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Wang Y, Sun R, Chen P, Wang F. Catalytic Synthesis of (S)-CHBE by Directional Coupling and Immobilization of Carbonyl Reductase and Glucose Dehydrogenase. Biomolecules 2024; 14:504. [PMID: 38672520 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate ((S)-CHBE) is an important chiral intermediate in the synthesis of the cholesterol-lowering drug atorvastatin. Studying the use of SpyTag/SpyCatcher and SnoopTag/SnoopCatcher systems for the asymmetric reduction reaction and directed coupling coenzyme regeneration is practical for efficiently synthesizing (S)-CHBE. In this study, Spy and Snoop systems were used to construct a double-enzyme directed fixation system of carbonyl reductase (BsCR) and glucose dehydrogenase (BsGDH) for converting 4-chloroacetoacetate (COBE) to (S)-CHBE and achieving coenzyme regeneration. We discussed the enzymatic properties of the immobilized enzyme and the optimal catalytic conditions and reusability of the double-enzyme immobilization system. Compared to the free enzyme, the immobilized enzyme showed an improved optimal pH and temperature, maintaining higher relative activity across a wider range. The double-enzyme immobilization system was applied to catalyze the asymmetric reduction reaction of COBE, and the yield of (S)-CHBE reached 60.1% at 30 °C and pH 8.0. In addition, the double-enzyme immobilization system possessed better operational stability than the free enzyme, and maintained about 50% of the initial yield after six cycles. In summary, we show a simple and effective strategy for self-assembling SpyCatcher/SnoopCatcher and SpyTag/SnoopTag fusion proteins, which inspires building more cascade systems at the interface. It provides a new method for facilitating the rapid construction of in vitro immobilized multi-enzyme complexes from crude cell lysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ruiqi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Fenghuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
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2
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Sottnik JL, Shackleford MT, Robinson SK, Villagomez FR, Bahnassy S, Oesterreich S, Hu J, Madak-Erdogan Z, Riggins RB, Corr BR, Cook LS, Treviño LS, Bitler BG, Sikora MJ. WNT4 Regulates Cellular Metabolism via Intracellular Activity at the Mitochondria in Breast and Gynecologic Cancers. Cancer Res Commun 2024; 4:134-151. [PMID: 38112643 PMCID: PMC10793200 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Wnt ligand WNT4 is critical in female reproductive tissue development, with WNT4 dysregulation linked to related pathologies including breast cancer (invasive lobular carcinoma, ILC) and gynecologic cancers. WNT4 signaling in these contexts is distinct from canonical Wnt signaling yet inadequately understood. We previously identified atypical intracellular activity of WNT4 (independent of Wnt secretion) regulating mitochondrial function, and herein examine intracellular functions of WNT4. We further examine how convergent mechanisms of WNT4 dysregulation impact cancer metabolism. In ILC, WNT4 is co-opted by estrogen receptor α (ER) via genomic binding in WNT4 intron 1, while in gynecologic cancers, a common genetic polymorphism (rs3820282) at this ER binding site alters WNT4 regulation. Using proximity biotinylation (BioID), we show canonical Wnt ligand WNT3A is trafficked for secretion, but WNT4 is localized to the cytosol and mitochondria. We identified DHRS2, mTOR, and STAT1 as putative WNT4 cytosolic/mitochondrial signaling partners. Whole metabolite profiling, and integrated transcriptomic data, support that WNT4 mediates metabolic reprogramming via fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. Furthermore, ovarian cancer cell lines with rs3820282 variant genotype are WNT4 dependent and have active WNT4 metabolic signaling. In protein array analyses of a cohort of 103 human gynecologic tumors enriched for patient diversity, germline rs3820282 genotype is associated with metabolic remodeling. Variant genotype tumors show increased AMPK activation and downstream signaling, with the highest AMPK signaling activity in variant genotype tumors from non-White patients. Taken together, atypical intracellular WNT4 signaling, in part via genetic dysregulation, regulates the distinct metabolic phenotypes of ILC and gynecologic cancers. SIGNIFICANCE WNT4 regulates breast and gynecologic cancer metabolism via a previously unappreciated intracellular signaling mechanism at the mitochondria, with WNT4 mediating metabolic remodeling. Understanding WNT4 dysregulation by estrogen and genetic polymorphism offers new opportunities for defining tumor biology, precision therapeutics, and personalized cancer risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L. Sottnik
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Sydney K. Robinson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Fabian R. Villagomez
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Shaymaa Bahnassy
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Junxiao Hu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Zeynep Madak-Erdogan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Cancer Center at Illinois, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
| | - Rebecca B. Riggins
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Bradley R. Corr
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Linda S. Cook
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lindsey S. Treviño
- Depratment of Population Sciences, Division of Health Equities, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Benjamin G. Bitler
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Matthew J. Sikora
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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3
