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Casanova C, Motoie G, Domingos MDF, Silva VGD, Silva MDD, Galati EAB, Galvis-Ovallos F. The transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in the municipality of Guarujá, on the Coast of São Paulo state, Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 2022; 56:1. [PMID: 35239924 PMCID: PMC8849287 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2022056003680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform an entomological survey, evaluating the circulation of Leishmania spp. in sand flies captured from the new foci of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the coastal region of São Paulo state. METHODS Sand flies were captured from November 2016 to September 2018 using light traps of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), in the neighborhood where VL cases were reported. Leishmania spp. circulation was evaluated by gut dissection and molecular analysis of the females captured. RESULTS Nyssomyia intermedia was the more frequent species (90,7%) within the 1,203 sand flies captured. We found no flagellates in dissected females, but two pools containing females of Ny. intermedia presented DNA of L. infantum. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Ny. intermedia might be involved in the establishment of this new VL focus in Sao Paulo. However, before incriminating this species as a L. infantum vector, further studies should investigate other vectorial capacity parameters, including competence, survival, and feeding habits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vanessa Gusmon da Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Mariana Dantas da Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Fredy Galvis-Ovallos
- Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Epidemiologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Casanova C, Motoie G, Domingos MDF, Silva VGD, Silva MDD, Galati EAB, Galvis-Ovallos F. The transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in the municipality of Guarujá, on the Coast of São Paulo state, Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 2022. [DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055003680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To perform an entomological survey, evaluating the circulation of Leishmania spp. in sand flies captured from the new foci of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the coastal region of São Paulo state. METHODS: Sand flies were captured from November 2016 to September 2018 using light traps of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), in the neighborhood where VL cases were reported. Leishmania spp. circulation was evaluated by gut dissection and molecular analysis of the females captured. RESULTS: Nyssomyia intermedia was the more frequent species (90,7%) within the 1,203 sand flies captured. We found no flagellates in dissected females, but two pools containing females of Ny. Intermedia presented DNA of L. infantum. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that Ny. intermedia might be involved in the establishment of this new VL focus in Sao Paulo. However, before incriminating this species as a L. infantum vector, further studies should investigate other vectorial capacity parameters, including competence, survival, and feeding habits.
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Souza TKMD, Westphalen EVN, Westphalen SDR, Taniguchi HH, Elias CR, Motoie G, Gava R, Pereira-Chioccola VL, Novaes CTG, Carvalho NB, Bocchi EA, Cruz FDDD, Rocha MC, Shinjo SK, Shikanai-Yasuda MA, Ortiz PA, Teixeira MMG, Tolezano JE. Genetic diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi strains isolated from chronic chagasic patients and non-human hosts in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e220125. [PMID: 36383785 PMCID: PMC9651066 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi shows an exuberant genetic diversity. Currently, seven phylogenetic lineages, called discrete typing units (DTUs), are recognised: TcI-TcVI and Tcbat. Despite advances in studies on T. cruzi and its populations, there is no consensus regarding its heterogeneity. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to perform molecular characterisation of T. cruzi strains, isolated in the state of São Paulo, to identify the DTUs involved and evaluate their genetic diversity. METHODS T. cruzi strains were isolated from biological samples of chronic chagasic patients, marsupials and triatomines through culture techniques and subjected to molecular characterisation using the fluorescent fragment length barcoding (FFLB) technique. Subsequently, the results were correlated with complementary information to enable better discrimination between the identified DTUs. FINDINGS It was possible to identify TcI in two humans and two triatomines; TcII/VI in 19 humans, two marsupials and one triatomine; and TcIII in one human host, an individual that also presented a result for TcI, which indicated the possibility of a mixed infection. Regarding the strains characterised by the TcII/VI profile, the correlation with complementary information allowed to suggest that, in general, these parasite populations indeed correspond to the TcII genotype. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The TcII/VI profile, associated with domestic cycles and patients with chronic Chagas disease, was the most prevalent among the identified DTUs. Furthermore, the correlation of the study results with complementary information made it possible to suggest that TcII is the predominant lineage of this work.
