Enteropathy and intestinal malabsorption in patients treated with antihypertensive drugs. A retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVES

To investigate differences in the incidence of enteropathy or intestinal malabsorption in patients taking angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), calcium channel blocker (CCB), and beta blockers (BBs) at a single center in Korea.

METHODS

In this retrospective study, we utilized data from the Yangsan electronic medical records to identify 129,169 patients. These individuals were prescribed olmesartan, other ARBs, ACEI, CCB, and BBs between November 2008 and February 2021.

RESULTS

Of the 44,775 patients, 51 (0.11%) were observed to have enteropathy or intestinal malabsorption. Compared with the ACEI group, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for enteropathy and intestinal malabsorption were OR=1.313 (95% confidence interval [CI]: [0.188-6.798], p=0.893) for olmesartan, OR=0.915 (95% CI: [0.525-1.595], p=0.754) for the other ARBs, OR=0.928 (95% CI: [0.200-4.307]; p=0.924) for the CCB, and OR=0.663 (95% CI: [0.151-2.906]; p=0.586) for the BBs group. These findings were adjusted for factors such as age, gender, duration of antihypertensive medication, and comorbidities.

CONCLUSION

In a retrospective cohort study of patients on antihypertensive medications, no significant difference was found in the incidence of enteropathy or intestinal malabsorption when ACEI was compared to olmesartan, other ARBs, CCB, and BBs.

Immunohistochemical evaluation of keratins and involucrin in differentiating between palmoplantar pustulosis and pompholyx

BACKGROUND

Palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) and pompholyx are chronic diseases characterized by pustules and vesicles on the palms and soles. These disorders often have similar clinicopathological features, which lead to diagnostic difficulties. We aimed to investigate the expression patterns of keratins and involucrin in PPP and pompholyx using immunohistochemical staining.

METHODS

Skin biopsies from patients with PPP (n = 40) and pompholyx (n = 22) were immunohistochemically analyzed for Keratin 5, 9, 14, and involucrin expression.

RESULTS

K5 expression was higher in PPP than in pompholyx, with diffusely positive expression in the basal, spinous, and granular layers. K14 expression did not differ between groups. K9 expression was observed near the pompholyx vesicle (P = 0.014) and stratum spinosum (P < 0.001) but was almost absent around PPP pustules. Involucrin expression was diffused around the PPP pustules and partially around the pompholyx vesicles, but without statistical significance (P = 0.123). Involucrin expression was elevated in the basal layer of the PPP compared with that in the pompholyx (P = 0.023).

CONCLUSION

PPP and pompholyx exhibited distinctive differentiation in the expression of K5, K9, and involucrin.

Burnout in healthcare workers in COVID-19-dedicated hospitals

BACKGROUND

Considering the prolongation of the COVID-19 pandemic, the lack of studies on burnout, particularly in healthcare workers, needs to be addressed. This report aimed to identify the risk factors of burnout by comparing the level of burnout between nurses in general wards and those in COVID-19-dedicated wards in a national university hospital.

METHODS

A survey based on the Korean version of Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT-K) was conducted on nurses between 10 January and 31 January 2022. The BAT-K consists of exhaustion, mental distance, cognitive impairment, emotional impairment and secondary symptoms.

RESULTS

A total of 165 nurses, including 81 nurses from the COVID-19-dedicated ward, completed the questionnaire. The percentage of general-ward nurses with an emotional impairment score above the clinical cutoff was higher than that of COVID-19 ward nurses. General ward compared to the COVID-19 ward increased the risk of presenting with total-core symptoms. Two factors increased the risk regarding mental distance: short career length and underlying disease.

CONCLUSIONS

In contrast to previous studies, the risk of burnout in the COVID-19-ward nurses was lower than that of the general ward nurses. The risk regarding mental distance was correlated with short career length and presence of an underlying disease.

Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel 2-oxoindoline-based acetohydrazides as antitumor agents

In our search for novel small molecules activating procaspase-3, we have designed and synthesized two series of novel (E)-N'-arylidene-2-(2-oxoindolin-1-yl)acetohydrazides (4) and (Z)-2-(5-substituted-2-oxoindolin-1-yl)-N'-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetohydrazides (5). Cytotoxic evaluation revealed that the compounds showed notable cytotoxicity toward three human cancer cell lines: colon cancer SW620, prostate cancer PC-3, and lung cancer NCI-H23. Especially, six compounds, including 4f–h and 4n–p, exhibited cytotoxicity equal or superior to positive control PAC-1, the first procaspase-3 activating compound. The most potent compound 4o was three- to five-fold more cytotoxic than PAC-1 in three cancer cell lines tested. Analysis of compounds effects on cell cycle and apoptosis demonstrated that the representative compounds 4f, 4h, 4n, 4o and 4p (especially 4o) accumulated U937 cells in S phase and substantially induced late cellular apoptosis. The results show that compound 4o would serve as a template for further design and development of novel anticancer agents.

Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel (E)-N'-(3-allyl-2-hydroxy)benzylidene-2-(4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)acetohydrazides as antitumor agents

In our continuing search for novel small-molecule anticancer agents, we designed and synthesized a series of novel (E)-N'-(3-allyl-2-hydroxy)benzylidene-2-(4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)acetohydrazides (5), focusing on the modification of substitution in the quinazolin-4(3H)-one moiety. The biological evaluation showed that all 13 designed and synthesized compounds displayed significant cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines (SW620, colon cancer; PC-3, prostate cancer; NCI-H23, lung cancer). The most potent compound 5l displayed cytotoxicity up to 213-fold more potent than 5-fluorouracil and 87-fold more potent than PAC-1, the first procaspase-activating compound. Structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that substitution of either electron-withdrawing or electron-releasing groups at positions 6 or 7 on the quinazolin-4(3H)-4-one moiety increased the cytotoxicity of the compounds, but substitution at position 6 seemed to be more favorable. In the caspase activation assay, compound 5l was found to activate the caspase activity by 291% in comparison to PAC-1, which was used as a control. Further docking simulation also revealed that this compound may be a potent allosteric inhibitor of procaspase-3 through chelation of the inhibitory zinc ion. Physicochemical and ADMET calculations for 5l provided useful information of its suitable absorption profile and some toxicological effects that need further optimization to be developed as a promising anticancer agent.

Mask-induced dermatoses during the COVID-19 pandemic: a questionnaire-based study in 12 Korean hospitals

BACKGROUND

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, various adverse skin reactions to long-term mask wearing have been reported.

AIM

To assess the clinical features of mask-induced dermatoses and to recommend prevention and treatment options.

