1
|
Maximino-Pinheiro M, Menu I, Boissin E, Brunet LA, Barone C, Borst G. Metacognition as a mediator of the relation between family SES and language and mathematical abilities in preschoolers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10392. [PMID: 38710829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The effect of family socioeconomic status (SES) on academic achievement in literacy and numeracy has been extensively studied with educational inequalities already witnessed in preschoolers. This is presumably explained by the effect of family SES on cognitive and socioemotional abilities associated with academic achievement. Metacognition which refers to knowledge and regulation skills involving reflexivity about one's own cognitive processes is one of these abilities. However, most of the studies investigating the association between metacognition and academic achievement have focused on school-aged students and studies with younger students are only emerging. Meanwhile, the association between family SES and metacognition abilities has surprisingly received little attention regardless of participants' age. The aim of this study was to explore the associations between family SES, metacognition, language and mathematical abilities in preschoolers aged 5 to 6. We provide the first evidence that the effect of family SES on preschoolers' language and mathematical abilities is mediated by the effect of family SES on their metacognitive abilities. The implications for future research, education and policies aiming at reducing educational inequalities are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Maximino-Pinheiro
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education (LaPsyDE) - CNRS: UMR8240, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Evaluation of Public Policies (LIEPP), Sciences Po, Paris, France
| | - Iris Menu
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education (LaPsyDE) - CNRS: UMR8240, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Esther Boissin
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education (LaPsyDE) - CNRS: UMR8240, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lys-Andréa Brunet
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education (LaPsyDE) - CNRS: UMR8240, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Carlo Barone
- Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Evaluation of Public Policies (LIEPP), Sciences Po, Paris, France
- Centre for Research on Social Inequalities (CRIS) - CNRS: UMR7049, Sciences Po, Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education (LaPsyDE) - CNRS: UMR8240, University Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Evaluation of Public Policies (LIEPP), Sciences Po, Paris, France.
- French University Institute (Institut Universitaire de France), Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Menu I, Borst G, Cachia A. Latent Network Analysis of Executive Functions Across Development. J Cogn 2024; 7:31. [PMID: 38617749 PMCID: PMC11012023 DOI: 10.5334/joc.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) are crucial for academic achievement, physical health, and mental well-being. Previous studies using structural equation models revealed EFs' developmental organization, evolving from one factor in childhood to three factors in adults: inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and updating. Recent network model studies confirmed this differentiation from childhood to adulthood. Reanalyzing previously published data from 1019 children (aged 7.8 to 15.3; 50.4% female; 59.1% White, 15.0% Latinx, 14.3% Bi-racial, 6.7% African American, 4.2% Asian American, 0.6% Other), this study compared three analytical methods to explore EF development: structural equation model, network model, and the novel latent variable network model. All approaches supported fine-grained EF-specific trajectories and differentiation throughout development, with inhibition being central in childhood and updating in early adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Menu
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, US
- Université Paris Cité, LaPsyDE, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, FR
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Université Paris Cité, LaPsyDE, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, FR
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, FR
| | - Arnaud Cachia
- Université Paris Cité, LaPsyDE, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, FR
- Université Paris Cité, Imaging biomarkers for brain development and disorders, UMR INSERM 1266, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, F-75005 Paris, FR
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Omont-Lescieux S, Menu I, Salvia E, Poirel N, Oppenheim C, Houdé O, Cachia A, Borst G. Lateralization of the cerebral network of inhibition in children before and after cognitive training. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 63:101293. [PMID: 37683326 PMCID: PMC10498008 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control (IC) plays a critical role in cognitive and socio-emotional development. IC relies on a lateralized cortico-subcortical brain network including the inferior frontal cortex, anterior parts of insula, anterior cingulate cortex, caudate nucleus and putamen. Brain asymmetries play a critical role for IC efficiency. In parallel to age-related changes, IC can be improved following training. The aim of this study was to (1) assess the lateralization of IC network in children (N = 60, 9-10 y.o.) and (2) examine possible changes in neural asymmetry of this network from anatomical (structural MRI) and functional (resting-state fMRI) levels after 5-week computerized IC vs. active control (AC) training. We observed that IC training, but not AC training, led to a leftward lateralization of the putamen anatomy, similarly to what is observed in adults, supporting that training could accelerate the maturation of this structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sixtine Omont-Lescieux
- Université Paris Cité, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Imaging biomarkers for brain development and disorders, 75014 Paris, France; GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Iris Menu
- Université Paris Cité, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Imaging biomarkers for brain development and disorders, 75014 Paris, France; GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Emilie Salvia
- Université Paris Cité, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France; GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Poirel
- Université Paris Cité, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France; GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Catherine Oppenheim
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Imaging biomarkers for brain development and disorders, 75014 Paris, France; GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Houdé
- Université Paris Cité, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France; GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014 Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Cachia
- Université Paris Cité, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Imaging biomarkers for brain development and disorders, 75014 Paris, France; GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Université Paris Cité, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France; GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014 Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rezende G, Le Stanc L, Menu I, Cassotti M, Aïte A, Salvia E, Houdé O, Borst G, Cachia A. Differential effects of mindfulness meditation and cognitive training on cool and hot inhibitory control in children and adolescents. J Exp Child Psychol 2023; 235:105741. [PMID: 37441988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory control (IC) can occur either in a neutral context (cool) or in social contexts involving emotions (hot). Cool and hot IC have specific developmental trajectories; cool IC develops linearly from childhood to adulthood, whereas hot IC follows a quadratic trajectory. Some activities can improve the IC, such as cognitive training (CT) and mindfulness meditation (MM). The aim of our study was to compare the effects of 5 weeks of computerized MM versus CT on IC performance in 66 children (9-10 years old) and 63 adolescents (16-17 years old) by specifically analyzing cool and hot dimensions in the same participants and from a developmental perspective. We fit a linear mixed-effect model on the Stroop interference score with time (pretest vs. posttest) and type of conflict (cool vs. hot) as within-participant factors and intervention group (CT vs. MM) and age group (child vs. adolescent) as between-participant factors. The findings revealed that children but not adolescents benefitted from interventions. More specifically, CT improved cool IC but not hot IC, whereas MM practice improved hot IC but not cool IC. This study supports the benefits of MM at a young age. Theoretical issues linking MM programs to emotional competence grounded in hot IC skills are considered in academic settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Rezende
- Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Education, Université Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 8240, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lorna Le Stanc
- Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Education, Université Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 8240, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Iris Menu
- Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Education, Université Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 8240, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Cassotti
- Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Education, Université Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 8240, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ania Aïte
- Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Education, Université Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 8240, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emilie Salvia
- Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Education, Université Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 8240, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Houdé
- Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Education, Université Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 8240, 75005 Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Education, Université Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 8240, 75005 Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Cachia
- Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Education, Université Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 8240, 75005 Paris, France; Imaging Biomarkers for Brain Development and Disorders, Université Paris Cité, UMR INSERM 1266, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, 75005 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Salaün JP, Chagnot A, Cachia A, Poirel N, Datin-Dorrière V, Dujarrier C, Lemarchand E, Rolland M, Delalande L, Gressens P, Guillois B, Houdé O, Levard D, Gakuba C, Moyon M, Naveau M, Orliac F, Orliaguet G, Hanouz JL, Agin V, Borst G, Vivien D. Consequences of General Anesthesia in Infancy on Behavior and Brain Structure. Anesth Analg 2023; 136:240-250. [PMID: 36638508 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One in 7 children will need general anesthesia (GA) before the age of 3. Brain toxicity of anesthetics is controversial. Our objective was to clarify whether exposure of GA to the developing brain could lead to lasting behavioral and structural brain changes. METHODS A first study was performed in mice. The behaviors (fear conditioning, Y-maze, and actimetry) and brain anatomy (high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging) of 6- to 8-week-old Swiss mice exposed or not exposed to GA from 4 to 10 days old were evaluated. A second study was a complementary analysis from the preexisting APprentissages EXécutifs et cerveau chez les enfants d'âge scolaire (APEX) cohort to assess the replicability of our data in humans. The behaviors (behavior rating inventory of executive function, emotional control, and working memory score, Backward Digit Span, and Raven 36) and brain anatomy (high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging) were compared in 102 children 9 to 10 years of age exposed or not exposed to a single GA (surgery) during infancy. RESULTS The animal study revealed chronic exacerbated fear behavior in the adult mice (95% confidence interval [CI], 4-80; P = .03) exposed to postnatal GA; this was associated with an 11% (95% CI, 7.5-14.5) reduction of the periaqueductal gray matter (P = .046). The study in humans suggested lower emotional control (95% CI, 0.33-9.10; P = .06) and a 6.1% (95% CI, 4.3-7.8) reduction in the posterior part of the right inferior frontal gyrus (P = .019) in the children who had been exposed to a single GA procedure. CONCLUSIONS The preclinical and clinical findings of these independent studies suggest lasting effects of early life exposure to anesthetics on later emotional control behaviors and brain structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Salaün
- From the Normandie Universite UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Caen, France.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, CHU Caen, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Audrey Chagnot
- From the Normandie Universite UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Caen, France
| | - Arnaud Cachia
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDé, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Poirel
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDé, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.,GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Valérie Datin-Dorrière
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDé, CNRS, Paris, France.,GIP Cyceron, Caen, France.,Department of Neonatology, CHU Caen, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Cléo Dujarrier
- From the Normandie Universite UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Caen, France
| | - Eloïse Lemarchand
- From the Normandie Universite UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Caen, France
| | - Marine Rolland
- From the Normandie Universite UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Caen, France.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, CHU Caen, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | | | | | | | - Olivier Houdé
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDé, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.,GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Damien Levard
- From the Normandie Universite UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Caen, France
| | - Clément Gakuba
- From the Normandie Universite UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Caen, France.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, CHU Caen, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Marine Moyon
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDé, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Mikael Naveau
- CNRS, GIP Cyceron, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - François Orliac
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDé, CNRS, Paris, France.,GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Gilles Orliaguet
- Department of Pediatric Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, AP-HP, Centre - Université de Paris, France, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Hanouz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, CHU Caen, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France.,Caen Normandy University, Unicaen, Caen, France
| | - Véronique Agin
- From the Normandie Universite UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Caen, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDé, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- From the Normandie Universite UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Caen, France.,Department of Clinical Research, CHU Caen, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the ability to process number in the face of conflicting dimensions of magnitude is a crucial aspect of numerosity judgments, relying in part on the inhibition of the non-numerical dimensions. Here we report, for the first time, that these inhibitory control processes are specific to the conflicting dimension of magnitude. Using a non-symbolic numerical comparison task adapted to a conflict adaptation paradigm on a group of 82 adults, we show that congruency effects between numerical and non-numerical information were reduced only when the conflicting dimension was the same in the preceding incongruent trial. Attention to number thus involves inhibitory control processes acting at a specific level of information. These results contribute to better characterize the domain general abilities involved in numerical cognition, and provide evidence for a specific interaction between numerosity perception and inhibitory control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Viarouge
- Université Paris Cité, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Hoyeon Lee
- Université Paris Cité, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Université Paris Cité, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Menu I, Rezende G, Le Stanc L, Borst G, Cachia A. Inhibitory control training on executive functions of children and adolescents: A latent change score model approach. Cognitive Development 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2022.101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
8
|
Menu I, Rezende G, Le Stanc L, Borst G, Cachia A. A network analysis of executive functions before and after computerized cognitive training in children and adolescents. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14660. [PMID: 36038599 PMCID: PMC9424216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) play a key role in cognitive and socioemotional development. Factor analyses have revealed an age dependent structure of EFs spanning from a single common factor in early childhood to three factors in adults corresponding to inhibitory control (IC), switching and updating. IC performances change not only with age but also with cognitive training. Surprisingly, few studies have investigated training-related changes in EFs structure. We used the regularized partial correlation network model to analyze EFs structure in 137 typically developing children (9-10 years) and adolescents (15-17 years) before and after computerized cognitive training. Network models (NMs) -a graph theory-based approach allowing us to describe the structure of complex systems- can provide a priori free insight into EFs structures. We tested the hypothesis that training-related changes may mimic developmental-related changes. Quantitative and qualitative changes were detected in the EFs network structure with age and also with cognitive training. Of note, the EFs network structure in children after training was more similar to adolescents' networks than before training. This study provided the first evidence of structural changes in EFs that are age and training-dependent and supports the hypothesis that training could accelerate the development of some structural aspects of EFs. Due to the sample size, these findings should be considered preliminary before replication in independent larger samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Menu
- Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Education, UMR CNRS 8240, Universite Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gabriela Rezende
- Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Education, UMR CNRS 8240, Universite Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lorna Le Stanc
- Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Education, UMR CNRS 8240, Universite Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Education, UMR CNRS 8240, Universite Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Cachia
- Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Education, UMR CNRS 8240, Universite Paris Cité, Paris, France. .,Imaging Biomarkers for Brain Development and Disorders, UMR INSERM 1266, GHU Paris psychiatrie & neurosciences, Universite Paris Cité, 75005, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Draperi M, Aïte A, Cassotti M, Le Stanc L, Houdé O, Borst G. Development of cool and hot theory of mind and cool and hot inhibitory control abilities from 3.5 to 6.5 years of age. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262251. [PMID: 35085269 PMCID: PMC8794116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Attributing affectively neutral mental states such as thoughts (i.e., cool theory of mind, cool ToM) to others appears to be rooted in different processes than the ones involved in attributing affectively charged mental states such as emotions (i.e., hot ToM) to others. However, no study has investigated the developmental pattern of hot and cool ToM abilities using a similar task and the relative contribution of cool and hot inhibitory control (IC) to cool and hot ToM development. To do so, we tested 112 children aged 3.5 to 6.5 years on a cool and a hot version of a ToM task and on a cool and hot version of an IC task. We found that hot ToM abilities developed more rapidly than cool ToM. Importantly, we found that hot IC abilities mediated the relation between age and hot ToM abilities. Taken together, our results suggest that the ability to attribute emotions to others develops more rapidly than the ability to attribute thoughts and that the growing efficiency of hot ToM with age is specifically rooted in the growing efficiency of hot IC abilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ania Aïte
- LaPsyDÉ, Université de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Mathieu Cassotti
- LaPsyDÉ, Université de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Houdé
- LaPsyDÉ, Université de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- LaPsyDÉ, Université de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bouhassoun S, Gerlach C, Borst G, Poirel N. Framing the area: An efficient approach for avoiding visual interference and optimising visual search in adolescents. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:2012-2022. [PMID: 34812112 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211065011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Attentional resources are limited, and resistance to interference plays a critical role during cognitive tasks and learning. Previous studies have shown that participants find it difficult to avoid being distracted by global visual information when processing local details. In this study, we investigated an innovative approach for enhancing the processing of local visual details by middle-school adolescents. Two groups completed a classic global/local visual search task in which a predefined target could appear at the global or local level, either with or without a frame. The results from the no-frame display group provided a direct replication in adolescents of previous findings in adults, with increasing number of interferent stimuli presented in the display adversely affecting detection of local targets. In addition, by varying the numbers of distractors inside and outside the frame, we showed that distractors only interfered with the processing of local information inside the frame, while the deleterious impact of increases in distracting information was prevented when the distractors were outside the frame. These findings suggest that when a frame delimits an attentional area, the influence of an increasing number of distractors present outside the frame is eliminated. We assume that application of a frame allows for efficient delimitation of attention deployment to a restricted topographical visual area in adolescents. These results evidence that processing of local details can be improved without modifying the structure of the stimuli, and provide promising clues for optimising attentional resources during time-absorbing visual searches. Applicable implications in the educational field are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bouhassoun
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris, France.,GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Christian Gerlach
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris, France.,GIP Cyceron, Caen, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Poirel
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris, France.,GIP Cyceron, Caen, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cachia A, Borst G, Jardri R, Raznahan A, Murray GK, Mangin JF, Plaze M. Towards Deciphering the Fetal Foundation of Normal Cognition and Cognitive Symptoms From Sulcation of the Cortex. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:712862. [PMID: 34650408 PMCID: PMC8505772 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.712862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports that prenatal processes play an important role for cognitive ability in normal and clinical conditions. In this context, several neuroimaging studies searched for features in postnatal life that could serve as a proxy for earlier developmental events. A very interesting candidate is the sulcal, or sulco-gyral, patterns, macroscopic features of the cortex anatomy related to the fold topology-e.g., continuous vs. interrupted/broken fold, present vs. absent fold-or their spatial organization. Indeed, as opposed to quantitative features of the cortical sheet (e.g., thickness, surface area or curvature) taking decades to reach the levels measured in adult, the qualitative sulcal patterns are mainly determined before birth and stable across the lifespan. The sulcal patterns therefore offer a window on the fetal constraints on specific brain areas on cognitive abilities and clinical symptoms that manifest later in life. After a global review of the cerebral cortex sulcation, its mechanisms, its ontogenesis along with methodological issues on how to measure the sulcal patterns, we present a selection of studies illustrating that analysis of the sulcal patterns can provide information on prenatal dispositions to cognition (with a focus on cognitive control and academic abilities) and cognitive symptoms (with a focus on schizophrenia and bipolar disorders). Finally, perspectives of sulcal studies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Cachia
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, IPNP, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Renaud Jardri
- Univ Lille, INSERM U-1172, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Centre, Plasticity & SubjectivitY (PSY) team, Lille, France
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Graham K Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marion Plaze
- Université de Paris, IPNP, INSERM, Paris, France.,GHU PARIS Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, site Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bouhours L, Camarda A, Ernst M, Osmont A, Borst G, Cassotti M. How does social evaluation influence Hot and Cool inhibitory control in adolescence? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257753. [PMID: 34591880 PMCID: PMC8483316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to examine whether in Hot, i.e., affectively charged contexts, or cool, i.e., affectively neutral contexts, inhibitory control capacity increases or decreases under social evaluation in adolescents and adults. In two experiments, adolescents and young adults completed two Stroop-like tasks under either a social evaluation condition or an alone condition. The social evaluation condition comprised the presence of a peer (Experiment 1) or an expert (Experiment 2) playing the role of an evaluator, while under the alone condition, the task was performed alone. In the Cool Stroop task, participants had to refrain from reading color names to identify the ink color in which the words were printed. In the Hot Stroop task, participants had to determine the emotional expression conveyed by faces from the NimStim database while ignoring the emotion word displayed beneath. The results were similar in both experiments. In adolescents, social evaluation by a peer (Experiment 1) or by an expert (Experience 2) facilitated Hot but not cool inhibitory control. In adults, social evaluation had no effect on Hot or cool inhibitory control. The present findings expand our understanding of the favorable influence of socioemotional context on Hot inhibitory control during adolescence in healthy individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anaëlle Camarda
