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Dokoshi T, Chen Y, Cavagnero KJ, Rahman G, Hakim D, Brinton S, Schwarz H, Brown EA, O'Neill A, Nakamura Y, Li F, Salzman NH, Knight R, Gallo RL. Dermal injury drives a skin to gut axis that disrupts the intestinal microbiome and intestinal immune homeostasis in mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3009. [PMID: 38589392 PMCID: PMC11001995 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The composition of the microbial community in the intestine may influence the functions of distant organs such as the brain, lung, and skin. These microbes can promote disease or have beneficial functions, leading to the hypothesis that microbes in the gut explain the co-occurrence of intestinal and skin diseases. Here, we show that the reverse can occur, and that skin directly alters the gut microbiome. Disruption of the dermis by skin wounding or the digestion of dermal hyaluronan results in increased expression in the colon of the host defense genes Reg3 and Muc2, and skin wounding changes the composition and behavior of intestinal bacteria. Enhanced expression Reg3 and Muc2 is induced in vitro by exposure to hyaluronan released by these skin interventions. The change in the colon microbiome after skin wounding is functionally important as these bacteria penetrate the intestinal epithelium and enhance colitis from dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) as seen by the ability to rescue skin associated DSS colitis with oral antibiotics, in germ-free mice, and fecal microbiome transplantation to unwounded mice from mice with skin wounds. These observations provide direct evidence of a skin-gut axis by demonstrating that damage to the skin disrupts homeostasis in intestinal host defense and alters the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Dokoshi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kellen J Cavagnero
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gibraan Rahman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Hakim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Samantha Brinton
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hana Schwarz
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Brown
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alan O'Neill
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yoshiyuki Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fengwu Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nita H Salzman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Center for Microbiome Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Thomasius F, Baum E, Bernecker P, Böcker W, Brabant T, Clarenz P, Demary W, Dimai HP, Engelbrecht M, Engelke K, Fratermann U, Grieser T, Gulich M, Hadji P, Henning J, Jehle PM, Kern PM, Ketteler M, Klatt G, Kraenzlin M, Maus U, Meier C, Moser U, Müller D, Peichl P, Pfeifer M, Rintelen B, Rueger JM, Schober HC, Schöffel D, Schwarz H, Siggelkow H, Suhm N, Wiese KG, Wörtler K, Kurth AA. DVO Leitlinie 2017 zur Prophylaxe, Diagnostik und Therapie der Osteoporose bei postmenopausalen Frauen und Männern. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1673537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDiese DVO Leitlinien, die in erster Linie für Allgemeinmediziner und Spezialisten für Knochenerkrankungen bestimmt sind, sollten von allen im klinischen und ambulanten Bereich tätigen medizinischen Fachkräften angewendet werden. Ziel der Leitlinie ist die Verbesserung der Diagnose, Prävention und Behandlung von Osteoporose und der Folgen der Erkrankung auf der Grundlage evidenzbasierter Medizin.Klare Empfehlungen, welche Patienten zu diagnostizieren und behandeln sind (basierend auf Risikofaktoren [einschließlich sekundärer Osteoporose]) sowie Primär-, Sekundär- oder Tertiärprävention