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Kountanis JA, Muzik M, Chang T, Langen E, Cassidy R, Mashour GA, Bauer ME. Relationship between postpartum mood disorder and birth experience: a prospective observational study. Int J Obstet Anesth 2020; 44:90-99. [PMID: 32861082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to investigate the relationship between the birth experience and the risk of developing postpartum depression or post-traumatic stress disorder. METHODS In this prospective, longitudinal, observational study, women were assessed at different time points for depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. The risk of depression or post-traumatic stress disorder based on patient characteristics and specific birth events was assessed within three months postpartum. RESULTS We enrolled 600 women; 426 were eligible for postpartum assessment. At six weeks and three months postpartum, 15.9% and 12.7% screened positive for depression respectively. Positive post-traumatic stress disorder screenings at six weeks and three months postpartum were 6.2% and 5.1% respectively. Twenty-seven women (8.3%) with a negative screening at six weeks converted to a positive depression or post-traumatic stress disorder screening at three months. A pre-existing history of anxiety or depression was associated with an increased risk of developing depression (aOR 2.12, 95% CI 1.30 to 3.47) and post-traumatic stress (aOR 3.15, 95% CI 1.42 to 7.02) within three months postpartum. The risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder within three months postpartum was also increased among patients experiencing their first delivery (aOR 2.55, 95% CI 1.10 to 5.88) or operative management of postpartum hemorrhage (aOR 4.44, 95% CI 1.16 to 17.02). CONCLUSION Depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms either persisted or had new onset at three months postpartum. Mental health screening and postpartum follow-up after six weeks should be considered in high-risk patients who have a history of psychopathology, nulliparity, or undergo operative management of postpartum hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Kountanis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Michigan Medicine, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, MI, USA.
| | - M Muzik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Michigan Medicine, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, MI, USA; U-M for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, 2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research Complex, Building 16, MI, USA
| | - T Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, Michigan Medicine, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, MI, USA; U-M for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, 2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research Complex, Building 16, MI, USA
| | - E Langen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Michigan Medicine, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, MI, USA
| | - R Cassidy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, MI, USA
| | - G A Mashour
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, MI, USA
| | - M E Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Michigan Medicine, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, MI, USA
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Shortal BP, Hickman LB, Mak-McCully RA, Wang W, Brennan C, Ung H, Litt B, Tarnal V, Janke E, Picton P, Blain-Moraes S, Maybrier HR, Muench MR, Lin N, Avidan MS, Mashour GA, McKinstry-Wu AR, Kelz MB, Palanca BJ, Proekt A. Duration of EEG suppression does not predict recovery time or degree of cognitive impairment after general anaesthesia in human volunteers. Br J Anaesth 2019; 123:206-218. [PMID: 31202561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burst suppression occurs in the EEG during coma and under general anaesthesia. It has been assumed that burst suppression represents a deeper state of anaesthesia from which it is more difficult to recover. This has not been directly demonstrated, however. Here, we test this hypothesis directly by assessing relationships between EEG suppression in human volunteers and recovery of consciousness. METHODS We recorded the EEG of 27 healthy humans (nine women/18 men) anaesthetised with isoflurane 1.3 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) for 3 h. Periods of EEG suppression and non-suppression were separated using principal component analysis of the spectrogram. After emergence, participants completed the digit symbol substitution test and the psychomotor vigilance test. RESULTS Volunteers demonstrated marked variability in multiple features of the suppressed EEG. In order to test the hypothesis that, for an individual subject, inclusion of features of suppression would improve accuracy of a model built to predict time of emergence, two types of models were constructed: one with a suppression-related feature included and one without. Contrary to our hypothesis, Akaike information criterion demonstrated that the addition of a suppression-related feature did not improve the ability of the model to predict time to emergence. Furthermore, the amounts of EEG suppression and decrements in cognitive task performance relative to pre-anaesthesia baseline were not significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that, in contrast to current assumptions, EEG suppression in and of itself is not an important determinant of recovery time or the degree of cognitive impairment upon emergence from anaesthesia in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Shortal
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L B Hickman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - R A Mak-McCully
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - W Wang
- Department of Mathematics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - C Brennan
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Ung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - B Litt
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - V Tarnal
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - E Janke
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - P Picton
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S Blain-Moraes
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - H R Maybrier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - M R Muench
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - N Lin
- Department of Mathematics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - M S Avidan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - G A Mashour
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A R McKinstry-Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M B Kelz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - B J Palanca
