"The person in power told me to"-European PhD students' perspectives on guest authorship and good authorship practice

Questionable authorship practices in scientific publishing are detrimental to research quality and management. The existing literature dealing with the prevalence, and perceptions, of such practices has focused on the medical sciences, and on experienced researchers. In contrast, this study investigated how younger researchers (PhD students) from across the faculties view fair authorship attribution, their experience with granting guest authorships to more powerful researchers and their reasons for doing so. Data for the study were collected in a survey of European PhD students. The final dataset included 1,336 participants from five European countries (Denmark, Hungary, Ireland, Portugal, and Switzerland) representing all major disciplines. Approximately three in ten reported that they had granted at least one guest authorship to "a person in power". Half of these indicated that they had done so because they had been told to do so by the person in power. Participants from the medical, natural and technical sciences were much more likely to state that they had granted a guest authorship than those from other faculties. We identified four general views about what is sufficient for co-authorship. There were two dominant views. The first (inclusive view) considered a broad range of contributions to merit co-authorship. The second (strongly writing-oriented) emphasised that co-authors must have written a piece of the manuscript text. The inclusive view dominated in the natural, technical, and medical sciences. Participants from other faculties were more evenly distributed between the inclusive and writing oriented view. Those with an inclusive view were most likely to indicate that they have granted a guest authorship. According to the experiences of our participants, questionable authorship practices are prevalent among early-career researchers, and they appear to be reinforced through a combination of coercive power relations and dominant norms in some research cultures, particularly in the natural, technical, and medical sciences.

Ecotoxicological effects of commercial herbicides on the reproductive system of aquatic arthropod Limnocoris submontandoni (Hemiptera: Naucoridae)

Worldwide, conventional agriculture makes extensive use of pesticides. Although the effects of herbicides are relatively well known in terms of environmental impacts on non-target organisms, there is very little scientific evidence regarding the impacts of herbicide residues on aquatic arthropods from tropical conservation areas. This study evaluates for the first time the toxicity of the herbicides ametryn, atrazine, and clomazone on the aquatic insect Limnocoris submontandoni (Hemiptera: Naucoridae). The lethal concentration (LC50) of herbicides was evaluated for these insects, as well as the effect of the herbicides on the insects' tissues and testicles. The estimated LC50 was 1012.41, 192.42, and 46.09 mg/L for clomazone, atrazine, and ametryn, respectively. Spermatocyte and spermatid changes were observed under the effect of atrazine, and effects on spermatogenesis were observed for some concentrations of clomazone, with apparent recovery after a short time. Our results provide useful information on the effects of herbicide residues in aquatic systems. This information can help minimize the risk of long-term reproductive effects in non-target species that have been previously overlooked in ecotoxicology studies.

Bottom Up Ethics - Neuroenhancement in Education and Employment

Neuroenhancement involves the use of neurotechnologies to improve cognitive, affective or behavioural functioning, where these are not judged to be clinically impaired. Questions about enhancement have become one of the key topics of neuroethics over the past decade. The current study draws on in-depth public engagement activities in ten European countries giving a bottom-up perspective on the ethics and desirability of enhancement. This informed the design of an online contrastive vignette experiment that was administered to representative samples of 1000 respondents in the ten countries and the United States. The experiment investigated how the gender of the protagonist, his or her level of performance, the efficacy of the enhancer and the mode of enhancement affected support for neuroenhancement in both educational and employment contexts. Of these, higher efficacy and lower performance were found to increase willingness to support enhancement. A series of commonly articulated claims about the individual and societal dimensions of neuroenhancement were derived from the public engagement activities. Underlying these claims, multivariate analysis identified two social values. The Societal/Protective highlights counter normative consequences and opposes the use enhancers. The Individual/Proactionary highlights opportunities and supports use. For most respondents these values are not mutually exclusive. This suggests that for many neuroenhancement is viewed simultaneously as a source of both promise and concern.