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Cutolo AA, Motoie G, Menz I, Pereira-Chioccola VL. Persistent cutaneous canine leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in an area with predominance of Nyssomyia neivai in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2021; 30:e007121. [PMID: 34550212 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a neglected zoonotic disease caused mainly by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, which is endemic throughout Brazil. Canine ACL cases were investigated in a rural area of Monte Mor, São Paulo, where a human ACL case had been confirmed. Dogs were evaluated through clinical and laboratory diagnosis including serology, cytological tissue preparations and PCR on skin lesions, lymph node and bone marrow samples. Entomological investigations on sandflies trapped in the surroundings of the study area were performed for 14 months. Nyssomyia neivai was the predominant phlebotomine species, comprising 94.65% of the captured specimens (832 out of 879). This species was the most abundant in all trapping sites, including human homes and dog shelters. Ny. whitmani, Migonemyia migonei, Pintomyia monticola, Evandromyia cortellezzii, Pi. fischeri and Expapilata firmatoi were also captured. Two of the three dogs examined were positive for anti-Leishmania IgG in ELISA using the antigen Fucose mannose ligand and skin samples were positive for L. (V.) braziliensis in PCR, but all the samples collected were negative for L. (L.) infantum. One of the dogs had a confirmed persistent infection for more than one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Antonio Cutolo
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz - IAL, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Motoie
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz - IAL, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Guerra JM, Fernandes NCCA, Réssio RA, Kimura LM, Barbosa JER, Taniguchi HH, Hiramoto RM, Motoie G, Tolezano JE, Cogliati B. Cytokine profile and parasite load in lymph nodes of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum from distinct epidemiological scenarios in São Paulo State, Brazil. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 233:110198. [PMID: 33548792 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important zoonotic vector-borne disease and domestic dogs are considered the main domiciliary and peri-domiciliary reservoir of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in South America. Distinct eco-epidemiological scenarios associated to the prevalence of the disease, clusters of parasite genotypes and chemotypes of vectors population are described in Brazil, especially in the state of São Paulo (SP). In this context, the purpose of the present study is to evaluate the clinical signs, histopathological lesions, parasite load and cytokine profile by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in popliteal lymph nodes of canines naturally infected with L. infantum, from different municipalities of the state of SP. Eighty-three dogs with VL, 61 from northwest SP (NWSP) and 22 from southeast SP (SESP), were clinically classified in stage II, with no babesiosis and ehrlichiosis. Subcapsular inflammatory infiltration and histiocytosis were significantly higher in the SESP group (p = 0.0128; 0.0077, respectively). On the other hand, dogs from NWSP revealed 4.6-fold significantly higher parasite burden (p = 0.0004) and higher IHC scores of IL-1β (p = 0.0275) and IL-4 (p = 0.0327) in the popliteal lymph node tissues, which may be associated with the susceptibility and progression of the disease in these dogs. Differences in immune response profile associated with higher parasite load in dogs can also contribute to explain the distinct eco-epidemiological patterns of VL in specific geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M Guerra
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado daSaúde de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 01246-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - Natália C C A Fernandes
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado daSaúde de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 01246-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Réssio
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado daSaúde de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 01246-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lidia M Kimura
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado daSaúde de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 01246-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José E R Barbosa
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado daSaúde de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 01246-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena H Taniguchi
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado daSaúde de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 01246-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto M Hiramoto
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado daSaúde de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 01246-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Motoie
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado daSaúde de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 01246-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José E Tolezano
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado daSaúde de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 01246-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
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Guerra JM, Fernandes NCCA, Réssio RA, Magno JA, Kimura LM, Barbosa JEDR, Bertollo DMB, Taniguchi HH, Hiramoto RM, Motoie G, Tolezano JE, Cogliati B. Evaluation of Cytopathological Techniques for the Diagnosis of Canine Visceral Leishmaniosis with Lymph Node Samples. J Comp Pathol 2019; 172:62-71. [PMID: 31690418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The identification of the parasite in cytological smears of lymph node aspirates is a widely applied technique for the direct diagnosis of Leishmania spp. infection, especially in endemic areas. Although very specific, this method has limited sensitivity, and improving the technique would be highly desirable. