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Kelly-Cirino CD, Nkengasong J, Kettler H, Tongio I, Gay-Andrieu F, Escadafal C, Piot P, Peeling RW, Gadde R, Boehme C. Importance of diagnostics in epidemic and pandemic preparedness. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001179. [PMID: 30815287 PMCID: PMC6362765 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostics are fundamental for successful outbreak containment. In this supplement, ‘Diagnostic preparedness for WHO Blueprint pathogens’, we describe specific diagnostic challenges presented by selected priority pathogens most likely to cause future epidemics. Some challenges to diagnostic preparedness are common to all outbreak situations, as highlighted by recent outbreaks of Ebola, Zika and yellow fever. In this article, we review these overarching challenges and explore potential solutions. Challenges include fragmented and unreliable funding pathways, limited access to specimens and reagents, inadequate diagnostic testing capacity at both national and community levels of healthcare and lack of incentives for companies to develop and manufacture diagnostics for priority pathogens during non-outbreak periods. Addressing these challenges in an efficient and effective way will require multiple stakeholders—public and private—coordinated in implementing a holistic approach to diagnostics preparedness. All require strengthening of healthcare system diagnostic capacity (including surveillance and education of healthcare workers), establishment of sustainable financing and market strategies and integration of diagnostics with existing mechanisms. Identifying overlaps in diagnostic development needs across different priority pathogens would allow more timely and cost-effective use of resources than a pathogen by pathogen approach; target product profiles for diagnostics should be refined accordingly. We recommend the establishment of a global forum to bring together representatives from all key stakeholders required for the response to develop a coordinated implementation plan. In addition, we should explore if and how existing mechanisms to address challenges to the vaccines sector, such as Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations and Gavi, could be expanded to cover diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Nkengasong
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hannah Kettler
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | | | - Peter Piot
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Renuka Gadde
- Becton Dickinson (BD), Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, USA
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Lim MD, Brooker SJ, Belizario VY, Gay-Andrieu F, Gilleard J, Levecke B, van Lieshout L, Medley GF, Mekonnen Z, Mirams G, Njenga SM, Odiere MR, Rudge JW, Stuyver L, Vercruysse J, Vlaminck J, Walson JL. Diagnostic tools for soil-transmitted helminths control and elimination programs: A pathway for diagnostic product development. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006213. [PMID: 29494581 PMCID: PMC5832200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Lim
- Global Health Division, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Simon J. Brooker
- Global Health Division, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, United States of America
| | | | | | - John Gilleard
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lisette van Lieshout
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Graham F. Medley
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Maurice R. Odiere
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - James W. Rudge
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Johnny Vlaminck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Judd L. Walson
- Departments of Global Health, Medicine (Infectious Disease), Pediatrics and Epidemiology, University of Washington, United States of America
- Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
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Gay-Andrieu F, Magassouba N, Picot V, Phillips CL, Peyrefitte CN, Dacosta B, Doré A, Kourouma F, Ligeon-Ligeonnet V, Gauby C, Longuet C, Scullion M, Faye O, Machuron JL, Miller M. Clinical evaluation of the BioFire FilmArray ® BioThreat-E test for the diagnosis of Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea. J Clin Virol 2017; 92:20-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Gallais F, Gay-Andrieu F, Picot V, Magassouba N, Mély S, Peyrefitte CN, Bellanger L. Validation sur le terrain du nouveau test de diagnostic rapide Ebola eZYSCREEN®. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 110:38-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s13149-016-0540-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Textoris J, Yugueros-Marcos J, Gay-Andrieu F. Editorial Commentary: Toward New Tools to Assess Rare Invasive Fungal Diseases in Critically Ill Patients. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:1318-1319. [PMID: 27535949 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Textoris
- EA7426, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, bioMérieux S.A.; "Pathophysiology of injury-induced immunosuppression (PI3)".,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Burn ICU, Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Hôpital E. Herriot, Lyon
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Abstract
The search for new antifungal drugs and cell targets continues. During the discovery process, mechanism-of-action (MOA) studies are critical to the continued progress of the compound through the pipeline. There are many approaches that can be utilized in understanding the MOA. One of these approaches is a genetic screen utilizing the availability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant libraries. Both null and heterozygous library mutants covering the entire genome of this model yeast are available. The desired phenotype when screening the new compound is either resistance (null mutants) or haploinsufficiency or loss of fitness (heterozygote mutants). Both types of mutants can be clustered by software into common targets that provide clues as to a pathway or other cell process. Below, methods are described for genetic screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Gay-Andrieu