Expression and validation of PvPGIP genes for resistance to white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The interaction between polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs), produced by plants, and endopolygalacturonases (PGs), produced by fungi, limits the destructive potential of PGs and can trigger plant defense responses. This study aimed to i) investigate variation in the expression of different common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes and its relationship with resistance to white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum); ii) determine the expression levels of PvPGIP genes at different time points after inoculation with white mold; and iii) investigate differences in PvPGIP gene expression between two white mold isolates with different levels of aggressiveness. Four bean lines were analyzed, including two lines from a recurrent selection for white mold (50/5 and 84/6), one resistant line that was not adapted to Brazilian conditions (Cornell 605), and one susceptible line (Corujinha). Gene expression was investigated at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 5 days after inoculation. The isolate UFLA 03 caused no significant difference in the relative expression of any gene examined, and was inefficient in discriminating among the genotypes. For the isolate UFLA 116, all of the genes were differentially expressed, as they were associated with resistance to white mold, and the expressions increased until the third day after inoculation. The 50/5 line was not significantly different from the Corujinha line for all of the genes analyzed. However, this line had a resistance level that was similar to that of Cornell 605, according to the straw test. Therefore, the incorporation of PvPGIP genes can increase the resistance of lines derived from recurrent selection.

Analysis of genetic diversity of Laeliinae (Orchidaceae) in the State of Sergipe using ISSR markers

The Orchidaceae represent one of the largest and most diverse families on the planet. However, this family is constantly threatened by predators and by the advancement of urban centers over its natural habitats. The objective of this study was to use inter-simple sequence repeat markers to evaluate the genetic diversity between orchid accessions of the Laeliinae subtribe, which comprise part of the Orchidaceae study collection at the Department of Agronomic Engineering of the Federal University of Sergipe. DNA was extracted from each specimen by using an adapted 2% cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide protocol. Similarity between individuals was calculated using the Jaccard method. Clustering was carried out by the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean method, with resampling and 10,000 bootstraps. Eighty-seven fragments were obtained, all of which were polymorphic, revealing high variability between accessions. The mean similarity was 35.77% between Encyclia sp individuals, and 35.90% between specimens of Cattleya tigrina. For Epidendrum secundum, a relationship between geographic and genetic distances was observed, and the accession collected in the southern part of the State of Sergipe (Serra de Itabaiana National Park) was more divergent than that of the other parts of the state. The data generated in this study will guide further research aimed at the ex situ conservation of these materials.

A new method of QTL identification for undersaturated maps

In many species, low levels of polymorphism prevent the assembly of linkage maps that are used to identify genetic markers related to the expression of quantitative trait loci (QTLs). This study compared two methods of locating QTLs in association studies that do not require a previous estimation of linkage maps. Method I (MI) was a Bayesian multiple marker regression and Method II (MII) combined multiple QTL mapping and "moving away from markers". In this method, markers are not directly regressed to the phenotype, but are used as pivots to search for QTLs along the genome. To compare methods, we simulated 300 individuals from an F2 progeny with two levels of marker loss (20 and 80%). A total of 165 markers and seven QTLs were spread along 11 chromosomes (roughly emulating the genetic structure of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris). A real data example with 186 progenies of a F2:4 generation of the species was analyzed using 59 markers (17 simple sequence repeats, 31 amplified fragment length polymorphisms, and 11 sequence-related amplified polymorphisms). MII was more precise than MI for both levels of marker loss. For real data, MII detected 17 candidate positions for QTLs, whereas MI did not detect any. MII is a powerful method that requires further studies with actual data and other designs such as crossover, and genome-wide studies.

