1
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Steen CJ, Niklas J, Poluektov OG, Schaller RD, Fleming GR, Utschig LM. EPR Spin-Trapping for Monitoring Temporal Dynamics of Singlet Oxygen during Photoprotection in Photosynthesis. Biochemistry 2024; 63:1214-1224. [PMID: 38679935 PMCID: PMC11080054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
A central goal of photoprotective energy dissipation processes is the regulation of singlet oxygen (1O2*) and reactive oxygen species in the photosynthetic apparatus. Despite the involvement of 1O2* in photodamage and cell signaling, few studies directly correlate 1O2* formation to nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) or lack thereof. Here, we combine spin-trapping electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopies to track in real time the involvement of 1O2* during photoprotection in plant thylakoid membranes. The EPR spin-trapping method for detection of 1O2* was first optimized for photosensitization in dye-based chemical systems and then used to establish methods for monitoring the temporal dynamics of 1O2* in chlorophyll-containing photosynthetic membranes. We find that the apparent 1O2* concentration in membranes changes throughout a 1 h period of continuous illumination. During an initial response to high light intensity, the concentration of 1O2* decreased in parallel with a decrease in the chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime via NPQ. Treatment of membranes with nigericin, an uncoupler of the transmembrane proton gradient, delayed the activation of NPQ and the associated quenching of 1O2* during high light. Upon saturation of NPQ, the concentration of 1O2* increased in both untreated and nigericin-treated membranes, reflecting the utility of excess energy dissipation in mitigating photooxidative stress in the short term (i.e., the initial ∼10 min of high light).
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin J. Steen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jens Niklas
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Oleg G. Poluektov
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Richard D. Schaller
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lisa M. Utschig
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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2
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Short A, Fay TP, Crisanto T, Mangal R, Niyogi KK, Limmer DT, Fleming GR. Kinetics of the xanthophyll cycle and its role in photoprotective memory and response. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6621. [PMID: 37857617 PMCID: PMC10587229 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficiently balancing photochemistry and photoprotection is crucial for survival and productivity of photosynthetic organisms in the rapidly fluctuating light levels found in natural environments. The ability to respond quickly to sudden changes in light level is clearly advantageous. In the alga Nannochloropsis oceanica we observed an ability to respond rapidly to sudden increases in light level which occur soon after a previous high-light exposure. This ability implies a kind of memory. In this work, we explore the xanthophyll cycle in N. oceanica as a short-term photoprotective memory system. By combining snapshot fluorescence lifetime measurements with a biochemistry-based quantitative model, we show that short-term memory arises from the xanthophyll cycle. In addition, the model enables us to characterize the relative quenching abilities of the three xanthophyll cycle components. Given the ubiquity of the xanthophyll cycle in photosynthetic organisms the model described here will be of utility in improving our understanding of vascular plant and algal photoprotection with important implications for crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Short
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Thomas P Fay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Thien Crisanto
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ratul Mangal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David T Limmer
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chemical Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Material Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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3
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Fleming GR, Minagawa J, Renger T, Schlau-Cohen GS. Photosynthetic light harvesting and energy conversion. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:100401. [PMID: 37681692 DOI: 10.1063/5.0170807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jun Minagawa
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Thomas Renger
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Gabriela S Schlau-Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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4
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Li Q, Orcutt K, Cook RL, Sabines-Chesterking J, Tong AL, Schlau-Cohen GS, Zhang X, Fleming GR, Whaley KB. Single-photon absorption and emission from a natural photosynthetic complex. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-06121-5. [PMID: 37316658 PMCID: PMC10338339 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is generally assumed to be initiated by a single photon1-3 from the Sun, which, as a weak light source, delivers at most a few tens of photons per nanometre squared per second within a chlorophyll absorption band1. Yet much experimental and theoretical work over the past 40 years has explored the events during photosynthesis subsequent to absorption of light from intense, ultrashort laser pulses2-15. Here, we use single photons to excite under ambient conditions the light-harvesting 2 (LH2) complex of the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides, comprising B800 and B850 rings that contain 9 and 18 bacteriochlorophyll molecules, respectively. Excitation of the B800 ring leads to electronic energy transfer to the B850 ring in approximately 0.7 ps, followed by rapid B850-to-B850 energy transfer on an approximately 100-fs timescale and light emission at 850-875 nm (refs. 16-19). Using a heralded single-photon source20,21 along with coincidence counting, we establish time correlation functions for B800 excitation and B850 fluorescence emission and demonstrate that both events involve single photons. We also find that the probability distribution of the number of heralds per detected fluorescence photon supports the view that a single photon can upon absorption drive the subsequent energy transfer and fluorescence emission and hence, by extension, the primary charge separation of photosynthesis. An analytical stochastic model and a Monte Carlo numerical model capture the data, further confirming that absorption of single photons is correlated with emission of single photons in a natural light-harvesting complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kaydren Orcutt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert L Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Javier Sabines-Chesterking
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Ashley L Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Xiang Zhang
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - K Birgitta Whaley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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5
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Roy PP, Leonardo C, Orcutt K, Oberg C, Scholes GD, Fleming GR. Infrared Signatures of Phycobilins within the Phycocyanin 645 Complex. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:4460-4469. [PMID: 37192324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic photosynthetic organisms evolved to use a variety of light frequencies to perform photosynthesis. Phycobiliprotein phycocyanin 645 (PC645) is a light-harvesting complex in cryptophyte algae able to transfer the absorbed green solar light to other antennas with over 99% efficiency. The infrared signatures of the phycobilin pigments embedded in PC645 are difficult to access and could provide useful information to understand the mechanism behind the high efficiency of energy transfer in PC645. We use visible-pump IR-probe and two-dimensional electronic vibrational spectroscopy to study the dynamical evolution and assign the fingerprint mid-infrared signatures to each pigment in PC645. Here, we report the pigment-specific vibrational markers that enable us to track the spatial flow of excitation energy between the phycobilin pigment pairs. We speculate that two high-frequency modes (1588 and 1596 cm-1) are involved in the vibronic coupling leading to fast (<ps) and direct energy transfer from the highest to lowest exciton, bypassing the intermediate excitons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Cristina Leonardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kaydren Orcutt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Catrina Oberg
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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6
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Bru P, Steen CJ, Park S, Amstutz CL, Sylak-Glassman EJ, Lam L, Fekete A, Mueller MJ, Longoni F, Fleming GR, Niyogi KK, Malnoë A. The major trimeric antenna complexes serve as a site for qH-energy dissipation in plants. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102519. [PMID: 36152752 PMCID: PMC9615032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants and algae are faced with a conundrum: harvesting sufficient light to drive their metabolic needs while dissipating light in excess to prevent photodamage, a process known as nonphotochemical quenching. A slowly relaxing form of energy dissipation, termed qH, is critical for plants’ survival under abiotic stress; however, qH location in the photosynthetic membrane is unresolved. Here, we tested whether we could isolate subcomplexes from plants in which qH was induced that would remain in an energy-dissipative state. Interestingly, we found that chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence lifetimes were decreased by qH in isolated major trimeric antenna complexes, indicating that they serve as a site for qH-energy dissipation and providing a natively quenched complex with physiological relevance to natural conditions. Next, we monitored the changes in thylakoid pigment, protein, and lipid contents of antenna with active or inactive qH but did not detect any evident differences. Finally, we investigated whether specific subunits of the major antenna complexes were required for qH but found that qH was insensitive to trimer composition. Because we previously observed that qH can occur in the absence of specific xanthophylls, and no evident changes in pigments, proteins, or lipids were detected, we tentatively propose that the energy-dissipative state reported here may stem from Chl–Chl excitonic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierrick Bru