- Center for Management Science, Tech-PSL Research University, MINES Paris, Paris, France
| | - Monique Ernst
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anaïs Osmont
- PSYCLE (EA3273), Aix Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Cassotti
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brault Foisy LM, Ahr E, Blanchette Sarrasin J, Potvin P, Houdé O, Masson S, Borst G. Inhibitory control and the understanding of buoyancy from childhood to adulthood. J Exp Child Psychol 2021; 208:105155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wim De Neys
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDE, CNRS, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Camarda A, Bouhours L, Osmont A, Le Masson P, Weil B, Borst G, Cassotti M. Opposite Effect of Social Evaluation on Creative Idea Generation in Early and Middle Adolescents. Creativity Research Journal 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2021.1902174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anaëlle Camarda
- Center for Management Science, MINES ParisTech-PSL Research University (I3 UMR CNRS 9217)
| | | | - Anaïs Osmont
- Aix Marseille University, PSYCLE(EA3273), Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Pascal Le Masson
- Center for Management Science, MINES ParisTech-PSL Research University (I3 UMR CNRS 9217)
| | - Benoît Weil
- Center for Management Science, MINES ParisTech-PSL Research University (I3 UMR CNRS 9217)
| | | | - Mathieu Cassotti
- Center for Management Science, MINES ParisTech-PSL Research University (I3 UMR CNRS 9217)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Datin-Dorrière V, Borst G, Guillois B, Cachia A, Poirel N. The forest, the trees, and the leaves in preterm children: the impact of prematurity on a visual search task containing three-level hierarchical stimuli. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:253-260. [PMID: 32193647 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Very preterm (VPT; < 33 gestational weeks) children are at risk of developing visuospatial deficits, including local/global attention deficits. They are also more likely to develop poorer inhibitory control. Here, we investigated, using the same stimuli, the potential local/global attention and inhibitory control deficits of VPT children using three levels compound stimuli (global, intermediate, and local levels), more ecological than the ones used in a classic global/local task (Navon task). We compared the results from 22 VPT children to those of a control group of 21 children to investigate (1) how VPT children processed compound stimuli with three-level information and (2) how inhibitory control in a visual task differs between VPT and control children. The results revealed that VPT children had no difficulty processing information presented at the local level. By contrast, VPT children were impaired when considering the intermediate and global levels of processing in comparison to control children. Finally, a reduced efficiency in VPT children in inhibiting visual distractors was evidenced for the conditions with a larger number of distractors. These results are discussed in terms of neurodevelopmental disorders of both dorsal stream (global visual processing) and prefrontal regions (inhibitory control) in VPT children. Given the central role of visuospatial and inhibitory control in day-to-day situations, the present results provide important clues for pedagogical implications regarding the organization of visual information presented to VPT children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Datin-Dorrière
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France.,Service de Néonatologie, CHU Caen, Caen, France.,GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | | | - Arnaud Cachia
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Poirel
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France. .,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France. .,GIP Cyceron, Caen, France.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Franco P, Tesio V, Bertholet J, Gasnier A, del Portillo EG, Spalek M, Bibault J, Borst G, Van Elmpt W, Thorwarth D, Mullaney L, Redalen KR, Dubois L, Bittner M, Chargari C, Perryck S, Heukelom J, Petit S, Lybeer M, Castelli L. OC-0593: Alexithymia, empathy and burn-out amongst RTTs: results from the PRO BONO survey. Radiother Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)00615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
18
|
Viarouge A, Houdé O, Borst G. Evidence for the role of inhibition in numerical comparison: A negative priming study in 7- to 8-year-olds and adults. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 186:131-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
19
|
Delalande L, Moyon M, Tissier C, Dorriere V, Guillois B, Mevell K, Charron S, Salvia E, Poirel N, Vidal J, Lion S, Oppenheim C, Houdé O, Cachia A, Borst G. Complex and subtle structural changes in prefrontal cortex induced by inhibitory control training from childhood to adolescence. Dev Sci 2019; 23:e12898. [PMID: 31469938 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A number of training interventions have been designed to improve executive functions and inhibitory control (IC) across the lifespan. Surprisingly, no study has investigated the structural neuroplasticity induced by IC training from childhood to late adolescence, a developmental period characterized by IC efficiency improvement and protracted maturation of prefrontal cortex (PFC) subregions involved in IC. The aim of the present study was to investigate the behavioral and structural changes induced by a 5-week computerized and adaptive IC training in school-aged children (10-year-olds) and in adolescents (16-year-olds). Sixty-four children and 59 adolescents were randomly assigned to an IC (i.e. Color-Word Stroop and Stop-Signal tasks) or an active control (AC) (knowledge- and vocabulary-based tasks) training group. In the pre- and posttraining sessions, participants performed the Color-Word Stroop and Stop-signal tasks, and an anatomical resonance imaging (MRI) was acquired for each of them. Children's IC efficiency improved from the pre- to the posttraining session in boys but not in girls. In adolescents, IC efficiency did not improve after IC training. Similar to the neuroplastic mechanisms observed during brain maturation, we observed IC training-related changes in cortical thickness and cortical surface area in several PFC subregions (e.g. the pars opercularis, triangularis, and orbitalis of the inferior frontal gyri) that were age- and gender-specific. Because no correction for multiple comparisons was applied, the results of our study provide only preliminary evidence of the complex structural neuroplastic mechanisms at the root of behavioral changes in IC efficiency from pre- to posttraining in school-aged children and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marine Moyon
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Cloélia Tissier
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris, France.,Biomarkers of Brain Development and Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM UMR894, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Katel Mevell
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Charron
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris, France.,Biomarkers of Brain Development and Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM UMR894, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Julie Vidal
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Lion
- Biomarkers of Brain Development and Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM UMR894, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Oppenheim
- Biomarkers of Brain Development and Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM UMR894, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Houdé
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Cachia
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris, France.,Biomarkers of Brain Development and Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM UMR894, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hessen E, Nijkamp J, Troost E, Makocki S, de Jong M, Dewit L, Jasperse B, van der Heide U, Borst G. The Effect of Tumor Volume Changes on the Boost-Volume Coverage in Glioblastoma Patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.06.2290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
21
|