werden dargestellt, mit dem Schwerpunkt auf der postmenopausalen Osteoporose und der Osteoporose bei Männern.Die Identifizierung von Patienten mit einem hohen Risiko für Frakturen wird hervorgehoben, und spezifische Schwellenwerte für die Intervention sind definiert (20 % Hüftfrakturrisiko innerhalb von 10 Jahren diagnostischer Schwellenwert, 30 % Hüftfrakturrisiko innerhalb von 10 Jahren therapeutische Schwelle). Die Diagnose von Osteoporose basiert auf der Anamnese des Patienten, der körperlichen Untersuchung, dem Funktionstest (z. B. Timed Up and Go Test), konventionellen Röntgenaufnahmen der Brust- und Lendenwirbelsäule und der Bestimmung der Knochenmineraldichte (BMD) durch das DXA Verfahren.Die Anamnese ist entscheidend für die Abschätzung des Frakturrisikos auf der Grundlage von 40 wissenschaftlich überprüften Risikofaktoren, die das Frakturrisiko mindestens verdoppeln (z. B. Begleiterkrankungen, Hüftfrakturen in der Familie, prävalente Frakturen an jedem Ort, Lebensstil, Anwendung von Medikamenten, körperliche Aktivität und Stürze). Röntgenaufnahmen der Brust- und Lendenwirbelsäule sind wichtig, um prävalente Wirbelkörperfrakturen zu erkennen. Beim Fehlen eines großen Traumas kann jede Fraktur bei Erwachsenen über dem Alter von 50 Jahren eine Diagnose von Osteoporose nahelegen, mit dem höchsten Risiko für eine nachfolgende Fraktur innerhalb einer kurzen Zeit nach der ersten Fraktur. BMD-Messungen mit DXA sind wichtig, um das individuelle Frakturrisiko besser abschätzen zu können. Eine grundlegende Laboruntersuchung ist obligatorisch, um verschiedene Formen der sekundären Osteoporose ausschließen zu können.Der DVO-Patientenfindungs-Algorithmus basiert auf dem Geschlecht, Alter, Knochenmineraldichte und vorbestehenden Frakturen als wichtigste Informationen. Die Indikation für eine aktive anti-osteoporotische Therapie kann durch multiple Risikofaktoren modifiziert und verfeinert werden. Dieser Algorithmus wurde seit dem Richtlinien-Update 2006 verwendet und wurde entsprechend der internationalen Literatur zu Risikofaktoren für Osteoporose und osteoporotische Frakturen aktualisiert und angepasst.Die Behandlung der Osteoporose enthält viele Therapiepfeiler. Zusammen mit Empfehlungen für Bewegung, Physiotherapie und Sturzprävention sowie Ernährung (z. B. Calcium, Vit. D), werden pharmakologische Behandlungen basierend auf evidenzbasierter Medizin empfohlen. Die aktiven Anti-Osteoporose-Medikamente müssen für die Indikation postmenopausale Osteoporose und männliche Osteoporose in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz zugelassen sein. Das Management und die Vorbeugung von häufigen oder seltenen Nebenwirkungen aufgrund von Anti-Osteoporose-Behandlungen, die in der klinischen Praxis angewendet werden, werden ebenfalls detailliert behandelt.
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Amling M, Baier M, Blattert T, Euler E, Götte S, Kaps P, Kasperk H, Kurth A, Meeder PJ, Schwarz H, Steinleitner WE, Weißkopf M, Haas H. Zur Anwendung der Ballon-Kyphoplastie/Vertebroplastie. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1619843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungIn der Behandlung osteoporotischer Wirbelkörperfrakturen finden die minimalinvasiven Methoden der Ballon-Kyphoplastie und der Vertebroplastie zunehmende Verbreitung. In der aktuellen Leitlinie zur Behandlung der Osteoporose ist aufgrund der eingeschränkten Studienlage eine sehr konservative Aussage zur Anwendung der Verfahren getroffen worden. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt eine Bewertung beider Verfahren hinsichtlich Indikation, technischer Durchführung und notwendiger Voraussetzungen dar. Sie wurde erstellt durch eine vom DVO beauftragte Arbeitsgruppe und soll bestehende Unsicherheiten im Zusammenhang mit beiden Verfahren reduzieren.
