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Miró MV, Luque S, Cardozo P, Lloberas M, Sousa DM, Soares AMS, Costa-Junior LM, Virkel GL, Lifschitz AL. Plant-Derived Compounds as a Tool for the Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes: Modulation of Abamectin Pharmacological Action by Carvone. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:601750. [PMID: 33392294 PMCID: PMC7772935 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.601750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of synthetic anthelmintics and bioactive phytochemicals may be a pharmacological tool for improving nematode control in livestock. Carvone (R-CNE) has shown in vitro activity against gastrointestinal nematodes; however, the anthelmintic effect of bioactive phytochemicals either alone or combined with synthetic drugs has been little explored in vivo. Here, the pharmacological interaction of abamectin (ABM) and R-CNE was assessed in vitro and in vivo. The efficacy of this combination was evaluated in lambs naturally infected with resistant gastrointestinal nematodes. Additionally, the ligand and molecular docking of both molecules to P-glycoprotein (P-gp) was studied in silico. The presence of R-CNE produced a significant (p < 0.05) increase of Rho123 and ABM accumulation in the intestinal explants. After 60 min of incubation, Rho123 incubated with R-CNE had a 67 ± 21% higher concentration (p < 0.01) than when it was incubated alone. In the case of ABM, a significant increase in the intestinal concentrations was observed at 15 and 30 min after incubation with R-CNE. In the in vivo assay, no undesirable effects were observed after the oral administration of R-CNE. The coadministration of the natural compound prolonged ABM absorption in lambs. ABM T½ absorption was 1.57-fold longer (p < 0.05) in the coadministered group. Concentrations of R-CNE between 420 and 2,593 ng/mL were detected in the bloodstream between 1 and 48 h posttreatment. The in vivo efficacy of ABM against gastrointestinal nematodes increased from 94.9 to 99.8% in the presence of R-CNE, with the lower confidence interval limit being >90%. In vitro/in vivo pharmacoparasitological studies are relevant for the knowledge of the interactions and the efficacy of bioactive natural products combined with synthetic anthelmintics. While ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) predictions and the molecular docking study showed a good interaction between ABM and P-gp, R-CNE does not appear to modulate this efflux protein. Therefore, the pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic effect of R-CNE on ABM should be attributed to its effect on membrane permeability. The development of pharmacology-based information is critical for the design of successful strategies for the parasite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Miró
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro, Tandil, Argentina
| | - S Luque
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro, Tandil, Argentina
| | - P Cardozo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - M Lloberas
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - D M Sousa
- Laboratory of Parasite Control, Department of Pathology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, Brazil
| | - A M S Soares
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, Brazil
| | - L M Costa-Junior
- Laboratory of Parasite Control, Department of Pathology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, Brazil
| | - G L Virkel
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Adrian L Lifschitz
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro, Tandil, Argentina
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Larsen KE, Lifschitz AL, Lanusse CE, Virkel GL. In vitro and in vivo effects of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin on blood cholinesterases in sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:548-555. [PMID: 31328799 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The combination of the organophosphate (OP) chlorpyrifos (CPF) and the pyrethroid cypermethrin (CPM) is commonly marketed as pour-on formulations for the control of sheep lice, ked, and blowflies. CPF irreversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterases (AChE), while pyrethroids are not AChE inhibitors. However, combinations of pyrethroids with OPs showed a highly synergistic effect on AChE inhibition. Thus, the aim of the current work was to evaluate in vitro and in vivo the inhibitory potency of both pesticides, alone and in combination with AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities in sheep blood. In vitro, IC50 values were similar after CPF or CPF plus CPM incubations. The pour-on coadministration of recommended doses of CPF and CPM did not cause a significant inhibition of AChE and BChE in sheep blood. Only slight percentages of inhibition of their catalytic activities were observed when both drugs were given at 4-fold higher dose rates. The lower systemic availability of topical administration of OPs in sheep may help to explain the lower degree of inhibition of blood AChE and BChE in vivo. The results emerged from this research are a further contribution to the knowledge of the risks of implementing higher dosage regimens of OPs-containing antiparasitic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Larsen
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CIC-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Adrián L Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CIC-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Carlos E Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CIC-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Guillermo L Virkel
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CIC-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