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of conventional smear cytology (SC), liquid-based cytology (LBC), cell block (CB) stained with haematoxylin and eosin (HE) and immunocytochemistry (ICC), and formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded tissue immunohistochemistry (FFPE-IHC) compared with serology and polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniosis (CVL) in lymphoid tissue. The use of a preservative medium and centrifugation for cytological samples reduced the number of unsatisfactory artefacts/background. Moreover, LBC allowed excellent cellular preservation and the application of ancillary techniques, such as CB and ICC. SC was the most accurate morphological diagnostic method (45.0%). CB-ICC alone or associated with SC demonstrated significantly higher sensitivity (70.0% and 72.0%, respectively) when compared with SC alone (34.00%). CB-ICC was found to be more effective in the detection of infected animals with mild clinical signs, similar to FFPE-IHC. The specificity and positive predictive value were similar between all methods. Finally, the detection limit for CB-ICC and SC + CB-ICC was identical (18.46 amastigotes/mm2). Our study suggests that CB-ICC is a promising tool for improvement of the cytopathological diagnosis of CVL and may be applied in routine epidemiological screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Guerra
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - N C C A Fernandes
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R A Réssio
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J A Magno
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L M Kimura
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J E de R Barbosa
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D M B Bertollo
- Centro de Laboratório Regional Instituto Adolfo Lutz São José do Rio Preto, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Rua Alberto Sufredini Bertoni, 2325, Maceno, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H H Taniguchi
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R M Hiramoto
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Motoie
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J E Tolezano
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B Cogliati
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, Brazil
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Paiz LM, Motoie G, Richini-Pereira VB, Langoni H, Menozzi BD, Tolezano JE, Donalisio MR. Antibodies and Molecular Detection of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in Samples of Free-Ranging Marmosets (Primates: Callitrichidae: Callithrix spp.) in an Area of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Southeastern Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:249-254. [PMID: 30335584 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic protozoan infection that affects mammals and involves a complex epidemiology. Although dogs are considered the main reservoir in zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the possible presence of other mammalian species acting as reservoirs has been associated as a possible cause of lack of success in the control of human VL in many endemic areas. The knowledge about natural infections of some species is still scarce, such as nonhuman primates (NHP), especially from the genus Callithrix (marmosets). We investigated the infection by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, the agent of VL in the Americas, in 26 marmosets captured monthly, from April 2014 to March 2015, in an environmentally protected area (EPA) in Southeastern Brazil. The EPA has undergone significant environmental changes and has a transmission focus of canine VL since 2009. Serology was performed through the direct agglutination test, which detected low antibody titers in seven marmosets (7/26; 26.9%, 95% confidence interval 9.9-44.0), being five Callithrix penicillata (black-tufted-ear marmoset) and two Callithrix jacchus (white-tufted-ear marmoset). The presence of the DNA of Leishmania was investigated in blood and skin samples by PCR and genetic sequencing. This is the first report of the detection of L. (L.) infantum in the skin of a marmoset, which was verified in a sample from one C. penicillata. The results demonstrate the natural infection of marmosets by L. (L.) infantum and may suggest the participation of these animals as hosts in the parasite's transmission cycle in the EPA. However, more comprehensive studies are needed to elucidate their role on the VL epidemiology in this area and also in different endemic areas, especially because these NHP are increasingly in contact with humans and domestic animals, particularly due to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Moraes Paiz
- 1 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Motoie
- 2 Adolfo Lutz Institute, Center for Systemic Parasitic Diseases, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Helio Langoni
- 4 Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Benedito Donizete Menozzi
- 4 Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Rita Donalisio
- 1 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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dos Santos Brighente KB, Cutolo AA, Motoie G, da Silva Meira-Strejevitch C, Pereira-Chioccola VL. Molecular detection of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in phlebotomine sandflies from a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in northwestern of São Paulo State, Brazil. Acta Trop 2018; 181:1-5. [PMID: 29373820 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study identified the natural infection rate of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in Lutzomyia longipalpis sandflies collected in a neighborhood around a kennel, in Dracena, northwestern of São Paulo state. This region is highly endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Insects were captured during 2-3 nights monthly for 11 months (January-November 2012) using 10 automatic light traps around a kennel in a transition between periurban and urban neighborhood. Capture aimed the determination of the minimal infection rate (MIR) on the area. A total of 1690 Lu. longipalpis were captured during the studied period. Out of them, 292 (17.25%) were females and were grouped in 165 pools containing 1 to five insects for DNA extraction and PCR analysis. Positive results for L. (L) infantum in conventional PCR and real time PCR were shown in 7.28% (12/165) and 4.85% (8/165) of the analysis respectively. These data confirm that Lu. longipalpis captured in the study area were infected by L. (L.) infantum. The MIR of sandflies during the 11 months of captures was 4.10% for female the total of 292 female sandflies collected. A high DNA concentration of L. (L.) infantum was detected on sandflies especially in kennel, chicken coop and neighboring houses, where higher abundance of hosts for blood source were present.