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Strasser L, Dang HH, Schwarz H, Asam C, Ferreira F, Horejs-Hoeck J, Huber CG. Unbiased Quantitative Proteomics Reveals a Crucial Role of the Allergen Context for the Activation of Human Dendritic Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16638. [PMID: 29192156 PMCID: PMC5709417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16726-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, more than 1 billion people suffer from allergic diseases. However, until now it is not fully understood how certain proteins can induce allergic immune responses, while others cannot. Studies suggest that allergenicity is a process not only determined by properties of the allergen itself but also by costimulatory factors, that are not classically associated with allergic reactions. To investigate the allergenicity of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 and the impact of adjuvants associated with pollen, e.g. lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we performed quantitative proteome analysis to study the activation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs). Thus, we treated cells with birch pollen extract (BPE), recombinant Bet v 1, and LPS followed by proteomic profiling via high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) using isobaric labelling. Enrichment and pathway analysis revealed the influence of regulated proteins especially in cytokine signalling and dendritic cell activation. We found highly regulated, but differentially expressed proteins after treatment with BPE and LPS, whereas the cellular response to Bet v 1 was limited. Our findings lead to the conclusion that Bet v 1 needs a specific “allergen context” involving cofactors apart from LPS to induce an immune response in human moDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Strasser
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - H-H Dang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - H Schwarz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - C Asam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - F Ferreira
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - J Horejs-Hoeck
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - C G Huber
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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Puig-Barberà J, Mira-Iglesias A, Tortajada-Girbés M, López-Labrador FX, Librero-López J, Díez-Domingo J, Carballido-Fernández M, Carratalá-Munuera C, Correcher-Medina P, Gil-Guillén V, Limón-Ramírez R, Mollar-Maseres J, Otero-Reigada MC, Schwarz H. Waning protection of influenza vaccination during four influenza seasons, 2011/2012 to 2014/2015. Vaccine 2017; 35:5799-5807. [PMID: 28941618 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns have been raised about intraseasonal waning of the protection conferred by influenza vaccination. METHODS During four influenza seasons, we consecutively recruited individuals aged 18years or older who had received seasonal influenza vaccine and were subsequently admitted to the hospital for influenza infection, asassessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We estimated the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of influenza infection by date of vaccination, defined by tertiles, as early, intermediate or late vaccination. We used a test-negative approach with early vaccination as reference to estimate the aOR of hospital admission with influenza among late vaccinees. We conducted sensitivity analyses by means of conditional logistic regression, Cox proportional hazards regression, and using days between vaccination and hospital admission rather than vaccination date. RESULTS Among 3615 admitted vaccinees, 822 (23%) were positive for influenza. We observed a lower risk of influenza among late vaccinees during the 2011/2012 and 2014/2015A(H3N2)-dominant seasons: aOR=0.68 (95% CI: 0.47-1.00) and 0.69 (95% CI: 0.50-0.95). We found no differences in the risk of admission with influenza among late versus early vaccinees in the 2012/2013A(H1N1)pdm09-dominant or 2013/2014B/Yamagata lineage-dominant seasons: aOR=1.18 (95% CI: 0.58-2.41) and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.56-1.72). When we restricted our analysis to individuals aged 65years or older, we found a statistically significant lower risk of admission with influenza among late vaccinees during the 2011/2012 and 2014/2015A(H3N2)-dominant seasons: aOR=0.61 (95% CI: 0.41-0.91) and 0.69 (95% CI: 0.49-0.96). We observed 39% (95% CI: 9-59%) and 31% (95% CI: 5-50%) waning of vaccine effectiveness among participants aged 65years or older during the two A(H3N2)-dominant seasons. Similar results were obtained in the sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION Waning of vaccine protection was observed among individuals aged 65years old or over in two A(H3N2)-dominant influenza seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Puig-Barberà
- FISABIO-Salud Pública, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Centro de Salud Pública de Castellón, 12003 Castellón, Spain.