METHODS

From April to August 2020, questionnaires including topics such as demographic information, pre-existing skin disorders, reported mask-related symptoms, daily mask-wearing duration and frequency, types of masks used and whether the participant was a healthcare worker, were distributed to patients in 12 hospitals. Dermatologists assessed skin lesions, confirmed diagnosis and recorded treatments.

RESULTS

Itchiness was the most frequent symptom, mostly affecting the cheeks. The most common skin disease was new-onset contact dermatitis (33.94%), followed by new-onset acne (16.97%) and worsening of pre-existing acne (16.97%). Daily wearing of masks was significantly (P = 0.02) associated with new-onset contact dermatitis. More than half of patients with pre-existing skin problems experienced disease worsening while wearing masks. Longer duration of wearing (> 6 h/day, P = 0.04) and use of cotton masks (P < 0.001) significantly increased acne flare-up. Healthcare workers had a higher incidence of skin disease. Skin lesions were generally mild and well tolerated with topical treatment. The study had some limitations: the effect of seasonal characteristics and other risk factors were not assessed, and the patients were visiting dermatological clinics and had interest in their skin status, thus, there may have been selection bias.

CONCLUSION

Mask-induced/-triggered dermatoses contribute to increase the dermatological burden during the pandemic.

Association of blood pressure classification using the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines with the progression of coronary artery calcification

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Aims

The recent American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines reinforced the criteria for diagnosis of hypertension. We assessed the association of this reinforced criteria with coronary artery calcification (CAC) progression in asymptomatic adults according to different age groups.

Methods and results

We included 10,839 asymptomatic Korean adults (23.4% aged ≤45 years) who underwent at least two coronary artery calcium score (CACS) evaluations between 2012 and 2016. All participants were categorised into normal blood pressure (BP) (untreated systolic/diastolic &lt;120/&lt;80 mmHg), elevated BP (untreated systolic/diastolic 120–129/&lt;80 mmHg), stage 1 hypertension (untreated systolic/diastolic BP 130–139/80–89 mmHg), or stage 2 hypertension (systolic/diastolic BP ≥140/≥90 mmHg or taking anti-hypertensive medication) groups. CAC progression was defined as a difference ≥2.5 between the square roots (√) of the baseline and follow-up CACSs (Δ√transformed CACS). During a mean 3.3-year follow-up, the incidence of CAC progression was 13.5% and 36.3% in groups with ≤45 and &gt;45 years, respectively. After multivariable adjustment for sex, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, obesity, current smoking, and baseline CACS, hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for CAC progression versus normal BP in elevated BP, stage 1 hypertension, and stage 2 hypertension were 1.39 (0.93–2.07)(P = 0.107), 1.59 (1.17–2.17)(P = 0.003), and 2.38 (1.82–3.12)(P &lt;0.001) in the ≤45 years group and 1.13 (0.97–1.32)(P = 0.111), 1.20 (1.06–1.34)(P = 0.003), and 1.72 (1.57–1.87)(P &lt;0.001) in the &gt;45 years group.

Conclusion

Newly defined stage 1 hypertension is independently associated with CAC progression in asymptomatic Korean adults irrespective of different age groups.

Novel 4-Oxoquinazoline-Based N-Hydroxypropenamides as Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation

Two series of novel 4-oxoquinazoline-based N-hydroxypropenamides (9a-m and 10a-m) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibitory and cytotoxicity activities against histone deacetylase (HDAC). The compounds showed good to potent HDAC inhibitory activity and cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines (SW620, colon; PC-3, prostate; NCI-H23, lung cancer). In this series, compounds with the N-hydroxypropenamide functionality impeded at position 7 on the 4-oxoquinazoline skeleton (10a-m) were generally more potent than compounds with the N-hydroxypropenamide moiety at position 6 (9a-m). Also, the N ³-benzyl-substituted derivatives (9h-m, 10h-m) exhibited stronger bioactivity than the N ³-alkyl-substituted ones (9a-e, 10a-e). Two compounds 10l and 10m were the most potent ones. Their HDAC inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ values, 0.041-0.044 μM) and cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ values, 0.671-1.211 μM) were approximately 2- to 3-fold more potent than suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). Some compounds showed up to 10-fold more potent HDAC6 inhibition compared to their inhibitory activity in total HDAC extract assay. Analysis of selected compounds 10l and 10m revealed that these compounds strongly induced both early and late apoptosis and arrested SW620 cells at the G2/M phase. Docking studies were carried out on the HDAC6 isoform for series 10a-m and revealed some important features contributing to the inhibitory activity of synthesized compounds.

Investigation of photodarkening in tandem-pumped Yb-doped fibers

Investigation of photodarkening (PD) in Yb-doped fibers tandem-pumped at 1018 nm is reported. For a homemade Yb-doped aluminosilicate double-clad fiber (YADF), the transmitted power of a 633 nm probe beam is reduced by 2.4% over 2 hours for the tandem pumping configuration at 1018 nm, which is significantly smaller than 33.3% for a laser diode (LD) pumping at 976 nm. A tandem-pumped Yb fiber amplifier also shows a much smaller decrease in the amplified output power over time than a LD-pumped Yb fiber amplifier. Based on fluorescence spectra of the YADF, we can not only associate PD of the YADF to intrinsic oxygen deficiency centers or Tm³⁺ impurities but also confirm the impact of the excited Yb³⁺ ion density on PD. The benefits of the tandem pumping in a high-power Yb fiber laser system will be discussed.

Exosomes in Sepsis and Inflammatory Tissue Injury

Sepsis is the leading cause of death in medical intensive care units, and thus represents a serious healthcare problem worldwide. Sepsis is often caused by the aberrant host responses to infection, which induce dysregulated inflammation that leads to life-threatening multiple organ failures. Mediators such as proinflammatory cytokines that drive the sepsis pathogenesis have been extensively studied. Exosomes, biological lipid bilayer nanoparticles secreted via the endosomal pathway of cells, have recently emerged as important cargos that carry multiple mediators critical for the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated organ dysfunctions. Here we will review current knowledge on the exosomes in sepsis and relevant inflammatory tissue injuries.

P4339Reference values for cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy Koreans: compared to western nations and nomogram

Introduction

Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF), defined as the integrated ability to properly oxygenate skeletal muscles during physical activity, is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. The reference range for CRF may differ among nations, with Asians under-represented in previous data.

Purpose

In this study, we sought to establish reference values of CRF for Asians using a recent Korean cohort.

