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Lilly J, Honkanen HH, Rodger JR, Del Villar D, Boylan P, Green A, Pereiro D, Wilkie L, Kennedy R, Barkley A, Rosell R, Maoiléidigh NÓ, O'Neill R, Waters C, Cotter D, Bailey D, Roche W, McGill R, Barry J, Beck SV, Henderson J, Parke D, Whoriskey FG, Shields B, Ramsden P, Walton S, Fletcher M, Whelan K, Bean CW, Elliott S, Bowman A, Adams CE. Migration patterns and navigation cues of Atlantic salmon post-smolts migrating from 12 rivers through the coastal zones around the Irish Sea. J Fish Biol 2024; 104:265-283. [PMID: 37843923 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater phase of the first seaward migration of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is relatively well understood when compared with our understanding of the marine phase of their migration. In 2021, 1008 wild and 60 ranched Atlantic salmon smolts were tagged with acoustic transmitters in 12 rivers in England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland. Large marine receiver arrays were deployed in the Irish Sea at two locations: at the transition of the Irish Sea into the North Atlantic between Ireland and Scotland, and between southern Scotland and Northern Ireland, to examine the early phase of the marine migration of Atlantic salmon smolts. After leaving their natal rivers' post-smolt migration through the Irish Sea was rapid with minimum speeds ranging from 14.03 to 38.56 km.day-1 for Atlantic salmon smolts that entered the Irish Sea directly from their natal river, to 9.69-39.94 km.day-1 for Atlantic salmon smolts that entered the Irish Sea directly from their natal estuary. Population minimum migration success through the study area was strongly correlated with the distance of travel, populations further away from the point of entry to the open North Atlantic exhibited lower migration success. Post-smolts from different populations experienced different water temperatures on entering the North Atlantic. This was largely driven by the timing of their migration and may have significant consequences for feeding and ultimately survivorship. The influence of water currents on post-smolt movement was investigated using data from previously constructed numerical hydrodynamic models. Modeled water current data in the northern Irish Sea showed that post-smolts had a strong preference for migrating when the current direction was at around 283° (west-north-west) but did not migrate when exposed to strong currents in other directions. This is the most favorable direction for onward passage from the Irish Sea to the continental shelf edge current, a known accumulation point for migrating post-smolts. These results strongly indicate that post-smolts migrating through the coastal marine environment are: (1) not simply migrating by current following (2) engage in active directional swimming (3) have an intrinsic sense of their migration direction and (4) can use cues other than water current direction to orientate during this part of their migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Lilly
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hannele H Honkanen
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jessica R Rodger
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Atlantic Salmon Trust, Perth, UK
| | | | - Patrick Boylan
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Amy Green
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert Rosell
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - David Bailey
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | - Samantha V Beck
- Galloway Fisheries Trust, Newton Stewart, UK
- Institute for Biodiversity and Freshwater Conservation, UHI Inverness, Inverness, UK
| | - Jim Henderson
- The Nith Catchment Fishery Trust and Nith District Salmon Fishery Board, Dumfries, UK
| | - Debbie Parke
- The Nith Catchment Fishery Trust and Nith District Salmon Fishery Board, Dumfries, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Colin W Bean
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- NatureScot, Clydebank Business Park, Clydebank, UK
| | - Sophie Elliott
- Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust, Salmon & Trout Research Centre, Wareham, UK
| | - Adrian Bowman
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Colin E Adams
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Cooke SJ, Lennox RJ, Brownscombe JW, Iverson SJ, Whoriskey FG, Millspaugh JJ, Hussey NE, Crossin GT, Godley BJ, Harcourt R. A case for restoring unity between biotelemetry and bio-logging to enhance animal tracking research. Facets (Ott) 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2020-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring animals with electronic tags is an increasingly important tool for fundamental and applied ecological research. Based on the size of the system under study, the ability to recapture the animal, and research medium (e.g., aerial, freshwater, saltwater, terrestrial), tags selected may either log data in memory (bio-logging), transmit it to a receiver or satellite (biotelemetry), or have a hybrid design. Over time, we perceive that user groups are diverging based on increasing use of technology specific terms, favouring either bio-logging or biotelemetry. It is crucial to ensure that a divide does not become entrenched in the community because it will likely hinder efforts to advance field and analytical methods and reduce accessibility of animal tracking with electronic tags to early-career and new researchers. We discuss the context for this emerging problem and the evidence that this is manifesting within the scientific community. Finally, we suggest how the animal tracking community may work to address this issue to maximize the benefits of information transfer and integration between users of the two technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Robert J. Lennox