- Department of Pathology, GU-MedStar Hospital, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Deepu Alex
- Department of Pathology, GU-MedStar Hospital, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Richard Calderone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA
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Magassouba N, Gay-Andrieu F, Picot V, Peyrefitte C, Dacosta B, Bedin F, Doré A, Kourouma F, Machuron JL, Longuet C, Phillips C, Scullion M, Miller M. Clinical Performance of the Filmarray Biothreat-E Test for Diagnosing Ebola Virus Disease in “Alternate” Specimen Types: Urine and Saliva. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv133.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Robert T, Talarmin JP, Leterrier M, Cassagnau E, Le Pape P, Danner-Boucher I, Malard O, Brocard A, Gay-Andrieu F, Miegeville M, Morio F. Phaeohyphomycosis due to Alternaria infectoria: a single-center experience with utility of PCR for diagnosis and species identification. Med Mycol 2012; 50:594-600. [PMID: 22404860 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2012.663508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The term phaeohyphomycosis refers to a rare group of fungal infections characterized by the presence of dark-walled hyphae or yeast-like cells in affected tissues. Herein, we report on the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of six cases of phaeohyphomycosis due to Alternaria spp. that occurred in our hospital over a 30-month period (from January 2008 to June 2010). Interestingly, whereas histopathological examinations were positive and fungal cultures yielded molds in all cases, mycological identification using conventional phenotypic methods was never possible despite prolonged incubation of the isolates. Identification of Alternaria infectoria species complex was obtained for each isolate by amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA). All patients had favourable outcomes following the introduction of azole-based antifungal therapy. This case series describes the clinical course of these six patients and highlights the utility of molecular identification to help in the identification of the etiologic agent when classical mycological methods have failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Robert
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, France
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Morio F, Pagniez F, Besse M, Gay-Andrieu F, Miegeville M, Le Pape P. Caractérisation des mécanismes moléculaires impliques dans la résistance d’isolats cliniques de Candida albicans aux antifongiques azoles. J Mycol Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2011.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Thierry G, Morio F, Le Pape P, Gay-Andrieu F, Barre O, Miegeville M. [Prevalence of Candida parapsilosis, C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis in candidemia over a 5-year period at Nantes hospital and in vitro susceptibility to three echinocandins by E-test®]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 59:52-6. [PMID: 20832195 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2010.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To determine the prevalence of C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis among candidemia at Nantes University Hospital and to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of the isolates against three echinocandin drugs (caspofungin, micafungin and anidulafungin). MATERIAL AND METHODS Retrospective study (march 2004 to july 2009) of 178 cases of candidemia corresponding to 183 Candida spp. strains identified by means of routine phenotypical methods. Re-identification of C. parapsilosis sensu lato isolates was performed by ITS rDNA sequencing analysis. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by E-test(®). All echinocandin non-susceptible isolates (MIC>2 μg/mL) were analyzed for the presence/absence of FKS1 mutations associated with resistance. RESULTS During this period, C. parapsilosis sensu lato was responsible for 27 candidemia, ranging at the second most common Candida species after C. albicans (n=99, 54.1%). Neither isolates belong to C. orthopsilosis nor C. metapsilosis. According to the literature, all the isolates displayed high MICs against the three echinocandin drugs. All the isolates displayed both susceptibility (MIC ≤ 2 μg/mL) and a good agreement between MICs read at 24h and 48 h for caspofungin and micafungin (MIC(50)=0.75 μg/mL, MIC(90)=1.5 μg/mL). Surprisingly, whereas most of the strains were susceptible to anidulafungin at 24h (MIC(50)=1 μg/mL, MIC(90)=1.5 μg/mL), 14 (52 %) displayed non-susceptibility, despite the lack of mutation associated with resistance on FKS1, when reading was performed at 48 h (MIC(50)=3 μg/mL, MIC(90)=12 μg/mL). CONCLUSION Prevalence of C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis in patients with candidemia is low at Nantes University Hospital. The difficulty encountered with MIC reading by E-test(®) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Thierry
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, 9, quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes cedex 01, France
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Gay-Andrieu F. [Delocalized meeting of the Société de pathologie exotique: "The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria: issues and challenges in Africa". 12-13 October 2009, Libreville, Gabon]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 103:123-9. [PMID: 20635461 DOI: 10.1007/s13149-009-0033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Gay-Andrieu
- CHU de Nantes, 9, quai Moncousu, F-44 093 Nantes cedex 01, France.