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Donalisio MR, Paiz LM, da Silva VG, Richini-Pereira VB, von Zuben APB, Castagna CL, Motoie G, Hiramoto RM, Tolezano JE. Visceral leishmaniasis in an environmentally protected area in southeastern Brazil: Epidemiological and laboratory cross-sectional investigation of phlebotomine fauna, wild hosts and canine cases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005666. [PMID: 28704391 PMCID: PMC5509102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a rapidly expanding zoonosis that shows increasing urbanization. Concern exists regarding the role of wildlife in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) transmission, due to frequent natural or anthropogenic environmental changes that facilitate contact between wildlife, humans and their pets. The municipality of Campinas, in southeastern Brazil, initially recorded VL in 2009, when the first autochthonous case was confirmed in a dog living in an upscale residential condominium, located inside an environmentally protected area (EPA). Since then, disease transmission remains restricted to dogs inhabiting two geographically contiguous condominiums within the EPA. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We conducted a cross-sectional study of the VL focus to investigate Leishmania spp. infection in domestic dogs, wild mammals and sand flies using molecular tools and recommended serological techniques. Canine seroprevalences of 1.5% and 1.2% were observed in 2013 and 2015, respectively. Six insect species, confirmed or suspected vectors or potential transmitters of Leishmania, were identified. Two specimens of the main L. (L.) infantum vector in Brazil, Lutzomyia longipalpis, were captured in the EPA. Natural infection by L. (L.) infantum was recorded in one Expapillata firmatoi specimen and two Pintomyia monticola. Natural infection by L. (L.) infantum and Leishmania subgenus Viannia was also detected in two white-eared opossums (Didelphis albiventris), a known reservoir of VL. Geographical coordinates of each sampling of infected animals were plotted on a map of the EPA, demonstrating proximity between these animals, human residences, including the dogs positive for VL, and forest areas. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The EPA, which is inhabited by humans, has an active VL focus. The risk of establishing and maintaining disease transmission foci in similar scenarios, i.e. wild areas that undergo environmental modifications, is evident. Moreover, different epidemiological profiles of VL must be included to elaborate prevention and control measures that consider the particularities of each transmission area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Donalisio
- Department of Public Health, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laís Moraes Paiz
- Department of Public Health, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Gabriela Motoie
- Center for Systemic Parasitic Diseases, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Eduardo Tolezano
- Center for Systemic Parasitic Diseases, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Meira-Strejevitch CS, Pereira-Chioccola VL, Maia MM, Carnietto de Hipólito DD, Wang HTL, Motoie G, de Souza Gomes AH, Kanamura CT, Martines RB, de Mattos CCB, Frederico FB, de Mattos LC, de Mattos CCB, Frederico FB, Siqueira RC, Previato M, Barbosa AP, Murata FHA. WITHDRAWN: Selection of reference genes in five types of human tissues for normalization of gene expression studies in infectious diseases. Gene 2016:S0378-1119(16)30816-2. [PMID: 27743995 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Marques Maia
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Hui-Tzu Lin Wang
- Laboratório de Investigação Molecular em Cardiologia, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Gabriela Motoie
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Cinara Cássia Brandão de Mattos
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Fábio Batista Frederico
- Ambulatório de Oftalmologia, Fundação Faculdade Regional de Medicina-Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos de Mattos
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Cinara Cássia Brandão de Mattos
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Fábio Batista Frederico
- Ambulatório de Oftalmologia, Fundação Faculdade Regional de Medicina-Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Rubens Camargo Siqueira
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Mariana Previato
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Amanda Pires Barbosa
- Ambulatório de Oftalmologia, Fundação Faculdade Regional de Medicina-Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando Henrique Antunes Murata
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
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11
