and the identification of potential targets for treating fibrosis, development of an effective therapy remains elusive. Since an uninterrupted supply of intracellular energy is critical for the activated-HSCs to maintain constant synthesis and secretion of ECM, we hypothesized that interfering with energy metabolism could affect ECM secretion. Here we report that a sublethal dose of the energy blocker, 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA) facilitates phenotypic alteration of activated LX-2 (a human hepatic stellate cell line), into a less-active form. This treatment-dependent reversal of activated-LX2 cells was evidenced by a reduction in α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen secretion, and an increase in activity of matrix metalloproteases. Mechanistically, 3-BrPA-dependent antifibrotic effects involved down-regulation of the mitochondrial metabolic enzyme, ATP5E, and up-regulation of glycolysis, as evident by elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase, lactate production and its transporter, MCT4. Finally, the antifibrotic effects of 3-BrPA were validated in vivo in a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Results from histopathology & histochemical staining for collagen and α-SMA substantiated that 3-BrPA promotes antifibrotic effects in vivo. Taken together, our data indicate that sublethal, metronomic treatment with 3-BrPA blocks the progression of liver fibrosis suggesting its potential as a novel therapeutic for treating liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Karthikeyan
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James J Potter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Geschwind
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Surojit Sur
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James P Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth W Kinzler
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shanmugasundaram Ganapathy-Kanniappan
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
An F, Olaru AV, Mezey E, Xie Q, Li L, Piontek KB, Selaru FM. MicroRNA-224 Induces G1/S Checkpoint Release in Liver Cancer. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1713-28. [PMID: 26343737 PMCID: PMC4600154 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4091713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Profound changes in microRNA (miR) expression levels are frequently found in liver cancers compared to the normal liver. In this study, we evaluate the expression of miR-224 in human HCC and CCA, as well as its downstream targets and affected pathways. We show that miR-224 is upregulated in a large cohort of human CCA, similar to its upregulation in human HCC. For the purpose of studying the roles of miR-224 in HCC and CCA, we enforced miR-224 expression in cells. mRNA arrays followed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)-identified putative molecules and pathways downstream of miR-224. Phenotypically, we report that enforced expression of miR-224 increases the growth rate of normal cholangiocytes, CCA cell lines, and HCC cell lines. In addition, we identified, in an unbiased fashion, that one of the major biologic processes affected by miR-224 is Gap1 (G1) to Synthesis (S) transition checkpoint release. We next identified p21, p15, and CCNE1 as downstream targets of miR-224 and confirmed the coordinated downregulation results in the increased phosphorylation of Retinoblastoma (Rb) with resulting G1/S checkpoint release. Our data suggest that miR-224 is a master regulator of cell cycle progression, and that its overexpression results in G1/S checkpoint release followed by accelerated cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangmei An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, China.
| | - Alexandru V Olaru
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Ling Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Klaus B Piontek
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Florin M Selaru
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hamilton JP, Potter JJ, Koganti L, Meltzer SJ, Mezey E. Effects of vitamin D3 stimulation of thioredoxin-interacting protein in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:1357-66. [PMID: 24451003 PMCID: PMC4107198 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) promotes oxidative stress by inactivating thioredoxin (TXN). This protein is involved in diverse disease processes, including insulin resistance, atherosclerosis and carcinogenesis. The aim of the present study was to measure the expression and function of TXNIP in in vitro models of liver disease, as well as in primary human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue specimens. In addition, we wanted to determine the effects of vitamin D3-induced TXNIP stimulation in HCC-derived cell lines. METHODS TXNIP expression was measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blots. TXNIP expression was stimulated by vitamin D exposure and by transfection. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species were determined by standard assays. RESULTS TXNIP expression levels were low in HCC cell lines, and vitamin D3 stimulated TXNIP expression in vitro. In HCC cells transfected with a TXNIP expression vector or treated with exogenous vitamin D3, there was a reduction in cell proliferation and an increase in apoptosis. Cells expressing TXNIP were markedly susceptible to oxidative injury induced by cobalt chloride or bacterial lipopolysaccharide. TXNIP expression was reduced or absent in a majority of primary human HCC specimens relative to matching, non-cancerous liver tissue. CONCLUSION TXNIP expression is low or absent in human HCC specimens and HCC-derived cell lines. Vitamin D3 stimulates TXNIP expression, resulting in diminished proliferation and enhanced apoptosis. Liver cells expressing TXNIP are primed for oxidative injury. These findings suggest that stimulation of TXNIP expression, by factors such as vitamin D3, may attenuate carcinogenesis in patients with chronic liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James P. Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James J. Potter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lahari Koganti
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen J. Meltzer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li L, Masica D, Ishida M, Tomuleasa C, Umegaki S, Kalloo AN, Georgiades C, Singh VK, Khashab M, Amateau S, Li Z, Okolo P, Lennon AM, Saxena P, Geschwind JF, Schlachter T, Hong K, Pawlik TM, Canto M, Law J, Sharaiha R, Weiss CR, Thuluvath P, Goggins M, Ji Shin E, Peng H, Kumbhari V, Hutfless S, Zhou L, Mezey E, Meltzer SJ, Karchin R, Selaru FM. Human bile contains microRNA-laden extracellular vesicles that can be used for cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis. Hepatology 2014; 60:896-907. [PMID: 24497320 PMCID: PMC4121391 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) presents significant diagnostic challenges, resulting in late patient diagnosis and poor survival rates. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) patients pose a particularly difficult clinical dilemma because they harbor chronic biliary strictures that are difficult to distinguish from CCA. MicroRNAs (miRs) have recently emerged as a valuable class of diagnostic markers; however, thus far, neither extracellular vesicles (EVs) nor miRs within EVs have been investigated in human bile. We aimed to comprehensively characterize human biliary EVs, including their miR content. We have established the presence of extracellular vesicles in human bile. In addition, we have demonstrated that human biliary EVs contain abundant miR species, which are stable and therefore amenable to the development of disease marker panels. Furthermore, we have characterized the protein content, size, numbers, and size distribution of human biliary EVs. Utilizing multivariate organization of combinatorial alterations (MOCA), we defined a novel biliary vesicle miR-based panel for CCA diagnosis that demonstrated a sensitivity of 67% and specificity of 96%. Importantly, our control group contained 13 PSC patients, 16 with biliary obstruction of varying etiologies (including benign biliary stricture, papillary stenosis, choledocholithiasis, extrinsic compression from pancreatic cysts, and cholangitis), and 3 with bile leak syndromes. Clinically, these types of patients present with a biliary obstructive clinical picture that could be confused with CCA. CONCLUSION These findings establish the importance of using extracellular vesicles, rather than whole bile, for developing miR-based disease markers in bile. Finally, we report on the development of a novel bile-based CCA diagnostic panel that is stable, reproducible, and has potential clinical utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Third hospital of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - David Masica
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Computational Medicine Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Masaharu Ishida
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Center for Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, and Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Sho Umegaki
- Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Anthony N. Kalloo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christos Georgiades
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Vascular & Interventional Radiology, American Medical Center, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Vikesh K. Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mouen Khashab
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stuart Amateau
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Zhiping Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick Okolo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Lennon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Payal Saxena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Geschwind
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Todd Schlachter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelvin Hong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy M. Pawlik
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marcia Canto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joanna Law
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Reem Sharaiha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Clifford R. Weiss
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul Thuluvath
- The Institute for Digestive Health & Liver Disease at Mercy, Baltimore, USA
| | - Michael Goggins