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Pineau S, Talarmin JP, Morio F, Grossi O, Boutoille D, Léauté F, Le Pape P, Gay-Andrieu F, Miegeville M, Raffi F. [Contribution of molecular biology and Aspergillus galactomannan antigen assay for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis]. Med Mal Infect 2009; 40:541-3. [PMID: 19945807 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of a pulmonary histoplasmosis in an HIV-positive patient usually living in Cambodia, with a positive Aspergillus galactomannan antigenemia resulting from a cross-reaction, that decreased after antifungal therapy. We discuss the potential interest of the detection of fungal DNA by PCR and Aspergillus galactomannan antigenemia for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis, especially in countries where Histoplasma capsulatum antigen testing is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pineau
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, 1 place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes cedex 1, France
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Gay-Andrieu F, Fricker-Hidalgo H, Sickinger E, Espern A, Brenier-Pinchart MP, Braun HB, Pelloux H. Comparative evaluation of the ARCHITECT Toxo IgG, IgM, and IgG Avidity assays for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies detection in pregnant women sera. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 65:279-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ajzenberg D, Yera H, Marty P, Paris L, Dalle F, Menotti J, Aubert D, Franck J, Bessières MH, Quinio D, Pelloux H, Delhaes L, Desbois N, Thulliez P, Robert-Gangneux F, Kauffmann-Lacroix C, Pujol S, Rabodonirina M, Bougnoux ME, Cuisenier B, Duhamel C, Duong TH, Filisetti D, Flori P, Gay-Andrieu F, Pratlong F, Nevez G, Totet A, Carme B, Bonnabau H, Dardé ML, Villena I. Genotype of 88 Toxoplasma gondii isolates associated with toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients and correlation with clinical findings. J Infect Dis 2009; 199:1155-67. [PMID: 19265484 DOI: 10.1086/597477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the genotyping analysis of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in samples collected from 88 immunocompromised patients, along with clinical and epidemiological data. Most of these samples were collected in France during the current decade by the Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center. Lack of specific anti-Toxoplasma treatment, pulmonary toxoplasmosis, and involvement of multiple organs were the 3 main risk factors associated with death for this patient group. Genotyping results with 6 microsatellite markers showed that type II isolates were predominant among patients who acquired toxoplasmic infection in Europe. Non-type II isolates included 13 different genotypes and were mainly collected from patients who acquired toxoplasmosis outside Europe. Type III was the second most common genotype recovered from patients, whereas type I was rare in our population. Three nonarchetypal genotypes were repeatedly recovered from different patients who acquired the infection in sub-Saharan Africa (genotypes Africa 1 and Africa 2) and in the French West Indies (genotype Caribbean 1). The distribution of genotypes (type II vs. non-type II) was not significantly different when patients were stratified by underlying cause of immunosuppression, site of infection, or outcome. We conclude that in immunocompromised patients, host factors are much more involved than parasite factors in patients' resistance or susceptibility to toxoplasmosis.