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Paiz LM, Donalisio MR, Richini-Pereira VB, Motoie G, Castagna CL, Tolezano JE. Infection by Leishmania spp. in Free-Ranging Opossums (Didelphis albiventris) in an Environmentally Protected Area Inhabited by Humans in Southeastern Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:728-730. [PMID: 27631688 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing concern about the participation of wild hosts and reservoirs in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis, particularly within the context of increasingly frequent environmental changes and the expansion of the One Health concept. This work is a molecular research of infection by Leishmania spp. among the wildlife of an environmentally protected area located in the municipality of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. The studied area has a history of intense environmental changes, with notifications of human cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the 1990s, and a focus of canine visceral leishmaniasis since 2009. Eighty-two wild mammals were sampled by monthly captures in this region over a 1-year period. Blood samples were collected from each animal and subjected to DNA extraction and PCR using primers for the region of the internal transcribed spacer-1. The results of gene sequencing for the first time revealed the infection of opossums (Didelphis albiventris) by Leishmania spp., subgenera Leishmania and Viannia, in Campinas. These findings, in addition to environmental and historical characteristics of the studied area, indicate a possible role of wildlife in the introduction and/or maintenance of natural foci of leishmaniasis transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Moraes Paiz
- 1 Department of Public Health, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP , Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria Rita Donalisio
- 1 Department of Public Health, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP , Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Motoie
- 3 Center for Systemic Parasitic Diseases, Adolfo Lutz Institute , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Luiz Castagna
- 4 Surveillance Unit in Zoonosis, Campinas Municipal Health Secretariat , Campinas, Brazil
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12
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Colombo FA, Pereira-Chioccola VL, Meira CDS, Motoie G, Gava R, Hiramoto RM, de Almeida ME, da Silva AJ, Cutolo AA, Menz I. Performance of a real time PCR for leishmaniasis diagnosis using a L. (L.) infantum hypothetical protein as target in canine samples. Exp Parasitol 2015; 157:156-62. [PMID: 26297683 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis represents an important public health issue in different parts of the world, requiring that measures be put in place to control the spread of the disease worldwide. The canine leishmaniasis diagnosis is not easy based on clinical signs, since dogs may not develop the infection with recognizable signs. Thus, the laboratorial diagnosis is essential to ascertain the incidence and prevalence of canine leishmaniasis especially in areas with major control efforts. Although, the diagnosis can be performed by the use of different approaches, the molecular methods such as PCR have become an indispensable tool for leishmaniases diagnosis. A TaqMan assay for real-time PCR (Linj31-qPCR) was developed to determine the parasite occurrence in clinical cases of leishmaniasis. The assay targets an L. (L.) infantum hypothetical protein region. The specificity of the assay was verified by using Leishmania World Health Organization reference strains including parasites belonging to subgenus L. (Leishmania), subgenus L. (Viannia), other Leishmania species and Trypanosoma cruzi. The sensitivity was verified by using isolates of L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (L.) infantum. The usefulness of the assay for diagnosis was ascertained by testing 277 samples from dogs in regions endemic for visceral and/or cutaneous leishmaniasis and from regions in which leishmaniasis was not endemic in São Paulo State, Brazil. Diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) was determined on these animals by conventional PCR and three serological tests. The dog samples were divided into four groups. I, dogs with CVL (n = 101); II, dogs with other diseases and without CVL (n = 97); III, dogs with American cutaneous leishmaniasis (n = 7), and, IV, dogs without CVL (n = 72) from areas where leishmaniasis was not endemic as control group. Results indicated that Linj31-qPCR was able to identify parasites belonging to subgenus L. (Leishmania) with no cross-amplification with other parasite subgenera. The Linj31-qPCR detected Leishmania parasites DNA in 98% of samples from Group I. In conclusion this methodology can be used as routine diagnostic tools to detect parasites from subgenus Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Antonio Colombo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Micro-organismos da Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Pereira-Chioccola
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cristina da Silva Meira
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Motoie
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gava
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto M Hiramoto
- Nucleo de Parasitoses Sistemicas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos E de Almeida
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexandre J da Silva
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andre Antonio Cutolo