Salvia E, Tissier C, Charron S, Herent P, Vidal J, Lion S, Cassotti M, Oppenheim C, Houdé O, Borst G, Cachia A. The local properties of bold signal fluctuations at rest monitor inhibitory control training in adolescents. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 38:100664. [PMID: 31158801 PMCID: PMC6969344 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control (IC) plays a critical role in cognitive and socio-emotional development. Short-term IC training improves IC abilities in children and adults. Surprisingly, few studies have investigated the IC training effect during adolescence, a developmental period characterized by high neuroplasticity and the protracted development of IC abilities. We investigated behavioural and functional brain changes induced by a 5-week computerized and adaptive IC training in adolescents. We focused on the IC training effects on the local properties of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) signal fluctuations at rest (i.e., Regional Homogeneity [ReHo] and fractional Amplitude of Low Frequency Fluctuations [fALFF]). Sixty adolescents were randomly assigned to either an IC or an active control training group. In the pre- and post-training sessions, cognitive ('Cool') and emotional ('Hot') IC abilities were assessed using the Colour-Word and Emotional Stroop tasks. We found that ReHo and fALFF signals in IC areas (IFG, ACC, Striatum) were associated with IC efficiency at baseline. This association was different for Cool and Hot IC. Analyses also revealed that ReHo and fALFF signals were sensitive markers to detect and monitor changes after IC training, while behavioural data did not, suggesting that brain functional changes at rest precede behavioural changes following training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Salvia
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Cloélia Tissier
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France; Université de Paris, IPNP, INSERM, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Charron
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France; Université de Paris, IPNP, INSERM, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Paul Herent
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Julie Vidal
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Lion
- Université de Paris, IPNP, INSERM, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Cassotti
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Houdé
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Cachia
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Viarouge A, Houdé O, Borst G. The progressive 6-year-old conserver: Numerical saliency and sensitivity as core mechanisms of numerical abstraction in a Piaget-like estimation task. Cognition 2019; 190:137-142. [PMID: 31079014 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In Piaget's theory of number development, children do not possess a true concept of number until they are able to reason on numerical quantity regardless of changes in other nonnumerical magnitudes, such as length. Recent studies have echoed this result by arguing that abstracting number from nonnumerical dimensions of magnitude is a developmental milestone and a strong predictor of mathematics achievement. However, the mechanisms supporting such abstraction remain largely underspecified. We aimed to study how identification of the numerical equivalence in a Piaget-like estimation task by 6-year-old children is affected by (a) the degree of interference between number and nonnumerical magnitudes and (b) children's spontaneous orientation to numerosity. Six-year-old children first performed a card sorting task assessing their spontaneous orientation towards numerosity, spacing, or item size in a set of dots. Then, they completed a Piaget-like same/different numerical estimation task using two rows of dots in which the length ratio between the two rows varied systematically. Children were less likely to accept the numerical equivalence in the Piaget-like estimation task (a) as the difference in spacing between the dots increased and (b) as the children were more spontaneously oriented towards spacing over number in the card sorting task. Our results suggest that abstracting number depends on its saliency, which varies both as a function of the context (i.e., length ratio between the two rows) and of individual differences in children's sensitivity to the numerical aspects of their environment. These factors could be at the root of the observed development of performance in the seminal number-conservation task, which appears as a progressive abstraction of number rather than a conceptual shift, as Piaget hypothesized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Houdé
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mevel K, Borst G, Poirel N, Simon G, Orliac F, Etard O, Houdé O, De Neys W. Developmental frontal brain activation differences in overcoming heuristic bias. Cortex 2019; 117:111-121. [PMID: 30959421 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Since reasoning is often biased by intuitive heuristics, the development of sound reasoning has long been postulated to depend on successful bias monitoring and inhibition. The present fMRI study aimed to identify neural correlates of developmental changes in these processes. A group of adults and young adolescents were presented with ratio-bias problems in which an intuitively cued heuristic response could be incongruent (conflict item) or congruent (no-conflict item) with the correct response. Results showed that successfully avoiding biased responding on conflict items across both age groups was associated with increased activation in Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) and the right Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (LPFC) regions of interest. Critically, the right LPFC activation decreased with age. Biased responding did not result in right LPFC or ACC modulation and failed to show any developmental activation changes. We discuss implications for ongoing debates on the nature of heuristic bias and its development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katell Mevel
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Sorbonne, CNRS UMR, 8240, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Sorbonne, CNRS UMR, 8240, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Poirel
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Sorbonne, CNRS UMR, 8240, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Grégory Simon
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Sorbonne, CNRS UMR, 8240, Paris, France; Université de Normandie, ISTS, EA 7466, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - François Orliac
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Sorbonne, CNRS UMR, 8240, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Etard
- Université de Normandie, ISTS, EA 7466, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles du Système Nerveux, Caen, France
| | - Olivier Houdé
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Sorbonne, CNRS UMR, 8240, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Wim De Neys
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Sorbonne, CNRS UMR, 8240, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; CNRS, France.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Franco P, Tesio V, Bertholet J, Gasnier A, del Portillo EG, Spalek M, Bibault J, Borst G, Van Elmpt W, Thorwhart D, Mullaney L, Redalen KR, Dubois L, Bittner M, Chargari C, Lybeer M, Castelli L. OC-0327 The PRO BONO survey (PROject on Burn-Out in RadiatioN Oncology). Radiother Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(19)30747-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
25
|
Borst G, Houdé O. From the literate to the teleological glasses: Toward a general framework of cognitive scientists’ biases. L’Année psychologique 2019. [DOI: 10.3917/anpsy1.184.0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
26
|
Roell M, Viarouge A, Houdé O, Borst G. Inhibition of the whole number bias in decimal number comparison: A developmental negative priming study. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 177:240-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
27
|
Ahr E, Houdé O, Borst G. Behavioral evidence of the inhibition of mirror generalization for reversible letters at a perceptual stage of processing. L’Année psychologique 2018. [DOI: 10.3917/anpsy1.183.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
28
|
|
29
|
Aïte A, Houdé O, Borst G. Stop in the name of lies: The cost of blocking the truth to deceive. Conscious Cogn 2018; 65:141-151. [PMID: 30176515 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most researchers assume that deception involves a conflict between a predominant truth response and a deliberate deceptive response. Such a view is consistent with dual process theories that state that high-order cognition operates through fast-automatic processes that may conflict with slow-deliberate ones. In the present study, we tested whether one must inhibit the truth to deceive in light of inconsistent findings in the literature. One hundred and eighty-nine participants were tested across two Negative Priming paradigms that rest on the logic that the activation of a fast-automatic process will be hampered on a given display if it is inhibited on the previous display. Our findings suggest that truthful responses are predominant in healthy adults, which is why inhibitory control is required to activate a deliberate deceptive mode. We argue that the findings from deception studies could be best accounted for by dual process theories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ania Aïte
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University (USPC), Paris, France; University of Caen Normandy, Caen, France.
