Role of LncMALAT1-miR-141-3p/200a-3p-NRXN1 Axis in the Impairment of Learning and Memory Capacity in ADHD

As a prevalent neurodevelopmental disease, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) impairs the learning and memory capacity, and so far, there has been no available treatment option for long-term efficacy. Alterations in gene regulation and synapse-related proteins influence learning and memory capacity; nevertheless, the regulatory mechanism of synapse-related protein synthesis is still unclear in ADHD. LncRNAs have been found participating in regulating genes in multiple disorders. For instance, lncRNA Metastasis Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 (MALAT1) has an essential regulatory function in numerous psychiatric diseases. However, how MALAT1 influences synapse-related protein synthesis in ADHD remains largely unknown. Here, our study found that MALAT1 decreased in the hippocampus tissue of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) compared to the standard controls, Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. Subsequent experiments revealed that MALAT1 enhanced the expression of neurexin 1 (NRXN1), which promoted the synapse-related genes (SYN1, PSD95, and GAP43) expression. Then, the bioinformatic analyses predicted that miR-141-3p and miR-200a-3p, microRNAs belonging to miR-200 family and sharing same seed sequence, could interact with MALAT1 and NRXN1 mRNA, which were further confirmed by luciferase report assays. Finally, rescue experiments indicated that MALAT1 influenced the expression of NRXN1 by sponging miR-141-3p/200a-3p. All data verified our hypothesis that MALAT1 regulated synapse-related proteins (SYN1, PSD95, and GAP43) through the MALAT1-miR-141-3p/200a-3p-NRXN1 axis in ADHD. Our research underscored a novel role of MALAT1 in the pathogenesis of impaired learning and memory capacity in ADHD and may shed more light on developing diagnostic biomarkers and more effective therapeutic interventions for individuals with ADHD.

Refining the TNM M1 Subcategory for De Novo Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

To refine oligometastatic disease (OMD) and construct M1 categories for de novo metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (dmNPC) MATERIALS/METHODS: We included 504 patients who received chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy between 2010-2019 from two centers (training and validation cohort). Multivariable analyses were used to evaluate the prognostic value of OMD and metastatic organs, which were then used to construct M1 categories RESULTS: The median follow-up for the training and validation cohorts were 46 and 57 months, respectively. OMD (≤ 2 metastatic organs and ≤ 5 metastatic lesions) had the highest C-index compared to the other models in both cohorts. Multivariable analyses, in which both OMD and liver metastases did not coexist, revealed that OMD (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.110 and 1.598) and liver metastases (HR = 1.572 and 1.452) were prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) in both cohorts. Based on OMD and liver metastases, patients with dmNPC were divided into M1a (OMD without liver metastases) and M1b (OMD with liver metastases or polymetastatic disease). The 3-year OS of the M1a patients was better than that of the M1b patients in both cohorts (both p < 0.001). In the anti-PD1 mAb and chemotherapy cohorts, patients with M1ahad a significantly better median progression-free survival than those with M1b (p < 0.001) CONCLUSION: OMD with ≤ 2 metastatic organs and ≤ 5 metastatic lesions is an appropriate definition for dmNPC. M1 subcategories constructed based on OMD and liver metastases improved prognostic evaluation for patients with dmNPC who received chemotherapy or antiPD1 mAb treatment.

CircRNA-02191 regulating unsaturated fatty acid synthesis by adsorbing miR-145 to enhance CD36 expression in bovine mammary gland

CD36 functions as a receptor for long-chain fatty acids, promoting the absorption and transport of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids. However, the regulatory influence of upstream circRNAs or miRNAs on its expression in cow mammary gland remains unclear. Herein, we performed high-throughput sequencing to screen for differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs in bovine mammary tissue during the late-lactation and the dry period to screen and conducted bioinformatics analysis to identify 420 miRNA/mRNA pairs, including miR-145/CD36. Experimental results indicate that miR-145 can directly target CD36 and inhibit its expression. Additionally, the circRNA-02191 sequence is predicted to contain a miR-145 binding site. As shown by dual luciferase reporter system detection, circRNA-02191 bound to miR-145 and its overexpression significantly reduced the expression of miR-145. Furthermore, the overexpression of miR-145 inhibited triglyceride accumulation, while circRNA-02191 enhanced the expression of the miR-145 target gene CD36. The above results indicate that circRNA-02191 can regulate triglyceride and fatty acid components by binding miR-145 and subsequently alleviating the inhibitory effect of miR-145 on the expression of CD36. Taken together, these findings present a novel approach to improve milk quality by analyzing the regulatory effect and mechanism regulating the circ02191/miR-145/CD36 pathway on fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland of dairy cows.

Isolation, identification, molecular typing, and drug resistance of Escherichia coli from infected cattle and sheep in Xinjiang, China

BACKGROUND

Escherichia coli infections are common in Xinjiang, a major region of cattle and sheep breeding in China. Therefore, strategies are required to control E. coli. The aim of this study was to investigate the phylogenetic groups, virulence genes, and antibiotic resistance characteristics of E. coli isolates.

METHODS

In this study, 116 tissue samples were collected from the organs of cattle and sheep that were suspected of having E. coli infections between 2015 and 2019. Bacteria in the samples were identified using a biochemical identification system and amplification of 16S rRNA, and the phylogenetic groupings of E. coli isolates were determined by multiplex polymerase chain reactions. In addition, PCR detection and analysis of virulence factors, antibiotic resistance genes, and drug-resistant phenotypes of E. coli isolates were performed.

RESULTS

A total of 116 pathogenic E. coli strains belonging to seven phylogenetic groups were isolated, with the majority of isolates in groups A and B1. Among the virulence genes, curli-encoding crl had the highest detection rate of 97.4%, followed by hemolysin-encoding hlyE with the detection rate of 94.82%. Antimicrobial susceptibility test results indicated that the isolates had the highest rates of resistance against streptomycin (81.9%).