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Collin J Steen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division (formerly Physical Biosciences Division), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Soomin Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division (formerly Physical Biosciences Division), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan, Chungnam 31253, Republic of Korea
| | - Cynthia L Amstutz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Emily J Sylak-Glassman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division (formerly Physical Biosciences Division), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lam Lam
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division (formerly Physical Biosciences Division), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Agnes Fekete
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martin J Mueller
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Fiamma Longoni
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division (formerly Physical Biosciences Division), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division (formerly Physical Biosciences Division), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alizée Malnoë
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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7
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Abstract
Controlling the macroscopic properties of materials, particularly quantum materials, via external inputs such as optical fields is a key goal of modern physical science. The Faraday Discussion presented a cross section of current experimental and theoretical progress with mostly ultrashort pulse excitations with frequencies ranging from the X-ray to the THz regions of the spectrum. This paper offers a perspective on the meaning of control in different scientific and engineering contexts. Despite the enormous challenge of implementing full feedback control on the types of material of interest in this discussion, I sketch such a system taken from a photosynthetic context to provide inspiration for future development in control of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, USA. .,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA.,Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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8
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Roy P, Kundu S, Makri N, Fleming GR. Interference between Franck-Condon and Herzberg-Teller Terms in the Condensed-Phase Molecular Spectra of Metal-Based Tetrapyrrole Derivatives. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7413-7419. [PMID: 35929598 PMCID: PMC9393888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The commonly used Franck-Condon (FC) approximation is inadequate for explaining the electronic spectra of compounds that possess vibrations with substantial Herzberg-Teller (HT) couplings. Metal-based tetrapyrrole derivatives, which are ubiquitous natural pigments, often exhibit prominent HT activity. In this paper, we compare the condensed phase spectra of zinc-tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) and zinc-phthalocyanine (ZnPc), which exhibit vastly different spectral features in spite of sharing a common tetrapyrrole backbone. The absorption and emission spectra of ZnTPP are characterized by a lack of mirror symmetry and nontrivial temperature dependence. In contrast, mirror symmetry is restored, and the nontrivial temperature-dependent features disappear in ZnPc. We attribute these differences to FC-HT interference, which is less pronounced in ZnPc because of a larger FC component in the dipole moment that leads to FC-dominated transitions. A single minimalistic FC-HT vibronic model reproduces all the experimental spectral features of these molecules. These observations suggest that FC-HT interference is highly susceptible to chemical modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha
Pratim Roy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sohang Kundu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy Makri
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Illinois
Quantum Information Science & Technology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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9
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Steen CJ, Burlacot A, Short AH, Niyogi KK, Fleming GR. Interplay between LHCSR proteins and state transitions governs the NPQ response in Chlamydomonas during light fluctuations. Plant Cell Environ 2022; 45:2428-2445. [PMID: 35678230 PMCID: PMC9540987 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms use sunlight as the primary energy source to fix CO2 . However, in nature, light energy is highly variable, reaching levels of saturation for periods ranging from milliseconds to hours. In the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, safe dissipation of excess light energy by nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) is mediated by light-harvesting complex stress-related (LHCSR) proteins and redistribution of light-harvesting antennae between the photosystems (state transition). Although each component underlying NPQ has been documented, their relative contributions to NPQ under fluctuating light conditions remain unknown. Here, by monitoring NPQ in intact cells throughout high light/dark cycles of various illumination periods, we find that the dynamics of NPQ depend on the timescales of light fluctuations. We show that LHCSRs play a major role during the light phases of light fluctuations and describe their role in growth under rapid light fluctuations. We further reveal an activation of NPQ during the dark phases of all high light/dark cycles and show that this phenomenon arises from state transition. Finally, we show that LHCSRs and state transition synergistically cooperate to enable NPQ response during light fluctuations. These results highlight the dynamic functioning of photoprotection under light fluctuations and open a new way to systematically characterize the photosynthetic response to an ever-changing light environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin J. Steen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience InstituteBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Adrien Burlacot
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Plant BiologyCarnegie Institution for ScienceStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Audrey H. Short
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience InstituteBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Graduate Group in BiophysicsUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Krishna K. Niyogi
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience InstituteBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Graduate Group in BiophysicsUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
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10
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Tao R, Peng K, Haeberlé L, Li Q, Jin D, Fleming GR, Kéna-Cohen S, Zhang X, Bao W. Halide perovskites enable polaritonic XY spin Hamiltonian at room temperature. Nat Mater 2022; 21:761-766. [PMID: 35681064 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exciton polaritons, the part-light and part-matter quasiparticles in semiconductor optical cavities, are promising for exploring Bose-Einstein condensation, non-equilibrium many-body physics and analogue simulation at elevated temperatures. However, a room-temperature polaritonic platform on par with the GaAs quantum wells grown by molecular beam epitaxy at low temperatures remains elusive. The operation of such a platform calls for long-lifetime, strongly interacting excitons in a stringent material system with large yet nanoscale-thin geometry and homogeneous properties. Here, we address this challenge by adopting a method based on the solution synthesis of excitonic halide perovskites grown under nanoconfinement. Such nanoconfinement growth facilitates the synthesis of smooth and homogeneous single-crystalline large crystals enabling the demonstration of XY Hamiltonian lattices with sizes up to 10 × 10. With this demonstration, we further establish perovskites as a promising platform for room temperature polaritonic physics and pave the way for the realization of robust mode-disorder-free polaritonic devices at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Tao
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kai Peng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Louis Haeberlé
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Quanwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dafei Jin
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stéphane Kéna-Cohen
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Faculty of Science and Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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11
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Arsenault EA, Guerra WD, Shee J, Reyes Cruz EA, Yoneda Y, Wadsworth BL, Odella E, Urrutia MN, Kodis G, Moore GF, Head-Gordon M, Moore AL, Moore TA, Fleming GR. Concerted Electron-Nuclear Motion in Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer-Driven Grotthuss-Type Proton Translocation. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4479-4485. [PMID: 35575065 PMCID: PMC9150097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced proton-coupled electron transfer and long-range two-proton transport via a Grotthuss-type mechanism are investigated in a biomimetic construct. The ultrafast, nonequilibrium dynamics are assessed via two-dimensional electronic vibrational spectroscopy, in concert with electrochemical and computational techniques. A low-frequency mode is identified experimentally and found to promote double proton and electron transfer, supported by recent theoretical simulations of a similar but abbreviated (non-photoactive) system. Excitation frequency peak evolution and center line slope dynamics show direct evidence of strongly coupled nuclear and electronic degrees of freedom, from which we can conclude that the double proton and electron transfer processes are concerted (up to an uncertainty of 24 fs). The nonequilibrium pathway from the photoexcited Franck-Condon region to the E2PT state is characterized by an ∼110 fs time scale. This study and the tools presented herein constitute a new window into hot charge transfer processes involving an electron and multiple protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Arsenault