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eun Ji Shin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Haoran Peng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vivek Kumbhari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Hutfless
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Liya Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Third hospital of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen J. Meltzer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel Karchin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Computational Medicine Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Florin M. Selaru
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Correspondence: Florin M. Selaru, MD, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Ave, Suite 950, Tel: (410) 614-3369, Fax: (410) 614-9612,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ganapathy-Kanniappan S, Karthikeyan S, Geschwind JF, Mezey E. Is the pathway of energy metabolism modified in advanced cirrhosis? J Hepatol 2014; 61:452. [PMID: 24810232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Swathi Karthikeyan
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Geschwind
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bonekamp D, Bonekamp S, Ou HY, Torbenson MS, Corona-Villalobos CP, Mezey E, Kamel IR. Assessing liver fibrosis: Comparison of arterial enhancement fraction and diffusion-weighted imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 40:1137-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Bonekamp
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins Hospital; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Susanne Bonekamp
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins Hospital; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Hsin-You Ou
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins Hospital; Baltimore Maryland USA
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College; Niao-Sung Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Michael S. Torbenson
- Department of Pathology; Johns Hopkins University; School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | | | - Esteban Mezey
- Department of Medicine; Johns Hopkins University, Sheikh Zayed Tower, School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Ihab R. Kamel
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins Hospital; Baltimore Maryland USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs, frequently also called MSCs) represent a cell population within the bone marrow, a subset of which contains multipotent stem cells. Their primary role is to produce and maintain both bone tissue and bone marrow microenvironment necessary for hematopoiesis. The latter is achieved by secreting a wide variety of different cytokines and growth factors, many of which also have a regulatory role in immune processes. BMSCs have recently been introduced into the field of immunobiology after their successful clinical use in GVHD was reported in 2004. Since then, numerous studies confirmed and expanded the knowledge on the immunosuppressive potential of BMSCs in various in vitro and in vivo models. Although the immunomodulatory capacity of BMSCs is well established, there are still many unanswered questions regarding the cytokines, chemokines, receptors, and molecular pathways that play a role in this effect. To study these cells and answer many of the questions, researchers must be able to reliably and reproducibly isolate, culture, and use these cells. Below a practical guide on how to culture and characterize mouse and human BMSCs, which can then be applied in various in vitro and in vivo assays, is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Nemeth
- Adult Stem Cell Section, Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - B Mayer
- Adult Stem Cell Section, Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - B J Sworder
- Adult Stem Cell Section, Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - S A Kuznetsov
- Adult Stem Cell Section, Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - E Mezey
- Adult Stem Cell Section, Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Potter JJ, Liu X, Koteish A, Mezey E. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its nuclear receptor repress human α1 (I) collagen expression and type I collagen formation. Liver Int 2013; 33:677-86. [PMID: 23413886 PMCID: PMC3707129 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency is common in chronic liver disease particularly in those with severe liver fibrosis. AIMS To determine the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2 D3 ) on the human α(1) (I) collagen promoter and collagen formation by human stellate LX-2 cells and the mechanism of the effect of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) on the promoter. METHODS Type I collagen was assessed by measurements of collagen mRNA and collagen protein and by transfection experiments. Binding of VDR to the α(1) (I) collagen promoter was determined by EMSA and ChIP assays. RESULTS 1,25-(OH)2 D3 decreased human α(1) (I) collagen mRNA and protein and the secretion of type I collagen by stellate cells after exposure to TGFβ1. Furthermore, 1,25-(OH)2 D3 inhibited TGFβ1-induced activation of the α(1) (I) collagen promoter in transfected LX-2 cells. The effect of 1,25-(OH)2 D3 is mediated by the VDR, which binds at a proximal Sp1 site and also at a newly identified distal site on the collagen promoter. A VDR expression vector reduced the activities of the collagen promoter in transfected LX-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS 1,25-(OH)2 D3 inhibits type I collagen formation in human stellate cells. The effect of 1,25-(OH)2 D3 is mediated by its receptor which binds at a proximal Sp1.1 site and at a newly identified distal site on the collagen promoter. Correction of vitamin D deficiency in patients with chronic liver disease is a potential therapy to inhibit progression of fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J Potter
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bonekamp S, Halappa VG, Geschwind JFH, Li Z, Corona-Villalobos CP, Reyes D, Bhagat N, Cosgrove DP, Pawlik TM, Mezey E, Eng J, Kamel IR. Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: MR imaging after intraarterial therapy. Part II. Response stratification using volumetric functional criteria after intraarterial therapy. Radiology 2013; 268:431-9. [PMID: 23616632 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13121637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess whether volumetric functional magnetic resonance (MR) results 3-4 weeks after initial intraarterial therapy can aid accurate distinction between responders and nonresponders, to determine whether overall survival (OS) is improved, and to compare volumetric functional MR response with anatomic response criteria (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [RECIST], modified RECIST [mRECIST], European Association for the Study of the Liver [EASL]), as well as α1-fetoprotein [AFP] level. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this single-institution HIPAA-compliant retrospective, institutional review board-approved study, informed consent was waived; 143 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma underwent intraarterial therapy between October 2005 and February 2011. Volumetric functional MR response (25% or more increase in apparent diffusion coefficient, 65% or more decrease in enhancement) was stratified as follows: Dual-parameter responders fulfilled both criteria, single-parameter responders fulfilled one criterion, and those with stable disease (SD) fulfilled neither. RECIST, mRECIST, EASL, and AFP response criteria were determined. Kaplan-Meier technique, log-rank tests, and the Cox proportional hazards model were used to test whether OS was different per response. RESULTS OS differed significantly between single-parameter responders and dual-parameter responders (P = .01) and between single-parameter responders and those with SD (P = .001). Dual-parameter responders' response improved OS compared with single-parameter responders; risk of death decreased (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.28, P = .01). In those with SD compared with single-parameter responders, risk of death increased (HR = 2.09, P = .001). RECIST, mRECIST, and EASL stratification was short of significant; most lesions were classified as SD. Baseline AFP level increased in 55 patients; AFP responders versus AFP nonresponders had decreased risk of death (HR = 0.36, P = .002). Agreement between anatomic response criteria and volumetric functional MR findings (κ = 0.06-0.12) and between AFP response and imaging criteria (κ = -0.04 to 0.14) was low. CONCLUSION Volumetric functional MR response 3-4 weeks after initial intraarterial therapy showed improved OS. Volumetric functional MR was superior to current imaging (RECIST, mRECIST, and EASL) and biochemical (AFP level) response criteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bonekamp
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N Wolfe St, MRI 143, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yamanaka S, Campbell NR, Kuo SC, Mezey E, Maitra A, Selaru F. Abstract 5284: A microRNA downregulated in human cholangiocarcinoma induces G2/M arrest through multiple targets. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-5284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Cholangiocarcinomas (CCA) are cancers with dismal prognosis, thought to arise from epithelial cells lining the biliary tree. An improved understanding of the pathogenesis of CCA, as well as novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are direly needed. MicroRNAs (miRs) are short, single-stranded sequences of RNA, that were recently demonstrated to play a major role in the regulation of virtually all cellular processes. Several previous studies identified miRs that are dysregulated in CCA as well as distinct roles played by miRs in CCA genesis or progression. Methods: We performed microRNA-arrays on 5 normal biliary duct epithelias and 5 CCAs that had been obtained at surgery. After data analysis, we selected mir-494 for all subsequent analysis among top 5 miRs. To confirm the initial miR array data, quantitative real time RT-PCR analysis was performed using 12 human CCA as well as 5 normal cholangiocyte specimens. And then, we transfected 2 CCA cell lines with miR-494 and a non-specific mimic, respectively, and performed mRNA arrays to identify in an unbiased fashion the genes whose expression is downregulated by miR-494. Furthermore, we performed fluorescence activated cell sorting, as well as differential interference contrast microscopy.