Identification of QTLs of resistance to white mold in common bean from multiple markers by using Bayesian analysis

In this study, we identified simple sequence repeat, ampli-fied fragment length polymorphism, and sequence-related amplified poly-morphism markers linked to quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to white mold disease in common bean progenies derived from a cross between lines CNFC 9506 and RP-2, evaluated using the oxalic acid test and using Bayesian analysis. DNA was extracted from 186 F₂ plants and their parental lines for molecular analysis. Fifteen experiments were car-ried out for phenotypic analysis, which included 186 F₂:₄ progenies, the F₁ generation, the F₂ generation, and the lines CNFC 9506, RP-2, and G122 as common treatments. A completely randomized experimental design with 3 replications was used in controlled environments. The adjusted means for the F₂:₄ generation were to identify QTLs by Bayesian shrink-age analysis. Significant differences were observed among the progenies for the reaction to white mold. The moving away method under the Bayes-ian approach was effective for identifying QTLs when it was not possible to obtain a genetic map because of low marker density. Using the Wald test, 25 markers identified QTLs for resistance to white mold, as well as 16 simple sequence repeats, 7 amplified fragment length polymorphisms, and 2 sequence-related amplified polymorphisms. The markers BM184, BM211, and PV-gaat001 showed low distances from QTLs related white mold resistance. In addition, these markers showed, signal effects with increasing resistance to white mold and high heritability in the analysis with oxalic acid, and thus, are promising for marker-assisted selection.

Reaction of common bean lines and aggressiveness of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates

The aims of this study were to evaluate the reaction of common bean lines to white mold, the aggressiveness of different Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates from various common bean production areas in Brazil, and comparison of the diallel and GGE (genotype main effect plus genotype-by-environment interaction) biplot analysis procedures via study of the line-by-isolate interaction. Eleven common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lines derived from 3 backcross populations were used. Field experiments were performed in the experimental area of the Departamento de Biologia of the Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil, in the 2011 and 2012 dry crop season and 2011 winter crop season through a randomized block design with 3 replications. This study was also set up in a greenhouse. Inoculations were performed 28 days after sowing by means of the straw test method. The reaction of the bean lines to white mold was assessed according to a diagrammatic scale from 1 (plant without symptoms) to 9 (dead plant). Estimations of general reaction capacity (lines) and general aggressiveness capacity (isolates) indicated different horizontal levels of resistance in the lines and levels of aggressiveness in the isolates. Therefore, it was possible to select more resistant lines and foresee those crosses that are the most promising for increasing the level of resistance. It was also possible to identify the most aggressive isolates that were more efficient in distinguishing the lines. Both diallel and GGE biplot analyses were useful in identifying the genotypic values of lines and isolates.

Toxicity of herbicides on Escherichia coli growth

Agriculture uses a huge variety and quantity of chemicals. If, on one hand, the goal is to increase productivity, on the other hand these products contaminate aquatic environments. Among these products, herbicides deserve greater attention in relation to contamination of aquatic environments due to their extensive use to weed control. This study was carried out because the effects of these molecules on aquatic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, is still unclear. Using microdilution plate assays, Escherichia coli were exposed to various commercial formulations of herbicides widely used in Brazil. The herbicide paraquat was the only one able to prevent the growth of Escherichia coli and is characterized as bacteriostatic.

Identification of Glomerella cingulata f. sp phaseoli recombinants by RAPD markers

We examined the capacity of strains of Glomerella cingulata f. sp phaseoli fungus (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum sexual stage) to form recombinants, using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Crosses of all possible combinations between strains 40, 42, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 were made on Petri dishes using M3 culture medium. The 42 x 21 cross produced the largest number of perithecia and five asci; the respective ascospores were isolated. RAPD analysis was performed on the parents and descendants. The 62 polymorphic RAPD bands obtained were used to assess the genetic similarity using the method of Sorence and Dice and clustering analysis in the form of a dendrogram by the UPGMA method. The RAPD markers allowed identification of recombinants from the cross between strains 42 and 21 of G. cingulata f. sp phaseoli and 40 ascospores presented 63 and 49% genetic similarity with parents 2 (strain 42) and 1 (strain 21), respectively.