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Xue D, Narisu N, Taylor DL, Zhang M, Grenko C, Taylor HJ, Yan T, Tang X, Sinha N, Zhu J, Vandana JJ, Nok Chong AC, Lee A, Mansell EC, Swift AJ, Erdos MR, Zhong A, Bonnycastle LL, Zhou T, Chen S, Collins FS. Functional interrogation of twenty type 2 diabetes-associated genes using isogenic human embryonic stem cell-derived β-like cells. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1897-1914.e11. [PMID: 37858332 PMCID: PMC10841752 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies have identified numerous loci associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the functional roles of many loci remain unexplored. Here, we engineered isogenic knockout human embryonic stem cell lines for 20 genes associated with T2D risk. We examined the impacts of each knockout on β cell differentiation, functions, and survival. We generated gene expression and chromatin accessibility profiles on β cells derived from each knockout line. Analyses of T2D-association signals overlapping HNF4A-dependent ATAC peaks identified a likely causal variant at the FAIM2 T2D-association signal. Additionally, the integrative association analyses identified four genes (CP, RNASE1, PCSK1N, and GSTA2) associated with insulin production, and two genes (TAGLN3 and DHRS2) associated with β cell sensitivity to lipotoxicity. Finally, we leveraged deep ATAC-seq read coverage to assess allele-specific imbalance at variants heterozygous in the parental line and identified a single likely functional variant at each of 23 T2D-association signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiang Xue
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Genomic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - D Leland Taylor
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Meili Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Caleb Grenko
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Henry J Taylor
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN Cambridge, UK
| | - Tingfen Yan
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuming Tang
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Genomic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Neelam Sinha
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jiajun Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Genomic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - J Jeya Vandana
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Genomic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, The Rockefeller University, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Angie Chi Nok Chong
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Genomic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Angela Lee
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Erin C Mansell
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy J Swift
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael R Erdos
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aaron Zhong
- Stem Cell Research Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lori L Bonnycastle
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ting Zhou
- Stem Cell Research Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Genomic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Francis S Collins
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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4
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Ye X, Peng T, Li Y, Huang T, Wang H, Hu Z. Identification of an important function of CYP123: Role in the monooxygenase activity in a novel estradiol degradation pathway in bacteria. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 215:106025. [PMID: 34775032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, 17β-estradiol (E2) biodegradation pathway has still not been identified in bacteria. To bridge this gap, we have described a novel E2 degradation pathway in Rhodococcus sp. P14 in this study, which showed that estradiol could be first transferred to estrone (E1) and thereby further converted into 16-hydroxyestrone, and then transformed into opened estrogen D ring. In order to identify the genes, which may be responsible for the pathway, transcriptome analysis was performed during E2 degradation in strain P14. The results showed that the expression of a short-chain dehydrogenase (SDR) gene and a CYP123 gene in the same gene cluster could be induced significantly by E2. Based on gene analysis, this gene cluster was found to play an important role in transforming E2 to 16-hydroxyestrone. The function of CYP123 was unknown before this study, and was found to harbor the activity of 16-estrone hydratase. Moreover, the global response to E2 in strain P14 was also analyzed by transcriptome analysis. It was observed that various genes involved in the metabolism processes, like the TCA cycle, lipid and amino acid metabolism, as well as glycolysis showed a significant increase in mRNA levels in response to strain P14 that can use E2 as the single carbon source. Overall, this study provides us an in depth understanding of the E2 degradation mechanisms in bacteria and also sheds light about the ability of strain P14 to effectively use E2 as the major carbon source for promoting its growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Ye
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Tongwang Huang
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Zhong Hu
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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5