| | | | | | - F X López-Labrador
- FISABIO-Salud Pública, 46020 Valencia, Spain; CIBERESP, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Librero-López
- Navarrabiomed - Fundación Miguel Servet, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; REDISSEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M Carballido-Fernández
- Universidad CEU-UCH, 12006 Castellón, Spain; Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, 12004 Castellón, Spain
| | - C Carratalá-Munuera
- Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain; Hospital San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - H Schwarz
- Hospital General de Alicante, 03010 Alicante, Spain
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Hadji P, Kyvernitakis I, Kann PH, Niedhart C, Hofbauer LC, Schwarz H, Kurth AA, Thomasius F, Schulte M, Intorcia M, Psachoulia E, Schmid T. GRAND-4: the German retrospective analysis of long-term persistence in women with osteoporosis treated with bisphosphonates or denosumab. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:2967-78. [PMID: 27172934 PMCID: PMC5042990 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-016-3623-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This retrospective database study assessed 2-year persistence with bisphosphonates or denosumab in a large German cohort of women with a first-time prescription for osteoporosis treatment. Compared with intravenous or oral bisphosphonates, 2-year persistence was 1.5-2 times higher and risk of discontinuation was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) with denosumab. INTRODUCTION Persistence with osteoporosis therapies is critical for fracture risk reduction. Detailed data on long-term persistence (≥2 years) with bisphosphonates and denosumab are sparse. METHODS From the German IMS® database, we included women aged 40 years or older with a first-time prescription for bisphosphonates or denosumab between July 2010 and August 2014; patients were followed up until December 2014. The main outcome was treatment discontinuation, with a 60-day permissible gap between filled prescriptions. Two-year persistence was estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival curves, with treatment discontinuation as the failure event. Denosumab was compared with intravenous (i.v.) and oral bisphosphonates separately. Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs) for the 2-year risk of discontinuation were calculated, with adjustment for age, physician specialty, health insurance status, and previous medication use. RESULTS Two-year persistence with denosumab was significantly higher than with i.v. or oral bisphosphonates (39.8 % [n = 21,154] vs 20.9 % [i.v. ibandronate; n = 20,472] and 24.8 % [i.v. zoledronic acid; n = 3966] and 16.7-17.5 % [oral bisphosphonates; n = 114,401]; all P < 0.001). Patients receiving i.v. ibandronate, i.v. zoledronic acid, or oral bisphosphonates had a significantly increased risk of treatment discontinuation than did those receiving denosumab (HR = 1.65, 1.28, and 1.96-2.02, respectively; all P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Two-year persistence with denosumab was 1.5-2 times higher than with i.v. or oral bisphosphonates, and risk of discontinuation was significantly lower with denosumab than with bisphosphonates. A more detailed understanding of factors affecting medication-taking behavior may improve persistence and thereby reduce rates of fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hadji
- Department of Bone Oncology, Endocrinology, and Reproductive Medicine, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Steinbacher Hohl 2-26, 60488, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - I Kyvernitakis
- Department of Bone Oncology, Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Nordwest Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - P H Kann
- Centre for Internal Medicine - Endocrinology & Diabetes, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - L C Hofbauer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine 3 and Center for Healthy Aging, TU Dresden Medical Center, Dresden, Germany
| | - H Schwarz
- Facharztpraxis für Orthopädie und Physiotherapie, Freudenstadt, Germany
| | - A A Kurth
- Themistocles Gluck Hospital, Ratingen, Germany
| | - F Thomasius
- Department of Bone Oncology and Osteoporosis Center, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M Schulte
- Amgen (Europe) GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - T Schmid
- Amgen (Europe) GmbH, Munich, Germany
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Mak A, Schwarz H, Kow N, Tay S, Ling L. FRI0318 Serum Adipocyte Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Level Is Elevated in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) but Not Associated with Biophysical Markers of Cardiovascular Disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-eular.4844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Heimbrecht J, Levsen K, Schwarz H. Notizen: The Isomerisation of Hydrocarbon Ions, V. Isomeric Pentylbenzenes and their [M-CH3]+ Fragments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-1976-0929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the corresponding butyl ions the [M–CH3]+ ions from isomeric pentylbenzenes do not isomerise completely to a mixture of interconverting structures prior to decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Heimbrecht