[Newborn birth weight, maternal age group and delivery method]

This article has as its objective the study of the weight of the newly born, the age group of the mother and the kind of deliveries which took place in the maternity wards in Rio Branco--Acre Federal State--Brazil, in the period between 1994 and 1996. It was observed that 73.8% of the deliveries were regular and 25.5% were cesareans. Adolescents, between 10 to 14 years old represented 5.4% of the total of the deliveries. In relation to the weight of the newly born, 84.6% met the expectations, 7.4% were underweight and 6.6% were overweight. The present study also found that the data related to weight, age and gender was ignored in many cases, which shows flaws on the registration system of the institutions analyzed. As a conclusion, we would like to stress the importance of prenatal assistance both for the mother and the child, and also the effort on the part of the Maternity and Nursing management regarding the production and analysis of data.

[Evaluation of secondary bacterial infection's influence on the course of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Corte de Pedra, Bahia]

In order to study the prevalence of secondary bacterial infection in ulcerated lesions and its relationship to the healing process, 84 leishmaniotic patients were evaluated. Diagnosis of the secondary infection was made by bacterial aerobic culture of peripheral tissue specimen of the ulcer. All patients received antimonial therapy during 20 days and washed their ulcers with common soap. Cases were composed mainly of adolescent and adult farmer patients with single lesions. The evaluated ulcers were encountered on legs and feet in 47.6%. Secondary bacterial infection was found in 45/83 (54.2%), and was more frequent in lesions located below the knee. Staphylococcus aureus predominated (89%). The ulcers' healing process, evaluated in 79 patients one month after finishing treatment, was not influenced by the secondary bacterial infection.

[Socioeconomic factors and attitudes towards household prevention of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic area in Southern Bahia, Brazil]

A survey was conducted to identify socioeconomic conditions and attitudes towards household prevention of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Corte de Pedra, located in the county of Tancredo Neves, an endemic region in southern Bahia, Brazil. A questionnaire was applied in July 1997, focusing on social and economic variables, habits, and attitudes towards prevention of arthropod bites. All families (100%) living in the study area were surveyed, comprising 168 households with 851 individuals. Approximately 66.7% of the families earned up to one minimum wage, supporting an average of 5.1 residents per household. Most (57.2%) of the families did not use any type of protection against bites. Fumigation by burning various types of materials was the most customary form of prevention. Individual protection measures were rarely used. Since there was evidence of household and peridomiciliary transmission in the study area, use of impregnated bed nets is an alternative for intradomiciliary protection.

[Low adherence and high cost as factors in the failure of the use of insecticide-impregnated mosquito bed nets in the control of malaria in the Brazilian Amazon]

In 1992 during a trial with deltamethrin-impregnated bed nets conducted in Porto Murtinho, municipality of Costa Marques, Rondônia, in the Brazilian Amazon, we investigated community compliance and the economic aspects capable of reducing the impact of this intervention on malaria morbidity. Impregnated bed nets were well accepted by the local population. However, compliance was found to be very low among adults over 15 years of age and mainly during the dry season. The cost of impregnated bed nets was US$18.83 for double-bed nets and US$13.82 for single bed nets. Despite the economic advantages of using impregnated bed nets subsidized by the government, the low compliance and local epidemiological factors do not allow to indicate the use of impregnated bed nets for mass malaria control in the Amazon region.

[Variation of anopheles density with deltamethrin-impregnated mosquito nets in an endemic malaria area of the Brazilian Amazon]

In 1992 a survey on the use of deltamethrin-impregnated mosquito nets was conducted in the municipality of Costa Marques, Rondonia. In the intradomicile, impregnated nets decreased the vector density at rates similar to those for non-impregnated nets during low-transmission periods; during high anopheline density periods, they led to a significant reduction in vector density, while in the non-impregnated net group there was an increase in the number of anophelines captured. There was no change in vector density in the peridomicile. In the impregnated net group, the most frequently captured species was Anopheles darlingi (63.2%), found mostly in the peridomicile, while Anopheles deaneorum (35.3%) was most frequent indoors. The impregnated mosquito nets' excitatory-repellent effect decreased the intradomiciliary vector density but did not alter density in the peridomicile.