Results: miR-494 is significantly downregulated in human CCA specimens. Cells transfected with miR-494 showed a significant decrease in growth in the cell proliferation assay. As for the results of mRNA array, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis also indicated that miR-494 appears to coordinately affect several genes involved in the Mitotic Roles of Polo-like Kinase and Cell cycle: G2/M Checkpoint Regulation canonical pathways. We verified that miR-494 modulates the protein level of six genes involved in the G2/M transition. Next, we identified direct binding of miR-494 to the open reading frame (ORF), and downregulation of PTTG1 and TOP2A. Conclusions: our findings suggest that miR-494 has a global regulatory role in cell cycle progression. Therefore, it appears that the simultaneous effects of a single miR species on multiple targets along the same canonical pathway is advantageous for the usage of miRs as therapeutics.
Citation Format: Sumitaka Yamanaka, Nathaniel R. Campbell, Scot C. Kuo, Esteban Mezey, Anirban Maitra, Florin Selaru. A microRNA downregulated in human cholangiocarcinoma induces G2/M arrest through multiple targets. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5284. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5284
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Scot C. Kuo
- 3Biomedical Engineering and Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Esteban Mezey
- 4Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Florin Selaru
- 4Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yamanaka S, Campbell NR, An F, Kuo SC, Potter JJ, Mezey E, Maitra A, Selaru FM. Coordinated effects of microRNA-494 induce G₂/M arrest in human cholangiocarcinoma. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:2729-38. [PMID: 22785131 PMCID: PMC3409013 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRs) have emerged as salient regulators in cancer homeostasis and, recently, as putative therapeutics. Cholangiocarcinomas (CCA) are aggressive cancers with survival usually measured in months. mRNA arrays followed by pathway analysis revealed that miR-494 is a major modulator of the cell cycle progression from gap 2 (G₂) to mitosis (M). We performed fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) as well as differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, and confirmed that miR-494 induces a significant arrest in G₂/M in CCA cells. Furthermore, we verified that miR-494 modulates the protein level of six genes involved in the G₂/M transition: Polo-like Kinase 1 (PLK1), pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 (PTTG1), Cyclin B1 (CCNB1), cell-division cycle 2 (CDC2), cell-division cycle 20 (CDC20) and topoisomerase II α (TOP2A). Next, we identified direct binding of miR-494 to the open reading frame (ORF) and downregulation of PTTG1 and TOP2A. In summary, our findings suggest that miR-494 has a global regulatory role in cell cycle progression, exerted by concerted effects on multiple proteins involved in gap 1 (G₁) to synthesis (S), as described previously, as well as G₂ to M progression. Therefore, it appears that the simultaneous effects of a single miR species on multiple targets along the same canonical pathway is advantageous for the usage of miRs as therapeutics. In addition, our data suggest that miRs act within a narrow range. miR expression above the upper threshold does not appear to induce further effects, which is reassuring in terms of off-target effects of miR surrounding noncancerous tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumitaka Yamanaka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Johns Hopkins Hospital; Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - Fangmei An
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Johns Hopkins Hospital; Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Ruijin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China
| | - Scot C. Kuo
- Biomedical Engineering and Cell Biology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - James J. Potter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Johns Hopkins Hospital; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Johns Hopkins Hospital; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Division of Pathology; Johns Hopkins Hospital; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Florin M. Selaru
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Johns Hopkins Hospital; Baltimore, MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Olaru AV, Ghiaur G, Yamanaka S, Luvsanjav D, An F, Popescu I, Alexandrescu S, Allen S, Pawlik TM, Torbenson M, Georgiades C, Roberts LR, Gores GJ, Ferguson-Smith A, Almeida MI, Calin GA, Mezey E, Selaru FM. MicroRNA down-regulated in human cholangiocarcinoma control cell cycle through multiple targets involved in the G1/S checkpoint. Hepatology 2011; 54:2089-98. [PMID: 21809359 PMCID: PMC3212606 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED MicroRNAs (miRs) recently emerged as prominent regulators of cancer processes. In the current study we aimed at elucidating regulatory pathways and mechanisms through which miR-494, one of the miR species found to be down-regulated in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), participates in cancer homeostasis. miR-494 was identified as down-regulated in CCA based on miR arrays. Its expression was verified with quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). To enforce miR expression, we employed both transfection methods, as well as a retroviral construct to stably overexpress miR-494. Up-regulation of miR-494 in cancer cells decreased growth, consistent with a functional role. mRNA arrays of cells treated with miR-494, followed by pathway analysis, suggested that miR-494 impacts cell cycle regulation. Cell cycle analyses demonstrated that miR-494 induces a significant G1/S checkpoint reinforcement. Further analyses demonstrated that miR-494 down-regulates multiple molecules involved in this transition checkpoint. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated a direct interaction between miR-494 and the 3'-untranslated region of cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6). Last, xenograft experiments demonstrated that miR-494 induces a significant cancer growth retardation in vivo. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that miR-494 is down-regulated in CCA and that its up-regulation induces cancer cell growth retardation through multiple targets involved in the G1-S transition. These findings support the paradigm that miRs are salient cellular signaling pathway modulators, and thus represent attractive therapeutic targets. miR-494 emerges as an important regulator of CCA growth and its further study may lead to the development of novel therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru V. Olaru
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gabriel Ghiaur
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sumitaka Yamanaka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Delgermaa Luvsanjav
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fangmei An
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Irinel Popescu
- Clinic of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation “Dan Setlacec”, Fundeni Clinical Institute of Digestive Diseases and Liver Transplantation, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorin Alexandrescu
- Clinic of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation “Dan Setlacec”, Fundeni Clinical Institute of Digestive Diseases and Liver Transplantation, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sarah Allen
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Timothy M. Pawlik
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Torbenson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Lewis R. Roberts
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anne Ferguson-Smith
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Maria I. Almeida
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - George A. Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Florin M. Selaru
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Florin M. Selaru, MD, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross Research Building Suite 950, Baltimore, MD, 21205