Methods

We analyzed 2646 healthy Korean adults recently enrolled in the Korea Institute of Sports Science Fitness Standards (KISS FitS) project with estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) values during treadmill test. Patients with cardiovascular or renal disease, systemic infection, pregnant women and those with orthopedic injuries unable to measure physical fitness were excluded. Age-specific mean VO2max values were compared with those from recent American, Norwegian, Danish cohorts and old Korean data.

Results

Age-specific reference values for healthy Korean adults in this cohort were as shown (Table). We were able to draw a nomogram to predict exercise capacity for a given age and MET value (Figure). When compared to other countries, less CRF reduction by aging was seen in Asians than in other Westerners. When compared to old Korean data from the 1980s, values were similar after adjustment for difference in methods, except for those under 30 years old which were decreased.

Exercise capacity of healthy Korean Men Women Age VO2max (ml/kg/min) N P-value for trend Age VO2max (ml/kg/min) N P-value for trend 19–29 42.3±6.3± 209 <0.01 19–29 34.3±4.3± 110 <0.01 30–39 42.0±5.0± 170 39–39 32.2±4.5± 211 40–49 41.4±5.6± 238 40–49 30.8±4.6± 284 50–59 38.0±5.7± 274 50–59 28.3±4.6± 367 60–69 32.4±6.2± 134 60–69 26.0±5.7± 336 70–79 27.2±5.6± 83 70–79 23.9±4.4± 195 >80 24.1±4.0± 11 >80 21.0±3.7± 24 Total 38.6±7.4± 1119 Total 28.5±5.8 1527 Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. VO2max, maximal oxygen uptake; N, number.

Nomogram of exercise capacity in Koreans

Conclusions

While there was no significant change in CRF over time in the same ethnic group, there was a clear inter-ethnic difference. CRF should be assessed according to ethnic or national standards, and it is necessary to establish a reference for each nation or ethnicity with periodic updates.

Acknowledgement/Funding

National Sports Promotion Fund of the Korea Sports Promotion Foundation in 2015

P2501Validation of FRIEND and ACSM equations for cardiorespiratory fitness: comparison to direct measurement in male CAD patients

Introduction

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. The regression equation of American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) was a preferred method for estimating maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). It is well-known that CRF is overestimated in ACSM equation. Recently, Kokkinos reported more precise equation from the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database (FRIEND). Both equations were made from western healthy people.

Purpose

In this study, we compared VO2max estimated by ACSM and FRIEND equations to VO2max directly measured in male coronary artery disease (CAD) patients.

Methods

We analyzed 103 male CAD patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention and who participated in cardiac rehabilitation between June 2015 and December 2018. VO2max was directly measured by the gas exchange analysis during treadmill test with modified Bruce protocol. Exclusive criteria were pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis, malignancy, peripheral artery disease, insufficient cardiopulmonary exercise test and orthopedic injuries. Directly measured VO2max were compared to ACSM and FRIEND equations.

Results

Age-specific VO2max values, which were directly measured from male CAD patients, were shown in Table. Smaller CRF difference was shown in FRIEND equation than ACSM equation. Compared to the measured value, CRF estimated by ACSM equation was overestimated by 22%, but the one estimated by FRIEND equation had only 2% gap. Figure presents Bland-Altman plots. ACSM equation had the higher bias (5.52ml/kg/min) compared with FRIEND equation (0.200ml/kg/min).

Comparison table of VO2max estimated by ACSM and FRIEND equations with directly measured VO2max in male CAD patients Age Number VO2max (ml/kg/min) Measured ACSM % predicted FRIEND % predicted 30–39 4 29.5 ± (6.6) 35.7 ± (6.1) 122.3 ± (8.5) 29.1 ± (4.3) 100.1 ± (8.7) 40–49 20 29.1 ± (5.1) 35.7 ± (5.4) 123.6 ± (11.1) 29.1 ± (3.8) 101.2 ± (9.5) 50–59 32 25.6 ± (4.3) 31.5 ± (5.1) 123.8 ± (10.1) 26.2 ± (3.6) 103.2 ± (8.5) 60–69 27 26.0 ± (5.1) 31.1 ± (2.6) 120.5 ± (12.6) 25.9 ± (4.0) 100.8 ± (10.5) 70–79 18 21.2 ± (6.0) 26.8 ± (5.4) 123.2 ± (14.8) 22.8 ± (3.9) 105.2 ± (12.0) >80 2 25.0 ± (10.1) 22.8 ± (2.6) 97 ± (28.9) 19.9 ± (1.9) 85.1 ± (27.0) Total 103 25.7 ± (5.6) 31.4 ± (6.0) 122.2 ± (12.4) 26.1 ± (4.3) 102.1 ± (10.4) Data are presented as mean ± (standard deviation).

Bland-Altman plots

Conclusions

FRIEND equation can estimate CRF more accurately than ACSM equation, even in Asian patients with CAD.

Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel 3/4-((Substituted benzamidophenoxy) methyl)-N-hydroxybenzamides/propenamides as Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors and Antitumor Agents

BACKGROUND

Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors represent an extensive class of targeted anticancer agents. Among the most explored structure moieties, hydroxybenzamides and hydroxypropenamides have been demonstrated to have potential HDAC inhibitory effects. Several compounds of these structural classes have been approved for clinical uses to treat different types of cancer, such as givinostat (ITF2357) and belinostat (PXD-101).

AIMS

This study aims at developing novel HDAC inhibitors bearing N-hydroxybenzamides and Nhydroxypropenamides scaffolds with potential cytotoxicity against different cancer cell lines.

METHODS

Two new series of N-hydroxybenzamides and N-hydroxypropenamides analogues (4a-j, 6a-j) designed based on the structural features of nexturastat A, AR-42, and PXD-101, were synthesized and evaluated for HDAC inhibitory potency as well as cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines (SW620 (colorectal adenocarcinoma), PC3 (prostate adenocarcinoma), and NCI-H23 (adenocarcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer). Molecular simulations were finally carried out to gain more insight into the structure-activity relationships.

RESULTS

It was found that the N-hydroxypropenamides (6a-e) displayed very good HDAC inhibitory potency and cytotoxicity. Various compounds, e.g. 6a-e, especially compound 6e, were up to 5-fold more potent than suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA) in terms of cytotoxicity. These compounds also comparably inhibited HDACs with IC50 values in the sub-micromolar range. Docking experiments showed that these compounds bound to HDAC2 at the enzyme active binding site with the same binding mode of SAHA, but with higher binding affinities.

CONCLUSIONS

The two series of N-hydroxybenzamides and N-hydroxypropenamides designed and synthesized were potential HDAC inhibitors and antitumor agents. Further development of these compounds should be warranted.