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Walter D. Guerra
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - James Shee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Edgar A. Reyes Cruz
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- The Biodesign
Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Yusuke Yoneda
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brian L. Wadsworth
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- The Biodesign
Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Emmanuel Odella
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Maria N. Urrutia
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Gerdenis Kodis
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- The Biodesign
Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Gary F. Moore
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- The Biodesign
Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ana L. Moore
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Thomas A. Moore
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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12
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Short AH, Fay TP, Crisanto T, Hall J, Steen CJ, Niyogi KK, Limmer DT, Fleming GR. Xanthophyll-cycle based model of the rapid photoprotection of Nannochloropsis in response to regular and irregular light/dark sequences. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:205102. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0089335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract <p>We explore the photoprotection dynamics of Nannochloropsis oceanica using time-correlated single photon counting under regular and irregular actinic light sequences. The varying light sequences mimic natural conditions, allowing us to probe the real-time response of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) pathways. Durations of fluctuating light exposure during a fixed total experimental time and prior light exposure of the algae are both found to have a profound effect on NPQ. These observations are rationalized with a quantitative model based on the xanthophyll cycle and the protonation of LHCX1. The model is able to accurately describe the dynamics of non-photochemical quenching across a variety of light sequences. The combined model and observations suggest that the accumulation of a quenching complex, likely zeaxanthin bound to a protonated LHCX1, is responsible for the gradual rise in NPQ. Additionally, the model makes specific predictions for the light sequence dependence of xanthophyll concentrations that are in reasonable agreement with independent chromatography measurements taken during a specific light/dark sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey H Short
- University of California Berkeley, United States of America
| | - Thomas Patrick Fay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley Department of Chemistry, United States of America
| | - Thien Crisanto
- University of California Berkeley, United States of America
| | - Johanna Hall
- Georgia Institute of Technology, United States of America
| | - Collin J Steen
- Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, United States of America
| | | | - David T Limmer
- Chemistry, University of California Berkeley Department of Chemistry, United States of America
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley College of Chemistry, United States of America
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13
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Yoneda Y, Arsenault EA, Yang SJ, Orcutt K, Iwai M, Fleming GR. The initial charge separation step in oxygenic photosynthesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2275. [PMID: 35477708 PMCID: PMC9046298 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29983-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem II is crucial for life on Earth as it provides oxygen as a result of photoinduced electron transfer and water splitting reactions. The excited state dynamics of the photosystem II-reaction center (PSII-RC) has been a matter of vivid debate because the absorption spectra of the embedded chromophores significantly overlap and hence it is extremely difficult to distinguish transients. Here, we report the two-dimensional electronic-vibrational spectroscopic study of the PSII-RC. The simultaneous resolution along both the visible excitation and infrared detection axis is crucial in allowing for the character of the excitonic states and interplay between them to be clearly distinguished. In particular, this work demonstrates that the mixed exciton-charge transfer state, previously proposed to be responsible for the far-red light operation of photosynthesis, is characterized by the ChlD1+Phe radical pair and can be directly prepared upon photoexcitation. Further, we find that the initial electron acceptor in the PSII-RC is Phe, rather than PD1, regardless of excitation wavelength. The photosystem II reaction center (PSII-RC) is a model system to understand the initial steps of photosynthesis, but its excited state dynamics is difficult to disentangle with most spectroscopic methods. Here the authors perform a two-dimensional electronic-vibrational spectroscopic study of PSII-RC, providing detailed insight into such dynamics and into the mechanism of charge separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yoneda
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States.,Research Center of Integrative Molecular Systems, Institute for Molecular Science, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Eric A Arsenault
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
| | - Shiun-Jr Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
| | - Kaydren Orcutt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
| | - Masakazu Iwai
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States. .,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States. .,Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States.
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14
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Roy P, Kundu S, Valdiviezo J, Bullard G, Fletcher JT, Liu R, Yang SJ, Zhang P, Beratan DN, Therien MJ, Makri N, Fleming GR. Synthetic Control of Exciton Dynamics in Bioinspired Cofacial Porphyrin Dimers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6298-6310. [PMID: 35353523 PMCID: PMC9011348 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how the complex interplay among excitonic interactions, vibronic couplings, and reorganization energy determines coherence-enabled transport mechanisms is a grand challenge with both foundational implications and potential payoffs for energy science. We use a combined experimental and theoretical approach to show how a modest change in structure may be used to modify the exciton delocalization, tune electronic and vibrational coherences, and alter the mechanism of exciton transfer in covalently linked cofacial Zn-porphyrin dimers (meso-beta linked ABm-β and meso-meso linked AAm-m). While both ABm-β and AAm-m feature zinc porphyrins linked by a 1,2-phenylene bridge, differences in the interporphyrin connectivity set the lateral shift between macrocycles, reducing electronic coupling in ABm-β and resulting in a localized exciton. Pump-probe experiments show that the exciton dynamics is faster by almost an order of magnitude in the strongly coupled AAm-m dimer, and two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) identifies a vibronic coherence that is absent in ABm-β. Theoretical studies indicate how the interchromophore interactions in these structures, and their system-bath couplings, influence excitonic delocalization and vibronic coherence-enabled rapid exciton transport dynamics. Real-time path integral calculations reproduce the exciton transfer kinetics observed experimentally and find that the linking-modulated exciton delocalization strongly enhances the contribution of vibronic coherences to the exciton transfer mechanism, and that this coherence accelerates the exciton transfer dynamics. These benchmark molecular design, 2DES, and theoretical studies provide a foundation for directed explorations of nonclassical effects on exciton dynamics in multiporphyrin assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha
Pratim Roy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sohang Kundu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jesús Valdiviezo
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - George Bullard
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - James T. Fletcher
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Rui Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Shiun-Jr Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - David N. Beratan
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department
of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Michael J. Therien
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Nancy Makri
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Illinois
Quantum Information Science & Technology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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15
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Abstract
Some molecules of chemical and biological significance possess vibrations with significant Herzberg-Teller (HT) couplings, which render the Franck-Condon (FC) approximation inadequate and cause the breakdown of the well-known mirror-image symmetry between linear absorption and emission spectra. Using a model two-state system with displaced harmonic potential surfaces, we show analytically that the FC-HT interference gives rise to asymmetric intensity modification, which has the same sign for all transitions on one side of the 0-0 absorption line and the opposite sign in the equivalent fluorescence transitions, while the trend is exactly reversed for all transitions on the other side the 0-0 line. We examine the dependence of the absorption-emission asymmetry on the mode frequency, Huang-Rhys factor, and dipole moment parameters to show the recovery of symmetry with particular combinations of parameters and a crossover from fluorescence to absorption dominance. We illustrate the analytical predictions through numerically exact calculations in models of one and two discrete vibrational modes and in the presence of a harmonic dissipative bath. In addition to homogeneous broadening effects, we identify large asymmetric shifts of absorption and emission band maxima, which can produce the illusion of unequal frequencies in the ground and excited potential surfaces as well as a nontrivial modulation of spectral asymmetry by temperature, which results from the enhancement of transitions on one side of the 0-0 line. These findings will aid the interpretation of experimental spectra in HT-active molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohang Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Partha Pratim Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nancy Makri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Illinois Quantum Information Science and Technology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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16