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mezey E, Liu X, Potter JJ. The combination of selenium and vitamin E inhibits type I collagen formation in cultured hepatic stellate cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 140:82-94. [PMID: 20336493 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8672-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of sodium selenite (Se) and of vitamin E (D-α-tochopherol) on the deposition of type I collagen by human LX-2 stellate cells. The cultured cells were treated with or without Se or vitamin E and with or without transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1). The combination of Se and vitamin E, but not either alone, protected against hepatic fibrosis by decreasing TGFβ1-mediated collagen secretion and accumulation by the stellate cells. This protective effect is due to a combination of decreased formation, decreased stability and increased degradation of the collagen. Effects of Se and vitamin E in decreasing α(1)(I) collagen mRNA and increasing apoptosis of stellate cells indicate decreased formation of collagen, while decreases in transglutaminase 2, which catalyze cross-linking of collagen, lead to decreased stability of the secreted collagen. Effects of Se and vitamin E on reducing tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) are associated with increased degradation. The combination of Se and vitamin E decreased lipid peroxidation, while Se alone increased the activity of the antioxidant enzyme thioredoxin reductase. In conclusion, the combination of Se and vitamin E protected against TGFβ1-mediated hepatic fibrosis by decreasing TGFβ1-mediated type I collagen accumulation by stellate cells. This effect is due to a combination of decreased formation, decreased stability and increased degradation of the collagen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Mezey
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205-2195, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Potter JJ, Koteish A, Hamilton J, Liu X, Liu K, Agre P, Mezey E. Effects of acetaldehyde on hepatocyte glycerol uptake and cell size: implication of aquaporin 9. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:939-45. [PMID: 21294757 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on uptake of glycerol and on cell size of hepatocytes and a role Aquaporin 9 (AQP9), a glycerol transport channel, were evaluated. METHODS The studies were done in primary rat and mouse hepatocytes. The uptake of [(14) C] glycerol was determined with hepatocytes in suspension. For determination of cell size, rat hepatocytes on coated dishes were incubated with a lipophilic fluorochrome that is incorporated into the cell membrane and examined by confocal microscopy. A three-dimensional z scan of the cell was performed, and the middle slice of the z scan was used for area measurements. RESULTS Acute exposure to acetaldehyde, but not to ethanol, causes a rapid increase in the uptake of glycerol and an increase in hepatocyte size, which was inhibited by HgCl(2) , an inhibitor of aquaporins. This was not observed in hepatocytes from AQP9 knockout mice, nor observed by direct application of acetaldehyde to AQP9 expressed in Xenopus Laevis oocytes. Prolonged 24-hour exposure to either acetaldehyde or ethanol did not result in an increase in glycerol uptake by rat hepatocytes. Acetaldehyde decreased AQP9 mRNA and AQP9 protein, while ethanol decreased AQP9 mRNA but not AQP9 protein. Ethanol, but not acetaldehyde, increased the activities of glycerol kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. CONCLUSIONS The acute effects of acetaldehyde, while mediated by AQP9, are probably influenced by binding of acetaldehyde to hepatocyte membranes and changes in cell permeability. The effects of ethanol in enhancing glucose kinase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase leading to increased formation of glycerol-3-phosphate most likely contribute to alcoholic fatty liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J Potter
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Brown JM, Nemeth K, Kushnir-Sukhov NM, Metcalfe DD, Mezey E. Bone marrow stromal cells inhibit mast cell function via a COX2-dependent mechanism. Clin Exp Allergy 2011. [PMID: 21255158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MCs) have a central role in the induction of allergic inflammation, such as seen in asthma, and contribute to the severity of certain autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. The MC thus represents an important inflammatory cell, and one which has resisted therapeutic attempts to alter its role in disease. OBJECTIVE Because bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSC, also known as mesenchymal stem cells or MSCs) have been reported to alter allergic inflammation in vivo, we chose to study the interaction between mouse BMSC and mouse bone marrow-derived MCs. METHODS MC degranulation, cytokine production and chemotaxis were evaluated in vitro following co-culture with BMSCs either in cell contact or a transwell. In addition, MC degranulation was assessed in vivo following administration of BMSCs in a model of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and a peritoneal degranulation assay. Mechanisms of MC suppression by BMSCs were determined through use of inhibitors or antibodies to COX1, COX2, nitric oxide, indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase, EP1-4 receptors, TGF-β and IL-10. Lastly, we utilized either BMSCs or MCs deficient in COX1, COX2 or EP1-4 receptors to confirm the mechanisms of inhibition of MC function by BMSCs. RESULTS We discovered that BMSCs will effectively suppress specific MC functions in vitro as well as in vivo. When MCs are cocultured with BMSCs to allow cell-to-cell contact, BMSCs suppressed MC degranulation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, chemokinesis and chemotaxis. Similarly, MC degranulation within mouse skin or the peritoneal cavity was suppressed following in vivo administration of BMSCs. Further, we found that these inhibitory effects were dependent on up-regulation of COX2 in BMSCs; and were facilitated through the activation of EP4 receptors on MCs. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These observations support the concept that BMSCs have the ability to suppress MC activation and therefore could be the basis for a novel cell based therapeutic approach in the treatment of MC driven inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Brown
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA CSDB, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Brown JM, Nemeth K, Kushnir-Sukhov NM, Metcalfe DD, Mezey E. Bone marrow stromal cells inhibit mast cell function via a COX2-dependent mechanism. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:526-34. [PMID: 21255158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MCs) have a central role in the induction of allergic inflammation, such as seen in asthma, and contribute to the severity of certain autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. The MC thus represents an important inflammatory cell, and one which has resisted therapeutic attempts to alter its role in disease. OBJECTIVE Because bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSC, also known as mesenchymal stem cells or MSCs) have been reported to alter allergic inflammation in vivo, we chose to study the interaction between mouse BMSC and mouse bone marrow-derived MCs. METHODS MC degranulation, cytokine production and chemotaxis were evaluated in vitro following co-culture with BMSCs either in cell contact or a transwell. In addition, MC degranulation was assessed in vivo following administration of BMSCs in a model of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and a peritoneal degranulation assay. Mechanisms of MC suppression by BMSCs were determined through use of inhibitors or antibodies to COX1, COX2, nitric oxide, indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase, EP1-4 receptors, TGF-β and IL-10. Lastly, we utilized either BMSCs or MCs deficient in COX1, COX2 or EP1-4 receptors to confirm the mechanisms of inhibition of MC function by BMSCs. RESULTS We discovered that BMSCs will effectively suppress specific MC functions in vitro as well as in vivo. When MCs are cocultured with BMSCs to allow cell-to-cell contact, BMSCs suppressed MC degranulation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, chemokinesis and chemotaxis. Similarly, MC degranulation within mouse skin or the peritoneal cavity was suppressed following in vivo administration of BMSCs. Further, we found that these inhibitory effects were dependent on up-regulation of COX2 in BMSCs; and were facilitated through the activation of EP4 receptors on MCs. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These observations support the concept that BMSCs have the ability to suppress MC activation and therefore could be the basis for a novel cell based therapeutic approach in the treatment of MC driven inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Brown