Therapeutic effects of kefir grain Lactobacillus-derived extracellular vesicles in mice with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced inflammatory bowel disease

Kefir is a fermented product from yeast and lactic acid bacteria, and has been associated with various health benefits including relieving inflammatory bowel disease. Recently, it has been shown that gram-positive bacteria produce extracellular vesicles (EV). The EV could be appearing as potentially important mediators of cell to cell interaction. In this study, we explored the role of kefir grain Lactobacillus-derived EV in modulating inflammation responses via alleviating the production of inflammatory cytokines in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced inflammation in Caco-2 cells and the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced inflammatory bowel disease mouse model. Kefir-derived Lactobacillus EV were isolated by ultracentrifugation of the culture medium of 3 different kefir-derived strains (i.e., Lactobacillus kefir, Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, and Lactobacillus kefirgranum). Nanoparticle tracking analysis showed that the size of isolated kefir-derived Lactobacillus EV was within 80 to 400 nm, and kefir-derived Lactobacillus EV uptake into recipient Caco-2 cells was confirmed by fluorescence labeling. Treatment of each kefir-derived Lactobacillus EV onto TNF-α-stimulated Caco-2 cells significantly reduced the level of both mRNA expression and secretion of IL-8, and Western blot analysis revealed that such an effect was related to inhibition of TNF-α signaling mediated by reducing the phosphorylation of p65, a subunit of NF-kB. Subsequent administration of kefir-derived Lactobacillus EV into inflammatory bowel disease-induced mice significantly alleviated the body weight loss and rectal bleeding, and enhanced stool consistency. Histological examination showed that kefir-derived Lactobacillus EV substantially reduced the infiltration of transmural leukocytes and loss of goblet cells within the colon, and the serum level of myeloperoxidase was significantly lower in the EV-treated group than control group. Our study demonstrates that kefir-derived Lactobacillus EV can be potentially used for developing innovative strategies for alleviating inflammatory bowel disease.

Degradation of histone deacetylase 4 via the TLR4/JAK/STAT1 signaling pathway promotes the acetylation of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) has been proposed as crucial in the pathogenesis of many diseases including sepsis. Acetylation of HMGB1 prevents its entry into the nucleus and leads to its secretion from the cell where it can trigger inflammation. We hypothesized that histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) controls the acetylation of HMGB1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells via the janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. The results showed that LPS treatment promoted the degradation of HDAC4 in a proteasome‐dependent manner, which led to HMGB1 acetylation. In LPS‐activated RAW264.7 cells, treatment with TAK‐242 (a toll like receptor 4 inhibitor) and pyridone 6 (a JAK inhibitor) significantly inhibited HDAC4 degradation and acetylation of HMGB1, and thus prevented secretion of HMGB1. Decreased phosphorylation of STAT1 was also observed. Interestingly, HDAC4 overexpression significantly prevented the acetylation and secretion of HMGB1 in both RAW264.7 cells and isolated murine peritoneal macrophages. We conclude that HDAC4 might be a useful target for the treatment of sepsis.

Development of immune and microbial environments is independently regulated in the mammary gland

Breastfeeding is important for mammals, providing immunological and microbiological advantages to neonates, together with the nutritional supply from the mother. However, the mechanisms of this functional diversity in the mammary gland remain poorly characterized. Here, we show that, similar to the gastrointestinal tract, the mammary gland develops immune and microbial environments consisting of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and the microflora, respectively, both of which are important for protecting neonates and the mother from infectious diseases. The IgA production and microflora development are coordinated in the gastrointestinal tract but seem to be independently regulated in the mammary gland. In particular, the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 28 and poly-Ig receptor, crucial molecules for the IgA production in milk, were expressed normally in germ-free lactating mice but were almost undetectable in postweaning mothers, regardless of the microflora presence. Our findings offer insights into potentially improving the quality of breastfeeding, using both immunological and microbiological approaches.

Corpus callosum diffusion abnormalities in refractory epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis

OBJECTIVES

To detect by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) the extent of microstructural integrity changes of the corpus callosum (CC) in patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and to evaluate possible association with clinical characteristics.

METHODS

Fourty-two patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and HS and 30 control subjects were studied with DTI. We grouped patients according to lesion side (left or right) HS. Mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA), radial (RD) and axial diffusivity (AD) were extracted from five segments in CC midsagittal section obtained by automatic segmentation. CC DTI findings were compared between groups. We also evaluated association of DTI changes and clinical characteristics.

RESULTS

HS patients displayed decreased FA and increased MD and RD in the anterior, mid-posterior and posterior CC segments, compared to controls. No differences were observed in AD. Patients reporting febrile seizure as the initial precipitating event presented more intense diffusion changes. No differences were seen comparing left and right HS. Age at epilepsy onset, disease duration and seizure frequency were not associated with DTI findings.

CONCLUSIONS

This is one of the largest series of TLE-HS patients evaluating CC white matter fiber integrity by DTI, which allowed us to study how some clinical characteristics, such as seizure frequency, disease duration and lesion side, are related to CC integrity. Occurrence of febrile seizure was the only factor that had significant impact on tract integrity. Diffusion changes were not restricted to the posterior part of the CC; we observed the same changes for the anterior part of the CC. Diffusion changes were characterized by an increase in RD, while the AD remained intact for all regions of the CC.

Retinoblastoma protein (Rb) links hypoxia to altered mechanical properties in cancer cells as measured by an optical tweezer

Hypoxia modulates actin organization via multiple pathways. Analyzing the effect of hypoxia on the biophysical properties of cancer cells is beneficial for studying modulatory signalling pathways by quantifying cytoskeleton rearrangements. We have characterized the biophysical properties of human LNCaP prostate cancer cells that occur in response to loss of the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) under hypoxic stress using an oscillating optical tweezer. Hypoxia and Rb-loss increased cell stiffness in a fashion that was dependent on activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and the protein kinase B (AKT)- mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR) pathways. Pharmacological inhibition of MEK1/2, AKT or MTOR impeded hypoxia-inducible changes in the actin cytoskeleton and inhibited cell migration in Rb-deficient cells conditioned with hypoxia. These results suggest that loss of Rb in transformed hypoxic cancer cells affects MEK1/2-ERK/AKT-MTOR signalling and promotes motility. Thus, the mechanical characterization of cancer cells using an optical tweezer provides an additional technique for cancer diagnosis/prognosis and evaluating therapeutic performance.