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Fleming GR, Chernyak VY, Ishizaki A. Tribute to Yoshitaka Tanimura. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:11785-11786. [PMID: 34732053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Vladimir Y Chernyak
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Akihito Ishizaki
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Arsenault
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Addison J Schile
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David T Limmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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18
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Arsenault EA, Schile AJ, Limmer DT, Fleming GR. Vibronic coupling in energy transfer dynamics and two-dimensional electronic-vibrational spectra. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:054201. [PMID: 34364357 DOI: 10.1063/5.0056477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a heterodimer model in which multiple mechanisms of vibronic coupling and their impact on energy transfer can be explicitly studied. We consider vibronic coupling that arises through either Franck-Condon activity in which each site in the heterodimer has a local electron-phonon coupling or Herzberg-Teller activity in which the transition dipole moment coupling the sites has an explicit vibrational mode-dependence. We have computed two-dimensional electronic-vibrational (2DEV) spectra for this model while varying the magnitude of these two effects and find that 2DEV spectra contain static and dynamic signatures of both types of vibronic coupling. Franck-Condon activity emerges through a change in the observed excitonic structure, while Herzberg-Teller activity is evident in the appearance of significant side-band transitions that mimic the lower-energy excitonic structure. A comparison of quantum beating patterns obtained from analysis of the simulated 2DEV spectra shows that this technique can report on the mechanism of energy transfer, elucidating a means of experimentally determining the role of specific vibronic coupling mechanisms in such processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Arsenault
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Addison J Schile
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David T Limmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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19
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Arsenault EA, Bhattacharyya P, Yoneda Y, Fleming GR. Two-dimensional electronic-vibrational spectroscopy: Exploring the interplay of electrons and nuclei in excited state molecular dynamics. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:020901. [PMID: 34266264 DOI: 10.1063/5.0053042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional electronic-vibrational spectroscopy (2DEVS) is an emerging spectroscopic technique which exploits two different frequency ranges for the excitation (visible) and detection (infrared) axes of a 2D spectrum. In contrast to degenerate 2D techniques, such as 2D electronic or 2D infrared spectroscopy, the spectral features of a 2DEV spectrum report cross correlations between fluctuating electronic and vibrational energy gaps rather than autocorrelations as in the degenerate spectroscopies. The center line slope of the spectral features reports on this cross correlation function directly and can reveal specific electronic-vibrational couplings and rapid changes in the electronic structure, for example. The involvement of the two types of transition moments, visible and infrared, makes 2DEVS very sensitive to electronic and vibronic mixing. 2DEV spectra also feature improved spectral resolution, making the method valuable for unraveling the highly congested spectra of molecular complexes. The unique features of 2DEVS are illustrated in this paper with specific examples and their origin described at an intuitive level with references to formal derivations provided. Although early in its development and far from fully explored, 2DEVS has already proven to be a valuable addition to the tool box of ultrafast nonlinear optical spectroscopy and is of promising potential in future efforts to explore the intricate connection between electronic and vibrational nuclear degrees of freedom in energy and charge transport applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Arsenault
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Yusuke Yoneda
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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20
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Ishizaki A, Fleming GR. Insights into Photosynthetic Energy Transfer Gained from Free-Energy Structure: Coherent Transport, Incoherent Hopping, and Vibrational Assistance Revisited. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3286-3295. [PMID: 33724833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Giant strides in ultrashort laser pulse technology have enabled real-time observation of dynamical processes in complex molecular systems. Specifically, the discovery of oscillatory transients in the two-dimensional electronic spectra of photosynthetic systems stimulated a number of theoretical investigations exploring the possible physical mechanisms of the remarkable quantum efficiency of light harvesting processes. In this work, we revisit the elementary aspects of environment-induced fluctuations in the involved electronic energies and present a simple way to understand energy flow with the intuitive picture of relaxation in a funnel-type free-energy landscape. The presented free-energy description of energy transfer reveals that typical photosynthetic systems operate in an almost barrierless regime. The approach also provides insights into the distinction between coherent and incoherent energy transfer and the criteria by which the necessity of the vibrational assistance is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Ishizaki
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.,School of Physical Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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21
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Yoneda Y, Mora SJ, Shee J, Wadsworth BL, Arsenault EA, Hait D, Kodis G, Gust D, Moore GF, Moore AL, Head-Gordon M, Moore TA, Fleming GR. Electron-Nuclear Dynamics Accompanying Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3104-3112. [PMID: 33601880 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although photoinduced proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) plays an essential role in photosynthesis, a full understanding of the mechanism is still lacking due to the complex nonequilibrium dynamics arising from the strongly coupled electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom. Here we report the photoinduced PCET dynamics of a biomimetic model system investigated by means of transient IR and two-dimensional electronic-vibrational (2DEV) spectroscopies, IR spectroelectrochemistry (IRSEC), and calculations utilizing long-range-corrected hybrid density functionals. This collective experimental and theoretical effort provides a nuanced picture of the complicated dynamics and synergistic motions involved in photoinduced PCET. In particular, the evolution of the 2DEV line shape, which is highly sensitive to the mixing of vibronic states, is interpreted by accurate computational modeling of the charge separated state and is shown to represent a gradual change in electron density distribution associated with a dihedral twist that occurs on a 120 fs time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yoneda
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - S Jimena Mora
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - James Shee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brian L Wadsworth
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,The Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Eric A Arsenault
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Diptarka Hait
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gerdenis Kodis
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,The Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Devens Gust
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Gary F Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,The Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Ana L Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Thomas A Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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22
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Cho M, Fleming GR. Two-Dimensional Electronic–Vibrational Spectroscopy Reveals Cross-Correlation between Solvation Dynamics and Vibrational Spectral Diffusion. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:11222-11235. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minhaeng Cho
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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23