CONCLUSION

These characteristics complicate the prevention and treatment of E. coli-related diseases in Xinjiang.

Isolation, Identification, and Genetic Phylogenetic Analysis of Two Different Genotypes of Bovine Parainfluenza 3 Virus in China

Bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV3) is one of several viruses that contribute to bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). During this study, isolation of BPIV3 was attempted from 20 PCR-positive swabs by Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells. Nine samples showed obvious cytopathic lesions identified as BPIV3 by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing. The genomes of isolates XJ21032-1 and XJ20055-3 were sequenced using Illumina sequencing technology and determined to have lengths of 15,512 bp and 15,479 bp, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that isolate XJ21032-1 was genotype B, and isolate XJ20055-3 was genotype C. In addition, the two isolates had multiple amino acid changes in nucleocapsid protein, fusion protein, and hemagglutinin/neuraminidase, major antigenic proteins. This allows the further recognition of the presence of BPIV3 type B in Chinese cattle herds. We hope this will help trace the origin of BPIV3, improve the understanding of differences between genotypes, and provide data support for vaccine development.

Seasonal Differences in Fecal Microbial Community Structure and Metabolism of House-Feeding Chinese Merino Fine-Wool Sheep

The digestive tract microorganisms play a very important role in the host's nutrient intake, environmental suitability, and affect the host's physiological mechanism. Previous studies showed that in different seasons, mammalian gut microbes would be different. However, most of them are concentrated in wild animals. It remains unclear how seasonal change affects the gut microbes of Chinese merino fine-wool Sheep. Therefore, in this experiment, we continuously collected blood and feces samples of 50 Chinese merino fine-wool sheep in different seasons, measured the physiological indicators of blood, and passed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, determined the microbial community structure of fecal microorganisms and predicted flora function by PICRUSt. The results of blood physiological indicators showed that WBC, Neu and Bas in spring were significantly higher than those of other seasons. Fecal microbial sequencing revealed seasonal changes in gut microbial diversity and richness. Among them, Chinese merino fine-wool sheep had the highest gut microbes in summer. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla, and they were unaffected by seasonal fluctuations. LEfSE analysis was used to analyze representative microorganisms in different seasons. The Lachnospiraceae and its genera (Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group, g_unclassified_f_ Lachnospiraceae) were representative microorganisms in the three seasons of spring, summer and winter with harsh environmental conditions; while in autumn with better environmental conditions, the Ruminococcaceae and its genus (Ruminococcaceae_UCG-009 and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005) were the representative microorganism. In autumn, the ABC transporter and the pyruvate metabolic pathway were significantly higher than other seasons. Correlation analysis results showed that Lachnospiraceae participated in the ABC transporters metabolic pathway, which caused changes in the blood physiological indicators. Overall, our results showed that, in response to seasonal changes, Chinese merino fine-wool sheep under house-feeding have adjusted their own gut microbial community structure, causing changes in the metabolism, and thus changing the physiological conditions of the blood. In the cold season, producers should focus on regulating the nutritional level of feed, enhancing the level of butyric acid in young animals to increase the ABC transporter, resist the external harsh environment, and improve the survival rate.

Generation and evaluation of IgY-scFv based mimetics against canine parvovirus

Antibody mimetics may be used for various biomedical applications, especially those for which conventional antibodies are ineffective. In this study, we developed a smaller molecular chicken IgY mimetic peptide (IgY-peptide) based on the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of the anti-canine parvovirus (CPV) IgY-scFv prepared previously. The mimetic peptide showed no cross-reactivity with canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine coronavirus (CCV) and showed excellent protective properties for Crandell-Rees Feline Kidney (CRFK) cells against CPV. This study is the first attempt to develop a mimetic IgY-peptide and demonstrates the ease and feasibility in generating such a novel antibody-like functional molecule for biomedical purposes.

Canine Parvovirus is diagnosed and neutralized by chicken IgY-scFv generated against the virus capsid protein

Canine parvovirus (CPV) can cause acute and highly contagious bloody enteritis in dog. To obtain antibodies against CPV, hens were immunized with virus-like particles (VLP) of CPV-VP2. The IgY single chain fragment variables (scFv) were generated by T7 phage display system and expressed in E. coli system. The titer of the primary scFv library reached to 1.5 × 106 pfu/mL, and 95% of the phages contained the target fragments. The CPV-VLP and CPV-VP2 protein showed similar reaction values to the purified scFv in the ELISA test, and the results of ELISA analysis using IgY-scFv toward CPV clinical samples were consistent with commercial immunochromatographic assay (ICA) and PCR detection, the scFv did not show cross reactivity with canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine coronavirus (CCV). IgY-scFv was successfully expressed in CRFK cells, and in the virus suppression assay, 55% of CPV infections were eliminated within 24 h. Docking results demonstrated that the number of amino acids of the binding sides between scFv and VP2 were AA37 and AA40, respectively. This study revealed the feasibility of a novel functional antibody fragment development strategy by generating diversified avian IgY-scFv libraries towards the pathogenic target of interest for both detection and therapeutic purposes in veterinary medicine.