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - A Proekt
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Abstract
Sevoflurane, a volatile anaesthetic agent well-tolerated for inhalation induction, provides a useful opportunity to elucidate the processes whereby halogenated ethers disrupt consciousness and cognition. Multiple molecular targets of sevoflurane have been identified, complementing imaging and electrophysiologic markers for the mechanistically obscure progression from wakefulness to unconsciousness. Recent investigations have more precisely detailed scalp EEG activity during this transition, with practical clinical implications. The relative timing of scalp potentials in frontal and parietal EEG signals suggests that sevoflurane might perturb the propagation of neural information between underlying cortical regions. Spatially distributed brain activity during general anaesthesia has been further investigated with positron emission tomography (PET) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Combined EEG and PET investigations have identified changes in cerebral blood flow and metabolic activity in frontal, parietal, and thalamic regions during sevoflurane-induced loss of consciousness. More recent fMRI investigations have revealed that sevoflurane weakens the signal correlations among brain regions that share functionality and specialization during wakefulness. In particular, two such resting-state networks have shown progressive breakdown in intracortical and thalamocortical connectivity with increasing anaesthetic concentrations: the Default Mode Network (introspection and episodic memory) and the Ventral Attention Network (orienting of attention to salient feature of the external world). These data support the hypotheses that perturbations in temporally correlated activity across brain regions contribute to the transition between states of sevoflurane sedation and general anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J A Palanca
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences.,Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - M S Avidan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - G A Mashour
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Consciousness Science and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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4
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Mashour GA, Avidan MS. Black swans: challenging the relationship of anaesthetic-induced unconsciousness and electroencephalographic oscillations in the frontal cortex. Br J Anaesth 2018; 119:563-565. [PMID: 29121275 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aex207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G A Mashour
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M S Avidan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Mashour GA, Ben Abdallah A, Pryor KO, El-Gabalawy R, Vlisides PE, Jacobsohn E, Lenze E, Maybrier HR, Veselis RA, Avidan MS. Intraoperative ketamine for prevention of depressive symptoms after major surgery in older adults: an international, multicentre, double-blind, randomised clinical trial. Br J Anaesth 2018; 121:1075-1083. [PMID: 30336852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketamine is a general anaesthetic with anti-depressant effects at subanaesthetic doses. We hypothesised that intraoperative administration of ketamine would prevent or mitigate postoperative depressive symptoms in surgical patients. METHODS We conducted an international, randomised clinical trial testing the effects of intraoperative administration of ketamine [0.5 mg kg-1 (Lo-K) or 1.0 mg kg-1 (Hi-K)] vs control [saline placebo (P)] in patients ≥60 yr old undergoing major surgery with general anaesthesia. We administered the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 before the operation, on postoperative day (POD) 3 (primary outcome), and on POD30 to assess depressive symptoms, a secondary outcome of the original trial. RESULTS There was no significant difference on POD3 in the proportion of patients with symptoms suggestive of depression between the placebo [23/156 (14.7%)] and combined ketamine (Lo-K plus Hi-K) [61/349 (17.5%)] groups [difference = -2.7%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 5.0% to -9.4%; P=0.446]. Of the total cohort, 9.6% (64/670; 95% CI, 7.6-12.0%) had symptoms suggestive of depression before operation, which increased to 16.6% (84/505; 95% CI, 13.6-20.1%) on POD3, and decreased to 11.9% (47/395; 95% CI, 9.1-15.5%) on POD30. Of the patients with depressive symptoms on POD3 and POD30, 51% and 49%, respectively, had no prior history of depression or depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Major surgery is associated with new-onset symptoms suggestive of depression in patients ≥60 yr old. Intraoperative administration of subanaesthetic ketamine does not appear to prevent or improve depressive symptoms. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01690988.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Mashour
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - A Ben Abdallah
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - K O Pryor
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - R El-Gabalawy
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - P E Vlisides
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - E Jacobsohn
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - E Lenze
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - H R Maybrier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - R A Veselis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroanesthesiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M S Avidan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- U Lee
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - G A Mashour
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Mashour
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Consciousness Science, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A G Hudetz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Consciousness Science, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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8