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA CSDB, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kaimori A, Potter JJ, Choti M, Ding Z, Mezey E, Koteish AA. Histone deacetylase inhibition suppresses the transforming growth factor beta1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in hepatocytes. Hepatology 2010; 52:1033-45. [PMID: 20564330 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) plays a crucial role in the induction of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hepatocytes, which contributes to the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. The inhibition of the TGFbeta1 cascade suppresses EMT and the resultant fibrosis. In this study, we focus on EMT-induced fibrosis in hepatocytes and the epigenetic regulation of the type I collagen gene. Histone acetylation is an important, major epigenetic mechanism that modulates gene transcription. We evaluated the epigenetic regulation of type I collagen in alpha mouse liver 12 hepatocytes (an untransformed mouse cell line) that had undergone EMT after treatment with TGFbeta1. The histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) inhibited EMT; this was reflected by the preservation of epithelial markers and function (E-cadherin and albumin). Fibrosis, the ultimate outcome of EMT, was abolished by TSA; this was indicated by the inhibition of type I collagen deposition. TSA exerted its anti-EMT effects by deactivating the mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (Smad3)/Smad4 transcription complex and by interfering with p300, a coactivator of the type I collagen promoter, and preventing its binding to Smad3. TSA also restored Friend leukemia virus integration 1, an inhibitor of the type I collagen gene. TGFbeta1-induced EMT and its inhibition by TSA were replicated in human primary hepatocytes. CONCLUSION Histone deacetylase inhibition abrogates TGFbeta1-induced EMT in hepatocytes and reverses EMT-induced fibrosis by epigenetic modulation of type I collagen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aki Kaimori
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Redman RS, Ball WD, Mezey E, Key S. Dispersed donor salivary gland cells are widely distributed in the recipient gland when infused up the ductal tree. Biotech Histochem 2010; 84:253-60. [PMID: 19572222 DOI: 10.3109/10520290903081377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The salivary glands often are severely and permanently damaged by therapeutic irradiation for cancer of the head and neck. The markedly reduced quantity and quality of saliva results in greatly increased susceptibility to dental caries and infection of the oral mucosa and alveolar bone. Recently, subcapsular injection of cultured mouse salivary gland cells has achieved a significant degree of regeneration in a previously irradiated mouse salivary gland; however, the recovery was limited to one lobule. We describe here a method for delivering donor rat salivary gland cells via the main duct that distributes several thousand cells throughout the recipient rat's salivary gland. The donated cells exhibited the cytodifferentiation of the structures in which they lodged, i.e., acini, granular convoluted tubules, and the several types of ducts. This method may facilitate the simultaneous functional recovery of almost all of the lobules of irradiated rat salivary glands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Redman
- Oral Pathology Research Laboratory (151-I), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ding M, Potter JJ, Liu X, Torbenson MS, Mezey E. Selenium supplementation decreases hepatic fibrosis in mice after chronic carbon tetrachloride administration. Biol Trace Elem Res 2010; 133:83-97. [PMID: 19488682 PMCID: PMC2858340 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8414-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress stimulates fibrogenesis, and selenium (Se) has antioxidant properties. This study determined whether Se supplementation affects CCl(4)-induced liver injury and fibrosis. Mice were administered CCl(4) over 4 weeks, while controls received olive oil. Se was provided as sodium selenite in the drinking water. Se increased liver Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity and decreased liver malondialdehyde after CCl(4). Se decreased liver inflammation but not necrosis caused by CCl(4). Se increased hepatocyte apoptosis after CCl(4) and the pro-apoptotic BAX and Bcl Xs/l proteins. Stellate cell apoptosis occurred only after CCl(4) in Se-supplemented mice. Se decreased stellate cell number and fibrosis after CCl(4). Liver matrix metalloproteinase-9 increased after CCl(4) with Se supplementation. In conclusion, Se supplementation decreased hepatic fibrosis after CCl(4) in the setting of decreased inflammation but increased apoptosis. The principal mechanisms for the decreased fibrosis are a lower number of collagen-producing stellate cells and increased collagen degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ding
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2195, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sysa P, Potter JJ, Liu X, Mezey E. Transforming growth factor-beta1 up-regulation of human alpha(1)(I) collagen is mediated by Sp1 and Smad2 transacting factors. DNA Cell Biol 2009; 28:425-34. [PMID: 19558215 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2009.0884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis results from excessive deposition of type I collagen. The roles of Smads in mediating the effect of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) on activation of the alpha(1)(I) collagen promoter were determined. Smads bind in association with Sp1 to the CC(GG)-rich TGFbeta1 responsive element of the promoter that lacks the classical Smad recognition element, and enhance binding of Sp1. In transfection experiments, TGFbeta1 activated a proximal promoter, but not promoters mutated at sites that prevented Sp1 binding. Sp1 alone or the combination of Smad2 and Smad4 activated the promoter in transfected human LX-2 stellate cells. Sp1 or Smad2 knockdowns with siRNAs prevented the effect of TGFbeta1 in enhancing the promoter. In conclusion, this study shows that Smads bind in association with Sp1 to the CC(GG)-rich TGFbeta1 responsive element of the human alpha(1)(I) collagen promoter that lacks the classical Smad recognition element, thus enhancing the binding of Sp1 and in this manner activating the collagen promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polina Sysa
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2195, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Adult and embryonic stem cells have drawn a lot of attention in the last decade as new tools in regenerative medicine. A variety of such cells have been discovered and put forward as candidates for use in cell replacement therapy. Investigators hope that some, if not all, of our organs can be replaced or restored to function; that new livers, kidneys, and brain cells can be produced. Many reviews have already been written about stem cells and their potential use in regenerating tissues. In this study, we would like to call attention to a different application of a special group of adult stem cells, the stromal cells in the bone marrow (also called mesenchymal stem cells or MSCs). These cells have been discovered to modulate immune function. They can easily be expanded in culture and surprisingly, they also seem not to be immunogenic. Thus, they can be removed from donors, expanded, stored in freezers, and used as allogeneic transplants in a variety of diseases in everyday medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Mezey