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Steen CJ, Morris JM, Short AH, Niyogi KK, Fleming GR. Complex Roles of PsbS and Xanthophylls in the Regulation of Nonphotochemical Quenching in Arabidopsis thaliana under Fluctuating Light. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:10311-10325. [PMID: 33166148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protection of photosystem II against damage from excess light by nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) includes responses on a wide range of timescales. The onset of the various phases of NPQ overlap in time making it difficult to discern if they influence each other or involve different photophysical mechanisms. To unravel the complex relationship of the known actors in NPQ, we perform fluorescence lifetime snapshot measurements throughout multiple cycles of alternating 2 min periods of high light and darkness. By comparing the data with an empirically based mathematical model that describes both fast and slow quenching responses, we suggest that the rapidly reversible quenching response depends on the state of the slower response. By studying a series of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants, we find that removing zeaxanthin (Zea) or enhancing PsbS concentration, for example, influences the amplitudes of the slow quenching induction and recovery, but not the timescales. The plants' immediate response to high light appears independent of the illumination history, while PsbS and Zea have distinct roles in both quenching and recovery. We further identify two parameters in our model that predominately influence the recovery amplitude and propose that our approach may prove useful for screening new mutants or overexpressors with enhanced biomass yields under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin J Steen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jonathan M Morris
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Graduate Group in Applied Science & Technology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Audrey H Short
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Graduate Group in Applied Science & Technology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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24
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Abstract
In this paper, we explore the scope of vibrations as quantum ratchets that serve as nonthermal routes to achieving population transport in systems where excitation transport between molecules is otherwise energetically unfavorable. In addition to their role as channels of transport, we investigate the effect of resonance of the vibrations, which are described by Huang-Rhys mixing, with excitonic energy gaps, which leads to strongly mixed vibronic excitons. Finally, we explore the interplay of resonance and Huang-Rhys mixing with electronic coupling between the molecules, in the presence of a dissipative bath, in optimizing transport in such systems. We find that while resonance is desirable, a moderate electronic coupling has a stronger positive effect in contrast to a large electronic coupling, which results in delocalized excitations across molecules and hampers unidirectional transport. We also report a special resonance regime that is able to circumvent the transport problems arising from large electronic couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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25
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Bhattacharyya P, Fleming GR. The role of resonant nuclear modes in vibrationally assisted energy transport: The LHCII complex. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:044119. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0012420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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26
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Guo L, Chen CA, Zhang Z, Monahan DM, Lee YH, Fleming GR. Lineshape characterization of excitons in monolayer WS 2 by two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. Nanoscale Adv 2020; 2:2333-2338. [PMID: 36133378 PMCID: PMC9417661 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00240b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), an important family of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors for optoelectronic applications, are dominated by two excitons A (XA) and B (XB) located at K/K's valleys. The lineshape of the excitons is an indicator of the interaction of the excitons with other particles and also largely determines the performance of TMDC-based optoelectronic devices. In this work, we apply 2D electronic spectroscopy (2DES), which enables separation of the intrinsic homogeneous linewidth and the extrinsic inhomogeneous linewidth, to dissect the lineshape of XA in monolayer WS2. With a home-built broadband optical parametric amplifier, the 2D spectra give the exciton linewidth values for extensive ranges of excitation densities and temperatures, reflecting inter-exciton and exciton-phonon interactions. Meanwhile, the time-domain evolution of the lineshape reveals a similar rate of spectral diffusion to that in quantum wells (QWs) based on III-V semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley Berkeley California 94720 USA
- Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Chun-An Chen
- Materials Sciences and Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Zhuquan Zhang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Daniele M Monahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Yi-Hsien Lee
- Materials Sciences and Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley Berkeley California 94720 USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA
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27
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Abstract
Excited state proton transfer (ESPT) is thought to be responsible for the photostability of biological molecules, including DNA and proteins, and natural dyes such as indigo. However, the mechanistic role of the solvent interaction in driving ESPT is not well understood. Here, the electronic excited state deactivation dynamics of indigo carmine (InC) is mapped by visible pump-infrared probe and two-dimensional electronic-vibrational (2DEV) spectroscopy and complemented by electronic structure calculations. The observed dynamics reveal notable differences between InC in a protic solvent, D2O, and an aprotic solvent, deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (dDMSO). Notably, an acceleration in the excited state decay is observed in D2O (<10 ps) compared to dDMSO (130 ps). Our data reveals clear evidence for ESPT in D2O accompanied by a significant change in dipole moment, which is found not to occur in dDMSO. We conclude that the ability of protic solvents to form intermolecular H-bonds with InC enables ESPT, which facilitates a rapid nonradiative S1 → S0 transition via the monoenol intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - James Shee
- Department of Chemistry, Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eric A Arsenault
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yusuke Yoneda
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Katelyn Feuling
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Arsenault EA, Yoneda Y, Iwai M, Niyogi KK, Fleming GR. Vibronic mixing enables ultrafast energy flow in light-harvesting complex II. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1460. [PMID: 32193383 PMCID: PMC7081214 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14970-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of quantum beats in the two-dimensional electronic spectra of photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes over a decade ago, the origin and mechanistic function of these beats in photosynthetic light-harvesting has been extensively debated. The current consensus is that these long-lived oscillatory features likely result from electronic-vibrational mixing, however, it remains uncertain if such mixing significantly influences energy transport. Here, we examine the interplay between the electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom (DoF) during the excitation energy transfer (EET) dynamics of light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) with two-dimensional electronic-vibrational spectroscopy. Particularly, we show the involvement of the nuclear DoF during EET through the participation of higher-lying vibronic chlorophyll states and assign observed oscillatory features to specific EET pathways, demonstrating a significant step in mapping evolution from energy to physical space. These frequencies correspond to known vibrational modes of chlorophyll, suggesting that electronic-vibrational mixing facilitates rapid EET over moderately size energy gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Arsenault
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yusuke Yoneda
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Masakazu Iwai
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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29
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Tietz S, Leuenberger M, Höhner R, Olson AH, Fleming GR, Kirchhoff H. A proteoliposome-based system reveals how lipids control photosynthetic light harvesting. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:1857-1866. [PMID: 31929108 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Integral membrane proteins are exposed to a complex and dynamic lipid environment modulated by nonbilayer lipids that can influence protein functions by lipid-protein interactions. The nonbilayer lipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) is the most abundant lipid in plant photosynthetic thylakoid membranes, but its impact on the functionality of energy-converting membrane protein complexes is unknown. Here, we optimized a detergent-based reconstitution protocol to develop a proteoliposome technique that incorporates the major light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) into compositionally well-defined large unilamellar lipid bilayer vesicles to study the impact of MGDG on light harvesting by LHCII. Using steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, CD spectroscopy, and time-correlated single-photon counting, we found that both chlorophyll fluorescence quantum yields and fluorescence lifetimes clearly indicate that the presence of MGDG in lipid bilayers switches LHCII from a light-harvesting to a more energy-quenching mode that dissipates harvested light into heat. It is hypothesized that in the in vitro system developed here, MGDG controls light harvesting of LHCII by modulating the hydrostatic lateral membrane pressure profile in the lipid bilayer sensed by LHCII-bound peripheral pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Tietz
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164-6340
| | - Michelle Leuenberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Ricarda Höhner
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164-6340
| | - Alice H Olson
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164-6340
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164-6340.
