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Rademeyer C, Korber B, Seaman MS, Giorgi EE, Thebus R, Robles A, Sheward DJ, Wagh K, Garrity J, Carey BR, Gao H, Greene KM, Tang H, Bandawe GP, Marais JC, Diphoko TE, Hraber P, Tumba N, Moore PL, Gray GE, Kublin J, McElrath MJ, Vermeulen M, Middelkoop K, Bekker LG, Hoelscher M, Maboko L, Makhema J, Robb ML, Karim SA, Karim QA, Kim JH, Hahn BH, Gao F, Swanstrom R, Morris L, Montefiori DC, Williamson C. Correction: Features of Recently Transmitted HIV-1 Clade C Viruses that Impact Antibody Recognition: Implications for Active and Passive Immunization. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006641. [PMID: 28945784 PMCID: PMC5612725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Rademeyer C, Korber B, Seaman MS, Giorgi EE, Thebus R, Robles A, Sheward DJ, Wagh K, Garrity J, Carey BR, Gao H, Greene KM, Tang H, Bandawe GP, Marais JC, Diphoko TE, Hraber P, Tumba N, Moore PL, Gray GE, Kublin J, McElrath MJ, Vermeulen M, Middelkoop K, Bekker LG, Hoelscher M, Maboko L, Makhema J, Robb ML, Abdool Karim S, Abdool Karim Q, Kim JH, Hahn BH, Gao F, Swanstrom R, Morris L, Montefiori DC, Williamson C. Features of Recently Transmitted HIV-1 Clade C Viruses that Impact Antibody Recognition: Implications for Active and Passive Immunization. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005742. [PMID: 27434311 PMCID: PMC4951126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of biomedical interventions to reduce acquisition of HIV-1 infection remains a global priority, however their potential effectiveness is challenged by very high HIV-1 envelope diversity. Two large prophylactic trials in high incidence, clade C epidemic regions in southern Africa are imminent; passive administration of the monoclonal antibody VRC01, and active immunization with a clade C modified RV144-like vaccines. We have created a large representative panel of C clade viruses to enable assessment of antibody responses to vaccines and natural infection in Southern Africa, and we investigated the genotypic and neutralization properties of recently transmitted clade C viruses to determine how viral diversity impacted antibody recognition. We further explore the implications of these findings for the potential effectiveness of these trials. A panel of 200 HIV-1 Envelope pseudoviruses was constructed from clade C viruses collected within the first 100 days following infection. Viruses collected pre-seroconversion were significantly more resistant to serum neutralization compared to post-seroconversion viruses (p = 0.001). Over 13 years of the study as the epidemic matured, HIV-1 diversified (p = 0.0009) and became more neutralization resistant to monoclonal antibodies VRC01, PG9 and 4E10. When tested at therapeutic levels (10ug/ml), VRC01 only neutralized 80% of viruses in the panel, although it did exhibit potent neutralization activity against sensitive viruses (IC50 titres of 0.42 μg/ml). The Gp120 amino acid similarity between the clade C panel and candidate C-clade vaccine protein boosts (Ce1086 and TV1) was 77%, which is 8% more distant than between CRF01_AE viruses and the RV144 CRF01_AE immunogen. Furthermore, two vaccine signature sites, K169 in V2 and I307 in V3, associated with reduced infection risk in RV144, occurred less frequently in clade C panel viruses than in CRF01_AE viruses from Thailand. Increased resistance of pre-seroconversion viruses and evidence of antigenic drift highlights the value of using panels of very recently transmitted viruses and suggests that interventions may need to be modified over time to track the changing epidemic. Furthermore, high divergence such as that observed in the older clade C epidemic in southern Africa may impact vaccine efficacy, although the correlates of infection risk are yet to be defined in the clade C setting. Findings from this study of acute/early clade C viruses will aid vaccine development, and enable identification of new broad and potent antibodies to combat the HIV-1 C-clade epidemic in southern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rademeyer
- Division of Medical Virology & Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town South Africa
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory and New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elena E. Giorgi
- Los Alamos National Laboratory and New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Ruwayhida Thebus
- Division of Medical Virology & Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town South Africa
| | - Alexander Robles
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Sheward
- Division of Medical Virology & Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town South Africa
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Los Alamos National Laboratory and New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jetta Garrity
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brittany R. Carey
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kelli M. Greene
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Haili Tang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gama P. Bandawe
- Division of Medical Virology & Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town South Africa
| | - Jinny C. Marais
- Division of Medical Virology & Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town South Africa
| | | | - Peter Hraber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory and New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Nancy Tumba
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), NHLS & University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), NHLS & University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Glenda E. Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg and South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Marion Vermeulen
- South African National Blood Service, Weltevreden Park, South Africa
| | - Keren Middelkoop
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town (UCT), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town (UCT), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Department for Infectious Diseases & Tropical Medicine, Klinikum University of Munich, LMU and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Joseph Makhema
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Salim Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Quarraisha Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beatrice H. Hahn