- Adult Stem Cell Unit, NIH, NIDCR, CSDB, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Aram G, Potter JJ, Liu X, Wang L, Torbenson MS, Mezey E. Deficiency of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form oxidase enhances hepatocellular injury but attenuates fibrosis after chronic carbon tetrachloride administration. Hepatology 2009; 49:911-9. [PMID: 19072832 PMCID: PMC2759707 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Reactive oxygen species (ROS) activate hepatic stellate cells and enhance fibrogenesis. This study determined the role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form (NADPH) oxidase deficiency in the development of hepatocellular necrosis, inflammation, and apoptosis in relation to fibrosis produced by chronic carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) administration. Wild-type (WT) mice or mice with deficiency of the gp91(phox) subunit of NADPH complex (gp91(phox(-/-) )) were subjected to biweekly CCl(4) injections over 8 weeks, whereas controls were given isovolumetric injections of olive oil. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was higher after CCl(4) administration in gp91(phox(-/-) ) than in WT mice, correlating with increased necrosis on liver histology. By contrast, more hepatocyte apoptosis was found after CCl(4) in the WT than in the gp91(phox(-/-) ) mice, which was associated with changes in components of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, namely, an increase in the pro-apoptotic BAX protein in the WT, but not in the gp91(phox(-/-) ) mice and also a lower cytosolic cytochrome c in the gp91(phox(-/-) ) mice. There were fewer stellate cells and less fibrosis after CCl(4) in the gp91(phox(-/-) ) as compared with the WT mice. The increase in alpha(1)(I) collagen messenger RNA (mRNA), however, was greater after CCl(4) in the gp91(phox(-/-) ) mice. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 mRNA increased more in the gp91(phox(-/-) ) than in WT mice after CCl(4.) Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) and TIMP-2 increased after CCl(4) only in the gp91(phox(-/-) ) mice. CONCLUSION Decreased hepatic fibrosis after chronic CCl(4) administration in mice with NADPH oxidase deficiency occurs in the setting of greater necrosis and inflammation but decreased apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Aram
- Departments of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2195
| | - James J. Potter
- Departments of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2195
| | - Xiaopu Liu
- Departments of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2195
| | - Lan Wang
- Departments of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2195
| | - Michael S. Torbenson
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2195
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Departments of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2195
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Redman RS, Ball WD, Mezey E, Key S. Dispersed donor salivary gland cells are widely distributed in the recipient gland when infused up the ductal tree. Biotech Histochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10520290903081377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
39
|
Aram G, Potter JJ, Liu X, Torbenson MS, Mezey E. Lack of inducible nitric oxide synthase leads to increased hepatic apoptosis and decreased fibrosis in mice after chronic carbon tetrachloride administration. Hepatology 2008; 47:2051-8. [PMID: 18506890 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of nitric oxide (NO) in liver injury and fibrosis is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine whether inducible NO synthase deficiency (iNOS(-/-)) affects liver injury and fibrosis produced in mice by chronic carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) administration. Wild-type (WT) or iNOS(-/-) mice were subjected to biweekly CCl(4) injections over 8 weeks, whereas controls were given isovolumetric injections of olive oil. Serum aminotransferases were lower after CCl(4) in the iNOS(-/-) than in the WT mice, which correlated with decreased necrosis on liver histology. There was increased apoptosis, a lower number of stellate cells, and a lesser degree of fibrosis after CCl(4) in the iNOS(-/-) as compared with the WT mice. alpha(1)(I) collagen messenger RNA (mRNA) was markedly increased after CCl(4) in the WT and to a significantly lesser extent in the iNOS(-/-) mice. Liver matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) mRNA and MMP-2 mRNA were increased more in the WT than in the iNOS(-/-) mice after CCl(4). Also tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) mRNA was increased to a much greater extent in the WT than in the iNOS(-/-) mice after CCl(4) (P < 0.05). However, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 protein, determined by western blot, were similarly increased after CCl(4) in both groups of mice. CONCLUSION NO protects against CCl(4)-induced apoptosis. In the absence of iNOS, there is decreased necrosis, increased apoptosis, and reduced liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Aram
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2195, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Clark JA, Flick RB, Pai LY, Szalayova I, Key S, Conley RK, Deutch AY, Hutson PH, Mezey E. Glucocorticoid modulation of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 protein in raphe nuclei and 5-hydroxytryptophan concentrations in frontal cortex of C57/Bl6 mice. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13:498-506. [PMID: 17622221 PMCID: PMC3392182 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Considerable attention has focused on regulation of central tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) activity and protein expression. At the time of these earlier studies, it was thought that there was a single central TPH isoform. However, with the recent identification of TPH2, it becomes important to distinguish between regulatory effects on the protein expression and activity of the two isoforms. We have generated a TPH2-specific polyclonal antiserum (TPH2-6361) to study regulation of TPH2 at the protein level and to examine the distribution of TPH2 expression in rodent and human brain. TPH2 immunoreactivity (IR) was detected throughout the raphe nuclei, in lateral hypothalamic nuclei and in the pineal body of rodent and human brain. In addition, a prominent TPH2-IR fiber network was found in the human median eminence. We recently reported that glucocorticoid treatment of C57/Bl6 mice for 4 days markedly decreased TPH2 messenger RNA levels in the raphe nuclei, whereas TPH1 mRNA was unaffected. The glucocorticoid-elicited inhibition of TPH2 gene expression was blocked by co-administration of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone (RU-486). Using TPH2-6361, we have extended these findings to show a dose-dependent decrease in raphe TPH2 protein levels in response to 4 days of treatment with dexamethasone; this effect was blocked by co-administration of mifepristone. Moreover, the glucocorticoid-elicited inhibition of TPH2 was functionally significant: serotonin synthesis was significantly reduced in the frontal cortex of glucocorticoid-treated mice, an effect that was blocked by mifepristone co-administration. This study provides further evidence for the glucocorticoid regulation of serotonin biosynthesis via inhibition of TPH2 expression, and suggest that elevated glucocorticoid levels may be relevant to the etiology of psychiatric diseases, such as depression, where hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation has been documented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Clark