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Kent CD, Posner KL, Mashour GA, Mincer SL, Bruchas RR, Harvey AE, Domino KB. Patient perspectives on intraoperative awareness with explicit recall: report from a North American anaesthesia awareness registry. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115 Suppl 1:i114-i121. [PMID: 26174296 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Awareness during general anaesthesia is a source of concern for patients and anaesthetists, with potential for psychological and medicolegal sequelae. We used a registry to evaluate unintended awareness from the patient's perspective with an emphasis on their experiences and healthcare provider responses. METHODS English-speaking subjects self-reported explicit recall of events during anaesthesia to the Anesthesia Awareness Registry of the ASA, completed a survey, and submitted copies of medical records. Anaesthesia awareness was defined as explicit recall of events during induction or maintenance of general anaesthesia. Patient experiences, satisfaction, and desired practitioner responses to explicit recall were based on survey responses. RESULTS Most of the 68 respondents meeting inclusion criteria (75%) were dissatisfied with the manner in which their concerns were addressed by their healthcare providers, and many reported long-term harm. Half (51%) of respondents reported that neither the anaesthesia provider nor surgeon expressed concern about their experience. Few were offered an apology (10%) or referral for counseling (15%). Patient preferences for responses after an awareness episode included validation of their experience (37%), an explanation (28%), and discussion or follow-up to the episode (26%). CONCLUSIONS Data from this registry confirm the serious impact of anaesthesia awareness for some patients, and suggest that patients need more systematic responses and follow-up by healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Kent
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K L Posner
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - G A Mashour
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S L Mincer
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - R R Bruchas
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Present Address: Clinical Research Manager, Kypha Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - A E Harvey
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K B Domino
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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9
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Pal D, Hambrecht-Wiedbusch VS, Silverstein BH, Mashour GA. Electroencephalographic coherence and cortical acetylcholine during ketamine-induced unconsciousness. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 2015; 114(6): 979-89, DOI 10.1093/bja/aev095. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115 Suppl 1:i77. [PMID: 26174304 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article was published by mistake in the June issue of BJA due to an administrative error. It was supposed to go into this special issue on Memory and Awareness in Anaesthesia. The article can be accessed free of charge at the following link: http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1093/bja/aev095
The Publisher apologizes for the error.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, 7433 Medical Science Building I, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5615, USA Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - V S Hambrecht-Wiedbusch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, 7433 Medical Science Building I, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5615, USA Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - B H Silverstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, 7433 Medical Science Building I, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5615, USA
| | - G A Mashour
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, 7433 Medical Science Building I, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5615, USA Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Pal D, Hambrecht-Wiedbusch VS, Silverstein BH, Mashour GA. Electroencephalographic coherence and cortical acetylcholine during ketamine-induced unconsciousness. Br J Anaesth 2015; 114:979-89. [PMID: 25951831 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited understanding of cortical neurochemistry and cortical connectivity during ketamine anaesthesia. We conducted a systematic study to investigate the effects of ketamine on cortical acetylcholine (ACh) and electroencephalographic coherence. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=11) were implanted with electrodes to record electroencephalogram (EEG) from frontal, parietal, and occipital cortices, and with a microdialysis guide cannula for simultaneous measurement of ACh concentrations in prefrontal cortex before, during, and after ketamine anaesthesia. Coherence and power spectral density computed from the EEG, and ACh concentrations, were compared between conscious and unconscious states. Loss of righting reflex was used as a surrogate for unconsciousness. RESULTS Ketamine-induced unconsciousness was associated with a global reduction of power (P=0.02) in higher gamma bandwidths (>65 Hz), a global reduction of coherence (P≤0.01) across a broad frequency range (0.5-250 Hz), and a significant increase in ACh concentrations (P=0.01) in the prefrontal cortex. Compared with the unconscious state, recovery of righting reflex was marked by a further increase in ACh concentrations (P=0.0007), global increases in power in theta (4-10 Hz; P=0.03) and low gamma frequencies (25-55 Hz; P=0.0001), and increase in power (P≤0.01) and coherence (P≤0.002) in higher gamma frequencies (65-250 Hz). Acetylcholine concentrations, coherence, and spectral properties returned to baseline levels after a prolonged recovery period. CONCLUSIONS Ketamine-induced unconsciousness is characterized by suppression of high-frequency gamma activity and a breakdown of cortical coherence, despite increased cholinergic tone in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, 7433 Medical Science Building I, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5615, USA Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - V S Hambrecht-Wiedbusch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, 7433 Medical Science Building I, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5615, USA Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - B H Silverstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, 7433 Medical Science Building I, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5615, USA
| | - G A Mashour
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, 7433 Medical Science Building I, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5615, USA Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Abstract
Intraoperative awareness, with or without recall, continues to be a topic of clinical significance and neurobiological interest. In this article, we review evidence pertaining to the incidence, sequelae, and prevention of intraoperative awareness. We also assess which aspects of the complication are well understood (i.e. non-controversial) and which require further research for clarification (i.e. controversial).