[Characteristics and dynamics of HIV-1 subtype distribution among injected drug users in Guangzhou, 2008 - 2015]

Objective: To understand the characteristics and dynamics of individuals with HIV-1 subtype infection among injected drug users (HIV infection IDU) in Guangzhou between 2008 and 2015. Methods: HIV-1 RNAs were extracted from serum samples of the individuals that were newly diagnosed with HIV-1 infection among IDUs living in Guangzhou, between 2008 and 2015. The Pol gene segments of HIV-1 genome from these RNA samples were amplified by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (Nested-PCR) and sequenced. Subsequently, phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using both pol sequences of samples and references before the subtype of HIV-1 was determined. Distributions of HIV-1 subtypes detected in IDUs with different demographic characteristics in different years were compared. Results: A total of 437 pol gene segments were successfully obtained from 517 serum samples of HIV infection IDUs. The average age of 437 HIV infected IDUs was 37.37 years with standard deviation as 8.17 years. 51.5% (225/437) of the HIV infected IDU that registered residence were not in Guangdong. The Guangxi Registered residents were accounted for 54.2% (122/225). Proportion of subtype CRF07_BC (46.5%) appeared the highest, followed by CRF01_AE (24.3%), CRF08_BC (23.3%) and other subtypes (5.9%). The annual proportions of subtype CRF07_BC (trend χ(2)=19.703, P=0.006) and CRF08_BC (trend χ(2)=25.718, P=0.001) were significantly different. The proportion of subtype CRF07_BC decreased from 56.9% to 34.2% (trend χ(2)=15.139, P=0.000), while the proportion of CRF08_BC increased from 11.8% to 37.0% (trend χ(2)=22.577, P=0.000). The proportion of CRF08_BC was significantly higher in the HIV infected IDUs with Guangxi residence (Monte Carlo simulation of exact probability P=0.000, 99%CI: 0.000-0.000). Conclusions: CRF07_BC, CRF01_ AE and CRF08_BC were the predominant HIV-1 subtypes while multiple subtypes were co-circulated among the HIV infected IDUs in Guangzhou, between 2008 and 2015. Behavioral intervention set for HIV infected IDUs with Guangxi residence should be strengthened in Guangzhou.

[Clinical analysis of seven cases with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 in children]

Objective: To investigate the clinical, imaging and molecular characteristics of primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) in children and to sum up existing evidence for further understanding the phenotype-genotype correlation of infantile PH1. Methods: This retrospective analysis was based on the medical records of children with PH1 diagnosed by gene test in the Department of Nephrology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center from June 2016 to May 2019. Targeted exome sequencing was performed on tubular disease-related genes of the probands and Sanger sequencing was conducted to validate suspected pathogenic variants of family members. Logistic regression analysis of NC and CCr was adopted to show the relation between NC and renal function. The literature review was conducted, and the clinical, imaging and molecular biogenetic characteristics of the disease were analyzed and summarized. Results: A total of 7 children from 6 families were enrolled. The median age of onset was 5 months. The median age of diagnosis was 8 months. Five cases had progressed to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), one case had chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 1, and the other one had CKD stage 2. Four cases died, one case maintained on hemodialysis, and the other two non-dialysis cases were followed up. Among the 7 cases, 4 patients had infantile PH1, 1 patient had child and adolescent type, 1 patient had family type and the other one had unknown classification. There were two siblings (the younger brother had uremia and the sister had normal renal function) who had the delayed diagnosis for 5 and 3 years respectively. All patients in this cohort had proteinuria and microscopic hematuria, but no patients had gross hematuria. Three cases had hypercalciuria. Comprehensive diagnostic imaging evaluation include CT scan, MR scan, radiography and ultrasound led to the diagnosis of nephrocalcinosis (NC) in 5 cases, including 4 cases of simple NL and 1 case of NC with nephrolithiasis (NL), 1 case of multiple NL and 1 case of microcrystal deposition in renal medulla. However, only one case of NC was identified by ultrasound, the other 4 cases of NC were identified by radiograph examination. In the logistic regression analysis involving NC and creatinine clearnce rate (CCr), the results showed that NC was an independent risk factor for renal dysfunction (OR 2.5, 95%CI 0.7-1.2, P<0.05). All the 7 cases had AGXT gene variant, including homozygous variant in 4 cases and compound heterozygous variant in 3 cases. A total of 9 variant genotypes were found, and exon 6 variants were found in 4 children. Among them, there were 3 cases with c.679_680delAA. To our knowledge, both c.679_680delAA and c.190A>T in the cohort have not been reported previously. Conclusions: Infantile PH1 is the most common type of PH1 in children, which progresses rapidly or even begins with renal failure, with poor prognosis. It is also highly heterogeneous in phenotype and genotype. NC is an independent risk factor leading to renal failure. Radiograph examination showed high specificity for the diagnosis of NC. At present, the misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis of PH1 are still common in China. It is of great significance to carry out quantitative determination of uric oxalate in order to reduce the misdiagnosis rate and enhance follow-up technologies for evaluating the therapeutic effect.

HIV-1 genotype is independently associated with immunodeficiency progression among Chinese men who have sex with men: an observational cohort study

OBJECTIVES

HIV-1 genetic diversity is increasing among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China, but the association of HIV-1 genotype with disease progression remains to be elucidated.

METHODS

We collected data in an observational longitudinal cohort study of 860 HIV-1-infected MSM in Guangzhou, China between January 2008 and March 2017. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard model were used to predict the time from HIV-1 diagnosis to immunodeficiency progression (CD4 cell count < 200 cells/μl) as well as adjusted hazard ratio (aHR).

RESULTS

CRF01_AE and HIV-1 subtype B infection were associated with higher percentage of patients progressed to immunodeficiency and higher incidence of immunodeficiency than infection with CRF07_BC or CRF55_01B. Compared with CRF07_BC, the time from HIV-1 diagnosis to immunodeficiency were different among the major HIV-1 genotypes, which ranked as follows, in descending order: CRF07_BC (7.03 years) > CRF55_01B (5.71 years, P = 0.014; aHR 3.752, P = 0.0923) > CRF01_AE (5.18 years, P < 0.001; aHR 4.733, P = 0.0152). HIV-1 genotype, viral load and baseline CD4 T-cell count were three independent variables associated with disease progression.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results confirm differential rates of immunodeficiency progression as a function of HIV-1 genotype. The impact of HIV-1 genotype on HIV epidemics, patient management and prevention should be further investigated.