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Novotná E, Morell A, Büküm N, Hofman J, Danielisová P, Wsól V. Interactions of antileukemic drugs with daunorubicin reductases: could reductases affect the clinical efficacy of daunorubicin chemoregimens? Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3059-3068. [PMID: 32588086 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02818-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although novel anticancer drugs are being developed intensively, anthracyclines remain the gold standard in the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). The reductive conversion of daunorubicin (Dau) to less active daunorubicinol (Dau-ol) is an important mechanism that contributes to the development of pharmacokinetic anthracycline resistance. Dau is a key component in many AML regimes, in which it is combined with many drugs, including all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), cytarabine, cladribine and prednisolone. In the present study, we investigated the influence of these anticancer drugs on the reductive Dau metabolism mediated by the aldo-keto reductases AKR1A1, 1B10, 1C3, and 7A2 and carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1). In incubation experiments with recombinant enzymes, cladribine and cytarabine did not significantly inhibit the activity of the tested enzymes. Prednisolone inhibited AKR1C3 with an IC50 of 41.73 µM, while ATRA decreased the activity of AKR1B10 (IC50 = 78.33 µM) and AKR1C3 (IC50 = 1.17 µM). Subsequent studies showed that AKR1C3 inhibition mediated by ATRA exhibited tight binding (Kiapp = 0.54 µM). Further, the combination of 1 µM ATRA with different concentrations of Dau demonstrated synergistic effects in HCT116 and KG1a human cells expressing AKR1C3. Our results suggest that ATRA-mediated inhibition of AKR1C3 can contribute to the mechanisms that are hidden beyond the beneficial clinical outcome of the ATRA-Dau combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Novotná
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Anselm Morell
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Neslihan Büküm
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hofman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Danielisová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Wsól
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 50005, Czech Republic.
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6
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Kwon JH, Lee J, Kim J, Kirchner VA, Jo YH, Miura T, Kim N, Song GW, Hwang S, Lee SG, Yoon YI, Tak E. Upregulation of Carbonyl Reductase 1 by Nrf2 as a Potential Therapeutic Intervention for Ischemia/ Reperfusion Injury during Liver Transplantation. Mol Cells 2019; 42:672-685. [PMID: 31486328 PMCID: PMC6776159 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, liver transplantation is the only available remedy for patients with end-stage liver disease. Conservation of transplanted liver graft is the most important issue as it directly related to patient survival. Carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) protects cells against oxidative stress and cell death by inactivating cellular membrane-derived lipid aldehydes. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury during living-donor liver transplantation is known to form reactive oxygen species. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate whether CBR1 transcription might be increased during liver I/R injury and whether such increase might protect liver against I/R injury. Our results revealed that transcription factor Nrf2 could induce CBR1 transcription in liver of mice during I/R. Pre-treatment with sulforaphane, an activator of Nrf2, increased CBR1 expression, decreased liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase, and reduced I/R-related pathological changes. Using oxygenglucose deprivation and recovery model of human normal liver cell line, it was found that oxidative stress markers and lipid peroxidation products were significantly lowered in cells overexpressing CBR1. Conversely, CBR1 knockdown cells expressed elevated levels of oxidative stress proteins compared to the parental cell line. We also observed that Nrf2 and CBR1 were overexpressed during liver transplantation in clinical samples. These results suggest that CBR1 expression during liver I/R injury is regulated by transcription factor Nrf2. In addition, CBR1 can reduce free radicals and prevent lipid peroxidation. Taken together, CBR1 induction might be a therapeutic strategy for relieving liver I/R injury during liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Kwon
- Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505,
Korea
- Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505,
Korea
| | - Jooyoung Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology; and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505,
Korea
- Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505,
Korea
| | - Jiye Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology; and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505,
Korea
- Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505,
Korea
| | - Varvara A. Kirchner
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery and Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455,
USA
| | - Yong Hwa Jo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447,
Korea
| | - Takeshi Miura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Osaka 584-8540,
Japan
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology; and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505,
Korea
| | - Gi-Won Song
- Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505,
Korea
- Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505,
Korea
| | - Shin Hwang
- Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505,
Korea
- Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505,
Korea
| | - Sung-Gyu Lee
- Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505,
Korea
- Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505,
Korea
| | - Young-In Yoon
- Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505,
Korea
- Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505,
Korea
| | - Eunyoung Tak
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology; and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505,
Korea
- Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505,
Korea
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7
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Šadibolová M, Zárybnický T, Smutný T, Pávek P, Šubrt Z, Matoušková P, Skálová L, Boušová I. Sesquiterpenes Are Agonists of the Pregnane X Receptor but Do Not Induce the Expression of Phase I Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in the Human Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184562. [PMID: 31540101 PMCID: PMC6769599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes, the main components of plant essential oils, are bioactive compounds with numerous health-beneficial activities. Sesquiterpenes can interact with concomitantly administered drugs due to the modulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the modulatory effects of six sesquiterpenes (farnesol, cis-nerolidol, trans-nerolidol, α-humulene, β-caryophyllene, and caryophyllene oxide) on the expression of four phase I DMEs (cytochrome P450 3A4 and 2C, carbonyl reductase 1, and aldo-keto reductase 1C) at both the mRNA and protein levels. For this purpose, human precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) prepared from 10 patients and transfected HepG2 cells were used. Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR and reporter gene assays were employed in the analyses. In the reporter gene assays, all sesquiterpenes significantly induced cytochrome P450 3A4 expression via pregnane X receptor interaction. However in PCLS, their effects on the expression of all the tested DMEs at the mRNA and protein levels were mild or none. High inter-individual variabilities in the basal levels as well as in modulatory efficacy of the tested sesquiterpenes were observed, indicating a high probability of marked differences in the effects of these compounds among the general population. Nevertheless, it seems unlikely that the studied sesquiterpenes would remarkably influence the bioavailability and efficacy of concomitantly administered drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Šadibolová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic (T.Z.); (P.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Tomáš Zárybnický
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic (T.Z.); (P.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Tomáš Smutný
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (T.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Petr Pávek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (T.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Zdeněk Šubrt
- Department of General Surgery, Third Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Charles University, 100 34 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Hradec Králové, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic (T.Z.); (P.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic (T.Z.); (P.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Iva Boušová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic (T.Z.); (P.M.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-495-067-406
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8
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Shan L, Gao G, Wang W, Tang W, Wang Z, Yang Z, Fan W, Zhu G, Zhai K, Jacobson O, Dai Y, Chen X. Self-assembled green tea polyphenol-based coordination nanomaterials to improve chemotherapy efficacy by inhibition of carbonyl reductase 1. Biomaterials 2019; 210:62-69. [PMID: 31075724 PMCID: PMC6521851 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine has become a promising approach to improve cancer chemotherapy. It remains a major challenge how to enhance anti-drug efficacy and reduce side effects of anti-cancer drugs. Herein, we report a self-assembled nanoplatform (FDEP NPs) by integration of doxorubicin (DOX) and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) with the help of coordination between Fe3+ ions and polyphenols. The EGCG from FDEP NPs could inhibit the expression of carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) protein and thereby inhibit the doxorubicinol (DOXOL) generation from DOX both in vitro and in vivo, thus the efficacy of DOX to cancerous cells is improved significantly. More importantly, the FDEP NPs could reduce cardiac toxicity and the DOX mediated toxicity to blood cells due to the repression of DOXOL production. Moreover, the blood half-life of FDEP NPs is longer than 23 h as determined by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of biodistribution of radiolabelled NPs and HPLC measurement of plasma level of DOX, ensuring high tumor accumulation of FDEP NPs by enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The FDEP NPs also exhibited much improved antitumor effect over free drugs. Our work sheds new light on the engineering of nanomaterials for combination chemotherapy and may find unique clinical applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Shan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Biology and Food Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, PR China; Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Guizhen Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Biology and Food Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, PR China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Biology and Food Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, PR China
| | - Wei Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Zhantong Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Zhen Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Wenpei Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Guizhi Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Kefeng Zhai