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Mashour
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M S Avidan
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Sanders
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - M E Jørgensen
- The Cardiovascular Research Center, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G A Mashour
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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13
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Abstract
Injury to the central and peripheral nervous systems is often permanent. As such, adverse neurological outcomes of surgery and anaesthesia can be devastating for patients and their families. In this article, we review the incidence, risk factors, outcomes, prevention, and treatment of a number of important neurological complications in the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Mashour
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D T Woodrum
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M S Avidan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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14
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Avidan
- Department of Anesthesiology; Washington University School of Medicine; Saint Louis Missouri USA
| | - G. A. Mashour
- Department of Anesthesiology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Pandit
- Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics; Oxford University Hospitals; Oxford; UK
| | - P. Picton
- Department of Anesthesiology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor; Michigan; USA
| | - G. A. Mashour
- Department of Anesthesiology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor; Michigan; USA
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17
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Kent CD, Mashour GA, Metzger NA, Posner KL, Domino KB. Psychological impact of unexpected explicit recall of events occurring during surgery performed under sedation, regional anaesthesia, and general anaesthesia: data from the Anesthesia Awareness Registry. Br J Anaesth 2012; 110:381-7. [PMID: 23161356 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aes386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaesthetic awareness is a recognized complication of general anaesthesia (GA) and is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although complete amnesia for intraprocedural events during sedation and regional anaesthesia (RA) may occur, explicit recall is expected by anaesthesia providers. Consequently, the possibility that there could be psychological consequences associated with unexpected explicit recall of events during sedation and RA has not been investigated. This study investigated the psychological sequelae of unexpected explicit recall of events during sedation/RA that was reported to the Anesthesia Awareness Registry. METHODS The Registry recruited subjects who self-identified as having had anaesthetic awareness. Inclusion criteria were a patient-reported awareness experience in 1990 or later and availability of medical records. The sensations experienced by the subjects during their procedure and the acute and persistent psychological sequelae attributed to this explicit recall were assessed for patients receiving sedation/RA and those receiving GA. RESULTS Among the patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria, medical record review identified 27 sedation/RA and 50 GA cases. Most patients experienced distress (78% of sedation/RA vs 94% of GA). Approximately 40% of patients with sedation/RA had persistent psychological sequelae, similar to GA patients. Some sedation/RA patients reported an adverse impact on their job performance (15%), family relationships (11%), and friendships (11%), and 15% reported being diagnosed with PTSD. CONCLUSIONS Patients who self-reported to the Registry unexpected explicit recall of events during sedation/RA experienced distress and persistent psychological sequelae comparable with those who had reported anaesthetic awareness during GA. Further study is warranted to determine if patients reporting distress with explicit recall after sedation/RA require psychiatric follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Kent
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356540, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195-6540, USA
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Picton P, Ramachandran SK, Shanks A, Dorje P, Mashour GA. Optimizing cerebral oxygenation in anaesthetized patients with carotid artery stenosis: the influence of inspired oxygen fraction. Br J Anaesth 2012; 108:326-7. [PMID: 22250282 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aer466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Mashour GA, Moulding HD, Chahlavi A, Khan GA, Rabkin SD, Martuza RL, Driever PH, Kurtz A, Chalavi A. Therapeutic efficacy of G207 in a novel peripheral nerve sheath tumor model. Exp Neurol 2001; 169:64-71. [PMID: 11312559 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2001.7641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nerve involvement poses a significant obstacle for the management of peripheral nervous system tumors, and nerve injury provides a frequent source of postoperative morbidity. The lack of suitable animal models for peripheral nerve tumors has impeded the