[Characteristic analysis among MSM-users of the "Online HIV Acquisition Risk Assessment System" in Guangzhou]

Objective: To analyze the characteristics of levels related to the risk through self-evaluation system, among MSM users in Guangzhou, between 2015 and 2017. Methods: Between 2015 and 2017, data was collected from the users of a self-evaluation system network related to HIV infection, based on the previous 'HIV health risk appraisal model'. Information on risk factors was collected to calculate the scores and levels of risks and to estimate the incidence of HIV. Taking the reference of R value on risks as (R=0.9-1.1) in general population. The ones with very low risk, with low risk, moderate risk, high risk and very high risk were set as R≤0.5, 0.5<R≤0.9, 0.9<R≤1.1, 1.1< R≤2.0 and R>2.0, respectively. The scores of modifiable risk factors were compared with different subgroups of MSM. Results: A total of 4 601 MSM were involved in this study, with the following features presented as: aged 16-64 (28.38±7.11) years, proportions of residence from Guangzhou, Guangdong province or other provinces as 38.6%(1 776/4 601)、35.4%(1 629/4 601) and 26.0%(1 197/4 601), 59.6%(2 742/4 601) received bachelor or above degrees. 81.3%(3 741/4 601) of them claimed as having homosexual orientation. R values of risk level on very low risk, low risk level, moderate risk, high risk and very high risk appeared as 12.9%(594/4 601), 50.9%(2 342/4 601), 17.0%(783/4 601), 14.8%(682/4 601) and 4.3%(200/4 601), respectively. Scores of modifiable risk factors decreased year by year (P<0.05), among MSM in this study. In either of the groups that experiencing insertive or receptive sex, the ones with heterosexual orientation presented the highest scores of modifiable risk factors (P<0.05). Conclusions: The risk levels on HIV infections called for special attention among the users of the self-evaluation network system. Among the MSM that carrying either insertive or receptive sex role, the ones with heterosexual orientation had the highest risk levels and scores of modifiable risk factors in Guangzhou. Further study should be explored to better understand the causes of related risks.

[Status quo and characteristic analysis among MSM-users of the "Internet Plus-based AIDS Comprehensive Prevention Service System" in Guangzhou]

Objective: To analyze the characteristics of the "Interner Plus-based AIDS Comprehensive Prevention Service System" among MSM who frequently using the Internet in Guangzhou. Methods: An online survey was conducted among MSM who were recruited through gay-website portals between August and September, 2018 in Guangzhou, to collect information regarding the use of and attitudes on the "Interner Plus-based AIDS Comprehensive Prevention Service System" . Logistic regression was used to explore the association between the use of Internet intervention tools and related behavioral characteristics. Information on the awareness of AIDS, HIV testing, and condomless anal sex behavior were compared between the core or non-core services users. Results: A total of 777 Internet-based MSM were recruited as participants including 638 men (82.1%) as core service users. MSM were satisfied in using the the "Interner Plus-based AIDS Comprehensive Prevention Service System" while more than 80.0% of the users felt that the tools were helpful in: increasing the HIV awareness, promoting test uptake, and reducing those related risk behavior. Comparing with those who did not use the tools, the users showed higher rates in practising condomless anal intercourse (1.50-1.86 times), commercial sex with men (11.60-21.21 times), and unprotected vaginal intercourse (13.62-20.67 times), in the last 6 months. Proportions of core service users appeared as: [96.6% vs. 74.8%, aOR (95%CI): 8.80 (4.85-15.97)] on HIV testing, [56.4% vs. 22.3%, aOR (95%CI): 4.54 (2.94-7.02)] on regular HIV testing and [86.2% vs. 80.6%, aOR (95%CI): 1.75 (1.06-2.89)] on awareness of HIV knowledge respectively, which were all significantly higher than the non-core service users. Conclusions: The frequent Internet using MSM in Guangzhou claimed to have had high acceptance and satisfaction on the local Internet HIV intervention service tools. The "Internet Plus-based AIDS Comprehensive Prevention Service System" had effectively reached the high-risk subgroups of MSM, increasing the awareness on related risk and promoting testing on HIV.

[Effect and mechanism of PCSK9 on lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 mediated oxidized low-density lipoprotein uptake by THP-1 derived macrophages]

Objective: To investigate the effect and mechanism of proprotein convertase subtilisin type 9 (PCSK9) on lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) mediated oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) uptake by mononuclear macrophage (THP-1) derived macrophages. Methods: THP-1 monocyte was incubated with PMA for 48 hours to induce the differentiation into macrophages. Macrophages were pretreated with human recombinant PCSK9 protein for 1 hour and incubated with ox-LDL for 24 hours to induce foam cells. Oil red O staining was used to observe the accumulation of lipid in the control group (foam cells) and groups treated with different concentrations of recombinant PCSK9 protein, and the intracellular cholesterol content was measured by enzyme method, and mRNA and protein expressions of LOX-1 were detected by real-time PCR and Western blot. The uptake of Dil-labeled oxidized low density lipoprotein (Dil-ox-LDL) was observed by fluorescence microscopy in control group (macrophage), PCSK9 protein treated group and PCSK9 protein plus anti-LOX-1 antibody and IgG antibody treated group. mRNA and protein expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were detected in control and PCSK9 protein treated group in the absence and presence of TLR4 inhibitor (TAK-242), NF-κB inhibitor (PDTC). In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was evaluated in the absence or presence of COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398) or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase inhibitor (DPI). The mRNA and protein expression of LOX-1 in the control group (PCSK9 protein pretreated foam cells) and PCSK9 protein group in the absence or presence of TAK-242, PDTC, NS-398 and DPI respectively. Results: (1) The total optical density of intracellular lipid droplets, total cholesterol level, cholesterol ester level and cholesterol ester/total cholesterol ratio as well as expression of LOX-1 were significantly higher in PCSK9 group than those in control group (all P<0.05). (2) The fluorescence intensity of Dil-ox-LDL was significantly higher in PCSK9 group and PCSK9+IgG antibody group than in the control group (all P<0.05). The fluorescence intensity was significantly lower in PCSK9+anti-LOX-1 antibody group than in PCSK9 group and PCSK9+IgG antibody group (all P<0.05). (3) The expressions of TLR4, NF-κB and COX-2 were significantly higher in PCSK9 group than in control group (all P<0.05). The expressions of TLR4, NF-κB and COX-2 were significantly lower in PCSK9+TAK-242 group and PCSK9+PDTC group than in PCSK9 group (all P<0.05). The ROS level was significantly higher in PCSK9 group than in the control group (P<0.05). The ROS levels were significantly lower in PCSK9+NS-398 and PCSK9+DPI groups than in PCSK9 group (all P<0.05). (4) The expressions of LOX-1 mRNA and protein were lower in respective PCSK9 protein plus TAK-242, PDTC, NS-398 or DPI group than in PCSK9 protein alone (all P<0.05). Conclusion: PCSK9 may regulate LOX-1 mediated ox-LDL uptake by the THP-1 derived macrophage via TLR4/NF-κB/COX-2/ROS pathway.