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Universität Boni
| | - K. Levsen
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Universität Boni
| | - H. Schwarz
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin
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Abstract
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird untersucht, ob die sich physiologisch unterschiedlich verhaltenden stereoisomeren Formen der essentiellen Linol- und Linolensäure auch ein unterschiedliches Grenzflächenverhalten zeigen. Zu diesem Zwecke wurden die α-Monoglyceride der all-cis-, cis-trans-, und all-trans-Linolsäure sowie der all-cis- und all-trans-Linolensäure dargestellt und auf ihre grenzflächenspannungserniedrigende Wirkung, ihr Assoziations-Verhalten sowie die Strukturviskosität und Stabilität mit ihnen hergestellter Emulsionen geprüft. Es ergab sich, daß in jedem Fall die trans-Verbindungen stärkere Grenzflächeneigenschaften besitzen als die korrespondierenden cis-Formen.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Wachs
- Aus dem Institut für Lebensmittelchemie und Lebensmitteltechnologie der Technischen Universität Berlin-Charlottenburg
| | - H. Schwarz
- Aus dem Institut für Lebensmittelchemie und Lebensmitteltechnologie der Technischen Universität Berlin-Charlottenburg
| | - K. Zürcher
- Aus dem Institut für Lebensmittelchemie und Lebensmitteltechnologie der Technischen Universität Berlin-Charlottenburg
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Dedek W, Schwarz H. Studien zur Applikation und zum Metabolismus des 32P-markierten Systeminsektizids Dimethoat beim Rind. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-1967-1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Der mindertoxische, 32P-markierte Dithiophosphorsäureester Dimethoat wurde durch intramuskuläre Injektion und im Pour on- (Aufgieß) -Verfahren an laktierende Rinder appliziert. Die Konzentrationen der extrahierbaren Substanzen und die Gesamtaktivität an 32P in Blut und Milch wurden bestimmt. Versuche zur Identifizierung der Metaboliten durch Radio-Dünnschichtchromatographie führten teilweise zum Ziel. Nach intramuskulärer Injektion ergeben sich relativ hohe Wirkstoffkonzentrationen im Blut, welche nur langsam abgebaut werden. Nach percutaner Resorption von Dimethoat aus geeigneten Formulierungen werden im Blut Wirkstoffkonzentrationen erreicht, welche eine ausreichende Abtötung von Endoparasiten ermöglichen, wie durch Insektizid-Tests bestätigt werden konnte.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Dedek
- Institut für Biophysik der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Berlin-Buch, Abteilung Chemische Toxikologie, Leipzig und Bezirkstierklinik Karl-Marx-Stadt
| | - H. Schwarz
- Institut für Biophysik der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Berlin-Buch, Abteilung Chemische Toxikologie, Leipzig und Bezirkstierklinik Karl-Marx-Stadt
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Wesdemiotis C, Schwarz H, Sande CCVD, Van Gaever F. Transalkylierung und protonenkatalysierte C-C-Spaltung bei n-Butyl-und n-Pentylbenzol in der Gasphase / Transalkylation and Proton Catalyzed C-C-Cleavage of Gaseous n-Butyl and w-Pentyl Benzenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-1979-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The investigation of several 13carbon and deuterium labelled n-butyl and n-pentyl benzenes demonstrate that chemical ionization (reagent gas: methane) induces specific carbon-carbon bond cleavages of the alkyl group. The extent of competing reaction channels as for instance direct alkene elimination versus dealkylation/reprotonation is analyzed. Partial hydrogen exchange processes between reagent ions and substrate molecules are restricted to the phenyl ring. Intramolecular exchange reactions between the side chain and the aromatic ring which are typical for the open shell molecular ions of alkyl benzenes are not observed for analogous closed shell cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Wesdemiotis
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin
| | - H. Schwarz
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin
| | - C. C. Van de Sande
- Laboratory for Organic Mass Spectrometry, State University of Gent, Belgium
| | - F. Van Gaever
- Laboratory for Organic Mass Spectrometry, State University of Gent, Belgium
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Schwarz H, Thiel HJ, Schäfer W. Notizen: Spontane Leukämie der AKR-Mäuse. Erfolgreiche passive Immunisierung mit Ziegen- Antikörper gegen isoliertes Glykoprotein gp71 des Friend-Leukämie-Virus /Spontaneous Leukemia of AKR Mice. Successful Passive Im m unization with Goat Anti bodies against Isolated Glycoprotein gp71 of Friend Leukemia Virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/znc-1977-5-628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The occurrence of fatal spontaneous leukemia in AKR mice could be drastically reduced by passive immunization with goat antibody against isolated murine Friend virus glycoprotein gp71, possessing high group specific reactivity. The success depended on the time of antibody application. The best results were achieved when mothers and babies were inoculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Schwarz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Virusforschung, Tübingen
| | - H.-J. Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Virusforschung, Tübingen