- Setor de Controle de Zoonoses e Vetores, Prefeitura Municipal de Monte Mor, Monte Mor, SP, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Menz
- Ingrid Menz Micro Empresa, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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13
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Meira CS, Pereira-Chioccola VL, Vidal JE, de Mattos CCB, Motoie G, Costa-Silva TA, Gava R, Frederico FB, de Mattos LC. Cerebral and ocular toxoplasmosis related with IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 levels. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:492. [PMID: 25352834 PMCID: PMC4195364 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the synthesis of Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), and Interleukin 10 (IL-10) in chronically infected patients which developed the symptomatic disease as cerebral or ocular toxoplasmosis. Blood from 61 individuals were divided into four groups: Cerebral toxoplasmosis/AIDS patients (CT/AIDS group) (n = 15), ocular toxoplasmosis patients (OT group) (n = 23), chronic toxoplasmosis individuals (CHR group) (n = 13) and healthy individuals (HI group) (n = 10). OT, CHR, and HI groups were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seronegative. The diagnosis was made by laboratorial (PCR and ELISA) and clinical subjects. For cytokine determination, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of each patient were isolated and stimulated in vitro with T. gondii antigen. IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 activities were determined by ELISA. Patients from CT/AIDS and OT groups had low levels of IFN-γ when were compared with those from CHR group. These data suggest the low resistance to develop ocular lesions by the low ability to produce IFN-γ against the parasite. The same patients, which developed ocular or cerebral toxoplasmosis had higher TNF-α levels than CHR individuals. High TNF-α synthesis contribute to the inflammatory response and damage of the choroid and retina in OT patients and in AIDS patients caused a high inflammatory response as the TNF-α synthesis is not affected since monocytes are the major source this cytokine in response to soluble T. gondii antigens. IL-10 levels were almost similar in CT/AIDS and OT patients but low when compared with CHR individuals. The deviation to Th2 immune response including the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 may promote the parasite's survival causing the tissue immune destruction. IL-10 production in T. gondii-infected brains may support the persistence of parasites as down-regulating the intracerebral immune response. All these indicate that OT and CT/AIDS patients produced low levels of IL-10 (Th2 response) and IFN-γ (Th1 response). They produced high TNF-α suggesting a high inflammatory response triggered by the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina S Meira
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - José E Vidal
- Departamento de Neurologia, Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cinara C Brandão de Mattos
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Motoie
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais A Costa-Silva
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gava
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio B Frederico
- Ambulatório de Oftalmologia, Fundação Faculdade Regional de Medicina, Hospital de Base São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz C de Mattos
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
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14
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Meira CS, Vidal JE, Costa-Silva TA, Motoie G, Gava R, Hiramoto RM, Pereira-Chioccola VL. IgG4 specific to Toxoplasma gondii excretory/secretory antigens in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid support the cerebral toxoplasmosis diagnosis in HIV-infected patients. J Immunol Methods 2013; 395:21-8. [PMID: 23811152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral toxoplasmosis is the most common neurological opportunistic disease manifested in HIV infected patients. Excretory/secretory antigens (ESA) are serological markers for the diagnosis of reactivation of the infection in HIV-infected patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis. Immunosuppressed patients develop high antibody titers for ESA. However, little is known about the humoral response for these antigens. The present study analyzed the profile of antibody recognition against ESA in comparison with tachyzoite lysate antigen (TLA) in 265 sera and 270 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from infected patients with Toxoplasma gondii and or HIV and in sera of 50 healthy individuals. The samples of sera and CSF were organized in 8 groups. The sera sample groups were: Group I - Se/CT/AIDS (patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis/AIDS) with 58 samples; Group II - Se/ONinf/AIDS/PosT (patients with AIDS/other neuroinfections/positive toxoplasmosis) with 49 samples; Group III - Se/ONinf/AIDS/NegT (patients with AIDS/other neuroinfections/negative toxoplasmosis) with 58 samples; Group IV - Se/PosT/NegHIV (individuals