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jacob W. Brownscombe
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Sara J. Iverson
- Ocean Tracking Network, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada
| | - Frederick G. Whoriskey
- Ocean Tracking Network, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada
| | - Joshua J. Millspaugh
- W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Nigel E. Hussey
- Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Glenn T. Crossin
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada
| | - Brendan J. Godley
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Robert Harcourt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, 2109 NSW, Australia
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3
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Lennox RJ, Harcourt R, Bennett JR, Davies A, Ford AT, Frey RM, Hayward MW, Hussey NE, Iverson SJ, Kays R, Kessel ST, Mcmahon C, Muelbert M, Murray TS, Nguyen VM, Pye JD, Roche DG, Whoriskey FG, Young N, Cooke SJ. A Novel Framework to Protect Animal Data in a World of Ecosurveillance. Bioscience 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Surveillance of animal movements using electronic tags (i.e., biotelemetry) has emerged as an essential tool for both basic and applied ecological research and monitoring. Advances in animal tracking are occurring simultaneously with changes to technology, in an evolving global scientific culture that increasingly promotes data sharing and transparency. However, there is a risk that misuse of biotelemetry data could increase the vulnerability of animals to human disturbance or exploitation. For the most part, telemetry data security is not a danger to animals or their ecosystems, but for some high-risk cases, as with species’ with high economic value or at-risk populations, available knowledge of their movements may promote active disturbance or worse, potential poaching. We suggest that when designing animal tracking studies it is incumbent on scientists to consider the vulnerability of their study animals to risks arising from the implementation of the proposed program, and to take preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Lennox
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, part of the Norwegian Research Centre (NORCE), Bergen, Norway
| | - Robert Harcourt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph R Bennett
- Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science and the Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alasdair Davies
- Conservation Technology Unit of the Zoological Society of London, London, England
| | - Adam T Ford
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Remo M Frey
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matt W Hayward
- Centre for Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa, with the College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom, and with the School of Environmental and Life Sciences, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nigel E Hussey
- Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara J Iverson
- Ocean Tracking Network, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Roland Kays
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, and with the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, both in Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Steven T Kessel
- Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research, the John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Clive Mcmahon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Monica Muelbert
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Rio Grande, Rio Grande de Sul, Brazil
| | - Taryn S Murray
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Vivian M Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science and the Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Pye
- Ocean Tracking Network, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Dominique G Roche
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biology, the University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Frederick G Whoriskey
- Ocean Tracking Network, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Nathan Young
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science and the Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Lennox RJ, Paukert CP, Aarestrup K, Auger-Méthé M, Baumgartner L, Birnie-Gauvin K, Bøe K, Brink K, Brownscombe JW, Chen Y, Davidsen JG, Eliason EJ, Filous A, Gillanders BM, Helland IP, Horodysky AZ, Januchowski-Hartley SR, Lowerre-Barbieri SK, Lucas MC, Martins EG, Murchie KJ, Pompeu PS, Power M, Raghavan R, Rahel FJ, Secor D, Thiem JD, Thorstad EB, Ueda H, Whoriskey FG, Cooke SJ. One Hundred Pressing Questions on the Future of Global Fish Migration Science, Conservation, and Policy. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Bordeleau X, Hatcher BG, Denny S, Whoriskey FG, Patterson DA, Crossin GT. Nutritional correlates of the overwintering and seaward migratory decisions and long-term survival of post-spawning Atlantic salmon. Conserv Physiol 2019; 7:coz107. [PMID: 31879564 PMCID: PMC6919299 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of iteroparity (i.e. repeated spawning) for the viability of Atlantic salmon populations, little is known about the factors influencing the migratory behaviour and survival prospect of post-spawned individuals (kelts). To test the hypothesis that post-spawning nutritional condition underlies differences in spatiotemporal aspects of the habitat use and survival of migrating Atlantic salmon kelts, we physiologically sampled and acoustically tagged 25 individuals from the Middle River, Nova Scotia