| | - W. Schäfer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Virusforschung, Tübingen
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Ehm M, Feddersen L, Pfeiff M, Smith V, Oehler-Keil C, Althaus H, Fischer B, Hahn M, Schwarz H, Stephan S, Zander N. C0497: Quantification of Prothrombin Fragment 1+2 (F1+2) In Human Citrated Plasma Based on LOCI Technology*. Thromb Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(14)50246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Birkby JL, de Kok RJ, Brogi M, de Mooij EJW, Schwarz H, Albrecht S, Snellen IAG. Detection of water absorption in the day side atmosphere of HD 189733 b using ground-based high-resolution spectroscopy at 3.2 μm★. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/mnrasl/slt107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Finckh A, Scherer A, Kremer J, Greenberg J, Lubbeke A, Schwarz H, Rathbun A, Gabay C, Reed G. FRI0099 Obese patients with rheumatoid arthritis have reduced response rates to biologic anti-rheumatic agents: a comparison between european and american ra patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-eular.1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Gangishetti U, Veerkamp J, Bezdan D, Schwarz H, Lohmann I, Moussian B. The transcription factor Grainy head and the steroid hormone ecdysone cooperate during differentiation of the skin of Drosophila melanogaster. Insect Mol Biol 2012; 21:283-295. [PMID: 22458773 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2012.01134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The arthropod epidermis is an epithelium that deposits the apical cuticle, which is a stratified extracellular matrix (ECM) protecting the animal against pathogens, preventing dehydration and also serving as an exoskeleton. Differentiation of the cuticle conceivably implies coordinated production, secretion and localization of its components. The underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly explored. In this work, we show that the transcription factor Grainy head and the steroid hormone ecdysone drive the production of two partially overlapping sets of cuticle factors. Nevertheless, Grainy head is needed to modulate the expression of ecdysone signalling factors; the significance of this cross-talk is yet unclear. In addition, we found that ecdysone signalling negatively regulates its own impact. In conclusion, our findings suggest that at least two independently triggered pathways have evolved in parallel to cooperatively ensure the stereotypic implementation of the cuticle. As Grainy head is also essential for epithelial differentiation in vertebrates, we speculate that it acts to decode the ancient skin programme common to all animals. Full differentiation of the skin necessitates a second, complementing taxon-specific programme that requires its own decoder, which is represented by ecdysone in arthropods, whereas the vertebrate specific one remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Gangishetti
- Animal Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle, Tübingen, Germany
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Lakuntza O, Matxain JM, Ruipérez F, Besora M, Maseras F, Ugalde JM, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. A computational study on the intriguing mechanisms of the gas-phase thermal activation of methane by bare [Ni(H)(OH)]+. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:9306-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23502a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stephan S, Duwe C, Pechmann L, Althaus H, Ehm M, Fischer B, Hahn M, Schwarz H, Vitzthum F, Kappel A. Fully automated immunoassay for quantitative determination of FXIII. Hamostaseologie 2011; 31:105-9. [DOI: 10.5482/ha-1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryCoagulation factor XIII (FXIII) is essential for clot stabilization. Deficiency of FXIII is associated with a risk of bleeding and impaired wound healing. Substitution therapy with FXIII remedies for patients with low plasma levels of FXIII requires diagnostic quantification of the factor before and during therapy. Here, we describe a prototype of a preliminary research immunoassay for quantification of FXIII antigen on automated coagulation instruments. The prototype assay is based on a monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against FXIII A chain, whereas the mAbs are coupled to latex particles. FXIII in a plasma specimen causes agglutination of the latex particles, which can be quantified turbidimetrically. Performance data of the assay prototype processed on BCS® XP and Sysmex® CA-1500 instruments demonstrate a good correlation to the Berichrom® factor XIII activity assay1 from Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics (r = 0.94). Results: Comparability of instruments was excellent (r = 0.98). Coefficients of variation of total imprecision measurements ranged from 2.2 to 3.4%. Linearity was excellent over the range tested (12–121% FXIII). Analytical sensitivity was 0.51% FXIII on BCS XP and 0.44% FXIII on Sysmex CA-1500, respectively. No interference (> 10% bias) was observed with haemoglobin (up to 400 mg/dl), cholesterol (up to 300 mg/dl), bilirubin (up to 60 mg/dl) or triglycerides (up to 3000 mg/dl). Conclusion: The preliminary research assay prototype has the potential for excellent analytical sensitivity, precision, and dynamic range suitable to measure reliably FXIII antigen levels in human plasma.