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Viviani P, Lifschitz AL, Luque SE, Lloberas MM, Maté ML, Cardozo PA, Lanusse CE, Virkel GL. Pharmacologic interaction between oxfendazole and triclabendazole: In vitro biotransformation and systemic exposure in sheep. Exp Parasitol 2019; 204:107718. [PMID: 31201779 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current work was to evaluate a potential pharmacokinetic interaction between the flukicide triclabendazole (TCBZ) and the broad-spectrum benzimidazole (BZD) anthelmintic oxfendazole (OFZ) in sheep. To this end, both an in vitro assay in microsomal fractions and an in vivo trial in lambs parasitized with Haemonchus contortus resistant to OFZ and its reduced derivative fenbendazole (FBZ) were carried out. Sheep microsomal fractions were incubated together with OFZ, FBZ, TCBZ, or a combination of either FBZ and TCBZ or OFZ and TCBZ. OFZ production was significantly diminished upon coincubation of FBZ and TCBZ, whereas neither FBZ nor OFZ affected the S-oxidation of TCBZ towards its sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites. For the in vivo trial, lambs were treated with OFZ (Vermox® oral drench at a single dose of 5 mg/kg PO), TCBZ (Fasinex® oral drench at a single dose of 12 mg/kg PO) or both compounds at a single dose of 5 (Vermox®) and 12 mg/kg (Fasinex®) PO. Blood samples were taken to quantify drug and metabolite concentrations, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by means of non-compartmental analysis. Results showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters of active molecules and metabolites were not significantly altered upon coadministration. The sole exception was the increase in the mean residence time (MRT) of OFZ and FBZ sulfone upon coadministration, with no significant changes in the remaining pharmacokinetic parameters. This research is a further contribution to the study of metabolic drug-drug interactions that may affect anthelmintic efficacies in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Viviani
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinarias de Tandil (CIVETAN. CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (FCV-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - A L Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinarias de Tandil (CIVETAN. CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (FCV-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - S E Luque
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinarias de Tandil (CIVETAN. CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (FCV-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - M M Lloberas
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Balcarce, (7620), Balcarce, Argentina
| | - M L Maté
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinarias de Tandil (CIVETAN. CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (FCV-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - P A Cardozo
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Balcarce, (7620), Balcarce, Argentina
| | - C E Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinarias de Tandil (CIVETAN. CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (FCV-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - G L Virkel
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinarias de Tandil (CIVETAN. CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (FCV-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina.
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Viviani P, Lifschitz AL, García JP, Maté ML, Quiroga MA, Lanusse CE, Virkel GL. Assessment of liver slices for research on metabolic drug–drug interactions in cattle. Xenobiotica 2017; 47:933-942. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1246782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Viviani
- Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Adrián L. Lifschitz
- Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Jorge P. García
- Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - María Laura Maté
- Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Miguel A. Quiroga
- Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Carlos E. Lanusse
- Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Guillermo L. Virkel
- Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
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Larsen KE, Lifschitz AL, Lanusse CE, Virkel GL. The herbicide glyphosate is a weak inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase in rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 45:41-4. [PMID: 27258137 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The current work evaluated the inhibitory potency of the herbicide glyphosate (GLP) on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in male and female rat tissues. The AChE activity in brain was higher (p<0.05) than those observed in kidney (females: 2.2-fold; males: 1.9-fold), liver (females: 6-fold; males: 6.9-fold) and plasma (females: 14.7-fold; males: 25.3-fold). Enzyme activities were higher in presence of 10mM GLP compared to those measured at an equimolar concentration of the potent AChE inhibitor dichlorvos (DDVP). Moreover, IC50s for GLP resulted between 6×10(4)- and 6.8×10(5)-fold higher than those observed for DDVP. In conclusion, GLP is a weak inhibitor of AChE in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Larsen
- Laboratorio de Biología y Ecotoxicología, FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil 7000, Argentina; Laboratorio de Farmacología, CIVETAN-CONICET, FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil 7000, Argentina
| | - Adrián L Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, CIVETAN-CONICET, FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil 7000, Argentina
| | - Carlos E Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, CIVETAN-CONICET, FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil 7000, Argentina
| | - Guillermo L Virkel
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, CIVETAN-CONICET, FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil 7000, Argentina.