- Stroke and Neurodegeneration, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Potter JJ, Mezey E. Acetaldehyde increases endogenous adiponectin and fibrogenesis in hepatic stellate cells but exogenous adiponectin inhibits fibrogenesis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31:2092-100. [PMID: 17949463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adiponectin has antifibrogenic properties. Acetaldehyde, the principal metabolite of ethanol, is known to stimulate the expression of type I collagen genes and the production of type I collagen by wild-type (wt) but not by obese gene (ob/ob) stellate cells. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of adiponectin in activated stellate cells obtained from wt and ob/ob mice and to determine the effects of acetaldehyde on adiponectin in relation to the expression of type I collagen. METHODS Stellate cells were isolated from wt and ob/ob mice by perfusion of the portal vein and cultured. Cell adiponectin was visualized by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy and determined by radioimmunoassay and by western blot. Adiponectin mRNA and alpha(1)(I) collagen mRNA were determined by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Adiponectin levels were similar in wt and ob/ob stellate cells. Adiponectin receptor 2 mRNA (AdipoR2 mRNA) and AdipoR2 immunoprotein were higher in ob/ob than in wt stellate cells (p < 0.01). Acetaldehyde (200 microM) increased adiponectin both in wt and in ob/ob stellate cells (p < 0.05), but increased AdipoR2 immunoprotein only in ob/ob stellate cells (p < 0.01). However, in the presence of leptin, acetaldehyde decreased adiponectin in ob/ob stellate cells (p < 0.01). Acetaldehyde enhanced alpha(1)(I) collagen mRNA in wt (p < 0.05), but decreased it in ob/ob stellate cells (p < 0.01). Leptin abrogated the effect of acetaldehyde in decreasing alpha(1)(I) collagen mRNA in ob/ob stellate cells (p < 0.01). Adiponectin inhibited alpha(1)(I) collagen mRNA in the basal state in wt stellate cells or when enhanced by acetaldehyde. CONCLUSIONS Adiponectin and adiponectin receptor are present in activated stellate cells. Adiponectin has a negative regulatory role on the enhancing effect of acetaldehyde on fibrogenesis in alcoholic liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J Potter
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kaimori A, Potter J, Kaimori JY, Wang C, Mezey E, Koteish A. Transforming growth factor-beta1 induces an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition state in mouse hepatocytes in vitro. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:22089-101. [PMID: 17513865 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700998200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a progressive pathologic process that involves deposition of excess extracellular matrix leading to distorted architecture and culminating in cirrhosis. The role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) as a key molecule in the development and progression of hepatic fibrosis via the activation of hepatic stellate cells, among other fibroblast populations, is without controversy. We hereby show that TGF-beta1 induces an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) state in mature hepatocytes in vitro. EMT state was marked by significant upregulation of alpha(1)(I) collagen mRNA expression and type I collagen deposition. Similar changes were found in a "normal" mouse hepatocyte cell line (AML12), thus confirming that hepatocytes are capable of EMT changes and type I collagen synthesis. We also show that in hepatocytes in the EMT state, TGF-beta1 induces the snail-1 transcription factor and activates the Smad2/3 pathway. Evidence for a central role of the TGF-beta1/Smad pathway is further supported by the inhibition of EMT by Smad4 silencing using small interference RNA technology. In conclusion, TGF-beta1, a known pro-apoptotic cytokine in mature hepatocytes, is capable of mediating phenotypic changes and plasticity in the form of EMT, resulting in collagen deposition. Our findings support a potentially crucial role for EMT in the development and progression of hepatic fibrogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aki Kaimori
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
There are two major well-characterized populations of post-natal (adult) stem cells in bone marrow: hematopoietic stem cells which give rise to blood cells of all lineages, and mesenchymal stem cells which give rise to osteoblasts, adipocytes, and fibroblasts. For the past 50 years, strict rules were taught governing developmental biology. However, recently, numerous studies have emerged from researchers in different fields suggesting the unthinkable--that stem cells isolated from a variety of organs are capable of ignoring their cell lineage boundaries and exhibiting more plasticity in their fates. Plasticity is defined as the ability of post-natal (tissue-specific adult) stem cells to differentiate into mature and functional cells of the same or of a different germ layer of origin. There are reports that bone marrow stem cells can evolve into cells of all dermal lineages, such as hepatocytes, skeletal myocytes, cardiomyocytes, neural, endothelial, epithelial, and even endocrine cells. These findings promise significant therapeutic implications for regenerative medicine. This article will review recent reports of bone marrow cells that have the ability to evolve or differentiate into oral and craniofacial tissues, such as the periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, condyle, tooth, bone around dental and facial implants, and oral mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O M Maria
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS This study determined the roles of NAD(P)H oxidase, which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), and of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which generates nitric oxide (NO) on the development of hepatic fibrosis in mice. METHODS Hepatic fibrosis was produced by carbon tetrachloride administered for 12 weeks in wild-type (WT) mice and in mice with knockout of either the gp91phox subunit of the NAD(P)H complex (gp91phox-/-) or of iNOS (iNOS(-/-)). RESULTS Liver fibrosis and hydroxyproline after carbon tetrachloride was lower in gp91phox-/- and in iNOS(-/-) mice than in WT mice. The increase in alpha2(I) collagen mRNA was absent in the gp91phox-/- but not in the iNOS(-/-) mice. Transformation growth factor beta (TGF-beta) mRNA was increased more in the gp91phox-/- than in the WT mice, while in the iNOS(-/-) mice there was no increase in TGF-beta mRNA. 3-Nitrotyrosine was similarly increased by carbon tetrachloride in gp91phox-/- and WT mice, while there was no increase in the iNOS(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS Deficiencies in NAD(P)H oxidase and in iNOS separately reduce, but do not eliminate carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Likely causes for this inhibitory effects are decreases in the production of ROS in NAD(P)H deficiency and of peroxinitrite radicals in iNOS deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gennadiy Novitskiy
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 21205-2195, MD, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Faustman DL, Tran SD, Kodama S, Lodde BM, Szalayova I, Key S, Toth ZE, Mezey E. Comment on Papers by Chong et al., Nishio et al., and Suri et al. on Diabetes Reversal in NOD Mice. Science 2006. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1129811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
46
|