A cascaded two-step Kalman filter for estimation of human body segment orientation using MEMS-IMU

Orientation of human body segments is an important quantity in many biomechanical analyses. To get robust and drift-free 3-D orientation, raw data from miniature body worn MEMS-based inertial measurement units (IMU) should be blended in a Kalman filter. Aiming at less computational cost, this work presents a novel cascaded two-step Kalman filter orientation estimation algorithm. Tilt angles are estimated in the first step of the proposed cascaded Kalman filter. The estimated tilt angles are passed to the second step of the filter for yaw angle calculation. The orientation results are benchmarked against the ones from a highly accurate tactical grade IMU. Experimental results reveal that the proposed algorithm provides robust orientation estimation in both kinematically and magnetically disturbed conditions.

Relative adrenal insufficiency in chronic liver disease: its prevalence and effects on long-term mortality

BACKGROUND

The relationship between relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI) and chronic liver disease is unclear.

AIM

To determine the frequency with which RAI is observed in noncritically ill patients at various stages of chronic liver disease, and the correlation between RAI and disease severity and long-term mortality.

METHODS

In total, 71 non-critically ill patients with liver cirrhosis (n = 54) and chronic hepatitis (n = 17) were evaluated prospectively. A short stimulation test (SST) with 250 μg of corticotrophin was performed to detect RAI. RAI was defined as an increase in serum cortisol of <9 μg/dL in patients with a basal total cortisol of <35 μg/dL.

RESULTS

RAI was observed in only 13 (24.1%) of 54 patients with cirrhosis. Compared to those without RAI, cirrhotic patients with RAI had significantly higher Child-Turcotte-Pugh score (10.3 ± 1.7 vs. 7.1 ± 1.8, mean ± s.d., P < 0.001) and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score (14.5 ± 6.6 vs. 9.4 ± 3.7, P = 0.017). The cortisol response to corticotropin was negatively correlated with the severity of cirrhosis (P < 0.05). In addition, the mortality rate was higher in cirrhotic patients with RAI (69.2%) than in those without RAI (4.9%; P < 0.001) during the follow-up period of 20.1 ± 13.5 months (range, 5.8-51.1 months). The cumulative 1-year survival rates in cirrhotic patients with and without RAI were 69.2% and 95.0%, respectively (P = 0.05), while the corresponding cumulative 3-year survival rates were 0% and 95.0% (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Relative adrenal insufficiency is more commonly observed in those with severe cirrhosis, and is clearly associated with more advanced liver disease and a shortened long-term survival. This suggests that relative adrenal insufficiency is an independent prognostic factor in non-critically ill patients with cirrhosis.

β-Lapachone induces programmed necrosis through the RIP1-PARP-AIF-dependent pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma SK-Hep1 cells

β-Lapachone activates multiple cell death mechanisms including apoptosis, autophagy and necrotic cell death in cancer cells. In this study, we investigated β-lapachone-induced cell death and the underlying mechanisms in human hepatocellular carcinoma SK-Hep1 cells. β-Lapachone markedly induced cell death without caspase activation. β-Lapachone increased PI uptake and HMGB-1 release to extracellular space, which are markers of necrotic cell death. Necrostatin-1 (a RIP1 kinase inhibitor) markedly inhibited β-lapachone-induced cell death and HMGB-1 release. In addition, β-lapachone activated poly (ADP-ribosyl) polymerase-1(PARP-1) and promoted AIF release, and DPQ (a PARP-1 specific inhibitor) or AIF siRNA blocked β-lapachone-induced cell death. Furthermore, necrostatin-1 blocked PARP-1 activation and cytosolic AIF translocation. We also found that β-lapachone-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production has an important role in the activation of the RIP1-PARP1-AIF pathway. Finally, β-lapachone-induced cell death was inhibited by dicoumarol (a NQO-1 inhibitor), and NQO1 expression was correlated with sensitivity to β-lapachone. Taken together, our results demonstrate that β-lapachone induces programmed necrosis through the NQO1-dependent ROS-mediated RIP1-PARP1-AIF pathway.

Cyclic negative pressure wound therapy: an alternative mode to intermittent system

The purpose of this study was to develop and test a novel mode of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) that minimises pain while preserving the efficacy in wound healing. A porcine model was used in this study. Wounds were generated in animals and treated with either simple dressing or various treatment modes of NPWT. The wound volume, perfusion level and vasculature status were analysed and compared among different groups. Clinical application was performed to evaluate the level of pain occurring when negative pressure is applied. Among the NPWT groups, the Cyclic-50 group showed most decrement in wound volume, even though statistical relevance was not found (P = 0·302). The perfusion level was significantly increased in the Cyclic-50 group compared with the Intermittent group (P < 0·001) and the Cyclic-100 group (P = 0·004). Evaluation of blood vessel formation revealed that the Cyclic-50 group showed the highest number of vasculature with statistical significance (P < 0·001). In clinical application, the cyclic group showed significant decrease in pain compared with the intermittent group (P = 0·001). The cyclic NPWT mode decreased patient discomfort while maintaining superior wound healing effects as the intermittent mode.

Species-specific challenges in dog cloning

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is now an established procedure used in cloning of several species. SCNT in dogs involves multiple steps including the removal of the nuclear material, injection of a donor cell, fusion, activation of the reconstructed oocytes and finally transfer to a synchronized female recipient. There are therefore many factors that contribute to cloning efficiency. By performing a retrospective analysis of 2005-2012 published papers regarding dog cloning, we define the optimum procedure and summarize the specific feature for dog cloning.

The association between problematic internet use and depression, suicidal ideation and bipolar disorder symptoms in Korean adolescents

OBJECTIVE

This study used a sample of Korean adolescents to evaluate: (a) associations between problematic internet use and depression, bipolar disorder symptoms and suicidal ideation; and (b) whether mood disorders mediate the relationship between problematic internet use and suicidal ideation.

METHOD

A total of 795 middle and high school students were recruited (538 girls; mean age, 13.87 ± 1.51 years). The Internet Addiction Proneness Scale for Youth-Short Form (KS-scale) was used to evaluate the presence and severity of problematic internet use. The frequencies of depression, suicidal ideation and probable bipolar disorder were compared between adolescents with and without internet addiction. The associations between the severity of problematic internet use and the severity of depressive symptoms, bipolar symptoms and suicidal ideation were also analyzed.