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Talarmin JP, Gay-Andrieu F, Malard O, Cassagnau E, Raffi F, Hamidou M. Phéohyphomycose nasale à Alternaria infectoria mimant une granulomatose de Wegener. Rev Med Interne 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2008.10.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Morio F, Treilhaud M, Lepelletier D, Le Pape P, Rigal JC, Delile L, Robert JP, Al Habash O, Miegeville M, Gay-Andrieu F. Aspergillus fumigatus endocarditis of the mitral valve in a heart transplant recipient: a case report. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 62:453-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sickinger E, Gay-Andrieu F, Jonas G, Schultess J, Stieler M, Smith D, Hausmann M, Stricker R, Stricker R, Dhein J, Braun HB. Performance characteristics of the new ARCHITECT Toxo IgG and Toxo IgG Avidity assays. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 62:235-44. [PMID: 18715735 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ARCHITECT Toxo IgG and IgG Avidity assays have been developed as a fully automated panel for immune status determination and acute infection exclusion. Resolved relative specificity and sensitivity of the ARCHITECT Toxo IgG assay were 99.6% (1359/1365) and 99.7% (1096/1099) as determined on pregnant females, blood donor, and diagnostic specimens. Seroconversion sensitivity of the ARCHITECT assay was comparable with the AxSYM Toxo IgG assay. The ARCHITECT Toxo IgG Avidity assay detected 100.0% (124/124) of acute phase specimens (<4 months after infection) as low avidity, whereas the Vidas Toxo IgG Avidity assay detected 98.9% (89/90) as low avidity. In summary, the ARCHITECT Toxo IgG assay, using recombinant antigens, showed excellent specificity and sensitivity for acute phase as well as past infection specimens. The ARCHITECT Toxoplasmosis panel can be reliably used to rule out acute Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Sickinger
- Abbott GmbH & Co. KG, Max-Planck-Ring 2, D-65205 Wiesbaden-Delkenheim, Germany.
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Lefort A, Mainardi J, Bretagne S, Podglajen I, Chevret L, Gay-Andrieu F, Treilhaud M. E-06 Endocardites aspergillaires à l’ère des nouveaux traitements antifongiques. Med Mal Infect 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(08)73108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lefort A, Mainardi JL, Bretagne S, Podglajen I, Chevret L, Gay-Andrieu F, Treilhaud M, Sidi D, Bougnoux ME, Dannaoui E, Dromer F, Lortholary O. Endocardites aspergillaires à l’ère des nouveaux traitements antifongiques. Rev Med Interne 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2008.03.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Guillouzouic A, Bemer P, Gay-Andrieu F, Bretonnière C, Lepelletier D, Mahé PJ, Villers D, Jarraud S, Reynaud A, Corvec S. Fatal coinfection with Legionella pneumophila serogroup 8 and Aspergillus fumigatus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 60:193-5. [PMID: 17945454 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is an important cause of community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia. We report on a patient who simultaneously developed L. pneumophila serogroup 8 pneumonia and Aspergillus fumigatus lung abscesses. Despite appropriate treatments, Aspergillus disease progressed with metastasis. Coinfections caused by L. pneumophila and A. fumigatus remain exceptional. In apparently immunocompetent patients, corticosteroid therapy is a key risk factor for aspergillosis.