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30
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Saito S, Higashi M, Fleming GR. Correction to "Site-Dependent Fluctuations Optimize Electronic Energy Transfer in the Fenna-Matthews-Olson Protein". J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:11055. [PMID: 31841005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b11080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Oldemeyer S, Haddad AZ, Fleming GR. Interconnection of the Antenna Pigment 8-HDF and Flavin Facilitates Red-Light Reception in a Bifunctional Animal-like Cryptochrome. Biochemistry 2019; 59:594-604. [PMID: 31846308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cryptochromes are ubiquitous flavin-binding light sensors closely related to DNA-repairing photolyases. The animal-like cryptochrome CraCRY from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii challenges the paradigm of cryptochromes as pure blue-light receptors by acting as a (6-4) photolyase, using 8-hydroxy-5-deazaflavin (8-HDF) as a light-harvesting antenna with a 17.4 Å distance to flavin and showing spectral sensitivity up to 680 nm. The expanded action spectrum is attributed to the presence of the flavin neutral radical (FADH•) in the dark, despite a rapid FADH• decay observed in vitro in samples exclusively carrying flavin. Herein, the red-light response of CraCRY carrying flavin and 8-HDF was studied, revealing a 3-fold prolongation of the FADH• lifetime in the presence of 8-HDF. Millisecond time-resolved ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy showed the red-light-induced formation and decay of an absorbance band at 458 nm concomitant with flavin reduction. Time-resolved Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and density functional theory attributed these changes to the deprotonation of 8-HDF, challenging the paradigm of 8-HDF being permanently deprotonated in photolyases. FTIR spectra showed changes in the hydrogen bonding network of asparagine 395, a residue suggested to indirectly control flavin protonation, indicating the involvement of N395 in the stabilization of FADH•. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed a decrease in the energy transfer efficiency of 8-HDF upon flavin reduction, possibly linked to 8-HDF deprotonation. The discovery of the interdependence of flavin and 8-HDF beyond energy transfer processes highlights the essential role of the antenna, introducing a new concept enabling CraCRY and possibly other bifunctional cryptochromes to fulfill their dual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Oldemeyer
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Andrew Z Haddad
- Energy Technologies Area , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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32
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Saito S, Higashi M, Fleming GR. Site-Dependent Fluctuations Optimize Electronic Energy Transfer in the Fenna–Matthews–Olson Protein. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:9762-9772. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b07456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Saito
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Higashi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto daigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Kyoto, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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33
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Park S, Steen CJ, Fischer AL, Fleming GR. Snapshot transient absorption spectroscopy: toward in vivo investigations of nonphotochemical quenching mechanisms. Photosynth Res 2019; 141:367-376. [PMID: 31020482 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although the importance of nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) on photosynthetic biomass production and crop yields is well established, the in vivo operation of the individual mechanisms contributing to overall NPQ is still a matter of controversy. In order to investigate the timescale and activation dynamics of specific quenching mechanisms, we have developed a technique called snapshot transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy, which can monitor molecular species involved in the quenching response with a time resolution of 30 s. Using intact thylakoid membrane samples, we show how conventional TA kinetic and spectral analyses enable the determination of the appropriate wavelength and time delay for snapshot TA experiments. As an example, we show how the chlorophyll-carotenoid charge transfer and excitation energy transfer mechanisms can be monitored based on signals corresponding to the carotenoid (Car) radical cation and Car S1 excited state absorption, respectively. The use of snapshot TA spectroscopy together with the previously reported fluorescence lifetime snapshot technique (Sylak-Glassman et al. in Photosynth Res 127:69-76, 2016) provides valuable information such as the concurrent appearance of specific quenching species and overall quenching of excited Chl. Furthermore, we show that the snapshot TA technique can be successfully applied to completely intact photosynthetic organisms such as live cells of Nannochloropsis. This demonstrates that the snapshot TA technique is a valuable method for tracking the dynamics of intact samples that evolve over time, such as the photosynthetic system in response to high-light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soomin Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Collin J Steen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alexandra L Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Intel Corporation, NE Century Blvd 2501, Hillsboro, OR, 97214, USA
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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34
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Bhattacharyya P, Fleming GR. Two-Dimensional Electronic-Vibrational Spectroscopy of Coupled Molecular Complexes: A Near-Analytical Approach. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2081-2089. [PMID: 30951318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work presents theoretical calculations of the two-dimensional electronic-vibrational (2DEV) spectrum of a vibronically coupled molecular dimer using a near-analytical method. In strongly coupled dimers, where the IR mode is resonant with the electronic energy gap between the excitons, multiple infrared transitions become allowed that are forbidden in weakly coupled systems that have a nonresonant IR mode. This formalism enables the coherences and population contributions to be explored separately and allows efficient calculation of relaxation rates between the vibronic states. At short times, we find strong contributions of vibronic coherences to the 2DEV spectra. They decay fairly rapidly, giving rise to strong population signals. Although the interpretation of 2DEV spectra is considerably more complex than that for weakly coupled systems, the richness of the spectra and the necessity to consider both visible and infrared transition moments suggest that such analysis will be very valuable in characterizing the role of vibronic effects in ultrafast molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Lab , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Lab , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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35
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Bennett DIG, Amarnath K, Park S, Steen CJ, Morris JM, Fleming GR. Models and mechanisms of the rapidly reversible regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting. Open Biol 2019; 9:190043. [PMID: 30966997 PMCID: PMC6501642 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid response of photosynthetic organisms to fluctuations in ambient light intensity is incompletely understood at both the molecular and membrane levels. In this review, we describe research from our group over a 10-year period aimed at identifying the photophysical mechanisms used by plants, algae and mosses to control the efficiency of light harvesting by photosystem II on the seconds-to-minutes time scale. To complement the spectroscopic data, we describe three models capable of describing the measured response at a quantitative level. The review attempts to provide an integrated view that has emerged from our work, and briefly looks forward to future experimental and modelling efforts that will refine and expand our understanding of a process that significantly influences crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doran I. G. Bennett
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kapil Amarnath
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Soomin Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Collin J. Steen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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36
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Wu EC, Arsenault EA, Bhattacharyya P, Lewis NHC, Fleming GR. Two-dimensional electronic vibrational spectroscopy and ultrafast excitonic and vibronic photosynthetic energy transfer. Faraday Discuss 2019; 216:116-132. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00190a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2-Dimensional electronic vibrational spectroscopy presents a novel experimental and theoretical approach to study energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Berkeley 94720
- USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division
| | | | - Pallavi Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Berkeley 94720
- USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division
| | | | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Berkeley 94720
- USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division
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37
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Wu EC, Ge Q, Arsenault EA, Lewis NHC, Gruenke NL, Head-Gordon MJ, Fleming GR. Two-dimensional electronic-vibrational spectroscopic study of conical intersection dynamics: an experimental and electronic structure study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14153-14163. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05264f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The relaxation from the lowest singlet excited state of the triphenylmethane dyes, crystal violet and malachite green, is studied via two-dimensional electronic-vibrational (2DEV) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division