in autumn 2015. Kelts were subsequently tracked within their natal river during the winter months, and as far as 650 km away along known migration pathways towards the Labrador Sea and Greenland. Some kelts were detected nearly 2 years later, upon their return to the natal river for repeat spawning. Overall, kelts in poor or depleted post-spawning nutritional state (i.e. low body condition index or plasma triglyceride level): (i) initiated down-river migration earlier than higher condition kelts; (ii) experienced higher overwinter mortality in the natal river; (iii) tended to spend greater time in the estuary before moving to sea and (iv) did not progress as far in the marine environment, with a reduced probability of future, repeat spawning. Our findings suggest that initial differences in post-spawning condition are carried through subsequent migratory stages, which can ultimately affect repeat-spawning potential. These results point to the importance of lipid storage and mobilisation in Atlantic salmon kelts for mediating post-spawning migratory behaviour and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Bordeleau
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Corresponding author: Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - B G Hatcher
- Bras d'Or Institute for Ecosystem Research, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1M 1A2, Canada
| | - S Denny
- Unama'ki Institute of Natural Resources, 4102 Shore Rd, Eskasoni, NS B1W 1C2, Canada
| | - F G Whoriskey
- Ocean Tracking Network, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - D A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Cooperative Research Management Institute, Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - G T Crossin
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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6
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Eldøy SH, Davidsen JG, Thorstad EB, Whoriskey FG, Aarestrup K, Naesje TF, Rønning L, Sjursen AD, Rikardsen AH, Arnekleiv JV. Marine depth use of sea trout Salmo trutta in fjord areas of central Norway. J Fish Biol 2017; 91:1268-1283. [PMID: 28913953 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The vertical behaviour of 44 veteran sea trout Salmo trutta (275-580 mm) in different marine fjord habitats (estuary, pelagic, near shore with and without steep cliffs) was documented during May-February by acoustic telemetry. The swimming depth of S. trutta was influenced by habitat, time of day (day v. night), season, seawater temperature and the body length at the time of tagging. Mean swimming depth during May-September was 1·7 m (individual means ranged from 0·4 to 6·4 m). Hence, S. trutta were generally surface oriented, but performed dives down to 24 m. Mean swimming depth in May-September was deeper in the near-shore habitats with or without steep cliffs (2·0 m and 2·5 m, respectively) than in the pelagic areas (1·2 m). May-September mean swimming depth in all habitats was slightly deeper during day (1·9 m) than at night (1·2 m), confirming that S. trutta conducted small-scale diel vertical movements. During summer, S. trutta residing in near-shore habitat progressively moved deeper over the period May (mean 1·1 m) to August (mean 4·0 m) and then reoccupied shallower areas (mean 2·3 m) during September. In winter (November and February), individuals residing in the innermost part of the fjords were found at similar average depths as they occupied during the summer (mean 1·3 m). The swimming depths of S. trutta coincide with the previously known surface orientation of salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis. Combined with previous studies on horizontal use of S. trutta, this study illustrates how S. trutta utilize marine water bodies commonly influenced by anthropogenic factors such as aquaculture, harbours and marine constructions, marine renewable energy production or other human activity. This suggests that the marine behaviour of S. trutta and its susceptibility to coastal anthropogenic factors should be considered in marine planning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Eldøy
- NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - J G Davidsen
- NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - E B Thorstad
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - F G Whoriskey
- Ocean Tracking Network, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4J1, Canada
| | - K Aarestrup
- Technical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - T F Naesje
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - L Rønning
- NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - A D Sjursen
- NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - A H Rikardsen
- The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - J V Arnekleiv
- NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
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7
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Lennox RJ, Aarestrup K, Cooke SJ, Cowley PD, Deng ZD, Fisk AT, Harcourt RG, Heupel M, Hinch SG, Holland KN, Hussey NE, Iverson SJ, Kessel ST, Kocik JF, Lucas MC, Flemming JM, Nguyen VM, Stokesbury MJ, Vagle S, VanderZwaag DL, Whoriskey FG, Young N. Envisioning the Future of Aquatic Animal Tracking: Technology, Science, and Application. Bioscience 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/bix098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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8