| | - Olivier Houdé
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University (USPC), Paris, France; University of Caen Normandy, Caen, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University (USPC), Paris, France; University of Caen Normandy, Caen, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Camarda A, Salvia É, Vidal J, Weil B, Poirel N, Houdé O, Borst G, Cassotti M. Neural basis of functional fixedness during creative idea generation: An EEG study. Neuropsychologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
31
|
Camarda A, Borst G, Agogué M, Habib M, Weil B, Houdé O, Cassotti M. Do we need inhibitory control to be creative? Evidence from a dual-task paradigm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1037/aca0000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
32
|
Wiersema L, Licup A, Buijs M, Van Mourik A, Borst G, Remeijer P. EP-2336: Validation of VacFix for SBRT treatments of spine oligo metastasis. Radiother Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(18)32645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
33
|
Hessen E, Damen P, Jasperse B, Dewit L, Elkhuizen P, Van Mourik A, Wittkamper F, Damen E, Van der Heide U, Hanssens P, Schasfoort J, Nijkamp J, Borst G. PO-0987: Target volume changes of brain metastases during fractionated SRS. Radiother Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(18)31297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
34
|
|
35
|
Ahr E, Houdé O, Borst G. Predominance of lateral over vertical mirror errors in reading: A case for neuronal recycling and inhibition. Brain Cogn 2017; 116:1-8. [PMID: 28475855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ahr
- LaPsyDÉ, CNRS Unit 8240, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, USPC, Paris, France; University of Caen Normandie, Caen, France.
| | - Olivier Houdé
- LaPsyDÉ, CNRS Unit 8240, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, USPC, Paris, France; University of Caen Normandie, Caen, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- LaPsyDÉ, CNRS Unit 8240, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, USPC, Paris, France; University of Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cassotti M, Agogué M, Camarda A, Houdé O, Borst G. Inhibitory Control as a Core Process of Creative Problem Solving and Idea Generation from Childhood to Adulthood. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2017; 2016:61-72. [PMID: 26994725 DOI: 10.1002/cad.20153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Developmental cognitive neuroscience studies tend to show that the prefrontal brain regions (known to be involved in inhibitory control) are activated during the generation of creative ideas. In the present article, we discuss how a dual-process model of creativity-much like the ones proposed to account for decision making and reasoning-could broaden our understanding of the processes involved in creative ideas generation. When generating creative ideas, children, adolescents, and adults tend to follow "the path of least resistance" and propose solutions that are built on the most common and accessible knowledge within a specific domain, leading to fixation effect. In line with recent theory of typical cognitive development, we argue that the ability to resist the spontaneous activation of design heuristics, to privilege other types of reasoning, might be critical to generate creative ideas at all ages. In the present review, we demonstrate that inhibitory control at all ages can actually support creativity. Indeed, the ability to think of something truly new and original requires first inhibiting spontaneous solutions that come to mind quickly and unconsciously and then exploring new ideas using a generative type of reasoning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Cassotti
- The Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education (CNRS Unit 8240), Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Caen University.,Institut Universitaire de France, France
| | | | - Anaëlle Camarda
- Psychology of Child Development and Education (CNRS Unit 8240), Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Caen University, France
| | - Olivier Houdé
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Caen University, and senior member of the Institut Universitaire de France, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Psychology of Child Development and Education (CNRS Unit 8240), Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Caen University, France
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Aïte A, Cassotti M, Linzarini A, Osmont A, Houdé O, Borst G. Adolescents' inhibitory control: keep it cool or lose control. Dev Sci 2016; 21. [PMID: 27882631 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory control (i.e., the ability to resist automatisms, temptations, distractions, or interference and to adapt to conflicting situations) is a determinant of cognitive and socio-emotional development. In light of the discrepancies of previous findings on the development of inhibitory control in affectively charged contexts, two important issues need to be addressed. We need to determine (a) whether cool inhibitory control (in affectively neutral contexts) and hot inhibitory control (in affectively charged contexts) follow the same developmental pattern and (b) the degree of specificity of these two types of inhibitory control at different ages. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the developmental patterns of cool and hot inhibitory control and the degree of specificity of these abilities in children, adolescents and adults. Typically developing children, adolescents, and adults performed two Stroop-like tasks: an affectively neutral one (Cool Stroop task) and an affectively charged one (Hot Stroop task). In the Cool Stroop task, the participants were asked to identify the ink color of the words independent of color that the words named; in the Hot Stroop task, the participants were asked to identify the emotional expression of a face independent of the emotion named by a simultaneously displayed written word. We found that cool inhibitory control abilities develop linearly with age, whereas hot inhibitory control abilities follow a quadratic developmental pattern, with adolescents displaying worse hot inhibitory control abilities than children and adults. In addition, cool and hot inhibitory control abilities were correlated in children but not in adolescents and adults. The present study suggests (a) that cool and hot inhibitory control abilities develop differently from childhood to adulthood - i.e., that cool inhibition follows a linear developmental pattern and hot inhibition follows an adolescent-specific pattern - and (b) that they become progressively more domain-specific with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ania Aïte
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France
| | - Mathieu Cassotti
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Adriano Linzarini
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France
| | - Anaïs Osmont
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France
| | - Olivier Houdé
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Abstract. Reading is an example of complex learning specific to human beings. In readers, an area of the brain is dedicated to the visual processing of letters and words, referred to as the visual word form area (VWFA). The existence of this brain area is paradoxical. Reading is too recent to be a phylogenic product of Darwinian evolution. It likely develops with intense school training via a neuroplastic ontogenic process of neuronal recycling: neurons in the lateral occipitotemporal lobe originally tuned to the visual recognition of stimuli, such as faces, objects, and animals, will be recycled for the visual recognition of letters and words. Thus, the VWFA inherits the intrinsic properties of these neurons, notably, mirror generalization, a process (or heuristic) applied to all visual stimuli that enables the recognition of a stimulus irrespective of its left-right orientation. On its own, this inherited property is not adapted to reading because it makes children confuse mirror letters, such as b and d in the Latin alphabet. In this article, we present evidence that inhibitory control is critical to avoid mirror errors inherited from the neuronal recycling process by blocking the mirror generalization heuristic in the context of reading. We subsequently argue that the “neuronal recycling + inhibitory control” law constitutes a general law of the learning brain by demonstrating that it may also account for the development of numeracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ahr