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), NHLS & University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology & Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Bandawe GP, Moore PL, Werner L, Gray ES, Sheward DJ, Madiga M, Nofemela A, Thebus R, Marais JC, Maboko L, Abdool Karim SS, Hoelscher M, Morris L, Williamson C. Differences in HIV type 1 neutralization breadth in 2 geographically distinct cohorts in Africa. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1461-6. [PMID: 25398460 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether distinct populations have differing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) neutralizing antibody responses, we compared 20 women from Tanzania's HIV Superinfection Study (HISIS) cohort, who were infected multiple HIV subtypes, and 22 women from the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) cohort, who were infected exclusively with HIV subtype C. By 2 years after infection, 35% of HISIS subjects developed neutralization breadth, compared with 9% of CAPRISA subjects (P = .0131). Cumulative viral loads between 3 and 12 months were higher in the HISIS group (P = .046) and strongly associated with breadth (P < .0001). While viral load was the strongest predictor, other factors may play a role, as the odds of developing breadth remained higher in HISIS even after correction for viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gama P Bandawe
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lise Werner
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Elin S Gray
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services
| | - Daniel J Sheward
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town
| | - Maphuti Madiga
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services
| | - Andile Nofemela
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town
| | - Ruwayhida Thebus
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town
| | - Jinny C Marais
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town
| | | | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of Ludwig Maximilians University German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, Germany
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town National Health Laboratory Services, Cape Town Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Middelkoop K, Rademeyer C, Brown BB, Cashmore TJ, Marais JC, Scheibe AP, Bandawe GP, Myer L, Fuchs JD, Williamson C, Bekker LG. Epidemiology of HIV-1 subtypes among men who have sex with men in Cape Town, South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 65:473-80. [PMID: 24583617 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early studies in Cape Town identified independent HIV-1 epidemics, with distinct viral subtypes, among men who have sex with men (MSM) and the heterosexual population. However, few recent HIV-1 subtype data are available for MSM in South Africa. We examined HIV-1 subtypes among MSM in Cape Town. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. METHODS Self-identified MSM were recruited from geographically and racially disparate communities across Cape Town. Participants completed behavioral questionnaires and underwent HIV testing. Virus isolated from infected participants underwent complete env gp160 sequencing, and HIV-1 subtypes were assigned through phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS In total, 194 HIV-infected MSM were enrolled: 67% black African, 24% colored, and 9% white men. More black African men identified as bisexual or heterosexual compared with other races. Overall, 31%-66% of men reported a recent partner of another race. HIV-1 subtypes were confirmed for 143 participants: 81% were subtype C, 14% B, 1% A1, 1% F2, and 3 recombinant viruses. Subtype C virus was associated with black African race (P = 0.003 compared with colored; P < 0.001 compared with white), men who identified as bisexual/heterosexual (P = 0.01), and reported a female sexual partner in the last year (P = 0.02). Compared with previous studies, an increasing prevalence of subtype C virus was noted among white MSM. CONCLUSIONS This molecular epidemiology study provides novel evidence of sexual network links between the heterosexual and MSM epidemics and between historically racially disparate communities. These findings provide insights into the drivers of HIV epidemics in different population groups and may have implications for prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Middelkoop
- *Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and †Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; ‡Division of Medical Virology and §Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; ‖Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; ¶Center for Learning and Innovation, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA; #University of California, San Francisco; and **National Health Laboratory Services, Cape Town, South Africa
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Bandawe GP, Martin DP, Treurnicht F, Mlisana K, Karim SSA, Williamson C. Conserved positive selection signals in gp41 across multiple subtypes and difference in selection signals detectable in gp41 sequences sampled during acute and chronic HIV-1 subtype C infection. Virol J 2008; 5:141. [PMID: 19025632 PMCID: PMC2630941 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high diversity of HIV variants driving the global AIDS epidemic has caused many to doubt whether an effective vaccine against the virus is possible. However, by identifying the selective forces that are driving the ongoing diversification of HIV and characterising their genetic consequences, it may be possible to design vaccines that pre-empt some of the virus' more common evasion tactics. One component of such vaccines might be the envelope protein, gp41. Besides being targeted by both the humoral and cellular arms of the immune system this protein mediates fusion between viral and target cell membranes and is likely to be a primary determinant of HIV transmissibility. RESULTS Using recombination aware analysis tools we compared site specific signals of selection in gp41 sequences from different HIV-1 M subtypes and circulating recombinant forms and identified twelve sites evolving under positive selection across multiple major HIV-1 lineages. To identify evidence of selection operating during transmission our analysis included two matched datasets sampled from patients with acute or chronic subtype C infections. We identified six gp41 sites apparently evolving under different selection pressures during acute and chronic HIV-1 infections. These sites mostly fell within functional gp41 domains, with one site located within the epitope recognised by the broadly neutralizing antibody, 4E10. CONCLUSION Whereas these six sites are potentially determinants of fitness and are therefore good candidate targets for subtype-C specific vaccines, the twelve sites evolving under diversifying selection across multiple subtypes might make good candidate targets for broadly protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gama P Bandawe
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Darren P Martin
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Florette Treurnicht
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Koleka Mlisana
- Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X7, Congella, 4013, South Africa
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X7, Congella, 4013, South Africa
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
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