Genome sequence analysis reveals potential for virulence genes and multi-drug resistance in an Enterococcus faecalis 2A (XJ05) strain that causes lamb encephalitis

Background

Enterococcus is an important component of normal flora in human and animals, but in recent years, the pathogenicity of Enterococcus has been confirmed in clinical medicine. More and more animal infections have been reported in veterinary clinics. For the last decades, outbreaks of encephalitis in lambs have become much more common in Northern Xinjiang, China. Consequent studies have confirmed that these affected lambs had been commonly infected with E. faecalis. More than 60 E. faecalis were isolated from the brain of infected lambs, A highly virulent strain entitled E. faecalis 2A (XJ05) were selected, sequenced and analyzed.

Result

Using whole genome sequence and de novo assembly, 18 contigs with NGS and annotation were obtained. It is confirmed that the genome has a size of 2.9 Mb containing 2783 protein-coding genes, as well as 54 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes. Some key features of this strain were identified, which included 7 predicted antibiotic resistance genes and 18 candidate virulence factor genes.

Conclusion

The E. faecalis 2A (XJ05) genome is conspicuous smaller than E.faecalis V583, but not significantly different from other non-pathogenic E. faecalis. It carried 7 resistance genes including 4 kind of antibiotics which were consistent with the results of extensive drug resistance phenotypic, including aminoglycoside, macrolide, phenicol, and tetracycline. 2A (XJ05) also carried 18 new virulence factor genes related to virulence, hemolysin genes (cylA, cylB, cylM, cylL) may play an important role in lamb encephalitis by E. faecalis 2A (XJ05).

Characteristics and Follow-Up of 13 pedigrees with Gitelman syndrome

CONTEXT

Gitelman syndrome (GS) is clinically heterogeneous. The genotype and phenotype correlation has not been well established. Though the long-term prognosis is considered to be favorable, hypokalemia is difficult to cure.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the clinical and genetic characteristics and treatment of all members of 13 GS pedigrees.

METHODS

Thirteen pedigrees (86 members, 17 GS patients) were enrolled. Symptoms and management, laboratory findings, and genotype-phenotype associations among all the members were analyzed.

RESULTS

The average ages at onset and diagnosis were 27.6 ± 10.2 years and 37.9 ± 11.6 years, respectively. Males were an average of 10 years younger and exhibited more profound hypokalemia than females. Eighteen mutations were detected. Two novel mutations (p.W939X, p.G212S) were predicted to be pathogenic by bioinformatic analysis. GS patients exhibited the lowest blood pressure, serum K⁺, Mg²⁺, and 24-h urinary Ca²⁺ levels. Although blood pressure, serum K⁺ and Mg²⁺ levels were normal in heterozygous carriers, 24-h urinary Na⁺ excretion was significantly increased. During follow-up, only 41.2% of patients reached a normal serum K⁺ level. Over 80% of patients achieved a normal Mg²⁺ level. Patients were taking 2-3 medications at higher doses than usual prescription to stabilize their K⁺ levels. Six patients were taking spironolactone simultaneously, but no significant elevation in the serum K⁺ level was observed.

CONCLUSION

The phenotypic variability of GS and therapeutic strategies deserve further research to improve GS diagnosis and prognosis. Even heterozygous carriers exhibited increased 24-h Na⁺ urine excretion, which may make them more susceptible to diuretic-induced hypokalemia.

Acupuncture for patients with chronic functional constipation: A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Acupuncture is used to treat chronic functional constipation (CFC) in China, despite limited evidence. We aim to assess the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture in managing CFC.

METHODS

A multicenter randomized controlled trial was performed involving 684 patients with CFC; the patients were randomly allocated to receive He acupuncture (n = 172), Shu-mu acupuncture (n = 171), He-shu-mu acupuncture (n = 171), or oral administration of mosapride (n = 170). Sixteen sessions of acupuncture were given in the treatment duration of 4 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in spontaneous bowel movements (SBMs) at week 4 (at the end of treatment) compared to baseline. The secondary outcomes included stool consistency (Bristol scale), the degree of straining during defecation, and adverse events.

KEY RESULTS

The SBMs increased in all the four groups at week 4, and the magnitude of increase was equivalent in the four groups (He acupuncture, 2.7 [95% CI, 2.3-3.1]; Shu-mu acupuncture, 2.7 [95% CI, 2.3-3.0]; He-shu-mu acupuncture, 2.2 [95% CI, 1.9-2.5]; and mosapride, 2.4 [95% CI, 2.0-2.9]; P = .226). However, the change in SBMs at week 8 was significantly smaller in mosapride group (1.4 [95% CI, 1.0-1.8]) than the three acupuncture groups (2.4 [95% CI, 2.1-2.7], 2.3 [95% CI, 1.9-2.7], 2.1 [95% CI, 1.7-2.5] in He, Shu-mu, and He-shu-mu group, respectively, P = .005).

