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Tokalić R, Buljan I, Mejlgaard N, Carrió M, Lang A, Revuelta G, Marušić A. Responsible research and innovation training programs: implementation and evaluation of the HEIRRI project. Forensic Sci Res 2021; 6:320-330. [PMID: 35127198 PMCID: PMC8815623 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2021.1970319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Responsible research and innovation, or RRI, is a concept that aims to bring together society and science for a better future. There are six key elements of RRI: public engagement, gender equality, science education, open access, ethics and governance. Higher Education Institutions and Responsible Research and Innovation (HEIRRI) project aimed to bring the concept of RRI into the educational system. Using state-of-the-art review of good practices, HEIRRI team developed 10 training programs on RRI for different higher education institution educational levels, including a summer school and a massive open online course (MOOC). We conducted pilot of the trainings and evaluated participants’ experiences. Satisfaction with HEIRRI training programs on responsible research and innovation was high, both for participants and for the trainers, and trainings raised awareness of RRI. Participants’ feedback was used to identify areas that need improvement and provided for recommendations for final versions of the HEIRRI training programs. In order to equip researchers with skills to recognize and apply RRI values, RRI should be included in their education. HEIRRI training is suitable for a range of different disciplines, including forensic science, and is free to use and adjust for specific contexts (available from: https://rri-tools.eu/heirri-training-programmes). Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2021.1970319 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ružica Tokalić
- Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivan Buljan
- Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Niels Mejlgaard
- Danish Centre for Studies in Research and Research Policy, Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mar Carrió
- Health Sciences Education Research Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander Lang
- Institut für Höhere Studien – Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gema Revuelta
- Studies Centre on Science, Communication and Society, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Marušić
- Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
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del Cañizo C, Cristóbal AB, Barbosa L, Revuelta G, Haas S, Victoria M, Brocklehurst M. Promoting citizen science in the energy sector: Generation Solar, an open database of small-scale solar photovoltaic installations. Open Res Eur 2021; 1:21. [PMID: 37645130 PMCID: PMC10445918 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.13069.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Citizen science is becoming an effective approach in building a new relationship between science and society, in which the desire of citizens to participate actively in knowledge production meets the needs of researchers. A citizen science initiative dealing with the development of photovoltaics (PV) is presented. To generate a "responsible" initiative, the research question has been designed collectively from the beginning, involving diverse actors in order to encourage creativity while addressing their interests and concerns. The result has been called Generation Solar. It aims at co-creating an open database of PV installations including their technical characteristics, and an online map for visualizing them. The initiative responds to a clear scientific demand; an important drawback for researchers working on energy modelling and predictions of production lays precisely in the lack of information about these installations' locations and characteristics. The initiative invites citizens, companies and public institutions with a PV installation to collaborate by providing such data. Data will follow the format of Open Power System Data in order to be fully exploitable by the scientific community and society. The success of the initiative will rely on the capacity to mobilize citizens and register the largest possible number of installations worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos del Cañizo
- Instituto de Energía Solar, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Cristóbal
- Instituto de Energía Solar, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa Barbosa
- Centro de Estudios de Ciencia, Comunicación y Sociedad, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gema Revuelta
- Centro de Estudios de Ciencia, Comunicación y Sociedad, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marta Victoria
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Abstract
There is a general trend toward more active, broader, and more inclusive participation of different stakeholders in science. Civil society organizations' inclusion in the scientific process is being promoted. However, there are few attempts to understand the role of civil society organizations in research. This study is based on the analysis of 31 semi-structured interviews with Spanish civil society organization managers and representatives. Our main results regarding the current relationship between civil society organizations and the research system are (a) civil society organizations mainly participate in science within one single research moment and they are unaware of their potential. (b) We identify a lack of resources, mutual knowledge (among civil society organizations and academia), and capabilities as barriers for civil society organizations' participation.