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Biology and Food Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, PR China
| | - Orit Jacobson
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Yunlu Dai
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, PR China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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9
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Piska K, Koczurkiewicz P, Wnuk D, Karnas E, Bucki A, Wójcik-Pszczoła K, Jamrozik M, Michalik M, Kołaczkowski M, Pękala E. Synergistic anticancer activity of doxorubicin and piperlongumine on DU-145 prostate cancer cells - The involvement of carbonyl reductase 1 inhibition. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 300:40-48. [PMID: 30611789 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the causes of therapeutic failure of chemotherapy is cancer cell resistance. In the case of anthracyclines, many resistance mechanisms have been described. One of them assumes the role of carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1), a cytosolic enzyme that is responsible for the biotransformation process of anthracyclines to less active, undesirable metabolites. Therefore, CBR1 inhibitors are considered for use as a chemosensitizing agents. In the present study, piperlongumine (PL), a Piper longum L. alkaloid that has previously been described as a CBR1 inhibitor, was investigated for its chemosensitizing properties in co-treatment with doxorubicin (DOX). The biotransformation process of DOX in the presence of PL was tracked using human cytosol fraction and LC-MS, then a molecular modeling study was conducted to predict the interaction of PL with the active site of the CBR1. The biological interaction between DOX and PL was investigated using DU-145 prostate cancer cells. Cytotoxic and antiproliferative properties of DOX and PL were examined, and the type and potency of interaction was quantified by Combination Index. The mechanism of the cell death induced by the agents was investigated by flow cytometry and the anti-invasive properties of the drugs were determined by monitoring the movement of individual cells. PL showed dose-dependent inhibition of DOX metabolism in cytosol, which resulted in less doxorubicinol (DOXol) metabolite being formed. The possible mechanism of CBR1 inhibition was explained through molecular modeling studies by prediction of PL's binding mode in the active site of the enzyme's crystal structure-based model. DOX and PL showed a synergistic antiproliferative and proapoptotic effect on cancer cells. Significant anti-invasive properties of the combination of DOX and PL were found, but when the drugs were used separately they did not alter the cancer cells' motility. Cell motility inhibition was accompanied by significant changes in cytoskeleton architecture. DOX and PL used in co-treatment showed significant synergistic anticancer properties. Inhibition of DOX metabolism by PL was found to be a mechanism that was likely to be responsible for the observed interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Piska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Dawid Wnuk
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Karnas
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Adam Bucki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wójcik-Pszczoła
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Jamrozik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marta Michalik
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Morgan RA, Keen JA, Homer N, Nixon M, McKinnon-Garvin AM, Moses-Williams JA, Davis SR, Hadoke PWF, Walker BR. Dysregulation of Cortisol Metabolism in Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3791-3800. [PMID: 30289445 PMCID: PMC6202856 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Equine Cushing disease [pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID)] is a common condition of older horses, but its pathophysiology is complex and poorly understood. In contrast to pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism in other species, PPID is characterized by elevated plasma ACTH but not elevated plasma cortisol. In this study, we address this paradox and the hypothesis that PPID is a syndrome of ACTH excess in which there is dysregulation of peripheral glucocorticoid metabolism and binding. In 14 horses with PPID compared with 15 healthy controls, we show that in plasma, cortisol levels and cortisol binding to corticosteroid binding globulin were not different; in urine, glucocorticoid and androgen metabolites were increased up to fourfold; in liver, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) expression was reduced; in perirenal adipose tissue, 11β-HSD1 and carbonyl reductase 1 expression was increased; and tissue cortisol levels were not measurably different. The combination of normal plasma cortisol with markedly enhanced urinary cortisol metabolite excretion and dysregulated tissue-specific steroid-metabolizing enzymes suggests that cortisol clearance is increased in horses with PPID. We infer that the ACTH excess may be compensatory and pituitary pathology and autonomous secretion may be a secondary rather than primary pathology. It is possible that successful therapy in PPID may be targeted either at lowering ACTH or, paradoxically, at reducing cortisol clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Morgan
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - John A Keen
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Homer
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Nixon
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M McKinnon-Garvin
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Jodie A Moses-Williams