- LaPsyDÉ, CNRS Unit 8240, University of Sorbonne Paris City (USPC), France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- LaPsyDÉ, CNRS Unit 8240, University of Sorbonne Paris City (USPC), France
| | - Olivier Houdé
- LaPsyDÉ, CNRS Unit 8240, University of Sorbonne Paris City (USPC), France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Krakowski CS, Poirel N, Vidal J, Roëll M, Pineau A, Borst G, Houdé O. The forest, the trees, and the leaves: Differences of processing across development. Dev Psychol 2016; 52:1262-72. [DOI: 10.1037/dev0000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
40
|
Aïte A, Berthoz A, Vidal J, Roëll M, Zaoui M, Houdé O, Borst G. Taking a Third-Person Perspective Requires Inhibitory Control: Evidence From a Developmental Negative Priming Study. Child Dev 2016; 87:1825-1840. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ania Aïte
- LaPsyDÉ, University Paris Descartes and University of Caen Basse-Normandie.,Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California
| | | | - Julie Vidal
- LaPsyDÉ, University Paris Descartes and University of Caen Basse-Normandie
| | - Margot Roëll
- LaPsyDÉ, University Paris Descartes and University of Caen Basse-Normandie
| | | | - Olivier Houdé
- LaPsyDÉ, University Paris Descartes and University of Caen Basse-Normandie.,Institut Universitaire de France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- LaPsyDÉ, University Paris Descartes and University of Caen Basse-Normandie
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
De Vries K, Beerendonk M, Dewit L, Boogerd W, Brandsma D, Van Mourik A, Borst G. OC-0160: Growth and oedema related shifts of brain metastasis treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. Radiother Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(16)31409-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
42
|
Cachia A, Borst G, Tissier C, Fisher C, Plaze M, Gay O, Rivière D, Gogtay N, Giedd J, Mangin JF, Houdé O, Raznahan A. Longitudinal stability of the folding pattern of the anterior cingulate cortex during development. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 19:122-7. [PMID: 26974743 PMCID: PMC4912935 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal processes are likely critical for the differences in cognitive ability and disease risk that unfold in postnatal life. Prenatally established cortical folding patterns are increasingly studied as an adult proxy for earlier development events - under the as yet untested assumption that an individual's folding pattern is developmentally fixed. Here, we provide the first empirical test of this stability assumption using 263 longitudinally-acquired structural MRI brain scans from 75 typically developing individuals spanning ages 7 to 32 years. We focus on the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) - an intensely studied cortical region that presents two qualitatively distinct and reliably classifiable sulcal patterns with links to postnatal behavior. We show - without exception-that individual ACC sulcal patterns are fixed from childhood to adulthood, at the same time that quantitative anatomical ACC metrics are undergoing profound developmental change. Our findings buttress use of folding typology as a postnatally-stable marker for linking variations in early brain development to later neurocognitive outcomes in ex utero life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Cachia
- CNRS UMR 8240, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM UMR 894, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
| | - G Borst
- CNRS UMR 8240, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - C Tissier
- CNRS UMR 8240, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM UMR 894, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - C Fisher
- CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Plaform, cati-neuroimaging.com, France; UNATI, Neurospin, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M Plaze
- INSERM UMR 894, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - O Gay
- INSERM UMR 894, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - D Rivière
- UNATI, Neurospin, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - N Gogtay
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and the National Institutes of Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, USA
| | - J Giedd
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and the National Institutes of Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, USA
| | - J-F Mangin
- CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Plaform, cati-neuroimaging.com, France; UNATI, Neurospin, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - O Houdé
- CNRS UMR 8240, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - A Raznahan
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and the National Institutes of Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lanoë C, Vidal J, Lubin A, Houdé O, Borst G. Inhibitory control is needed to overcome written verb inflection errors: Evidence from a developmental negative priming study. Cognitive Development 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
44
|
Linzarini A, Houdé O, Borst G. When Stroop helps Piaget: An inter-task positive priming paradigm in 9-year-old children. J Exp Child Psychol 2015; 139:71-82. [PMID: 26086072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether inhibitory control is domain general or domain specific in school children, we asked 40 9-year-old children to perform an inter-task priming paradigm in which they responded to Stroop items on the primes and to Piaget number conservation items on the probes. The children were more efficient in the inhibition of a misleading "length-equals-number" heuristic in the number conservation task if they had successfully inhibited a previous prepotent reading response in the Stroop task. This study provides evidence that the inhibitory control ability of school children generalizes to distinct cognitive domains, that is, verbal for the Stroop task and logico-mathematical for Piaget's number conservation task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Linzarini
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education (LaPsyDÉ), CNRS Unit 8240, 75005 Paris, France; Institut de Psychologie, University Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France; University of Caen Basse-Normandie, 14032 Caen, France
| | - O Houdé
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education (LaPsyDÉ), CNRS Unit 8240, 75005 Paris, France; Institut de Psychologie, University Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France; University of Caen Basse-Normandie, 14032 Caen, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - G Borst
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education (LaPsyDÉ), CNRS Unit 8240, 75005 Paris, France; Institut de Psychologie, University Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France; University of Caen Basse-Normandie, 14032 Caen, France.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Krakowski CS, Borst G, Pineau A, Houdé O, Poirel N. You can detect the trees as well as the forest when adding the leaves: evidence from visual search tasks containing three-level hierarchical stimuli. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2015; 157:131-43. [PMID: 25796055 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated how multiple levels of hierarchical stimuli (i.e., global, intermediate and local) are processed during a visual search task. Healthy adults participated in a visual search task in which a target was either present or not at one of the three levels of hierarchical stimuli (global geometrical form made by intermediate forms themselves constituted by local forms). By varying the number of distractors, the results showed that targets presented at global and intermediate levels were detected efficiently (i.e., the detection times did not vary with the number of distractors) whereas local targets were processed less efficiently (i.e., the detection times increased with the number of distractors). Additional experiments confirmed that these results were not due to the size of the target elements or to the spatial proximity among the structural levels. Taken together, these results show that the most local level is always processed less efficiently, suggesting that it is disadvantaged during the competition for attentional resources compared to higher structural levels. The present study thus supports the view that the processing occurring in visual search acts dichotomously rather than continuously. Given that pure structuralist and pure space-based models of attention cannot account for the pattern of our findings, we discuss the implication for perception, attentional selection and executive control of target position on hierarchical stimuli.