| | - Qinghui Ge
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Eric A. Arsenault
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division
| | | | - Natalie L. Gruenke
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division
| | | | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division
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38
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Park S, Fischer AL, Steen CJ, Iwai M, Morris JM, Walla PJ, Niyogi KK, Fleming GR. Chlorophyll-Carotenoid Excitation Energy Transfer in High-Light-Exposed Thylakoid Membranes Investigated by Snapshot Transient Absorption Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11965-11973. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soomin Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexandra L. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Collin J. Steen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Masakazu Iwai
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter Jomo Walla
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department for Biophysical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Hans-Sommer-Strasse 10, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Neurobiology, Research Group Biomolecular Spectroscopy and Single Molecule Detection, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Krishna K. Niyogi
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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39
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Fleming GR. The contributions of 49ers to the measurements and models of ultrafast photosynthetic energy transfer. Photosynth Res 2018; 135:3-8. [PMID: 28247235 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Progress in measuring and understanding the mechanism of the elementary energy transfer steps in photosynthetic light harvesting from roughly 1949 to the present is sketched with a focus on the group of scientists born in 1949 ± 1. Improvements in structural knowledge, laser spectroscopic methods, and quantum dynamical theories have led to the ability to record and calculate with reasonable accuracy the timescales of elementary energy transfer steps. The significance of delocalized excited states and of near-field Coulombic coupling is noted. The microscopic understanding enables consistent coarse graining and should enable a much-improved understanding of the regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry and Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioengineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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40
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Bennett DI, Fleming GR, Amarnath K. A Multiscale Model of Photosynthesis. Biophys J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.2852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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41
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Park S, Fischer AL, Li Z, Bassi R, Niyogi KK, Fleming GR. Snapshot Transient Absorption Spectroscopy of Carotenoid Radical Cations in High-Light-Acclimating Thylakoid Membranes. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:5548-5554. [PMID: 29083901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nonphotochemical quenching mechanisms regulate light harvesting in oxygenic photosynthesis. Measurement techniques for nonphotochemical quenching have typically focused on downstream effects of quenching, such as measuring reduced chlorophyll fluorescence. Here, to directly measure a species involved in quenching, we report snapshot transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy, which rapidly tracks carotenoid radical cation signals as samples acclimate to excess light. The formation of zeaxanthin radical cations, which is possible evidence of zeaxanthin-chlorophyll charge-transfer (CT) quenching, was investigated in spinach thylakoids. Together with fluorescence lifetime snapshot data and time-resolved high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurements, snapshot TA reveals that Zea•+ formation is closely related to energy-dependent quenching (qE) in nonphotochemical quenching. Quantitative and dynamic information on CT quenching discussed in this work give insight into the design principles of photoprotection in natural photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soomin Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexandra L Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zhirong Li
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Universitá di Verona , Strada Le Grazie, I-37134 Verona, Italia
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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42
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Leuenberger M, Morris JM, Chan AM, Leonelli L, Niyogi KK, Fleming GR. Dissecting and modeling zeaxanthin- and lutein-dependent nonphotochemical quenching in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E7009-E7017. [PMID: 28652334 PMCID: PMC5565437 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704502114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms use various photoprotective mechanisms to dissipate excess photoexcitation as heat in a process called nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Regulation of NPQ allows for a rapid response to changes in light intensity and in vascular plants, is primarily triggered by a pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane (∆pH). The response is mediated by the PsbS protein and various xanthophylls. Time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) measurements were performed on Arabidopsis thaliana to quantify the dependence of the response of NPQ to changes in light intensity on the presence and accumulation of zeaxanthin and lutein. Measurements were performed on WT and mutant plants deficient in one or both of the xanthophylls as well as a transgenic line that accumulates lutein via an engineered lutein epoxide cycle. Changes in the response of NPQ to light acclimation in WT and mutant plants were observed between two successive light acclimation cycles, suggesting that the character of the rapid and reversible response of NPQ in fully dark-acclimated plants is substantially different from in conditions plants are likely to experience caused by changes in light intensity during daylight. Mathematical models of the response of zeaxanthin- and lutein-dependent reversible NPQ were constructed that accurately describe the observed differences between the light acclimation periods. Finally, the WT response of NPQ was reconstructed from isolated components present in mutant plants with a single common scaling factor, which enabled deconvolution of the relative contributions of zeaxanthin- and lutein-dependent NPQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Leuenberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Jonathan M Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Graduate Group in Applied Science & Technology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Arnold M Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Lauriebeth Leonelli
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Graduate Group in Applied Science & Technology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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43
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Monahan DM, Guo L, Lin J, Dou L, Yang P, Fleming GR. Room-Temperature Coherent Optical Phonon in 2D Electronic Spectra of CH 3NH 3PbI 3 Perovskite as a Possible Cooling Bottleneck. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:3211-3215. [PMID: 28661142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A hot phonon bottleneck may be responsible for slow hot carrier cooling in methylammonium lead iodide hybrid perovskite, creating the potential for more efficient hot carrier photovoltaics. In room-temperature 2D electronic spectra near the band edge, we observe amplitude oscillations due to a remarkably long lived 0.9 THz coherent phonon population at room temperature. This phonon (or set of phonons) is assigned to angular distortions of the Pb-I lattice, not coupled to cation rotations. The strong coupling between the electronic transition and the 0.9 THz mode(s), together with relative isolation from other phonon modes, makes it likely to cause a phonon bottleneck. The pump frequency resolution of the 2D spectra also enables independent observation of photoinduced absorptions and bleaches independently and confirms that features due to band gap renormalization are longer-lived than in transient absorption spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele M Monahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jia Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Letian Dou
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peidong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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44
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Dall'Osto L, Cazzaniga S, Bressan M, Paleček D, Židek K, Niyogi KK, Fleming GR, Zigmantas D, Bassi R. Two mechanisms for dissipation of excess light in monomeric and trimeric light-harvesting complexes. Nat Plants 2017; 3:17033. [PMID: 28394312 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2017.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenic photoautotrophs require mechanisms for rapidly matching the level of chlorophyll excited states from light harvesting with the rate of electron transport from water to carbon dioxide. These photoprotective reactions prevent formation of reactive excited states and photoinhibition. The fastest response to excess illumination is the so-called non-photochemical quenching which, in higher plants, requires the luminal pH sensor PsbS and other yet unidentified components of the photosystem II antenna. Both trimeric light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) and monomeric LHC proteins have been indicated as site(s) of the heat-dissipative reactions. Different mechanisms have been proposed: energy transfer to a lutein quencher in trimers, formation of a zeaxanthin radical cation in monomers. Here, we report on the construction of a mutant lacking all monomeric LHC proteins but retaining LHCII trimers. Its non-photochemical quenching induction rate was substantially slower with respect to the wild type. A carotenoid radical cation signal was detected in the wild type, although it was lost in the mutant. We conclude that non-photochemical quenching is catalysed by two independent mechanisms, with the fastest activated response catalysed within monomeric LHC proteins depending on both zeaxanthin and lutein and on the formation of a radical cation. Trimeric LHCII was responsible for the slowly activated quenching component whereas inclusion in supercomplexes was not required. This latter activity does not depend on lutein nor on charge transfer events, whereas zeaxanthin was essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dall'Osto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Cazzaniga