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Espern A, Morio F, Miegeville M, Illa H, Abdoulaye M, Meyssonnier V, Adehossi E, Lejeune A, Cam PD, Besse B, Gay-Andrieu F. Molecular study of microsporidiosis due to Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients from two geographical areas: Niamey, Niger, and Hanoi, Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2999-3002. [PMID: 17634305 PMCID: PMC2045311 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00684-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidiosis cases due to Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis are emerging opportunistic infections associated with a wide range of clinical syndromes in humans. The aim of this study was to specify microsporidial epidemiology in two different geographical areas. From November 2004 to August 2005, 228 and 42 stool samples were collected in Niamey, Niger, and Hanoi, Vietnam, respectively. Screening for microsporidia was performed using UV-light microscopy. Detection was confirmed by molecular biology using two methods specific for E. bieneusi and E. intestinalis. All samples positive for E. bieneusi were subjected to genotyping. In this study, we found high prevalences of microsporidiosis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, 10.5% and 9.5%, respectively, in Niamey and Hanoi. These levels of prevalence are similar to those recorded in European countries before highly active antiretroviral therapy was introduced. In the samples positive for E. bieneusi, we found seven distinct genotypes, including two genotypes not previously described. The E. bieneusi genotype distributions in the two geographical areas suggest different routes of infection transmission, person-to-person in Niger and zoonotic in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Espern
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
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Ibrahim ML, Gay-Andrieu F, Adehossi E, Lacroix V, Randrianarivelojosia M, Duchemin JB. Field-based evidence for the linkage of pfcrt and pfdhfr drug-resistant malaria genotypes and clinical profiles of severe malaria in Niger. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:599-604. [PMID: 17409009 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance has been shown to increase malaria mortality and morbidity in both community- and hospital-based studies. We investigated the association between two Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance-related molecular markers and clinical profiles of severe malaria in children hospitalised in Niger. PCR-RFLP analysis showed that the codon 108 mutation of the pfdhfr gene was positively linked to severe malarial anaemia. These findings are consistent with persistent parasite infection leading to unbalanced anaemia in young children. No significant relationship was found between the molecular markers and hypoglycaemia or hyperparasitaemia. Conversely, the pfcrt T76 mutation was found to be negatively associated with cerebral malaria and neurological symptoms, such as convulsions and coma. These results have implications for the strain-specific virulence hypothesis and for parasite fitness and evolution. Our findings are discussed in regard to the local malaria transmission level.
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Pelloux H, Bessières MH, Chemla C, Cimon B, Gay-Andrieu F, Marty P, Rabodonirina M, Thulliez P. [Detection of anti-toxoplasma IgM in pregnant women]. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 2006; 64:95. [PMID: 16482678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
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Gay-Andrieu F, Adehossi E, Lacroix V, Gagara M, Ibrahim ML, Kourna H, Boureima H. Epidemiological, clinical and biological features of malaria among children in Niamey, Niger. Malar J 2005; 4:10. [PMID: 15703076 PMCID: PMC549526 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-4-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria takes a heavy toll in Niger, one of the world's poorest countries. Previous evaluations conducted in the context of the strategy for the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness, showed that 84% of severe malaria cases and 64 % of ordinary cases are not correctly managed. The aim of this survey was to describe epidemiological, clinical and biological features of malaria among <5 year-old children in the paediatric department of the National Hospital of Niamey, Niger's main referral hospital. Methods The study was performed in 2003 during the rainy season from July 25th to October 25th. Microscopic diagnosis of malaria, complete blood cell counts and measurement of glycaemia were performed in compliance with the routine procedure of the laboratory. Epidemiological data was collected through interviews with mothers. Results 256 children aged 3–60 months were included in the study. Anthropometrics and epidemiological data were typical of a very underprivileged population: 58% of the children were suffering from malnutrition and all were from poor families. Diagnosis of malaria was confirmed by microscopy in 52% of the cases. Clinical symptoms upon admission were non-specific, but there was a significant combination between a positive thick blood smear and neurological symptoms, and between a positive thick blood smear and splenomegaly. Thrombopaenia was also statistically more frequent among confirmed cases of malaria. The prevalence of severe malaria was 86%, including cases of severe anaemia among < 2 year-old children and neurological forms after 2 years of age. Overall mortality was 20% among confirmed cases and 21% among severe cases. Conclusions The study confirmed that malaria was a major burden for the National Hospital of Niamey. Children hospitalized for malaria had an underprivileged background. Two distinctive features were the prevalence of severe malaria and a high mortality rate. Medical and non-medical underlying factors which may explain such a situation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Adehossi