RESULTS

Seventy-five adolescents (9.4%) met the criteria for problematic internet use. The presence of problematic internet use was significantly associated with suicidal ideation (OR = 5.82, 95% CI = 3.30-10.26, p < 0.001) as well as depression (OR = 5.00, 95% CI = 2.88-8.66, p < 0.001). There was a marginally significant association between problematic internet use and probable bipolar disorder (OR = 3.05, 95% CI = 0.96-9.69, p = 0.059). In the path model, problematic internet use significantly predicted depressive symptoms (β = 0.296, 95% CI = 0.214-0.367, p = 0.005), which predicted suicidal ideation (β = 0.699, 95% CI = 0.631-0.751, p = 0.009). Problematic internet use also predicted suicidal ideation directly (β = 0.115, 95% CI = 0.052-0.193, p = 0.006). Conversely, depressive symptoms (β = 0.119, 95% CI = -0.005-0.219, p = 0.040) and suicidal ideation (β = 0.215, 95% CI = 0.089-0.346, p = 0.005) predicted problematic internet use.

CONCLUSIONS

There is a complex transactional relationship between problematic internet use, depressive symptoms, bipolar symptoms and suicidal ideation, so these conditions must be assessed together during the evaluation of adolescents. Prospective studies are warranted to elucidate the causal relationships between problematic internet use, mood symptoms and suicidal ideation.

Association between urine cotinine levels, continuous performance test variables, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disability symptoms in school-aged children

BACKGROUND

We examined the cross-sectional relationship between environmental tobacco smoke exposure, continuous performance test (CPT) measures, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or learning disability symptoms in school-aged children.

METHOD

In total, 989 children (526 boys, mean age 9.1 ± 0.7 years), recruited from five South Korean cities participated in this study. We used urine cotinine as a biomarker for environmental tobacco smoke exposure, and obtained the children's scores on a CPT. Parents completed the Korean versions of the ADHD rating scale-IV (ADHD-RS) and learning disability evaluation scale (LDES). Using generalized linear mixed model (GLMM), we assessed the associations between urine cotinine concentrations, neuropsychological variables, and symptoms of ADHD and learning disabilities. Additionally, we conducted structural equation models to explore the effects' pathways.

RESULTS

After adjusting for a range of relevant covariates, GLMM showed urinary cotinine levels were significantly and positively associated with CPT scores on omission errors, commission errors, response time, and response time variability, and with parent- and teacher-rated ADHD-RS scores. In addition, urine cotinine levels were negatively associated with LDES scores on spelling and mathematical calculations. The structural equation model revealed that CPT variables mediated the association between urine cotinine levels and parental reports of symptoms of ADHD and learning disabilities.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data indicate that environmental exposure to tobacco smoke is associated with ADHD and learning disabilities in children, and that impairments in attention and inhibitory control probably mediate the effect.

Comparison of cell proliferation and epigenetic modification of gene expression patterns in canine foetal fibroblasts and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells

OBJECTIVES

This study compared rate of cell proliferation, viability, cell size, expression patterns of genes related to pluripotency and epigenetic modification between canine foetal fibroblasts (cFF) and canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cAd-MSC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Proliferation pattern, cell viability as well as cell size at each passage of cFF and cAd-MSC were measured when cultures reached confluence. In addition, real-time PCR was performed to investigate expression of Dnmt1, HDAC1, OCT4, SOX2, BAX, BCL2 genes with reference to β-actin gene expression as an endogenous control in both cell lines.

RESULTS

cFF and cAd-MSC differed in number of generations, but not in doubling times, at all passages. Mean cell size of cAd-MSC was significantly smaller than that of cFF. Cell viability was significantly lower in cFFs and apoptotic level was significantly lower in cAd-MSC compared to passage-matched cFF. In the expression of genes related to pluripotency and epigenetic modification, level of HDAC1 in cAd-MSC was significantly higher than in cFF, but expression of Dnmt1 did not differ between the two groups. OCT4 and SOX2 were significantly more highly expressed in cAd-MSC compared to cFF.

CONCLUSIONS

cAd-MSC have higher stem-cell potential than cFF in terms of proliferation patterns, epigenetic modification and pluripotency, thus cAd-MSC could be more appropriate than cFF as donors of nuclei in somatic cell nuclear transfer for transgenesis.

Anti-elastase and anti-hyaluronidase of phenolic substance from Areca catechu as a new anti-ageing agent

We have previously screened 150 medicinal plants for the inhibition of elastase and found significant inhibitory effects of the extracts of Areca catechu L. on the ageing and inflammation of skin tissues. To isolate and identify the compounds having biological activity, they were further purified by each fraction of solvents, silica gel column chromatography, preparative TLC and reversed-phase HPLC. The peak in HPLC, which coincided with the inhibitory activity against elastase, was identified as a phenolic substance by using various colorimetric methods, UV and IR. IC(50) values of this phenolic substance were 26.9 mug mL(-1) for porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) and 60.8 mug mL(-1) for human neutrophil elastase (HNE). This phenolic substance showed more potent activity than that of reference compounds, oleanolic acid (76.5 mug mL(-1) for PPE, 219.2 mug mL(-1) for HNE) and ursolic acid (31.0 mug mL(-1) for PPE, 118.6 mug mL(-1) for HNE). According to the Lineweaver-Burk plots, the inhibition against both PPE and HNE by this phenolic substance was competitive inhibition with the substrate. The phenolic substance from A. catechu effectively inhibited hyaluronidase activity (IC(50) : 210 mug mL(-1) ). These results suggest that the phenolic substance purified from A. catechu has an anti-ageing effect by protecting connective tissue proteins.

Melatonin enhances thapsigargin-induced apoptosis through reactive oxygen species-mediated upregulation of CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein in human renal cancer cells

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) has differentiated the effects on apoptosis in normal and cancer cells. The mechanisms that account for the opposite effects on these cells are not adequately understood. In this study, we investigated the combined effect of melatonin and thapsigargin (TG) on apoptosis of renal cancer cells. Cotreatment with melatonin (1mm) and TG (50nm) induced approximately 10-fold expression levels of CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins homologous protein (CHOP) compared with that of TG (50nm) alone. Downregulation of CHOP expression using small interfering RNAs markedly attenuated melatonin plus TG-mediated apoptosis. In addition, cotreatment with TG- and melatonin-induced CHOP upregulation likely relates to melatonin's antioxidant capacity because we proved that this CHOP upregulation is melatonin receptor independent. Our results collectively demonstrate that the upregulation of CHOP contributes to the enhancing effect of melatonin plus TG on apoptosis in cancer cells.

Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in malformations of cortical development

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to evaluate phospholipid metabolism in patients with malformations of cortical development (MCDs).