Collapse
|
46
|
Borst G, Aïte A, Houdé O. Inhibition of misleading heuristics as a core mechanism for typical cognitive development: evidence from behavioural and brain-imaging studies. Dev Med Child Neurol 2015; 57 Suppl 2:21-5. [PMID: 25690112 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive development is generally conceived as incremental with knowledge of increasing complexity acquired throughout childhood and adolescence. However, several studies have now demonstrated not only that infants possess complex cognitive abilities but also that older children, adolescents, and adults tend to make systematic errors even in simple logical reasoning tasks. Therefore, one of the main issues for any theory of typical cognitive development is to provide an explanation of why at some age and in some contexts children, adolescents, and adults do not express a knowledge or cognitive principle that they already acquired when they were younger. In this review, we present convergent behavioural and neurocognitive evidence that cognitive development is more similar to a non-linear dynamic system than to a linear, stage-like system. In this theoretical framework, errors can emerge in problems similar to the ones infants or young children were succeeding when older children, adolescents, and adults rely on a misleading heuristic rather than on the correct logical algorithm to solve such problems. And the core mechanism for overcoming these errors is inhibitory control (i.e. the ability to inhibit the misleading heuristics). Therefore, typical cognitive development relies not only on the ability to acquire knowledge of incremental complexity but also to inhibit previously acquired knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Borst
- LaPsyDÉ, CNRS Unit 8240, Paris, France; Institut de Psychologie, University Paris Descartes and Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; University of Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
In this article, we first describe our general inhibitory-control theory and, then, we describe how we have tested its specific hypotheses on reasoning with brain imaging techniques in adults and children. The innovative part of this perspective lies in its attempt to come up with a brain-based synthesis of Jean Piaget’s theory on logical algorithms and Daniel Kahneman’s theory on intuitive heuristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Houdé
- CNRS Unit 8240, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Alliance for Higher Education and Research Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris Descartes University Paris, France ; Institut Universitaire de France Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- CNRS Unit 8240, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Alliance for Higher Education and Research Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris Descartes University Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Habib M, Cassotti M, Moutier S, Houdé O, Borst G. Fear and anger have opposite effects on risk seeking in the gain frame. Front Psychol 2015; 6:253. [PMID: 25806015 PMCID: PMC4354239 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotions strongly influence our decisions, particularly those made under risk. A classic example of the effect of emotion on decision making under risk is the “framing effect,” which involves predictable shifts in preferences when the same problem is formulated in different ways. According to dual process theories, this bias could stem from an affective heuristic belonging to an intuitive type of reasoning. In this study, we examined whether specific incidental negative emotions (i.e., fear and anger) influence framing susceptibility and risk-taking identically. In each trial, participants received an initial amount of money, and pictures of angry or fearful faces were presented to them. Finally, participants chose between a sure option and a gamble option of equally expected value in a gain or loss frame. Risk-taking was modulated by emotional context: fear and anger influenced risk-taking specifically in the gain frame and had opposite effects. Fear increased risk-averse choices, whereas anger decreased risk-averse choices, leading to a suppression of the framing effect. These results confirm that emotions play a key role in framing susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Habib
- Paragraph Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Paris 8 University, Paris Lumières University , Paris, France ; CNRS Unit 8240, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Department of Psychology, Paris Descartes University - Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Caen University , Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Cassotti
- CNRS Unit 8240, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Department of Psychology, Paris Descartes University - Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Caen University , Paris, France ; Institut Universitaire de France , Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Moutier
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé, Department of Psychology, Paris Descartes University , Paris, France
| | - Olivier Houdé
- CNRS Unit 8240, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Department of Psychology, Paris Descartes University - Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Caen University , Paris, France ; Institut Universitaire de France , Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- CNRS Unit 8240, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, Department of Psychology, Paris Descartes University - Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Caen University , Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Mental color imagery abilities are commonly measured using paradigms that involve naming, judging, or comparing the colors of visual mental images of well-known objects (e.g., "Is a sunflower darker yellow than a lemon"?). Although this approach is widely used in patient studies, differences in the ability to perform such color comparisons might simply reflect participants' general knowledge of object colors rather than their ability to generate accurate visual mental images of the colors of the objects. The aim of the present study was to design a new color imagery paradigm. Participants were asked to visualize a color for 3 s and then to determine a visually presented color by pressing 1 of 6 keys. We reasoned that participants would react faster when the imagined and perceived colors were congruent than when they were incongruent. In Experiment 1, participants were slower in incongruent than congruent trials but only when they were instructed to visualize the colors. The results in Experiment 2 demonstrate that the congruency effect reported in Experiment 1 cannot be attributed to verbalization of the color that had to be visualized. Finally, in Experiment 3, the congruency effect evoked by mental imagery correlated with performance in a perceptual version of the task. We discuss these findings with respect to the mechanisms that underlie mental imagery and patients suffering from color imagery deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fred W Mast
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
The visual environment consists of global structures (e.g., a forest) made up of local parts (e.g., trees). When compound stimuli are presented (e.g., large global letters composed of arrangements of small local letters), the global unattended information slows responses to local targets. Using a negative priming paradigm, we investigated whether inhibition is required to process hierarchical stimuli when information at the local level is in conflict with the one at the global level. The results show that when local and global information is in conflict, global information must be inhibited to process local information, but that the reverse is not true. This finding has potential direct implications for brain models of visual recognition, by suggesting that when local information is conflicting with global information, inhibitory control reduces feedback activity from global information (e.g., inhibits the forest) which allows the visual system to process local information (e.g., to focus attention on a particular tree).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Poirel
- LaPsyDÉ, Unité CNRS 3521, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Caen, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Claire Sara Krakowski
- LaPsyDÉ, Unité CNRS 3521, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Caen, France
| | - Sabrina Sayah
- LaPsyDÉ, Unité CNRS 3521, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Caen, France
| | - Arlette Pineau
- LaPsyDÉ, Unité CNRS 3521, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Caen, France
| | - Olivier Houdé
- LaPsyDÉ, Unité CNRS 3521, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Caen, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- LaPsyDÉ, Unité CNRS 3521, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Caen, France
| |
Collapse
|