- Department of Internal Medicine, B3, National Hospital of Niamey, Niamey, Niger
| | - Véronique Lacroix
- Clinique Gamkalley, Niamey, Niger
- Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Moussa Gagara
- Department of Internal Medicine, B3, National Hospital of Niamey, Niamey, Niger
| | | | - Hama Kourna
- Department of Paediatrics B, National Hospital of Niamey, Niamey, Niger
| | - Hamadou Boureima
- Department of Paediatrics A, National Hospital of Niamey, Niamey, Niger
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Gay-Andrieu F, Marty P, Pialat J, Sournies G, Drier de Laforte T, Peyron F. Fetal toxoplasmosis and negative amniocentesis: necessity of an ultrasound follow-up. Prenat Diagn 2003; 23:558-60. [PMID: 12868082 DOI: 10.1002/pd.632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis relies on the PCR test on amniotic fluid and ultrasound follow-up of the fetus. We report two cases of toxoplasma infection during the first trimester of gestation with a discrepant diagnosis of fetal infection. PCR performed more than four weeks after the estimated date of contamination was negative. Ultrasound follow-up was normal up to the third trimester when major hydrocephalus was detected, leading to pregnancy termination. In both cases, post-mortem examination revealed a diffuse infection with severe brain lesions. These observations confirm the necessity to continue a monthly ultrasound follow-up, even if amniocentesis is negative, in case of fetal toxoplasma infection in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Gay-Andrieu
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Pathologie Exotique, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, 93 Grande Rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon Cedex 04, France
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Fatoohi AF, Cozon GJN, Wallon M, Kahi S, Gay-Andrieu F, Greenland T, Peyron F. Cellular immunity to Toxoplasma gondii in congenitally infected newborns and immunocompetent infected hosts. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 22:181-4. [PMID: 12649716 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-003-0903-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of anergy to Toxoplasma gondii in congenitally infected newborns and immunocompetent infected individuals. Specific anergy to Toxoplasma has been reported previously, especially in cases of congenital toxoplasmosis. Whole blood from 592 immunocompetent patients with suspected toxoplasmosis was cultured in the presence of soluble Toxoplasma antigen for 7 days. Activated T lymphocytes were detected by flow cytometry. In patients over 1 year of age, the percentage of soluble Toxoplasma antigen-stimulated T cells expressing the interleukin-2 receptor CD25 was higher in infected patients than in uninfected subjects (40.0+/-18.3% vs. 1.8+/-2.0%, P<0.0001). No differences were detected between seroconverters, i.e. those with recent rises in IgM and IgG antibodies, and those with acquired or congenital toxoplasmosis. Similar results were observed when congenitally infected ( n=38) and uninfected ( n=89) children under 1 year of age were compared (17.6+/-9.2% vs. 3.0+/-4.9%, P<0.0001). The sensitivity and specificity values of CD25 detection for diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis in infants were 95% and 89%, respectively, at a threshold value of 7% above control culture. The results show that specific cellular immunity is detectable in virtually all Toxoplasma-infected patients, including newborns. Detection of CD25 constitutes a simple, sensitive and specific test for diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Fatoohi
- E.A. 3087 Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Nord, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France
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Gay-Andrieu F, Cozon GJN, Ferrandiz J, Peyron F. Progesterone fails to modulate Toxoplasma gondii replication in the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Parasite Immunol 2002; 24:173-8. [PMID: 12010482 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2002.00451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell mediated immunity is very important for host defence against intracellular pathogens and many studies have shown the role of the production of nitric oxide (NO) by interferon (IFN)-gamma/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages. As the progesterone level increases during pregnancy in mammals, and as previous studies have shown that progesterone inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and NO production, we aimed to investigate whether progesterone might modulate intracellular replication of Toxoplasma gondii in macrophages. Our results showed that progesterone does not influence T. gondii replication in non-activated RAW 264.7 cells, and although progesterone inhibits NO production induced by IFN-gamma/LPS, we observed that it fails to restore the growth of T. gondii blocked by IFN-gamma/LPS. After discussing the reasons for this apparent discrepancy, we concluded that progesterone has no direct effect on the macrophage response. The real effect of the sex steroids in T. gondii infection and their implication in clinical toxoplasmosis therefore need to be investigated further to involve wider mechanisms of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Gay-Andrieu