METHODS

Thirty-seven patients with MCDs and 31 control subjects were studied using three-dimensional phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS) at 3.0 T. The voxels in the lesions and in the frontoparietal cortex of the control subjects were compared (the effective volumes were 12.5 cm(3)). Robust quantification methods were applied to fit the time-domain data to the following resonances: phosphoethanolamine (PE); phosphocholine (PC); inorganic phosphate (Pi); glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE); glycerophosphocholine (GPC); phosphocreatine (PCr); and α-, β-, and γ-adenosine triphosphate (ATP). We also estimated the total ATP (ATP(t) = α-+β-+γ-ATP), phosphodiesters (PDE = GPC+GPE), phosphomonoesters (PME = PE+PC), and the PME/PDE, PCr/ATP(t) and PCr/Pi ratios. The magnesium (Mg(2+)) levels and pH values were calculated based on PCr, Pi, and β-ATP chemical shifts.

KEY FINDINGS

Compared to controls and assuming that a p-value < 0.05 indicates statistical significance, the patients with MCDs exhibited significantly lower pH values and higher Mg(2+) levels. In addition, the patients with MCDs had lower GPC and PDE and an increased PME/PDE ratio.

SIGNIFICANCE

Mg(2+) and pH are important in the regulation of bioenergetics and are involved in many electrical activity pathways in the brain. Our data support the idea that neurometabolic impairments occur during seizure onset and propagation. The GPC, PDE, and PME/PDE abnormalities also demonstrate that there are membrane turnover disturbances in patients with MCDs.

Secular trends in adult male smoking from 1992 to 2006 in South Korea: age-specific changes with evolving tobacco-control policies

OBJECTIVES

For years, South Korea has had one of the highest levels of tobacco use among males in the world, but a steady decline has been observed recently. This study examined how the smoking behaviour of male adults changed with age after the implementation of national tobacco control policies in 1995.

STUDY DESIGN

Repeated cross-sectional study using a national survey.

METHODS

Data were obtained from the 1992, 1995, 1999, 2003 and 2006 results of a repeated cross-sectional survey, the Social Statistics Survey. The smoking status of adult men was compared before (1992 and 1995 surveys) and after (1999, 2003 and 2006 surveys) the implementation of government-directed tobacco control policies using graphical methods and logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

After the implementation of tobacco control policies, the percentage of current male smokers decreased while the percentage of former smokers increased markedly. Smoking prevalence among older men (aged 50 years or more) reduced initially, and this decline was more pronounced after the tobacco control policies were implemented. Smoking prevalence in younger men (aged 30-49 years) declined in 2003 when more comprehensive tobacco control policies were implemented.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that comprehensive tobacco control policies in South Korea reduced smoking prevalence among males, initially among older men and later among both older men and younger men.

Disease modifying and antiangiogenic activity of 2-methoxyestradiol in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis

Background

A critical component of disease progression in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) involves neovascularization associated with pannus formation. 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) is a naturally occurring molecule with no known physiologic function, although at pharmacologic concentrations it has antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities. We investigated the impact of orally administered 2ME2 on the initiation and development of proliferative synovitis using the anti-collagen monoclonal antibodies (CAIA) model.

Methods

Severe polyarticular arthritis was induced in Balb/c female mice by administration of 2 mg of a monoclonal antibody cocktail intravenously into the tail vein of mice. Twenty-four hours following monoclonal antibody administration, mice were injected with 25 μg of LPS (E. coli strain 0111:B4) via the intraperitoneal route. Treatment with 2ME2 (100, 75, 50, 25, 10, 1 mg/kg, p.o., daily), or vehicle control began 24 hrs following LPS challenge and continued to day 21. Hind limbs were harvested, sectioned and evaluated for DMARD activity and general histopathology by histomorphometric analysis and immunohistochemistry (vWF staining). In a separate study, different dosing regimens of 2ME2 (100 mg/kg; q.d. vs q.w. vs q.w. × 2) were evaluated. The effect of treatment with 2ME2 on gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and angiogenic growth factors in the joint space was evaluated 5 and 14 days after the induction of arthritis.

Results

Mice treated with 2ME2 beginning 24 hours post anti-collagen monoclonal antibody injection, showed a dose-dependent inhibition in mean arthritic scores. At study termination (day 21), blinded histomorphometric assessments of sectioned hind limbs demonstrated decreases in synovial inflammation, articular cartilage degradation, pannus formation, osteoclast activity and bone resorption. At the maximal efficacious dosing regimen (100 mg/kg/day), administration of 2ME2 resulted in total inhibition of the study parameters and prevented neovascularization into the joint. Examination of gene expression on dissected hind limbs from mice treated for 5 or 14 days with 2ME2 showed inhibition of inflammatory cytokine message for IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17, as well as the angiogenic cytokines, VEGF and FGF-2.

Conclusion

These data demonstrate that in the CAIA mouse model of RA, 2ME2 has disease modifying activity that is at least partially attributable to the inhibition of neovascular development. Further, the data suggests new mechanistic points of intervention for 2ME2 in RA, specifically inhibition of inflammatory mediators and osteoclast activity.

Development of a magnetic Single Cell Micro Array

Experiments using single cells are valuable for revealing individual cell behaviour, which is of interest to many biomedical researchers. In such experiments, various types of devices capable of aligning cells into organized arrays are often used. In this paper, we present a novel Single Cell Micro Array device that makes use of magnetic forces. Prototypes of this device have been fabricated, and successfully tested using Jurkat cells that have been labelled with nano-magnetic particles. Experimental results show that the prototypes are effective on capturing and placing the labelled cells in an array.

Design of a continuous passive and active motion device for hand rehabilitation

This paper presents the design of a novel, portable device for hand rehabilitation. The device provides for CPM (continuous passive motion) and CAM (continuous active motion) hand rehabilitation for patients recovering from damage such as flexor tendon repair and strokes. The device is capable of flexing/extending the MCP (metacarpophalangeal) and PIP (proximal interphalangeal) joints through a range of motion of 0 degrees to 90 degrees for both the joints independently. In this way, typical hand rehabilitation motions such as intrinsic plus, intrinsic minus, and a fist can be achieved without the need of any splints or attachments. The CPM mode is broken into two subgroups. The first mode is the use of preset waypoints for the device to cycle through. The second mode involves motion from a starting position to a final position, but senses the torque from the user during the cycle. Therefore the user can control the ROM by resisting when they are at the end of the desired motion. During the CPM modes the device utilizes a minimum jerk trajectory model under PD control, moving smoothly and accurately between preselected positions. CAM is the final mode where the device will actively resist the movement of the user. The user moves from a start to end position while the device produces a torque to resist the motion. This active resistance motion is a unique ability designed to mimic the benefits of a human therapist. Another unique feature of the device is its ability to independently act on both the MCP and PIP joints. The feedback sensing built into the device makes it capable of offering a wide and flexible range of rehabilitation programs for the hand.