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Burmeister R, Schwarz H, Boddenberg B. The Determination of Translational Intracrystalline Diffusion Constants of Molecules in Faujasite-Type Zeolites with the Aid of Deuteron-NMR-Spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19890931133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Quek BZ, Lim Y, Lin J, Tan T, Chan J, Biswas A, Schwarz H. CD137 enhances monocyte–ICAM-1 interactions in an E-selectin-dependent manner under flow conditions. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:1839-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bechtold S, Bonfig W, Weißenbacher C, Putzker S, Kroke S, Meyer J, Weidner J, Schwarz H. Enge Anbindung im ersten Jahr nach Manifestation eines Typ 1 Diabetes im Kindesalter führt zu keiner verbesserten metabolischen Einstellung. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1253875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sidelmann JJ, Skouby SO, Vitzthum F, Schwarz H, Jespersen J. Hormone therapy affects plasma measures of factor VII-activating protease in younger postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2010; 13:340-6. [DOI: 10.3109/13697131003597027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Schwarz H, Beck T, Schmidt EW. Schimmelpilzsensibilisierung bei Atemwegspatienten. Pneumologie 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2009-1242170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Grahl R, Schwarz H, Dedek W. Studien zur Verteilung und Resorption von 35S-markiertem D 47, einem synthetischen Senfölbildner. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17450396909421442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Schwarz H, Liu B, Peters S, Barillas W, Beerhues L. Purification, cDNA cloning and functional expression of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase from Centaurium erythraea cell cultures. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2009; 11:300-306. [PMID: 19470102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Solubilised NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) was purified from the microsomal fraction of centaury (Centaurium erythraea) cell cultures by Q-anion exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography on adenosine 2',5'-diphosphate agarose. SDS-PAGE demonstrated the presence of three CPR isoforms with molecular masses of 77, 79 and 81 kDa. The 79- and 81-kDa isoforms were identified as glycoproteins when blotted following SDS-PAGE and subjected to a sugar detection procedure. A homology-based approach led to the isolation of a CPR cDNA encoding the 77-kDa isoform. The enzyme was a class I CPR, possessing a short N-terminus upstream of the membrane anchor. The amino acid sequence contained a putative N-glycosylation site, indicating that the two major isoforms of 77 and 79 kDa are related through attachment of an oligosaccharide chain. This glycosylation process was also found upon heterologous expression in yeast. When co-expressed in yeast together with centaury coniferyl alcohol 5-hydroxylase, CPR efficiently supported the activity of the P450 enzyme. The genome of C. erythraea was found to contain a second CPR gene. RT-PCR experiments using gene-specific primers revealed differential regulation of the two CPR genes. While CPR 2 mRNA was strongly induced by the addition of methyl jasmonate to the cell cultures, the CPR 1 expression level did not change after this elicitation.
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MESH Headings
- Acetates/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Centaurium/enzymology
- Centaurium/genetics
- Chromatography, Affinity
- Chromatography, Ion Exchange
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cyclopentanes/metabolism
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
- DNA, Complementary
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Genome, Plant
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/isolation & purification
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Glycosylation
- Microsomes
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase/genetics
- NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase/isolation & purification
- NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase/metabolism
- Open Reading Frames
- Oxylipins/metabolism
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schwarz
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Wang Z, Chen C, Finger SN, d/o Kwajah M.M S, Jung M, Schwarz H, Swanson N, Lareu RR, Raghunath M. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid: a potential epigenetic therapeutic agent for lung fibrosis? Eur Respir J 2009; 34:145-55. [DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00084808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bolten WW, Böhme K, Grifka J, Schutter U, Schwarz H, Sittl R, Sturm D, Wahle K. [Low-dose strong opioid (LDSO)--treatment of pain in osteoarthritis]. MMW Fortschr Med 2008; 150:41. [PMID: 19156956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W W Bolten
- Klaus-Miehlke-Klinik Leibnizstr. 23, D-65191 Wiesbaden.