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Llorente C, Revuelta G, Carrió M, Porta M. Scientists' opinions and attitudes towards citizens' understanding of science and their role in public engagement activities. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224262. [PMID: 31721768 PMCID: PMC6853295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing perception that public communication in science and technology is an important tool to create a knowledge society is encouraging numerous public engagement activities. However, too little is known about scientists' opinions of and attitudes towards the public with whom they interact during these activities, especially in southern European countries such as Spain. If we want to establish an effective dialogue between science and society, we need to be aware of the opinions and perceptions that both parties have of each other. In this study, we address this issue by focusing on 1022 responses to a survey conducted among scientists in Spain to discover their views of the public, and we then compare these responses with data from other national surveys on the public's understanding of science. The results show that approximately 75% of Spanish scientists think that the general public has a serious lack of knowledge and understanding of scientific reasoning, although scientists do recognize that science interests the public (73%). Scientists believe that the public values the scientific profession to a lesser extent than suggested by public surveys: on a scale of 1-5, survey respondents rate their valuation of the scientific profession at 4.22, whereas scientists rate the public's valuation of the profession at 3.12, on average. Significant differences were detected between scientists' perceptions of how citizens are informed about science and what citizens report in surveys. The challenge for the future is to narrow this gap in order to help scientists gain a better understanding of the public and their interests and to make public engagement activities more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Llorente
- Studies Centre on Science, Communication and Society, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Gema Revuelta
- Studies Centre on Science, Communication and Society, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Carrió
- Group of Educational Research in Health Sciences, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Porta
- Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (IMIM), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
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Mejlgaard N, Christensen MV, Strand R, Buljan I, Carrió M, Cayetano I Giralt M, Griessler E, Lang A, Marušić A, Revuelta G, Rodríguez G, Saladié N, Wuketich M. Teaching Responsible Research and Innovation: A Phronetic Perspective. Sci Eng Ethics 2019; 25:597-615. [PMID: 29417391 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-018-0029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Across the European research area and beyond, efforts are being mobilized to align research and innovation processes and products with societal values and needs, and to create mechanisms for inclusive priority setting and knowledge production. A central concern is how to foster a culture of "Responsible Research and Innovation" (RRI) among scientists and engineers. This paper focuses on RRI teaching at higher education institutions. On the basis of interviews and reviews of academic and policy documents, it highlights the generic aspects of teaching aimed at invoking a sense of care and societal obligation, and provides a set of exemplary cases of RRI-related teaching. It argues that the Aristotelian concept of phronesis can capture core properties of the objectives of RRI-related teaching activities. Teaching should nurture the students' capacity in terms of practical wisdom, practical ethics, or administrative ability in order to enable them to act virtuously and responsibly in contexts which are often characterized by uncertainty, contention, and controversy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Mejlgaard
- Danish Centre for Studies in Research and Research Policy, Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 7, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Malene Vinther Christensen
- Danish Centre for Studies in Research and Research Policy, Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 7, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Roger Strand
- Centre for the Study of the Sciences and the Humanities, University of Bergen, Parkveien 9, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ivan Buljan
- Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Mar Carrió
- Health Sciences Education Research Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cayetano I Giralt
- Association of Catalan Public Universities (ACUP) and Global University Network for Innovation (GUNi), Carrer de la Vila, UAB Campus, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erich Griessler
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Josefstädter Straße 39, 1080, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Lang
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Josefstädter Straße 39, 1080, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Marušić
- Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Gema Revuelta
- Studies Centre on Science, Communication and Society, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Rodríguez
- Health Sciences Education Research Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Saladié
- Studies Centre on Science, Communication and Society, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Milena Wuketich
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Josefstädter Straße 39, 1080, Vienna, Austria
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Lench D, Kearney-Ramos T, Carmen Lopez G, DeVries W, Hydar A, Hanlon C, Revuelta G. Using rTMS to modulate neural networks involved in Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease. Brain Stimul 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Bard I, Gaskell G, Allansdottir A, da Cunha RV, Eduard P, Hampel J, Hildt E, Hofmaier C, Kronberger N, Laursen S, Meijknecht A, Nordal S, Quintanilha A, Revuelta G, Saladié N, Sándor J, Santos JB, Seyringer S, Singh I, Somsen H, Toonders W, Torgersen H, Torre V, Varju M, Zwart H. Bottom Up Ethics - Neuroenhancement in Education and Employment. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2018; 11:309-322. [PMID: 30220937 PMCID: PMC6132847 DOI: 10.1007/s12152-018-9366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroenhancement involves the use of neurotechnologies to improve cognitive, affective or behavioural functioning, where these are not judged to be clinically impaired. Questions about enhancement have become one of the key topics of neuroethics over the past decade. The current study draws on in-depth public engagement activities in ten European countries giving a bottom-up perspective on the ethics and desirability of enhancement. This informed the design of an online contrastive vignette experiment that was administered to representative samples of 1000 respondents in the ten countries and the United States. The experiment investigated how the gender of the protagonist, his or her level of performance, the efficacy of the enhancer and the mode of enhancement affected support for neuroenhancement in both educational and employment contexts. Of these, higher efficacy and lower performance were found to increase willingness to support enhancement. A series of commonly articulated claims about the individual and societal dimensions of neuroenhancement were derived from the public engagement activities. Underlying these claims, multivariate analysis identified two social values. The Societal/Protective highlights counter normative consequences and opposes the use enhancers. The Individual/Proactionary highlights opportunities and supports use. For most respondents these values are not mutually exclusive. This suggests that for many neuroenhancement is viewed simultaneously as a source of both promise and concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Bard