A feasibility study for measuring accurate tendon displacements using an audio-based Fourier analysis of pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasound signals

The accuracy of Pulsed-Wave Doppler Ultrasound displacement measurements of a slow moving "tendon-like" string was investigated in this study. This was accomplished by estimating string displacements using an audio-based Fourier analysis of a Pulsed-Wave Doppler signal from a commercial ultrasound scanner. Our feasibility study showed that the proposed technique is much more accurate at estimating the actual string displacement in comparison to the scanner's onboard software. Furthermore, this study also shows that a real-time Doppler data acquisition from an ultrasound scanner is possible for the ultimate purpose of real-time biological tendon displacement monitoring.

In vitrometabolism of eupatilin by multiple cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes

Eupatilin, a pharmacologically active flavone derived from Artemisia plants, is extensively metabolized to eupatilin glucuronide, 4-O-desmethyleupatilin and 4-O-desmethyleupatilin glucuronide in human liver microsomes. This study characterized the human liver cytochrome P450 (CYP) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes responsible for the metabolism of eupatilin. The specific CYPs responsible for O-demethylation of eupatilin to the major metabolite, 4-O-desmethyleupatilin were identified using a combination of correlation analysis, immuno-inhibition, chemical inhibition in human liver microsomes and metabolism by human cDNA-expressed CYP enzymes. UGT enzymes involved in the eupatilin glucuronidation were identified using pooled human liver microsomes and human cDNA-expressed UGT enzymes. Eupatilin was predominantly metabolized by CYP1A2 and, to a lesser extent, CYP2C8 mediated O-demethylation of eupatilin to 4-O-desmethyleupatilin. Eupatilin glucuronidation was catalysed by UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A7, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT1A10.

Effect of electrolyzed water for reduction of foodborne pathogens on lettuce and spinach

The ability of electrolyzed water (EW) to inactivate foodborne pathogens on the surfaces of lettuce and spinach was investigated. Lettuce and spinach leaves were inoculated with a cocktail of 3 strains each of Escherichia col O157:H7, Salmnonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes and treated with acidic electrolyzed water (AC-EW), alkaline electrolyzed water (AK-EW), alkaline electrolyzed water followed by acidic electrolyzed water (sequential treatment, AK-EW + AC-EW), deionized water followed by acidic electrolyzed water (sequential treatment, DW + AC-EW), and deionized water (control, DW) for 15, 30 s, and 1, 3, and 5 min at room temperature (22 +/- 2 degrees C). For all 3 pathogens, the same pattern of microbial reduction on lettuce and spinach were apparent. The relative efficacy of reduction was AC-EW > DW + AC-EW approximately = AK-EW + AC-EW > AK-EW > control. After a 3-min treatment of AC-EW, the 3 tested pathogens were reduced below the detection limit (0.7 log). DW + AC-EW and AK-EW + AC-EW produced the same levels of reduction after 5 min when compared to the control. AK-EW did not reduce levels of pathogens even after a 5-min treatment on lettuce and spinach. Results suggest that AC-EW treatment was able to significantly reduce populations of the 3 tested pathogens from the surfaces of lettuce and spinach with increasing time of exposure.

Ultrasound mediated transdermal insulin delivery in pigs using a lightweight transducer

PURPOSE

In previous studies, ultrasound mediated transdermal drug delivery has shown a promising potential as a method for noninvasive drug administration. For prospective future human application, this study was designed to determine the feasibility of lightweight cymbal transducer array as a practical device for noninvasive transdermal insulin delivery in large pigs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Six Yorkshire pigs (100-140 lbs) were divided into two groups. As the control (n = 3), the first group did not receive any ultrasound exposure with the insulin. The second group (n = 3) was treated with ultrasound and insulin at 20 kHz with an I(sptp) = 100 mW/cm(2) at a 20% duty cycle for 60 min. With the pigs in lateral recumbency after anesthesia, the ultrasound transducer with insulin was placed on the axillary area of the pig. At the beginning and every 15 min up to 90 min, the blood glucose level was determined using a glucose monitoring system. To compare the results of individual animals, the change of blood glucose level was normalized to each animal's initial glucose value at the start of the experiment.

RESULTS

Although each animal had a different initial glucose level, the mean and standard error for the six animals was 146 +/- 13 mg/dl. For the control group, the blood glucose level increased to 31 +/- 21 mg/dl compared to the initial baseline over the 90 min experiment. However for the ultrasound with insulin treated group, the glucose level decreased to -72 +/- 5 mg/dl at 60 min (p < 0.05) and continued to decrease to -91 +/- 23 mg/dl in 90 min (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The results indicate the feasibility of ultrasound mediated transdermal insulin delivery using the cymbal transducer array in animal with a similar size and weight to a human. Based on these result, the cymbal array has potential as a practical ultrasound system for noninvasive transdermal insulin delivery for diabetes management.

Encapsulation of protein nanoparticles into uniform-sized microspheres formed in a spinning oil film

A new spinning oil film (SOF) solid-in-oil-in-oil emulsion process was developed to produce uniform-sized protein-loaded biodegradable microspheres. A thin SOF on a cylindrical rotor was used to shear droplets from a nozzle tip to control droplet size. The resulting microspheres with low polydispersity (6%) produced a low burst (6%-11%) release even at high loadings (13%-18% encapsulated solids, 8%-12% protein). The SOF process had a high yield and did not require the presence of water, which can cause protein denaturation, or surfactants, which may be unwanted in the final product. Amorphous protein and crystalline excipient solids were encapsulated into 3 different polymers, giving a homogenous drug distribution throughout the microspheres, and an essentially complete protein encapsulation efficiency (average = 99%). In contrast, large burst release was observed for polydisperse microspheres produced by a conventional emulsification technique, particularly for microspheres smaller than 25 mum in diameter, which gave 93% burst at 15% loading. The uniform encapsulation of high loadings of proteins into microspheres with low polydispersity in an anhydrous process is of practical interest in the development of controlled-release protein therapeutics.

Antibacterial and antifungal activity of pinosylvin, a constituent of pine

The antibacterial and antifungal activities of pinosylvin (3,5-dihydroxy-trans-stilbene), a constituent of pine, were studied and compared with those of resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene). Pinosylvin exhibited more potent growth inhibitory activity against Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.