development of alternative nerve-sparing therapies. To evaluate the effect of a multimutated replication-competent herpes simplex virus (G207) on the growth of peripheral nerve tumors and on nerve function, we developed a novel peripheral nerve sheath tumor model. Human neuroblastoma-derived cells injected into murine sciatic nerve consistently caused tumor development within the nerve sheath after 2 weeks followed by increasingly severe impairment of nerve function. Tumor treatment by a single intratumoral injection of G207 resulted in significant reduction of functional impairment, inhibition of tumor growth and prolonged survival. Direct injection of G207 viral particles into the healthy nerve sheath caused no obvious neurologic sequelae, whereas injections of wild-type virus resulted in uniform lethality. The results indicate that viral therapy might be considered as a safe alternative to surgical removal of tumors with peripheral nerve involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Mashour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
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Mashour GA, Ratner N, Khan GA, Wang HL, Martuza RL, Kurtz A. The angiogenic factor midkine is aberrantly expressed in NF1-deficient Schwann cells and is a mitogen for neurofibroma-derived cells. Oncogene 2001; 20:97-105. [PMID: 11244508 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2000] [Revised: 10/13/2000] [Accepted: 10/18/2000] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Loss of the tumor suppressor gene NF1 in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) contributes to the development of a variety of tumors, including malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) and benign neurofibromas. Of the different cell types found in neurofibromas, Schwann cells usually provide between 40 and 80%, and are thought to be critical for tumor growth. Here we describe the identification of growth factors that are upregulated in NF1-/- mouse Schwann cells and are potential regulators of angiogenesis and cell growth. Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and midkine (MK) were found to be induced by loss of neurofibromin and MK was further characterized. MK was induced in human neurofibromas, schwannomas, and various nervous system tumors associated with NF1 or NF2; midkine showed an expression pattern overlapping but distinct from its homolog pleiotrophin (PTN). Immunohistochemistry revealed expression of MK in S-100 positive Schwann cells of dermal and plexiform neurofibromas, and in endothelial cells of tumor blood vessels, but not in normal blood vessels. Furthermore, MK demonstrated potent mitogenic activity for human systemic and brain endothelial cells in vitro and stimulated proliferation and soft agar colony formation of human MPNST derived S100 positive cells and fibroblastoid cells derived from an NF1 neurofibroma. The data support a possible central role for MK as a mediator of angiogenesis and neurofibroma growth in NF1. Oncogene (2001) 20, 97 - 105.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Mashour
- Vincent T Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington DC 20007, USA
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Mashour GA, Martuza RL, Kurtz A. Induction of melanogenic abnormalities in NF1+/- mutant mice by DMBA. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113:1133-4. [PMID: 10594763 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important vasodilator with various activities in the cerebral vasculature. Although the response of NO levels to shear stress has been investigated in various models using systemic endothelium, no study has evaluated human cerebral endothelial cells (HCE). We determined the NO levels of HCE cultured in an artificial capillary system in response to changes in shear stress. With direct measurement by a porphyrinic microsensor, we found that NO levels increased immediately with a peak at 7 h after changes in shear stress, and by 24 h dropped to a constant elevated baseline. Shear stress-mediated increases in NO levels were confirmed by the measurement of citrulline, an indirect measure of NO. Furthermore, NO levels by HCE were shown to decrease with decreasing shear stress levels. This study presents a novel system to study NO production by microvascular HCE, and indicates a linear relationship between shear stress and NO levels. As cerebral vessels age and lose transmural compliance, shear stress-mediated production of NO may play a greater role in cerebrovascular function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Mashour
