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Seeley MM, Stacy EA, Martin RE, Asner GP. Foliar functional and genetic variation in a keystone Hawaiian tree species estimated through spectroscopy. Oecologia 2023; 202:15-28. [PMID: 37171625 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Imaging spectroscopy has the potential to map closely related plant taxa at landscape scales. Although spectral investigations at the leaf and canopy levels have revealed relationships between phylogeny and reflectance, understanding how spectra differ across, and are inherited from, genotypes of a single species has received less attention. We used a common-garden population of four varieties of the keystone canopy tree, Metrosideros polymorpha, from Hawaii Island and four F1-hybrid genotypes derived from controlled crosses to determine if reflectance spectra discriminate sympatric, conspecific varieties of this species and their hybrids. With a single exception, pairwise comparisons of leaf reflectance patterns successfully distinguished varieties of M. polymorpha on Hawaii Island as well as populations of the same variety from different islands. Further, spectral variability within a single variety from Hawaii Island and the older island of Oahu was greater than that observed among the four varieties on Hawaii Island. F1 hybrids most frequently displayed leaf spectral patterns intermediate to those of their parent taxa. Spectral reflectance patterns distinguished each of two of the hybrid genotypes from one of their parent varieties, indicating that classifying hybrids may be possible, particularly if sample sizes are increased. This work quantifies a baseline in spectral variability for an endemic Hawaiian tree species and advances the use of imaging spectroscopy in biodiversity studies at the genetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Seeley
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA.
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
| | - E A Stacy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - R E Martin
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - G P Asner
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
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Dinerstein E, Joshi AR, Vynne C, Lee ATL, Pharand-Deschênes F, França M, Fernando S, Birch T, Burkart K, Asner GP, Olson D. A "Global Safety Net" to reverse biodiversity loss and stabilize Earth's climate. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/36/eabb2824. [PMID: 32917614 PMCID: PMC7473742 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb2824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Global strategies to halt the dual crises of biodiversity loss and climate change are often formulated separately, even though they are interdependent and risk failure if pursued in isolation. The Global Safety Net maps how expanded nature conservation addresses both overarching threats. We identify 50% of the terrestrial realm that, if conserved, would reverse further biodiversity loss, prevent CO2 emissions from land conversion, and enhance natural carbon removal. This framework shows that, beyond the 15.1% land area currently protected, 35.3% of land area is needed to conserve additional sites of particular importance for biodiversity and stabilize the climate. Fifty ecoregions and 20 countries contribute disproportionately to proposed targets. Indigenous lands overlap extensively with the Global Safety Net. Conserving the Global Safety Net could support public health by reducing the potential for zoonotic diseases like COVID-19 from emerging in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A R Joshi
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C Vynne
- RESOLVE, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - T Birch
- Google, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - K Burkart
- One Earth, Rockefeller Philanthropy, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - G P Asner
- Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - D Olson
- World Wildlife Fund, Hong Kong SAR
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Dinerstein E, Vynne C, Sala E, Joshi AR, Fernando S, Lovejoy TE, Mayorga J, Olson D, Asner GP, Baillie JEM, Burgess ND, Burkart K, Noss RF, Zhang YP, Baccini A, Birch T, Hahn N, Joppa LN, Wikramanayake E. A Global Deal For Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and targets. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaaw2869. [PMID: 31016243 PMCID: PMC6474764 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Global Deal for Nature (GDN) is a time-bound, science-driven plan to save the diversity and abundance of life on Earth. Pairing the GDN and the Paris Climate Agreement would avoid catastrophic climate change, conserve species, and secure essential ecosystem services. New findings give urgency to this union: Less than half of the terrestrial realm is intact, yet conserving all native ecosystems-coupled with energy transition measures-will be required to remain below a 1.5°C rise in average global temperature. The GDN targets 30% of Earth to be formally protected and an additional 20% designated as climate stabilization areas, by 2030, to stay below 1.5°C. We highlight the 67% of terrestrial ecoregions that can meet 30% protection, thereby reducing extinction threats and carbon emissions from natural reservoirs. Freshwater and marine targets included here extend the GDN to all realms and provide a pathway to ensuring a more livable biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - E. Sala
- National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA
| | - A. R. Joshi
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | - J. Mayorga
- National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA
- University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - D. Olson
- Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | | | | | - N. D. Burgess
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - K. Burkart
- Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R. F. Noss
- Florida Institute for Conservation Science, Chuluota, FL, USA
| | - Y. P. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - A. Baccini
- Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | | | - N. Hahn