Novitskiy G, Traore K, Wang L, Trush MA, Mezey E. Effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on reactive oxygen species production in rat hepatic stellate cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 30:1429-35. [PMID: 16899047 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholism is a common cause of cirrhosis. Hepatic stellate cells are the main source of collagen that ultimately leads to hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) enhance stellate cell activation and stimulate fibrogenesis. In this study, the acute effects of ethanol (ET) and acetaldehyde (AC) were determined on the production of ROS in isolated rat hepatic stellate cells. METHODS Rat stellate cells were isolated in situ by perfusion of the portal vein and cultured. Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was determined by luminol-derived chemiluminescence (CL), while superoxide anion (O(2*-)) production was assessed by the fluorescent probe hydroethidine. RESULTS AC increased the formation of H(2)O(2) and O(2*-), and these effects were first detectable at AC concentrations of 5 and 10 microM, respectively, reaching a maximum at 50 to 75 microM. Reduction of glutathione (GSH) synthesis by 1-buthionine sulfoximide (BSO) or by GSH conjugation with dimethylmaleate (DEM) further enhanced the effects of AC on H(2)O(2) and O(2*-) formation, while N-acetylcysteine (NAC) decreased H(2)O(2) and eliminated the enhanced generation of O(2*-) caused by AC. Raloxifene, which inhibits O(2*-) production by NAD(P)H oxidase, reduced the effects of AC on H(2)O(2) and O(2*-) production. ET increased H(2)O(2) or O(2*-) only in the presence of BSO or DEM. CONCLUSION This study shows that concentrations of AC, which occur in vivo after the ingestion of alcoholic beverages, result in the formation of ROS in rat hepatic stellate cells. The increases in ROS are known to activate stellate cells promoting fibrogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gennadiy Novitskiy
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2195, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wang L, Potter JJ, Rennie-Tankersley L, Novitskiy G, Sipes J, Mezey E. Effects of retinoic acid on the development of liver fibrosis produced by carbon tetrachloride in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1772:66-71. [PMID: 17011172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The role of retinoic acid (RA) in liver fibrogenesis was previously studied in cultured hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). RA suppresses the expression of alpha2(I) collagen by means of the activities of specific nuclear receptors RARalpha, RXRbeta and their coregulators. In this study, the effects of RA in fibrogenesis were examined in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver fibrosis in mice. Mice were treated with CCl4 or RA and CCl4, along side control groups, for 12weeks. RA reduced the amount of histologically detectable fibrosis produced by CCl4. This was accompanied by a attenuation of the CCl4 induced increase in alpha2(I) collagen mRNA and a lower (2-fold versus 3-fold) increase in liver hydroxyproline. Furthermore, RA reduced the levels of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) protein adducts and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive substance (TBARS) in the liver, which are formed as results of oxidative stress induced by CCl4 treatment. These in vivo findings support our previous in vitro studies in cultured HSC of the inhibitory effect of RA on type I collagen expression. The data also provide evidence that RA reduces CCl4 induced oxidative stress in liver, suggesting that the anti-fibrotic role of RA is not limited to the inhibition of type I collagen expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205-2195, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
The effect of leptin on liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was determined in male rats. Administration of one or three daily doses of leptin (1microg/g of body weight intraperitoneally) increased ADH activity. Leptin enhanced ADH synthesis without an effect on ADH degradation. Leptin did not change ADH mRNA, indicating that the effect of leptin in enhancing ADH occurs at the post-transcriptional level. Leptin increased eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 2alpha, eIF2B activity, and the eIF4E-eIF4G complex, while it decreased the inhibitory complex of eIF4E with the eIF4E-binding protein-1 (4E-BP1). Leptin increased mammalian target of rapamycin (mTor) that phosphorylates 4E-BP1. In conclusion, leptin increases liver ADH activity and ADH protein due to an increase in synthesis which occurs at the post-transcriptional level. The effect of leptin in enhancing translational initiating factors may be of significance in the regulation not only of ADH but also of many other proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Mezey
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2195, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Novitskiy G, Ravi R, Potter JJ, Rennie-Tankersley L, Wang L, Mezey E. Effects of acetaldehyde and TNF alpha on the inhibitory kappa B-alpha protein and nuclear factor kappa B activation in hepatic stellate cells. Alcohol Alcohol 2004; 40:96-101. [PMID: 15550448 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agh116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Increased plasma tumour necrosis alpha (TNFalpha) and elevated monocyte nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) are associated with liver injury and inflammation in models of alcoholic liver disease and are found to be elevated in monocytes of patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Acetaldehyde enhances, whereas TNFalpha inhibits, transcription of the type I collagen promoters and type I collagen production. NF-kappaB, an inhibitor of the type I collagen promoters, is increased by both acetaldehyde and TNFalpha. This study determined the effects of acetaldehyde in comparison to the effects of TNFalpha on inhibitory kappa B-alpha (IkappaB-alpha) protein and NF-kappaB activation in hepatic stellate cells. METHODS Activated rat hepatic stellate cells in culture were exposed to acetaldehyde or TNFalpha for short periods of time, following which the cells were harvested for the determination of IkappaB-alpha protein, IkappaB-alpha kinase activity and nuclear NF-kappaB. RESULTS Acetaldehyde increased IkappaB-alpha kinase activity and decreased IkappaB-alpha after 10 min of exposure, with recovery towards control levels at 20 min. In contrast, TNFalpha resulted in higher IkappaB-alpha kinase activity at 20 min than at 10 min, and similar low IkappaB-alpha at 10 and 20 min. Both acetaldehyde and TNFalpha enhanced nuclear NF-kappaB (p65), but acetaldehyde alone also increased NF-kappaB (p50). CONCLUSIONS TNFalpha and acetaldehyde independently activate NF-kappaB by rapid enhancement of IkappaB-alpha kinase activity and degradation of IkB-alpha protein. Increased TNFalpha is the principal mechanism for the elevation of NF-kappaB in severe alcoholic hepatitis. The elevation of NF-kappaB due to TNFalpha enhance liver injury, but inhibit fibrogenesis. In contrast, the effect of acetaldehyde in activating NF-kappaB is associated with increases in both liver injury and fibrogenesis, indicating that the effects of acetaldehyde on fibrogenesis are mediated by cytokines and by trans-acting factors other than NF-kappaB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gennadiy Novitskiy
- Department of Medicine, 921 Ross Research Building, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205-2195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang L, Tankersley LR, Tang M, Potter JJ, Mezey E. Regulation of alpha 2(I) collagen expression in stellate cells by retinoic acid and retinoid X receptors through interactions with their cofactors. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 428:92-8. [PMID: 15234273 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Revised: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) suppresses alpha 2(I) collagen expression in hepatic stellate cells through the binding of retinoic acid receptor beta (RAR beta) and retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR alpha) to RA response elements (RAREs) in the alpha 2(I) collagen promoter. This study determined the influence of coactivators and corepressors to RAR beta and RXR alpha on the regulation of the alpha 2(I) collagen promoter. The coactivators, steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) and growth hormone receptor interacting protein-1 (GRIP-1), enhanced, while the nuclear receptor corepressor (N-CoR) abolished the inhibitory effect of RAR beta and RXR alpha on the promoter activity. In the presence of RA, the coactivators SRC-1 and GRIP-1 formed complexes with RAR beta and RXR alpha which are bound to an oligonucleotide specifying a RARE site in the promoter. In conclusion, this study shows that in the presence of retinoic acid, the coactivators SRC-1 and GRIP-1 augment, while the corepressor N-CoR abolishes, the suppressive effects of RAR beta and RXR alpha on alpha 2(I) collagen promoter activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|