CONCLUSIONS & INTERFERENCES

The three acupuncture treatments were as effective as mosapride in improving stool frequency and stool consistency in CFC, but the magnitude of the treatment effect is unknown due to the lack of sham acupuncture control.

Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus from pigs with diarrhoea in Hebei province, China

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a recently identified coronavirus in the genus Deltacoronavirus that can cause enteric disease with clinical signs including diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration and mortality in neonatal piglets. Although evidence of the prevalence of PDCoV in China is accumulating, little published information about Chinese PDCoV isolates is available. In this study, we investigated the presence of PDCoV in 49 faecal/intestinal samples from piglets with diarrhoea on different farms in Hebei province. Five samples (10.2%) were positive for PDCoV, but no coinfection of PDCoV with other enteropathogens was observed. A PDCoV strain named HB-BD was successfully isolated from the intestinal contents of a diarrhoeic piglet and serially propagated in swine testicular (ST) cells for >40 passages. The complete genome of the HB-BD strain was sequenced and analysed. Genomic analysis showed that the HB-BD strain had a closer relationship with Chinese strains than those from other countries and was grouped within the Chinese PDCoV cluster. The results of this study will be valuable for further research of PDCoV genetic evolution and development of effective diagnostic reagents, assays and potential vaccines against newly emerged PDCoV strains.

[Predictors of rush popper use among 825 men who have sex with men in education in Guangdong Province]

Objective: To explore prevalence and predictors of the use of Rush poppers among men who have sex with men in education in Guangdong Province. Methods: An internet survey was conducted via a gay website from March to August 2014 and a sample of 833 male respondents over 16 years who had ever had anal sex with a male, studied in Guangdong Province and who had completed an online questionnaire was identified- of which 93.4% (n=825) provided valid responses and were included in the study. Respondents provided information on their socio-demographic characteristics, HIV testing history, sexual activity in last 3 months, Rush poppers use and time since first sexual encounter with a male. We used the Chi-squared test and multivariate logistic regression modeling to identify the predictors of Rush poppers use in this population group. Results: Among our sample of 825 MSM, whose ages ranged from 21-27 years, 14.8% (n=122) reported having used Rush poppers in the past 3 months. Rates of use were higher among those who had ever been tested for HIV (16.7% vs. 10.9%, χ²=4.80, P=0.028), had anal intercourse in the last 3 months (16.8% vs. 10.7%, χ²=5.48, P=0.019), had multiple sexual partners in the past 3 months (19.3% vs. 13.1%, χ²=5.14, P=0.023), had a casual partner (18.0% vs. 12.1%, χ²=5.68, P= 0.017) or had a sexually transmitted infection (23.4% vs. 14.0%, χ²=4.85, P=0.028). Those who reported having had their first sexual encounter with another male over 5 years prior had higher rates of use (18.0%) than for those who had been sexually active ≤1 year (10.7%) or 2-4 years (12.5%, χ²=6.41, P=0.041). HIV testing (OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.07-2.70), having a casual partner (OR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.12-2.50) and being sexually active with other males for over 5 years (OR: 1.87, 95%CI: 1.05-3.31) were significantly associated with Rush poppers use. Conclusion: A large proportion of student MSM in Guangdong Province used Rush poppers. Proxy measures of sexual activity such as HIV testing, recent casual sexual encounters and duration of sexual activity were associated with their use.

[Application of " Internet Plus" AIDS prevention services among men who have sex with men in Guangzhou, China: results from 2010 to 2015]

Objective: To introduce the development strategy of " Internet Plus" AIDS prevention services and its implementation results from 2010 to 2015 in Guangzhou, China. Methods: A gay men's health column was created for an active website aimed at men who have sex with men(MSM), in collaboration with local community organizations and the Guangzhou CDC. We designed intervention tools(including scenario-based applications and HIV risk self-assessment systems)and an online HIV testing service platform, integrated with applied psychology and behavioral theory as well as the " Internet Plus" concept, to intervene in HIV infection risk factors among MSM. Data of clients who accessed the " Internet Plus" AIDS services from 2010 to 2015 were used to evaluate service operation. Six-year consecutive surveys, conducted between April and July of each service year, were collected using a national AIDS sentinel surveillance questionnaire. For each year of surveillance, information on HIV prevalence, HIV interventions received during the past year, unprotected anal intercourse in the past 6 months, and HIV testing in the past year were compared using the chi-squared(χ²)test, to roughly reflect the effect of"Internet Plus" AIDS prevention services. Results: As of 31 December 2015, a total of 34 395 MSM had received " Internet Plus" services and HIV testing. The number of MSM tested increased from 2 338 in 2010 to 8 054 in 2015. From 2010 to 2015, newly identified HIV cases in each year were 59, 166, 312, 283, 291, and 270, which accounted for 25.0%, 32.8%, 38.8%, 35.1%, 30.5%, and 23.2% of MSM HIV cases of Guangzhou, respectively. Sentinel surveillance data showed that during the study period, 3 047 MSM were investigated, with 405, 400, 401, 633, 608, and 600 each year, respectively. The proportion of participants who had received any HIV intervention during the past year was 74.3%(301), 70.8%(283), 83.3%(334), 85.0%(538), 69.1%(420), and 83.8%(503)each year, respectively(trend χ²=6.53, P=0.011). HIV testing done during the past year accounted for 44.0%(178), 44.3%(177), 49.4%(198), 53.4%(338), 56.1%(341), and 60.2%(361)each year, respectively(trend χ²=40.83, P<0.001). Unprotected anal intercourse in the past 6 months accounted for 59.3%(240), 62.0%(248), 56.6%(227), 57.0%(361), 48.4%(294), and 43.7%(262)each year, respectively(trend χ²=42.21, P<0.001). Conclusion: The"Internet Plus"AIDS prevention services in this study represent a manner to enhance traditional HIV prevention strategies. We found these services to be effective in implementation of the national AIDS control and prevention strategy, especially for the expansion of intervention, testing, and case identification among high-risk populations.