- RESOLVE, Washington, DC, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Asner GP, Martin RE, Knapp DE, Tupayachi R, Anderson CB, Sinca F, Vaughn NR, Llactayo W. Airborne laser-guided imaging spectroscopy to map forest trait diversity and guide conservation. Science 2017; 355:385-389. [PMID: 28126815 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaj1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Functional biogeography may bridge a gap between field-based biodiversity information and satellite-based Earth system studies, thereby supporting conservation plans to protect more species and their contributions to ecosystem functioning. We used airborne laser-guided imaging spectroscopy with environmental modeling to derive large-scale, multivariate forest canopy functional trait maps of the Peruvian Andes-to-Amazon biodiversity hotspot. Seven mapped canopy traits revealed functional variation in a geospatial pattern explained by geology, topography, hydrology, and climate. Clustering of canopy traits yielded a map of forest beta functional diversity for land-use analysis. Up to 53% of each mapped, functionally distinct forest presents an opportunity for new conservation action. Mapping functional diversity advances our understanding of the biosphere to conserve more biodiversity in the face of land use and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Asner
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - R E Martin
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D E Knapp
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R Tupayachi
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - C B Anderson
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - F Sinca
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - N R Vaughn
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W Llactayo
- Dirección General de Ordenamiento Territorial, Ministerio del Ambiente, San Isidro, Lima, Perú
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Asner GP, Owen-Smith N, Loarie SR, Davies AB, Le Roux E, Levick SR. Habitat differences do not explain population declines of sable antelope in an African savanna. J Zool (1987) 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. P. Asner
- Department of Global Ecology; Carnegie Institution for Science; Stanford CA USA
| | - N. Owen-Smith
- Centre for African Ecology; School of Animal; Plant & Environmental Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - S. R. Loarie
- Department of Global Ecology; Carnegie Institution for Science; Stanford CA USA
| | - A. B. Davies
- Department of Global Ecology; Carnegie Institution for Science; Stanford CA USA
| | - E. Le Roux
- Centre for African Ecology; School of Animal; Plant & Environmental Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - S. R. Levick
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry; Jena Germany
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Baldeck CA, Colgan MS, Féret JB, Levick SR, Martin RE, Asner GP. Landscape-scale variation in plant community composition of an African savanna from airborne species mapping. Ecol Appl 2014; 24:84-93. [PMID: 24640536 DOI: 10.1890/13-0307.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Information on landscape-scale patterns in species distributions and community types is vital for ecological science and effective conservation assessment and planning. However, detailed maps of plant community structure at landscape scales seldom exist due to the inability of field-based inventories to map a sufficient number of individuals over large areas. The Carnegie Airborne Observatory (CAO) collected hyperspectral and lidar data over Kruger National Park, South Africa, and these data were used to remotely identify > 500 000 tree and shrub crowns over a 144-km2 landscape using stacked support vector machines. Maps of community compositional variation were produced by ordination and clustering, and the importance of hillslope-scale topo-edaphic variation in shaping community structure was evaluated with redundancy analysis. This remote species identification approach revealed spatially complex patterns in woody plant communities throughout the landscape that could not be directly observed using field-based methods alone. We estimated that topo-edaphic variables representing catenal sequences explained 21% of species compositional variation, while we also uncovered important community patterns that were unrelated to catenas, indicating a large role for other soil-related factors in shaping the savanna community. Our results demonstrate the ability of airborne species identification techniques to map biodiversity for the evaluation of ecological controls on community composition over large landscapes.
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Neff JC, Barger NN, Baisden WT, Fernandez DP, Asner GP. Soil carbon storage responses to expanding pinyon-juniper populations in southern Utah. Ecol Appl 2009; 19:1405-1416. [PMID: 19769090 DOI: 10.1890/08-0784.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, the expansion and thickening of woodlands in the western United States has caused a range of ecological changes. Woody expansion often leads to increases in soil organic matter (SOM) pools with implications for both biogeochemical cycling and ecological responses to management strategies aimed at restoration of rangeland ecosystems. Here we directly measure C and N stocks and use simple non-steady-state models to quantify the dynamics of soil C accumulation under and around trees of varied ages in southern Utah woodlands. In the two pinyon-juniper forests of Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument studied here, we found approximately 3 kg C/m2 and approximately 0.12 kg N/m2 larger C and N stocks in soils under pinyon canopies compared to interspace sites. These apparent increases in soil C and N stocks under woody plant species were dominated by elevated SOM in the surface 10 cm of soil, particularly within non-mineral-associated organic fractions. The most significant accumulation of C was in the >850 microm fraction, which had an estimated C residence time of <20 yr. Rates of carbon accumulation following pinyon-juniper expansion appear to be dominated by changes in this fast-cycling surface soil fraction. In contrast, we found that after separating >850 microm organic matter from the remaining light fraction (LF), C had residence times of approximately 400 yr and mineral-associated (MA) soil C had residence times of approximately 600 yr. As a result, we calculate that input rates to the LF and MA pools to be 10 +/- 1 and 0.68 +/- 0.15 g m(-2) yr(-1) (mean +/- SE), respectively. These findings suggest that one consequence of management activities aimed at the reduction of pinyon-juniper biomass may be a relatively rapid loss of soil C and N pools associated with the >850 microm fraction. The temporal dynamics of the <850 microm pools suggest that carbon and nitrogen continue to accumulate in these fractions, albeit at very slow rates, and suggest that multidecadal storage of C following tree recruitment is limited to relatively small, subsurface fractions of the total soil C pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Neff
- Geological Sciences Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
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