with asymptomatic toxoplasmosis/negative HIV) with 50 samples and Group V - Se/NegT/NegHIV (healthy individuals/negative toxoplasmosis and HIV) with 50 samples. The CSF sample groups were: Group VI - CSF/CT/AIDS (patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis/AIDS) with 99 samples; Group VII - CSF/ONinf/AIDS/PosT (patients with AIDS/other neuroinfections/positive toxoplasmosis) with 112 samples, and Group VIII - CSF/ONinf/AIDS/NegT (patients with AIDS/other neuroinfections/negative toxoplasmosis) with 59 samples. Levels of IgM, IgA, IgE, IgG and subclasses were determined by ELISA against TLA and ESA antigens. IgM, IgA or IgE antibodies against ESA or TLA were not detected in sera from patients with toxoplasmosis suggesting that all patients were in chronic phase of the infection. High levels of IgG1 against TLA were found in sera samples from groups I, II and IV and in CSF samples from groups VI and VII; whereas IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 levels were not detected in the same sera or CSF sample groups. However, patients from groups I and VI, that had tachyzoites circulating in blood and CSF respectively, produced a mix of IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies against ESA. IgG2 against ESA were predominant in serum from patients with the latent (non-active) T. gondii infection/HIV negative and in CSF samples from patients with other neuroinfections and positive toxoplasmosis (groups IV and VII, respectively). IgG4 levels against ESA were found to be significantly (P<0.05 and P<0.005) higher in patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis (groups I and VI, respectively) in comparison with groups II, IV and VII. This data suggest that IgG4 can be valuable for supporting the diagnosis of focal brain lesions, caused by T. gondii infection, in HIV-infected patients. This approach might be useful, mainly when molecular investigation to detect parasites is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina S Meira
- Laboratorio de Parasitologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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15
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Motoie G, Ferreira GEM, Cupolillo E, Canavez F, Pereira-Chioccola VL. Spatial distribution and population genetics of Leishmania infantum genotypes in São Paulo State, Brazil, employing multilocus microsatellite typing directly in dog infected tissues. Infect Genet Evol 2013; 18:48-59. [PMID: 23665466 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the genetic characteristics of Leishmania infantum samples from São Paulo (SP) State, Brazil in order to collaborate with information about the possible origins of the parasites, as well as, the introduction and spread of visceral leishmaniasis in this Brazilian State. Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) was performed using a set of 17 microsatellite markers. DNA was extracted from 250 samples collected from dogs diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis and 112 (45%) were genotyped: 67 from the northwest region (NWSP), and 29 from the southeast region (SESP) of SP. The results were correlated with other 16 samples from Mato Grosso do Sul State (MS) (which borders NWSP). Although, a small portion of samples was genotyped, it was possible to genotype multiple loci using small amounts of Leishmania DNA extracted directly from dog tissues. Despite the fact that MLMT analysis defined 33 different genotypes, a low polymorphism was detected within the parasites studied with 10 polymorphic loci. There are two main genetic clusters circulating in SP with strong genetic differentiation, one (POP-A) is composed by samples from SESP and NWSP and presented a weak signal of geographical substructure. The other, belongs to the same cluster found in the state of MS (POP-B), which was the main one. The majority (93.75%) of MS parasite genotypes belonged to POP-B, with just one sample (6.25%) grouped in POP-A. POP-B also comprised 10.34% of SESP and 26.87% of NWSP samples. Besides one sample from MS, POP-A is composed by 73.13% of NWSP and 89.66% of SESP samples. The MLMT analysis supported the idea of canine visceral leishmaniasis being introduced in the Northwest region of SP State by the traffic of humans and dogs from MS. In the southeast region of SP occurred an introduction of a new L. infantum genetic cluster. Probably the transmission was spread by traffic of infected dogs from other Brazilian regions, or by introduction of imported dogs from other countries. All these data together contributed to the detection of the genetic profile of L. infantum population in SP State.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Motoie
- Laboratório de Parasitologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Gustavo Tempone A, de Souza Carvalho Melhem M, Oliveira Prado F, Motoie G, Mitsuyoshi Hiramoto R, Maria Antoniazzi M, Fernando Baptista Haddad C, Jared C. Amphibian Secretions for Drug Discovery Studies: A Search for New Antiparasitic and Antifungal Compounds. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2007. [DOI: 10.2174/157018007778992856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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