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Whoriskey K, Auger-Méthé M, Albertsen CM, Whoriskey FG, Binder TR, Krueger CC, Mills Flemming J. A hidden Markov movement model for rapidly identifying behavioral states from animal tracks. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:2112-2121. [PMID: 28405277 PMCID: PMC5383489 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic telemetry is frequently used to document animal movement through time. Methods that can identify underlying behaviors driving specific movement patterns can help us understand how and why animals use available space, thereby aiding conservation and management efforts. For aquatic animal tracking data with significant measurement error, a Bayesian state-space model called the first-Difference Correlated Random Walk with Switching (DCRWS) has often been used for this purpose. However, for aquatic animals, highly accurate tracking data are now becoming more common. We developed a new hidden Markov model (HMM) for identifying behavioral states from animal tracks with negligible error, called the hidden Markov movement model (HMMM). We implemented as the basis for the HMMM the process equation of the DCRWS, but we used the method of maximum likelihood and the R package TMB for rapid model fitting. The HMMM was compared to a modified version of the DCRWS for highly accurate tracks, the DCRWSNOME, and to a common HMM for animal tracks fitted with the R package moveHMM. We show that the HMMM is both accurate and suitable for multiple species by fitting it to real tracks from a grey seal, lake trout, and blue shark, as well as to simulated data. The HMMM is a fast and reliable tool for making meaningful inference from animal movement data that is ideally suited for ecologists who want to use the popular DCRWS implementation and have highly accurate tracking data. It additionally provides a groundwork for development of more complex modeling of animal movement with TMB. To facilitate its uptake, we make it available through the R package swim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Whoriskey
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics Dalhousie University Halifax NS Canada
| | - Marie Auger-Méthé
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics Dalhousie University Halifax NS Canada
| | - Christoffer M Albertsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources Technical University of Denmark Charlottenlund Denmark
| | | | - Thomas R Binder
- Hammond Bay Biological Station Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University Millersburg MI USA
| | - Charles C Krueger
- Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
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Lennox RJ, Cooke SJ, Diserud OH, Havn TB, Johansen MR, Thorstad EB, Whoriskey FG, Uglem I. Use of simulation approaches to evaluate the consequences of catch-and-release angling on the migration behaviour of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Ecol Modell 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Crossin GT, Hatcher BG, Denny S, Whoriskey K, Orr M, Penney A, Whoriskey FG. Condition-dependent migratory behaviour of endangered Atlantic salmon smolts moving through an inland sea. Conserv Physiol 2016; 4:cow018. [PMID: 27293765 PMCID: PMC4877435 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Bras d'Or Lake watershed of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada is a unique inland sea ecosystem, UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and home to a group of regionally distinct Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations. Recent population decreases in this region have raised concern about their long-term persistence. We used acoustic telemetry to track the migrations of juvenile salmon (smolts) from the Middle River into the Bras d'Or Lake and, subsequently, into the Atlantic Ocean. Roughly half of the tagged smolts transited the Bras d'Or Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, using a migration route that took them through the Gulf of St Lawrence's northern exit at the Strait of Belle Isle (∼650 km from the home river) towards feeding areas in the Labrador Sea and Greenland. However, a significant fraction spent >70 days in the Lakes, suggesting that this population has an alternative resident form, in which smolts limit their migrations within the Bras d'Or. Smolts in good relative condition (as determined from length-to-mass relationships) tended to be residents, whereas fish in poorer condition were ocean migrants. We also found a covarying effect of river temperature that helped to predict residence vs. ocean migration. We discuss these results relative to their bioenergetic implications and provide suggestions for future studies aimed at the conservation of declining salmon populations in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn T Crossin
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Corresponding author: Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2. Tel: +1 (902) 494 4258.
| | - Bruce G Hatcher
- Bras d’Or Institute for Ecosystem Research, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shelley Denny
- Unima’ki Institute of Natural Resources, Eskasoni, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kim Whoriskey
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Michael Orr
- Bras d’Or Institute for Ecosystem Research, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Alicia Penney
- Bras d’Or Institute for Ecosystem Research, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Frederick G Whoriskey
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Ocean Tracking Network, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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11
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Crossin GT, Hatcher BG, Denny S, Whoriskey K, Orr M, Penney A, Whoriskey FG. Erratum: Condition-dependent migratory behaviour of endangered Atlantic salmon smolts moving through an inland sea. Conserv Physiol 2016; 4:cow032. [PMID: 27766154 PMCID: PMC5069855 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow018.].