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, 3970 Reservoir Rd. W-225, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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Mashour GA, Wang HL, Cabal-Manzano R, Wellstein A, Martuza RL, Kurtz A. Aberrant cutaneous expression of the angiogenic factor midkine is associated with neurofibromatosis type-1. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113:398-402. [PMID: 10469340 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a common autosomal dominant disorder (incidence 1:3500) characterized by lesions that include neural crest derivatives such as Schwann cells and melanocytes. A critical event in the pathogenesis of neurofibromatosis type 1 is the heterozygous germ-line loss of the tumor suppressor gene NF1. Additional genetic and/or epigenetic events have been posited, including various alterations in growth factor expression. By in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate aberrant expression of the angiogenic and tumorigenic growth factor midkine in the skin of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1, but not normal individuals. We demonstrate that midkine expression is independent of the presence of neurofibromas, and thus appears to be associated with mutations in the NF1 gene. Furthermore, midkine-containing culture media is shown to stimulate the growth of human endothelial and neurofibroma-derived cells. In conclusion, we introduce the skin as a source of dysregulated growth factors in neurofibromatosis type 1, and suggest the further study of the angiogenic factor midkine in neurofibromatosis type 1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Mashour
- Vincent T. Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Liu X, Mashour GA, Webster HF, Kurtz A. Basic FGF and FGF receptor 1 are expressed in microglia during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: temporally distinct expression of midkine and pleiotrophin. Glia 1998; 24:390-7. [PMID: 9814819 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199812)24:4<390::aid-glia4>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Heparin-binding growth factors have been implicated in central nervous system development, regeneration and pathology. To assess the expression pattern and possible function in multiple sclerosis, the heparin-binding growth factors pleiotrophin (PTN), midkine (MK), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and one of its receptors (FGFR1/flg) mRNA and protein levels were examined in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in the Lewis rat. We assessed the time course of expression of PTN, MK and FGF-2 during EAE and determined the cellular origin of FGF-2 and FGFR1 in normal spinal cord and during inflammatory demyelination. Basal expression of PTN and MK mRNAs in normal spinal cords was significantly upregulated after induction of EAE. MK expression was upregulated two to threefold correlating with disease progression, whereas PTN expression reached peak levels threefold above basal levels during the clinical recovery period. FGF-2 mRNA expression was low in normal spinal cord and dramatically increased in correlation with progressive demyelination. FGF-2 was confined to neurons in normal tissue and shifted dramatically to microglia, paralleling their activation during EAE. Double immunohistochemistry revealed colocalization of FGF-2 to activated microglia/macrophages with strongest expression in the macrophage-rich perivascular core area and microglial expression at the edges of white and gray matter perivascular regions. FGFR1, like its ligand, was induced in activated macrophages/microglia. Growth factor expression in demyelinating diseases could serve several functions, e.g., to modulate the activity of microglia/macrophage in an autocrine fashion, to induce the expression of other factors like insulin-like growth factor 1 or plasminogen activator, which can effect regeneration or degeneration, respectively, and finally to stimulate directly localized proliferation and/or regeneration of oligodendrocytes within the lesion area.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/biosynthesis
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Microglia/metabolism
- Midkine
- Nerve Growth Factors/biosynthesis
- Nerve Growth Factors/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liu
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Mashour GA. A pawn in a conspiracy? Nature 1998; 392:221. [PMID: 9521313 DOI: 10.1038/32516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Loeffler DA, DeMaggio AJ, Juneau PL, Brickman CM, Mashour GA, Finkelman JH, Pomara N, LeWitt PA. Ceruloplasmin is increased in cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer's disease but not Parkinson's disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1994; 8:190-7. [PMID: 7986488 DOI: 10.1097/00002093-199408030-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Although the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown, altered brain antioxidative mechanisms have been found in both disorders. Ceruloplasmin (CP) and transferrin (TF) interact to limit concentrations of free ferrous iron (Fe2+), and thus play an important role in antioxidant defense in serum; both proteins are also produced in brain, where their significance as antioxidants is unknown. We quantified concentrations of CP and TF by immunoassay in AD (n = 17) and PD (n = 12) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to determine whether these proteins could serve as disease markers. CP was increased versus aged normal subjects (n = 11) in AD (p < 0.05) but not PD CSF, whereas TF concentrations did not differ between groups. CP levels have been reported to be elevated in some brain regions in AD, and increased CP in AD CSF may reflect this finding. Systemic inflammation and oxidative stress are major factors stimulating hepatic CP synthesis, and it remains to be determined whether increased CP concentrations in AD CSF and brain follow from similar mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Loeffler
- Department of Medicine, Sinai Hospital, Detroit, MI 48235
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