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Larsen K, Najle R, Lifschitz A, Maté ML, Lanusse C, Virkel GL. Effects of Sublethal Exposure to a Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Formulation on Metabolic Activities of Different Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzymes in Rats. Int J Toxicol 2014; 33:307-318. [PMID: 24985121 DOI: 10.1177/1091581814540481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The activities of different xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in liver subcellular fractions from Wistar rats exposed to a glyphosate (GLP)-based herbicide (Roundup full II) were evaluated in this work. Exposure to the herbicide triggered protective mechanisms against oxidative stress (increased glutathione peroxidase activity and total glutathione levels). Liver microsomes from both male and female rats exposed to the herbicide had lower (45%-54%, P < 0.01) hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) levels compared to their respective control animals. In female rats, the hepatic 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (a general CYP-dependent enzyme activity) was 57% higher (P < 0.05) in herbicide-exposed compared to control animals. Conversely, this enzyme activity was 58% lower (P < 0.05) in male rats receiving the herbicide. Lower (P < 0.05) 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethlyase (EROD, CYP1A1/2 dependent) and oleandomycin triacetate (TAO) N-demethylase (CYP3A dependent) enzyme activities were observed in liver microsomes from exposed male rats. Conversely, in females receiving the herbicide, EROD increased (123%-168%, P < 0.05), whereas TAO N-demethylase did not change. A higher (158%-179%, P < 0.01) benzyloxyresorufin O-debenzylase (a CYP2B-dependent enzyme activity) activity was only observed in herbicide-exposed female rats. In herbicide-exposed rats, the hepatic S-oxidation of methimazole (flavin monooxygenase dependent) was 49% to 62% lower (P < 0.001), whereas the carbonyl reduction of menadione (a cytosolic carbonyl reductase-dependent activity) was higher (P < 0.05). Exposure to the herbicide had no effects on enzymatic activities dependent on carboxylesterases, glutathione transferases, and uridinediphospho-glucuronosyltransferases. This research demonstrated certain biochemical modifications after exposure to a GLP-based herbicide. Such modifications may affect the metabolic fate of different endobiotic and xenobiotic substances. The pharmacotoxicological significance of these findings remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Larsen
- Laboratorio de Biología y Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (UNCPBA), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Roberto Najle
- Laboratorio de Biología y Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Adrián Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (UNCPBA), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET), Tandil, Argentina
| | - María L Maté
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (UNCPBA), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Carlos Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (UNCPBA), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Guillermo L Virkel
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (UNCPBA), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET), Tandil, Argentina
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Lifschitz AL, Virkel GL, Sallovitz JM, Pis A, Imperiale FA, Lanusse CE. Loperamide modifies the tissue disposition kinetics of ivermectin in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 56:61-7. [PMID: 14980002 DOI: 10.1211/0022357022421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug extensively used in human and veterinary medicine that is largely excreted in bile and faeces. Loperamide (LPM) is an opioid derivative that reduces gastrointestinal secretions and motility. Both IVM and LPM have been reported to act as P-glycoprotein substrates (P-GP). The goal of the present work was to study the LPM-induced modifications to the pattern of tissue distribution for IVM. Thirty-six Wistar male rats were randomly allocated to two groups (n = 18) and treated subcutaneously with IVM alone or co-administered with LPM. Rats were killed at different times post-treatment and samples (blood and tissues) were collected and analyzed by HPLC. The presence of LPM induced a marked enhancement in the IVM plasma concentrations, resulting in a significantly higher area under concentration time curve (AUC) value (P < 0.01) than that obtained after the administration of IVM alone. Significantly higher IVM availabilities in the liver tissue and small intestine wall (P < 0.05) were obtained in the presence of LPM. There were no statistically significant differences in drug availability in the large intestinal wall after both treatments. However, LPM induced a marked decrease in the amount of IVM recovered in the large intestinal lumen content. The ratio between IVM concentrations in the large intestinal luminal content and plasma at day 1 post-treatment was 4.64-fold higher in the absence of LPM. The delayed intestinal transit time caused by LPM accounting for an extended plasma–intestine recycling time, and a potential competition between IVM and LPM for the P-GP-mediated bile–intestinal secretion processes, may account for the enhanced IVM systemic availability reported in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian L Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro, Tandil, Argentina