Acceptability and feasibility of a social entrepreneurship testing model to promote HIV self-testing and linkage to care among men who have sex with men

OBJECTIVES

HIV self-testing (HIVST) offers an opportunity to increase HIV testing among people not reached by facility-based services. However, the promotion of HIVST is limited as a consequence of insufficient community engagement. We built a social entrepreneurship testing (SET) model to promote HIVST linkage to care among Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM) in Guangzhou.

METHODS

The SET model includes a few key steps. Each participant first completed an online survey, and paid a US$23 (refundable) deposit to receive an HIVST kit and a syphilis self-testing (SST) kit. After the testing, the results were sent to the platform by the participants and interpreted by Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) staff. Meanwhile, the deposit was returned to each participant. Finally, the Community based organizations (CBO) contacted the participants to provide counselling services, confirmation testing and linkage to care.

RESULTS

During April-June 2015, a total of 198 MSM completed a preliminary survey and purchased self-testing kits. The majority were aged < 34 years (84.4%) and met partners online (93.1%). In addition, 68.9% of participants had ever been tested for HIV, and 19.5% had ever performed HIVST. Overall, feedback was received from 192 participants (97.0%). Of these participants, 14 people did not use the kits; among those who did use the kits, the HIV and syphilis prevalences were 4.5% (eight of 178) and 3.7% (six of 178), respectively. All of the screened HIV-positive individuals sought further confirmation testing and were linked to care.

CONCLUSIONS

Using an online SET model to promote HIV and syphilis self-testing among Chinese MSM is acceptable and feasible, and this model adds a new testing platform to the current testing service system.

Combined PCR and Q-RT-PCR technique for detecting chimerism in a non-human Primate vascularized osteomyocutaneous allografts model

Face transplantation and other composite tissue transplantation (CTA) are permissive to transplantation tolerance. The real reason, that composite tissue containing bone achieves transplantation immune tolerance more easily than the composite tissue without the bone is not clear. The chimerism may be the main mechanism in the progress of inducing the transplantation tolerance by CTA. We currently have established a non-human Primate Vascularized Osteomyocutaneous Allografts Model. To test the chimerism which comes from donor after the transplantation, we developed a method which combined reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) technique using primers specific for Macaca fascicularis sex determination region on the Y chromosome (SRY) gene. With the method, we estimated the level of the chimerism.

Enhancement of two photon absorption properties and intersystem crossing by charge transfer in pentaaryl boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivatives

Indication of charge transfer and an intersystem crossing mechanism for the B4 compound by using ultrafast pump probe spectroscopy.

Synergistic killing of human small cell lung cancer cells by the Bcl-2-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor disruptor BIRD-2 and the BH3-mimetic ABT-263

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has an annual mortality approaching that of breast and prostate cancer. Although sensitive to initial chemotherapy, SCLC rapidly develops resistance, leading to less effective second-line therapies. SCLC cells often overexpress Bcl-2, which protects cells from apoptosis both by sequestering pro-apoptotic family members and by modulating inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)-mediated calcium signaling. BH3-mimetic agents such as ABT-263 disrupt the former activity but have limited activity in SCLC patients. Here we report for the first time that Bcl-2-IP3 receptor disruptor-2 (BIRD-2), a decoy peptide that binds to the BH4 domain of Bcl-2 and prevents Bcl-2 interaction with IP3Rs, induces cell death in a wide range of SCLC lines, including ABT-263-resistant lines. BIRD-2-induced death of SCLC cells appears to be a form of caspase-independent apoptosis mediated by calpain activation. By targeting different regions of the Bcl-2 protein and different mechanisms of action, BIRD-2 and ABT-263 induce cell death synergistically. Based on these findings, we propose that targeting the Bcl-2-IP3R interaction be pursued as a novel therapeutic strategy for SCLC, either by developing BIRD-2 itself as a therapeutic agent or by developing small-molecule inhibitors that mimic BIRD-2.

Mechanism of motilin-mediated inhibition on voltage-dependent potassium currents in hippocampal neurons

OBJECTIVE

The effects of motilin on voltage-dependent K+ currents in hippocampal neurons with the addition of L-arginine (L-AA), D-arginine (D-AA) and N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) were investigated in this study.

METHODS

Mice (1-3 days old) were randomly assigned to different groups according to the addition of motilin, L-AA, D-AA, and L-NAME. The K+ current signals were detected by the whole-cell patch-clamp technique.

RESULTS

Compared with the control group, the transient outward voltage-dependent K+ current was significantly inhibited by motilin added with L-AA. In contrast, the addition of motilin and L-NAME significantly increased the K+ current, while no significant change was detected by the addition of motilin accompanied with D-AA.

CONCLUSION

The inhibiting effects of motilin on the voltage-dependent K+ current in hippocampal neurons indicate that motilin acts as a regulatory factor for the nitric oxide pathway.

Helicobacter pylori infection predicts favorable outcome in patients with gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

Recent studies have suggested a controversial role of Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric cancer prognosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential impact of H. pylori status on the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer in a Chinese prospective cohort.

METHODS

Between 2007 and 2009, 261 patients with curatively resected gastric cancer were enrolled in the study. H. pylori status was defined by means of immunohistochemical staining in tumour and non-neoplastic tissues. Treatment prognosis was measured in terms of cancer-specific survival and disease-free survival (dfs). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to assess the association between H. pylori status and patient prognosis.