- Department of Methodology, London School of Economics, London, UK
| | - George Gaskell
- Department of Methodology, London School of Economics, London, UK
| | | | | | - Peter Eduard
- Experimentarium, Science Communication Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juergen Hampel
- Center for Interdisciplinary Risk and Innovation Studies, Stuttgart University, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hildt
- Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Christian Hofmaier
- Center for Interdisciplinary Risk and Innovation Studies, Stuttgart University, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nicole Kronberger
- Department of Social and Economic Psychology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Sheena Laursen
- Experimentarium, Science Communication Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Meijknecht
- Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology, and Society, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Salvör Nordal
- Centre for Ethics University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Gema Revuelta
- Centre on Science, Communication and Society Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Saladié
- Centre on Science, Communication and Society Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Sándor
- The Center for Ethics and Law in Biomedicine Central European University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Simone Seyringer
- Department of Social and Economic Psychology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Ilina Singh
- Department of Psychiatry and Oxford Uehiro Centre University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Han Somsen
- Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology, and Society, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Winnie Toonders
- Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Helge Torgersen
- Institute of Technology Assessment Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vincent Torre
- Centre for Neurobiology, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - Márton Varju
- The Center for Ethics and Law in Biomedicine Central European University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hub Zwart
- Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Williams NR, Bentzley BS, Sahlem GL, Pannu J, Korte JE, Revuelta G, Short EB, George MS. Unilateral ultra-brief pulse electroconvulsive therapy for depression in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 135:407-411. [PMID: 27241213 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has demonstrated efficacy in treating core symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD); however, widespread use of ECT in PD has been limited due to concern over cognitive burden. We investigated the use of a newer ECT technology known to have fewer cognitive side effects (right unilateral [RUL] ultra-brief pulse [UBP]) for the treatment of medically refractory psychiatric dysfunction in PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS This open-label pilot study included 6 patients who were assessed in the motoric, cognitive, and neuropsychiatric domains prior to and after RUL UBP ECT. Primary endpoints were changes in total score on the HAM-D-17 and GDS-30 rating scales. RESULTS Patients were found to improve in motoric and psychiatric domains following RUL UBP ECT without cognitive side effects, both immediately following ECT and at 1-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that RUL UBP ECT is safe, feasible, and potentially efficacious in treating multiple domains of PD, including motor and mood, without clear cognitive side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. R. Williams
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences; Stanford University; Stanford CA USA
| | - B. S. Bentzley
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences; Stanford University; Stanford CA USA
| | - G. L. Sahlem
- Department of Psychiatry; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
| | - J. Pannu
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences; Stanford University; Stanford CA USA
| | - J. E. Korte
- Department of Public Health Sciences; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
| | - G. Revuelta
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
| | - E. B. Short
- Department of Psychiatry; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
| | - M. S. George
- Department of Neurology; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
- Department of Psychiatry; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center; Charleston SC USA
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Zwart H, Brenninkmeijer J, Eduard P, Krabbenborg L, Laursen S, Revuelta G, Toonders W. Reflection as a Deliberative and Distributed Practice: Assessing Neuro-Enhancement Technologies via Mutual Learning Exercises (MLEs). Nanoethics 2017; 11:127-138. [PMID: 28845202 PMCID: PMC5554482 DOI: 10.1007/s11569-017-0287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In 1968, Jürgen Habermas claimed that, in an advanced technological society, the emancipatory force of knowledge can only be regained by actively recovering the 'forgotten experience of reflection'. In this article, we argue that, in the contemporary situation, critical reflection requires a deliberative ambiance, a process of mutual learning, a consciously organised process of deliberative and distributed reflection. And this especially applies, we argue, to critical reflection concerning a specific subset of technologies which are actually oriented towards optimising human cognition (neuro-enhancement). In order to create a deliberative ambiance, fostering critical upstream reflection on emerging technologies, we developed (in the context of a European 7th Framework Programme project on neuro-enhancement and responsible research and innovation, called NERRI) the concept of a mutual learning exercise (MLE). Building on a number of case studies, we analyse what an MLE involves, both practically and conceptually, focussing on key aspects such as ambiance and expertise, the role of 'genres of the imagination' and the profiles of various 'subcultures of debate'. Ideally, an MLE becomes a contemporary version of the Socratic agora, providing a stage where multiple and sometimes unexpected voices and perspectives mutually challenge each other, in order to strength-en the societal robustness and responsiveness of emerg-ing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hub Zwart
- Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, Department of Philosophy and Science Studies, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jonna Brenninkmeijer
- Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, Department of Philosophy and Science Studies, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lotte Krabbenborg
- Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, Department of Philosophy and Science Studies, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Winnie Toonders
- Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, Department of Philosophy and Science Studies, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Williams N, Sahlem G, Pannu J, Takacs I, Short B, Revuelta G, George M. Bridging to deep brain stimulation implantation using electroconvulsive therapy in Parkinson’s disease. Brain Stimul 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.01.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Revuelta G. [Health status in Spain between 2000 and 2009: an approach through the analysis of the press media]. Med Clin (Barc) 2012; 138:622-6. [PMID: 21621230 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND News on health and health care are increasingly common in the mass media, and cancer is one of the most prominent topic among these news due to its health impact. MATERIAL AND METHODS All news published in major newspapers in Catalonia, Spain between April to December 1996 were analysed, together with items from science and health supplements general information and science journals. Types of cancer-related topics, sources of information, the importance of cancer in the news item and the theme of the piece were analysed. RESULTS During the period analysed, 974 news items were published which dealt with cancer. Of these, cancer was the principal topic in 53.5% of the items published in the national press, and 63.4% of the items published in the regional press. Cancer was the subject of an editorial comment on only four occasions. The source of information was mentioned in 64.8% of the items, and mean number of sources was 1.6. Political institutions were the most frequent source of information in newspapers, while science and health supplements and other magazines tended to cite scientific and health care institutions, as well as scientific journals. Basic research was the most common topic for news (30.3%) in science and health supplements while risk and environmental factors (29.6%) were the most common topics in magazines; environmental and technological risk factors (18,6%) and conflicts with health administrative bodies (16%) were the most frequent topics in the newspapers. CONCLUSION News about risk factors and their prevention as well as technological and environmental factors related to cancer were among the most important topics published in the general press and magazines, together with conflicts with administrative bodies. Informations related to new therapies were a less frequent topic. Scientific journals have an important role as an information source for mass media together with political and scientific institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A García
- Servei de Prevenció i Control del Càncer, Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, España.
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Abstract
CONTEXT Scientific journals issue press releases to disseminate scientific news about articles they publish. OBJECTIVE To assess whether press releases about journal articles were associated with publication of subsequent newspaper stories. DESIGN Retrospective content analysis of newspaper stories, journal press releases, and journal tables of contents. From December 1, 1996, to February 28, 1997, press releases and tables of contents were collected from BMJ, Nature, Science, and The Lancet, along with newspaper stories on scientific research published in The New York Times (United States), Le Figaro and Le Monde (France), El País and La Vanguardia (Spain), La Repubblica (Italy), and the International Herald Tribune. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Number of newspaper stories that contained reference to articles appearing in the 4 scientific journals, number of newspaper stories that referred to journal articles described in press releases, and the order in which journal articles were mentioned in press releases. RESULTS Of the 1060 newspaper stories analyzed, 142 referred to journal articles; of these, 119 (84%) referred to articles mentioned in press releases and 23 (16%) referred to journal articles not mentioned in press releases (comparison of proportions, P=.03). Articles described first or second were referenced in more newspapers than articles described later in the press release (P=.01 by chi2 analysis). CONCLUSIONS Journal articles described in press releases, in particular those described first or second in the press release, are associated with the subsequent publication of newspaper stories on the same topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- V de Semir
- Observatori de la Comunicació Científica, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.
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Gonzalez S, Tirado G, Revuelta G, Yamamura Y, Lu Y, Nerurkar VR, Yanagihara R. CCR5 chemokine receptor genotype frequencies among Puerto Rican HIV-1-seropositive individuals. Bol Asoc Med P R 1998; 90:12-5. [PMID: 9734151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Some individuals remain uninfected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), despite multiple sexual contacts with subjects with confirmed HIV-1 infection. Several studies have confirmed that individuals who are homozygous for a 32 base pair (bp) deletion mutation in the chemokine receptor gene CCR5, designated as delta 32/ delta 32, are protected against HIV-1 infection. Heterozygotes of the same chemokine receptor deletion mutation are, however, not protected from acquiring HIV-1 infection but seemingly have slower progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndromes (AIDS). Genotype frequencies of the delta 32 CCR5 mutation vary markedly among different ethnic groups; heterozygosity is found in approximately 15% of Caucasians, about 5-7% of Hispanics and African Americans and 1% or less of Asians. The ethnic background of Puerto Ricans is highly complex and usually includes admixture of Caucasian, Caribbean Indian and African traits to a varying extent. This study was conducted to examine the frequencies of the delta 32 CCR5 mutation among Puerto Ricans who are infected with HIV-1. Samples were received from different geographical regions of the island. Of 377 samples tested, 94.2% were wild type (non-deletion mutant) homozygotes, 5.8% were delta 32 CCR5 heterozygotes, and none were delta 32 CCR5 homozygotes. The incidence of CCR5 delta 32/w heterozygous mutation among Puerto Ricans seems to be somewhat lower than what was reported with US Hispanics. Some age and gender associated bias of the mutation frequency were observed with the study population, the reason for which is unclear at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gonzalez
- Ponce School of Medicine AIDS Research Program, PR 00732
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