[Effect of bed nets impregnated with deltamethrin on malaria morbidity in an area of the Brazilian Amazones]

In 1992 an investigation regarding the value of insecticide impregnated mosquito nets was conducted in the municipality of Costa Marques, Rondonia. Impregnated mosquito nets gave similar protection to those not impregnated, without modifying the incidence of infection during the season of low transmission. The multivariate analysis for age and antibody titre showed a significant protection of impregnated nets against the risk of infection only in the season of high transmission, when bed nets were used more correctly. There was no difference in the effect of both kinds of bed nets in the prevention of high parasitaemia. At the end of the study, there was a reduction of the prevalence of splenomegaly in both groups but hematocrit values rose to normal in the below 15 year olds using impregnated nets.

[Mefloquine chemoprophylaxis of malaria in the Brazilian Amazonia]

In a randomised double-blind study 122 volunteers living in an endemic malarious area in Amazonian Rondônia state were divided into 4 groups to study malaria suppression. . The first group received 500 mg of mefloquine every month, group II 250 mg every two weeks, group III a tablet of Fansidar (500 mg sulphadoxine + 25mg pyrimethamine) a week and group IV placebo. Acute attacks of malaria occurred in one individual in group I, 2 subject in group II, and 6 individuals in groups III and IV. Protection with mefloquine was significant compared with the placebo group. Both treatment regimens with mefloquine were effective suppressants in an area of high prevalence of drug multiresistant Plasmodium falciparum transmission.

[Lymphadenopathies in American cutaneous leishmaniasis: comments on 2 cases]

Two patients, with cervical lymphadenopathies and a presumptive diagnosis of lymphoma or scrofula, were submitted to biopsies of the affected lymph nodes. Unexpectedly, the histological picture revealed a necrotic-granulomatous reaction and the presence of leishmania (amastigotes) in some vacuolated macrophages. The patients were from different endemic areas of leishmaniasis in Brazil, and had no perceptible cutaneous or mucosal lesions. Later, however, one of them developed such lesions, probably as an effect of a treatment for toxoplasmosis. These findings support the idea that the agents of the disease, once in the host organism, would invade the organs of the phagocytic-mononuclear system, there remaining for a long time, maybe for the rest of the host life. Eventually, under the action of several factors, that could modify the host resistance, the parasites migrate to the skin or the mucosal membranes, causing secondary or reactivating lesions.

[Treatment of 75 patients with malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, in Porto Velho (Rondonia), with mefloquine]

Foi avaliada a resposta terapêutica em 75 doentes com malária pelo P. falciparum, em Porto Velho - Rondônia, tratados com mefloquina nas doses de 1250, 1000 e 750 mg. Não houve diferença significante nos resultados obtidos nos três grupos. Até o terceiro dia de tratamento, a febre desapareceu em 76,0% dos casos. A parasitemia negativou-se em 68,0% dos pacientes nos 3 primeiros dias após o inicio do tratamento, em 24,0% no quarto dia e em 5,3% no quinto.Havia um doente positivo no sexto dia e outro no sétimo. Nenhum paciente apresentou trofozoito no período de seguimento de 7 a 28 dias. Não houve modificações do quadro hematológico, exceto por um incremento da taxa de reticulócitos em 76,0%. As alterações bioquímicas registradas no seguimento dos doentes constaram de elevação da desidrogenase lática (28,0%) e, dafosfatase alcalina (41,3%). As reações colaterais foram discretas e infreqüentes; em 72,0% dos tratados não se constatou nenhum efeito secundário. Não se verificou nenhum caso de recidiva. A mefloquina revelou-se eficaz e bem tolerada no tratamento da malária no Estado de Rondônia.