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah R Davis
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Brian R Walker
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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11
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Xin G, Chen R, Zhang X. Candidate gene and mechanism investigations in congenital obstructive nephropathy based on bioinformatics analysis. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:2651-2660. [PMID: 30015886 PMCID: PMC6102731 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the candidate genes, chemicals and mechanisms of congenital obstructive nephropathy (CON). The gene expression profiles of GSE48041, including 24 kidney tissue samples from megabladder (mgb‑/‑) mouse were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Samples were divided into 4 groups: Control, mild, moderate and severe. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs), protein‑protein interaction network, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways and transcription factor (TF)‑target gene analyses were performed on Set 1 (mild, moderate and severe groups), while Gene Ontology (GO) function enrichment analysis and chemical investigation were performed on Set 2 (severe group). A total of 187 and 139 DEGs were obtained in Set 1 and Set 2, respectively. Chemical carcinogenesis [enriched by genes such as Carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1)] was one of the most prominent pathways in Set 1. GO analysis for Set 2 revealed that DEGs were mainly assembled in functions such as cellular response to interleukin‑1 and cellular response to tumor necrosis. Furthermore, genes such as Fos Proto‑Oncogene (FOS) were co‑regulated by TFs including RNA polymerase II subunit A (Polr2a) and serum response factor (Srf). Chemical cyclosporine served the most important role in Set 2 by targeting several DEGs in Set 2. DEGs such as CBR1 and FOS, TFs including Polr2a and Srf, and pathways such as chemical carcinogenesis may serve important roles in the process of CON. Interleukin‑1 and tumor necrosis function may be novel targets for CON gene therapy. Furthermore, cyclosporine may be a promising option for future CON therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangda Xin
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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12
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Larsen K, Najle R, Lifschitz A, Maté ML, Lanusse C, Virkel GL. Effects of Sublethal Exposure to a Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Formulation on Metabolic Activities of Different Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzymes in Rats. Int J Toxicol 2014; 33:307-318. [PMID: 24985121 DOI: 10.1177/1091581814540481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The activities of different xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in liver subcellular fractions from Wistar rats exposed to a glyphosate (GLP)-based herbicide (Roundup full II) were evaluated in this work. Exposure to the herbicide triggered protective mechanisms against oxidative stress (increased glutathione peroxidase activity and total glutathione levels). Liver microsomes from both male and female rats exposed to the herbicide had lower (45%-54%, P < 0.01) hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) levels compared to their respective control animals. In female rats, the hepatic 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (a general CYP-dependent enzyme activity) was 57% higher (P < 0.05) in herbicide-exposed compared to control animals. Conversely, this enzyme activity was 58% lower (P < 0.05) in male rats receiving the herbicide. Lower (P < 0.05) 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethlyase (EROD, CYP1A1/2 dependent) and oleandomycin triacetate (TAO) N-demethylase (CYP3A dependent) enzyme activities were observed in liver microsomes from exposed male rats. Conversely, in females receiving the herbicide, EROD increased (123%-168%, P < 0.05), whereas TAO N-demethylase did not change. A higher (158%-179%, P < 0.01) benzyloxyresorufin O-debenzylase (a CYP2B-dependent enzyme activity) activity was only observed in herbicide-exposed female rats. In herbicide-exposed rats, the hepatic S-oxidation of methimazole (flavin monooxygenase dependent) was 49% to 62% lower (P < 0.001), whereas the carbonyl reduction of menadione (a cytosolic carbonyl reductase-dependent activity) was higher (P < 0.05). Exposure to the herbicide had no effects on enzymatic activities dependent on carboxylesterases, glutathione transferases, and uridinediphospho-glucuronosyltransferases. This research demonstrated certain biochemical modifications after exposure to a GLP-based herbicide. Such modifications may affect the metabolic fate of different endobiotic and xenobiotic substances. The pharmacotoxicological significance of these findings remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Larsen
- Laboratorio de Biología y Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (UNCPBA), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Roberto Najle
- Laboratorio de Biología y Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Adrián Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (UNCPBA), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET), Tandil, Argentina
| | - María L Maté
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (UNCPBA), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Carlos Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (UNCPBA), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Guillermo L Virkel
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (UNCPBA), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET), Tandil, Argentina
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