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Bressan
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - David Paleček
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Getingevägen 60, Lund S-22241, Sweden
| | - Karel Židek
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Getingevägen 60, Lund S-22241, Sweden
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720-3102, California, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, California, USA
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, California, USA
- Graduate Group in Applied Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley 94720, California, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hildebrand B77, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1460, California, USA
| | - Donatas Zigmantas
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Getingevägen 60, Lund S-22241, Sweden
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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45
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Bernstein A, Sargent EH, Aspuru-Guzik A, Cogdell R, Fleming GR, Van Grondelle R, Molina M. Renewables need a grand-challenge strategy. Nature 2016; 538:27-29. [PMID: 27708325 DOI: 10.1038/538030a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Bernstein
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- CIFAR's Bio-Inspired Solar Energy Program in the Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Graham R Fleming
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley; and at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA
| | | | - Mario Molina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, and president of the Mario Molina Centre for Strategic Studies on Energy and the Environment, Mexico
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46
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Lewis NHC, Gruenke NL, Oliver TAA, Ballottari M, Bassi R, Fleming GR. Observation of Electronic Excitation Transfer Through Light Harvesting Complex II Using Two-Dimensional Electronic-Vibrational Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4197-4206. [PMID: 27704843 PMCID: PMC6314458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) serves a central role in light harvesting for oxygenic photosynthesis and is arguably the most important photosynthetic antenna complex. In this work, we present two-dimensional electronic-vibrational (2DEV) spectra of LHCII isolated from spinach, demonstrating the possibility of using this technique to track the transfer of electronic excitation energy between specific pigments within the complex. We assign the spectral bands via comparison with the 2DEV spectra of the isolated chromophores, chlorophyll a and b, and present evidence that excitation energy between the pigments of the complex are observed in these spectra. Finally, we analyze the essential components of the 2DEV spectra using singular value decomposition, which makes it possible to reveal the relaxation pathways within this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94 720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Natalie L Gruenke
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94 720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Thomas A A Oliver
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94 720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matteo Ballottari
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Facoltà di Scienze, Universitá di Verona , Strada Le Grazie, I-37134 Verona, Italia
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Facoltà di Scienze, Universitá di Verona , Strada Le Grazie, I-37134 Verona, Italia
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94 720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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47
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Pahk I, Kodis G, Fleming GR, Moore TA, Moore AL, Gust D. Artificial Photosynthetic Reaction Center Exhibiting Acid-Responsive Regulation of Photoinduced Charge Separation. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:10553-10562. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b07609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Pahk
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Gerdenis Kodis
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory and Department of Chemistry and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Thomas A. Moore
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Ana L. Moore
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Devens Gust
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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48
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Wang H, Valkunas L, Cao T, Whittaker-Brooks L, Fleming GR. Coulomb Screening and Coherent Phonon in Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:3284-3289. [PMID: 27485190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) hybrid perovskite in the tetragonal and orthorhombic phases have different exciton binding energies and demonstrate different excitation kinetics. Here, we explore the role that crystal structure plays in the kinetics via fluence dependent transient absorption spectroscopy. We observe stronger saturation of the free carrier concentration under high pump energy density in the orthorhombic phase relative to the tetragonal phase. We attribute this phenomenon to small dielectric constant, large exciton binding energy, and weak Coulomb screening, which results in difficult exciton dissociation under high light intensity in the orthorhombic phase. At higher excitation intensities, we observe a coherent phonon with an oscillation frequency of 23.4 cm(-1) at 77 K, whose amplitude tracks the increase of the first-order lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the UC California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Leonas Valkunas
- Theoretical Physics Department, Vilnius University , Vilnius 10222, Lithuania
- Molecular Compound Physics Department, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Vilnius 10222, Lithuania
| | - Thu Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the UC California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the UC California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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49
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Monahan DM, Whaley-Mayda L, Ishizaki A, Fleming GR. Influence of weak vibrational-electronic couplings on 2D electronic spectra and inter-site coherence in weakly coupled photosynthetic complexes. J Chem Phys 2016; 143:065101. [PMID: 26277167 DOI: 10.1063/1.4928068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherence oscillations measured in two-dimensional (2D) electronic spectra of pigment-protein complexes may have electronic, vibrational, or mixed-character vibronic origins, which depend on the degree of electronic-vibrational mixing. Oscillations from intrapigment vibrations can obscure the inter-site coherence lifetime of interest in elucidating the mechanisms of energy transfer in photosynthetic light-harvesting. Huang-Rhys factors (S) for low-frequency vibrations in Chlorophyll and Bacteriochlorophyll are quite small (S ≤ 0.05), so it is often assumed that these vibrations influence neither 2D spectra nor inter-site coherence dynamics. In this work, we explore the influence of S within this range on the oscillatory signatures in simulated 2D spectra of a pigment heterodimer. To visualize the inter-site coherence dynamics underlying the 2D spectra, we introduce a formalism which we call the "site-probe response." By comparing the calculated 2D spectra with the site-probe response, we show that an on-resonance vibration with Huang-Rhys factor as small as S = 0.005 and the most strongly coupled off-resonance vibrations (S = 0.05) give rise to long-lived, purely vibrational coherences at 77 K. We moreover calculate the correlation between optical pump interactions and subsequent entanglement between sites, as measured by the concurrence. At 77 K, greater long-lived inter-site coherence and entanglement appear with increasing S. This dependence all but vanishes at physiological temperature, as environmentally induced fluctuations destroy the vibronic mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele M Monahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Lukas Whaley-Mayda
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Akihito Ishizaki
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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50
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Abstract
We present two-dimensional electronic-vibrational (2DEV) spectra of isolated chlorophyll a and b in deuterated ethanol. We excite the Q-band electronic transitions and measure the effects on the carbonyl and C ═ C double-bond stretch region of the infrared spectrum. With the aid of density functional theory calculations, we provide assignments for the major features of the spectrum. We show how the 2DEV spectra can be used to readily distinguish different solvation states of the chlorophyll, with features corresponding to the minority pentacoordinate magnesium (Mg) species being resolved along each dimension of the 2DEV spectra from the dominant hexacoordinate Mg species. These assignments represent a crucial first step toward the application of 2DEV spectroscopy to chlorophyll-containing pigment-protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Graham R Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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