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12
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Havn TB, Uglem I, Solem Ø, Cooke SJ, Whoriskey FG, Thorstad EB. The effect of catch-and-release angling at high water temperatures on behaviour and survival of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar during spawning migration. J Fish Biol 2015; 87:342-359. [PMID: 26179562 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, behaviour and survival following catch-and-release (C&R) angling was investigated in wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (n = 75) angled on sport fishing gear in the River Otra in southern Norway at water temperatures of 16.3-21.1 °C. Salmo salar were tagged externally with radio transmitters and immediately released back into the river to simulate a realistic C&R situation. The majority of S. salar (91%) survived C&R. Most S. salar that were present in the River Otra during the spawning period 3-4 months later were located at known spawning grounds. Downstream movements (median furthest position: 0.5 km, range: 0.1-11.0 km) during the first 4 days after release were recorded for 72% of S. salar, presumably stress-induced fallback associated with C&R. Individuals that fell back spent a median of 15 days before commencing their first upstream movement after release, and 34 days before they returned to or were located above their release site. Mortality appeared to be somewhat elevated at the higher end of the temperature range (14% at 18-21 °C), although sample sizes were low. In conclusion, C&R at water temperatures up to 18 °C had small behavioural consequences and was associated with low mortality (7%). Nevertheless, low levels of mortality occur due to C&R angling and these losses should be accounted for by management authorities in rivers where C&R is practised. Refinement of best practices for C&R may help to reduce mortality, particularly at warmer temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Havn
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Høgskoleringen 9, NO-7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - I Uglem
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Høgskoleringen 9, NO-7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ø Solem
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Høgskoleringen 9, NO-7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - S J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - F G Whoriskey
- Ocean Tracking Network, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - E B Thorstad
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Høgskoleringen 9, NO-7034, Trondheim, Norway
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J. Meeuwig
- Centre for Marine Futures; School of Animal Biology and Oceans Institute; University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Robert G. Harcourt
- Australian Animal Tagging and Monitoring System-Integrated Marine Observing System; Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University Sydney NSW; 2109 Australia
| | - Frederick G. Whoriskey
- Ocean Tracking Network, Department of Biology; Dalhousie University; 1355 Oxford Street Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
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Halfyard EA, Gibson AJF, Ruzzante DE, Stokesbury MJW, Whoriskey FG. Estuarine survival and migratory behaviour of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts. J Fish Biol 2012; 81:1626-1645. [PMID: 23020565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To estimate mortality rates, assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of natural mortality and examine migratory behaviour during the fresh to saltwater transition, 185 wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts were implanted with coded acoustic transmitters. Seaward migration of tagged S. salar from four river systems in an area of Nova Scotia, Canada known as the Southern Upland was monitored using fixed receivers and active telemetry over 3 years. Cumulative survival through the river, inner estuary, outer estuary and bay habitats averaged 59·6% (range = 39·4-73·5%). When standardized to distance travelled, survival rates followed two patterns: (1) constant rates of survival independent of habitat or (2) low survival most frequently associated with inner estuary habitats. In rivers where survival was independent of habitat, residency periods were also independent of habitat, post-smolts exhibited few upstream movements, took a more direct route to the ocean and reached the ocean rapidly. Alternatively, in rivers where survival was habitat specific, residency was also habitat specific with overall increased residency, more frequent upstream movements and delayed arrival to the open ocean. The sudden disappearance of most (75-100%) smolts and post-smolts assumed dead during the course of this study warrants further examination into the role of avian predators as a mortality vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Halfyard
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4J1 Canada.
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Abstract
Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of body size, population size and structure, and temperature upon the level of turbidity generation by goldfish foraging in laboratory pools. Water temperature correlated with turbidity generation, which peaked at 25 °C but declined at 30 °C. Goldfish exhibited diurnal activity at all temperatures except 25 °C, where nocturnal behaviour predominated. Both body length and population size positively influenced turbidity production. Groups of a few large fish produced significantly more turbidity than groups of many small fish of equal biomass. Biomass was therefore a poor predictor of the level of turbidity, making it difficult to predict the impact of goldfish upon multispecific pond communities following successful colonization.
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FitzGerald GJ, Whoriskey FG, Morrissette J, Harding M. Habitat scale, female cannibalism, and male reproductive success in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Behav Ecol 1992. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/3.2.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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