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Capece BP, Virkel GL, Lanusse CE. Enantiomeric behaviour of albendazole and fenbendazole sulfoxides in domestic animals: Pharmacological implications. Vet J 2009; 181:241-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Alvarez LI, Solana HD, Mottier ML, Virkel GL, Fairweather I, Lanusse CE. Altered drug influx/efflux and enhanced metabolic activity in triclabendazole-resistant liver flukes. Parasitology 2006; 131:501-10. [PMID: 16174415 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005007997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Revised: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Triclabendazole (TCBZ) is a halogenated benzimidazole compound that possesses high activity against immature and adult stages of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. The intensive use of TCBZ in endemic areas of fascioliasis has resulted in the development of liver flukes resistant to this compound. TCBZ sulphoxide (TCBZSO) and TCBZ sulphone (TCBZSO2) are the main molecules recovered in the bloodstream of TCBZ-treated animals. In order to gain some insight into the possible mechanisms of resistance to TCBZ, the goals of the work described here were: to compare the ex vivo transtegumental diffusion of TCBZ parent drug and its sulpho-metabolites (TCBZSO and TCBZSO2) into TCBZ-susceptible and -resistant liver flukes; and to assess the comparative pattern of TCBZ biotransformation by TCBZ-susceptible and -resistant F. hepatica. For the tegumental diffusion studies, TCBZ-susceptible (Cullompton) and -resistant (Sligo) adult flukes collected from untreated infected sheep were incubated (15-180 min) in KRT buffer containing either TCBZ, TCBZSO or TCBZSO2 (5 nmol.ml-1). For the metabolism studies, microsomal fractions obtained from TCBZ-susceptible and -resistant flukes were incubated for 60 min with TCBZ (40 microM), and the amount of the formed metabolic product (TCBZSO) was measured. Drug/metabolite concentrations were quantified by HPLC. All the assayed TCBZ-related molecules penetrated through the tegument of both TCBZ-susceptible and -resistant flukes. However, significantly lower (approximately 50%) concentrations of TCBZ and TCBZSO were recovered within the TCBZ-resistant flukes compared to the TCBZ-susceptible ones over the 180 min incubation period. The rate of TCBZ sulphoxidative metabolism into TCBZSO was significantly higher (39%) in TCBZ-resistant flukes. The flavin-monooxigenase (FMO) enzyme system appears to be the main metabolic pathway involved in the formation of TCBZSO in both TCBZ-susceptible and -resistant flukes. The altered drug influx/efflux and enhanced metabolic capacity identified in TCBZ-resistant liver flukes may account for the development of resistance to TCBZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
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Lanusse CE, Virkel GL, Sanchez SF, Alvarez LI, Lifschitz AL, Imperiale F, Monfrinotti A. Ricobendazole kinetics and availability following subcutaneous administration of a novel injectable formulation to calves. Res Vet Sci 1998; 65:5-10. [PMID: 9769065 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(98)90019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The plasma and abomasal fluid disposition kinetics of ricobendazole (RBZ) after subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of a novel injectable formulation to calves, and the comparative plasma availability after s.c. injection of RBZ and that obtained after oral treatment with albendazole (ABZ), were characterised. Six parasite-free Holstein calves received RBZ (solution 150 mg ml(-1)) by s.c. injection at 3.75 mg kg(-1) (Experiment 1). Experiment 2 was conducted in two experimental phases; in phase I, five calves (Group A) received RBZ by s.c. injection and five animals (Group B) were orally treated with ABZ (suspension 100 mg ml(-1)), at 5 mg kg(-1). Drug treatments were reversed for each group in phase II and given at 7.5 mg kg(-1). Samples of abomasal fluid (via cannula) and jugular blood were collected over 72 hours post-treatment and analysed by HPLC. RBZ and its sulphone metabolite were detected in plasma following its s.c. administration. RBZ was rapidly absorbed, reaching the plasma Cmax at 4.5 hours post-dosing. The sulphone metabolite followed a similar kinetic pattern. Both molecules were rapidly and extensively distributed into the abomasum, being detected in abomasal fluid between 30 minutes and 36 hours post-administration. An extensive plasma/abomasum exchange process, with ionic-trapping in the abomasum, accounted for the higher AUC value (>200 per cent) obtained for RBZ in abomasum compared with plasma. The s.c. treatment with RBZ formulated as a solution resulted in a significantly greater plasma availability (measured as ABZ sulphoxide) than the oral treatment with ABZ (suspension) given at the same dose rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Lanusse
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Argentina
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