RESULTS

Positivity for H. pylori infection was observed in 188 of the 261 patients (72.0%). In patients positive for H. pylori, mean cancer-specific survival was 55.2 months [95% confidence interval (ci): 53.4 to 56.9 months] and mean dfs was 53.9 months (95% ci: 51.8 to 56.0 months); the same survivals were, respectively, 45.1 months (95% ci: 42.2 to 47.9 months) and 43.7 months (95% ci: 40.4 to 47.0 months) in patients negative for H. pylori. In univariate analysis, positive H. pylori status was associated with better cancer-specific survival [hazard ratio (hr): 0.486; 95% ci: 0.271 to 0.870; p = 0.015] and dfs (hr: 0.540; 95% ci: 0.307 to 0.950; p = 0.033). In multivariate analysis, H. pylori was an independent prognostic factor for cancer-specific survival (hr: 0.485; 95% ci: 0.265 to 0.889; p = 0.019).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study demonstrates that positive H. pylori status is a beneficial prognostic indicator in patients with gastric cancer and might suggest possible therapeutic approaches for gastric cancer. Further research is required to better understand inflammation mechanisms and cancer progression.

Sex determination of bovine preimplantation embryos by oligonucleotide microarray

The aim has been to set up a rapid and accurate microarray assay using sandwich mode for sex determination of bovine preimplantation embryos. Twelve sequence-specific oligonucleotide capture probes used to discriminate 12 samples were spotted onto the aldehyde-modified glass slides by Arrayer. The 2 recognition probes used to identify coding regions of the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome gene (SRY) and β-casein (CSN2) reference gene were coupled with biotin. The assay was optimized by using genomic DNA extracted from blood samples of known sex individuals. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the fragments in the HMG box region of SRY gene and CSN2 gene with sequence-specific primers. The sex of samples was identified by detecting both the SRY and CSN2 genes simultaneously in 2 reaction cells of microarrays, with the male having SRY and CSN2 signals and the female only CSN2. The sex of 20 bovine preimplantation embryos was determined by oligonucleotide microarray. The protocol was run with a blind test that showed a 100% (82/82) specificity and accuracy in sexing of leukocytes. The bovine embryos were transferred into 20 bovine recipients, with a pregnant rate of 40% (8/20). Three calves were born at term, and 5 fetuses were miscarried. Their sexes were fully in accordance with the embryonic sex predetermination predicted by oligonucleotide microarray. This suggests that the oligonucleotide microarray method of SRY gene analysis can be used in early sex prediction of bovine embryos in breeding programs.

Genetic typing and epidemiologic observation of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Western China

Whole blood samples (472) were collected during the period of 2006-2008 from 15 cattle farms in seven districts of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, which is a major pastoral area and represents 1/6 of Chinese territory. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was detected by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay (RT-nPCR) and sequenced within the 5'-untranslated region of the genome. Approximately 43% (202 samples) were BVDV-positive. Of the positive samples, 24 were chosen for further sequencing, sequence comparisons, and phylogenetic reconstructions. The phylogenetic reconstructions demonstrated that these isolates clustered into either BVDV1b (18 samples) or BVDV1c (six samples) subgenotypes. None of the isolates sequenced showed any cytopathic effect in culture. Unlike previously published studies in Chinese cattle, no BVDV2 genotypes were detected. These results indicate that the predominant subgenotypes in Xinjiang are BVDV1b and BVDV1c. This finding can be useful for further BVDV epidemiological study in China.

Inhibitory effects of rosiglitazone on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in a murine model and HK-2 cells

BACKGROUND

Inflammation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of kidney disease. Agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), such as rosiglitazone, have been recently demonstrated to regulate inflammation by modulating the production of inflammatory mediators. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of rosiglitazone on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced kidney inflammation and to explore the mechanism of its renoprotection.

METHODS

Mice were treated with LPS with or without pretreatment with rosiglitazone. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine levels, the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, macrophage infiltration, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression, PPAR-γ expression, and NF-κB and PPAR-γ activity were investigated. HK-2 cells were maintained under defined in vitro conditions, treated with either rosiglitazone and/or the PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662, and then stimulated with LPS. MCP-1, IL-8, IL-6, NF-κB activity and PPAR-γ expression were investigated.

RESULTS

Compared to the LPS only group, pretreatment with rosiglitazone in vivo significantly attenuated the BUN levels macrophage infiltration, MCP-1 overexpression and NF-κB activity (p < 0.05). Rosiglitazone also restored PPAR-γ expression and protein activity, which were reduced significantly in the LPS only group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, in the LPS-stimulated HK-2 cells, rosiglitazone downregulated MCP-1, IL-8 and IL-6 expression as well as NF-κB activation and increased PPAR-γ expression (p < 0.05). These effects were diminished by GW9662.

CONCLUSION

These results showed that pretreatment with rosiglitazone could attenuate kidney inflammation through the activation of PPAR-γ, suppression of MCP-1 overproduction and NF-κB activation. Rosiglitazone had a protective effect via a PPAR-γ-dependent pathway in LPS-treated HK-2 cells.

Characterization of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes and immune responses to SARS coronavirus spike DNA vaccine expressing the RGD-integrin-binding motif

Integrins are critical for initiating T‐cell activation events. The integrin‐binding motif Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) was incorporated into the pcDNA 3.1 mammalian expression vector expressing the codon‐optimized extracellular domain of SARS coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) spike protein, and tested by immunizing C57BL/6 mice. Significant cell‐mediated immune responses were characterized by cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte ⁵¹Cr release assay and interferon‐gamma secretion ELISPOT assay against RMA‐S target cells presenting predicted MHC class I H2‐Kb epitopes, including those spanning residues 884–891 and 1116–1123 within the S2 subunit of SARS‐CoV spike protein. DNA vaccines incorporating the Spike‐RGD/His motif or the Spike‐His construct generated robust cell‐mediated immune responses. Moreover, the Spike‐His DNA vaccine construct generated a significant antibody response. Immunization with these DNA vaccine constructs elicited significant cellular and humoral immune responses. Additional T‐cell epitopes within the SARS‐CoV spike protein that may contribute to cell‐mediated immunity in vivo were also identified. J. Med. Virol. 81:1131–1139, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.