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Pathologie Exotique, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France
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28
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Recommendations vary on the best combination of tests to use for the diagnosis of subclinical congenital toxoplasmosis at birth. The diagnostic accuracy of IgM and IgA tests was assessed in the context of routine clinical practice on 233 newborns with congenital toxoplasmosis and 661 healthy controls. IgM/IgA sensibility and specificity were compared in cord and postnatal samples. Both tests were considerably more specific in neonatal blood (IgM: 98%; IgA: 100%) than in cordblood (IgM: 85%; IgA: 88%). Sensitivity for IgM and IgA was not significantly different in neonatal blood (61% and 60%, respectively) and cord blood (67% and 54%, respectively). Combining IgM and IgA increased the overall sensitivity to 73% without any significant loss in specificity (98%). The influence of the date of maternal infection on the sensitivity and negative predictive value was also clearly demonstrated. CONCLUSION Because of their relatively low cost compared to more sophisticated methods, IgM and IgA tests should remain the main method for the routine diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis although follow up is essential to identify the Ca. 25% of infected children who are missed at birth on the basis of these tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wallon
- Service de Parasitologie, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France.
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Gay-Andrieu F, Cozon GJ, Ferrandiz J, Kahi S, Peyron F. Flow cytometric quantification of Toxoplasma gondii cellular infection and replication. J Parasitol 1999; 85:545-9. [PMID: 10386451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The invasion and replication of Toxoplasma gondii are usually analyzed through either optical microscopy or incorporation of tritiated uracil. A new method has been developed using flow cytometric analysis to examine the entry and replication of T. gondii RH strain in Saimiri brain endothelial cells. After cell fixation and permeabilization using saponin, intracellular T. gondii were labeled with a monoclonal antibody against T. gondii SAG-1 (P30; the major cell-surface antigen) followed by fluorescein-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse IgG. The percentage of infected cells obtained using flow cytometry correlated directly with that obtained by UV light microscopy (r = 0.97). The mean fluorescence intensity of infected cells reflects intracellular P30 and assesses intracellular replication. The distribution of fluorescence per infected cell, considered with the percentage of infected cells, also allows a qualitative analysis of replication. Such a method is rapid, easy, and does not require specialized equipment for radioactive labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gay-Andrieu
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Pathologie Exotique, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France
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Kahi S, Cozon GJ, Greenland T, Wallon M, Gay-Andrieu F, Peyron F. A rapid flow cytometric method to explore cellular immunity against Toxoplasma gondii in humans. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1998; 5:745-8. [PMID: 9801328 PMCID: PMC96195 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.5.6.745-748.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To assess cell-mediated immunity to Toxoplasma gondii, we evaluated the expression of the activation antigens CD69, CD71, and CD25 on T lymphocytes by flow cytometry after specific in vitro stimulation of whole blood from 127 T. gondii-positive and 63 T. gondii-negative patients. T lymphocytes from many seropositive individuals did not express CD69 at 24 h after T. gondii antigen stimulation, but CD71 and CD25 were easily detectable on T cells from seropositive individuals 7 days after specific activation. CD25 was mainly expressed by stimulated CD4(+) T cells, and its detection on total T cells was both a sensitive (98%) and a specific (97%) indicator of prior T. gondii infection. These results make flow cytometric detection of CD25 an excellent candidate for screening cell-mediated immunity to T. gondii in vitro and an interesting tool for the diagnosis of congenital infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/analysis
- Receptors, Transferrin
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Toxoplasma/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis, Congenital/diagnosis
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kahi
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, JE 1947, Lyon, France
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Cimon B, Marty P, Morin O, Bessières MH, Marx-Chemla C, Gay-Andrieu F, Thulliez P. Specificity of low anti-Toxoplasma IgG titers with IMx and AxSYM Toxo IgG assays. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 32:65-7. [PMID: 9791760 DOI: 10.1016/s0732-8893(98)00060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Low antibody titers (3 to 6 IU/mL) detected by IMx and AxSYM Toxo IgG assays in serum samples from 264 pregnant women were confirmed by the dye test and a high-sensitivity agglutination test in, respectively, 98.5% and 95.6% of cases, attesting a premunition of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cimon
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, France
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Wallon M, Caudie C, Rubio S, Bellini L, Girault V, Gay-Andrieu F, Peyron F. Value of cerebrospinal fluid cytochemical examination for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis at birth in France. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17:705-10. [PMID: 9726345 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-199808000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of routine screening and treatment of pregnant women for Toxoplasma infection in France, most neonates born to mothers who seroconverted during pregnancy are either not infected or asymptomatic. Early diagnosis relies mainly on radiologic, ophthalmologic and biologic tests. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytochemical evaluation is one of several tests performed in parallel to increase the overall sensitivity of the diagnostic evaluation. Our goal was to assess the value of cytochemical examination and to confirm whether using a portion of available CSF for this analysis is legitimate. METHODS The individual performance of each of the two cytochemical tests and their combined value when used in parallel were assessed. These findings were then compared with the anti-Toxoplasma IgM and IgA serum titers and the clinical, ophthalmologic and radiologic findings at birth. RESULTS CSF cytochemical analysis was possible in only 52% of the 233 children in the study. Our results in 112 children indicated poor sensitivity estimates. There was no significant change in the posttest probability of infection compared with the pretest estimation of risk in cases of a negative finding. After a mean follow-up of 80 months there was no evidence that CSF cytochemistry helped predict the risk of sequelae. CONCLUSION In our setting cytochemical examination did not significantly contribute to the diagnosis of congenital infection at birth. Because of the limited quantity of CSF available, we suggest the use of other methods with higher yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wallon
- Parasitology Department, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France.
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Robert C, Peyrol S, Pouvelle B, Gay-Andrieu F, Gysin J. Ultrastructural aspects of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocyte adherence to endothelial cells of Saimiri brain microvasculature. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996; 54:169-77. [PMID: 8619443 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1996.54.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that some squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) develop cerebral malaria when experimentally infected with asexual blood stage forms of different Plasmodium falciparum isolates. Since cerebral malaria is neither an inconsistent nor predictable event, several clones of endothelial cells isolated from the squirrel monkey brain microvasculature have been developed. Infected red blood cell (IRBC) adherence involved the knobs and direct membrane interactions through pseudopodes and microvilli on the Saimiri brain endothelial cell (SBEC) surface, similar to that observed with both brain microvascular endothelial cells from a patient who died of cerebral malaria and the rhesus monkey/P. coatneyi cerebral malaria model. The involvement of pseudopodes and microvilli increase the endothelial cell surface for the attachment of IRBCs; however, they are already present before the SBECs are exposed to IRBCs. With some SBEC phenotypes, embedding of IRBCs into the cytoplasma membrane of the endothelial cell was observed, resulting in an extremely close apposition of both SBEC and IRBC membranes during the adherence process. Once IRBCs are adherent, particularly for the embedding type, heterocellular communication-like structures between the cells become apparent. The upregulation of CD36 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 by soluble recombinant (sr)-tumor necrosis factor-alpha or sr-interferon-gamma did not modify the IRBC interactions with SBECs at the ultrastructural level. The study shows further that the observed differences of IRBC adherence are due to unidentified phenotypic differences of SBECs rather than to a parasite isolate or particular endothelial cell receptor-associated phenomenon. Exploring P. falciparum IRBC cytoadherence in the squirrel monkey using a homologous physiologic target cell model in vitro should be useful for the evaluation of vaccine strategies and drugs to prevent human cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Robert
- Unite de Parasitologie Experimentale, Institut Pasteur de Lyon, Lentilly, France
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