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Stucki G, Müller K, Bochdansky T, Schwarz H, Smolenski U. Ist die ICIDH-Checkliste geeignet zur Klassifikation der funktionalen Gesundheit in der rehabilitativen Praxis? - Ergebnisse eines Workshops der Konsensuskonferenz der drei Gesellschaften für Physikalische Medizin und Rehabilitation von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Phys Rehab Kur Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1057763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bechtold-Dalla Pozza S, Dalla Pozza R, Bonfig W, Möller R, Wenzel C, Putzker S, Schwarz H. Zirkulierende Adipozytokine bei Kindern mit Typ-1-Diabetes: Relation zur Intima Media Dicke. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1076302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Priestley JG, Schwarz H. The solubility of acetylene in blood: 1. Determination of acetylene dissolved in blood or other liquids. J Physiol 2007; 99:49-56. [PMID: 16995234 PMCID: PMC1394063 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1940.sp003877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Nienhagen N, Schwarz H, Habeck JO, Schmidt EW. Maligner solitär fibröser Tumor der Pleura (SFT) – Eine Kasuistik. Pneumologie 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-958860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Graf I, Schwarz H, Habeck J, Schmidt E. BOOP – Klinische Variabilität am Beispiel dreier Fälle. Pneumologie 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-933918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Schwarz H, Klose S, Schmidt E. Ein ungewöhnlicher Fall einer Bettfedernalveolitis. Pneumologie 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-933902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Furtner M, Straub RH, Krüger S, Schwarz H. Levels of soluble CD137 are enhanced in sera of leukemia and lymphoma patients and are strongly associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2005; 19:883-5. [PMID: 15744355 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Muchitsch E, Schwarz H, Varadi K, Esmon C, Mancuso G, Teti G. Crit Care 2005; 9:P190. [DOI: 10.1186/cc3253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Schwarz H, Gorb S. Method of platinum-carbon coating of ultrathin sections for transmission and scanning electron microscopy: An application for study of biological composites. Microsc Res Tech 2003; 62:218-24. [PMID: 14506687 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many biological materials are composites containing two or more components with different mechanical properties. This study is concerned with the application of a method of platinum-carbon coating (Pt/C) of ultrathin sections for TEM and SEM studies of the design of natural composite materials. The changes in profile of the ultrathin resin-embedded sections during different stages of the preparation reflect the material properties of the various components: stiffer regions deform less than softer ones. Such changes in the section profile can be visualized by the Pt/C method and used as evidence of specific material properties in particular regions of composite materials. The method increases the relief contrast, improves the 3D-view of structures, and in combination with standard TEM and SEM procedures can provide clear demonstrations of material design. The distribution of chitin crystallites in the insect cuticle and the ultrastructure of the pore canal system specialized for the transport of epidermal secretions to the cuticle surface were studied here as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schwarz
- Electron Microscopy Unit, MPI of Developmental Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Schwab B, Mathur J, Saedler R, Schwarz H, Frey B, Scheidegger C, Hülskamp M. Regulation of cell expansion by the DISTORTED genes in Arabidopsis thaliana: actin controls the spatial organization of microtubules. Mol Genet Genomics 2003; 269:350-60. [PMID: 12690443 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-003-0843-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2002] [Accepted: 03/19/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The control of the directionality of cell expansion was investigated using a class of eight genes, the so-called DISTORTED (DIS) genes, that are required for proper expansion of leaf trichomes in Arabidopsis thaliana. By tracing the separation of latex beads placed on the trichome surface, we demonstrate that trichomes grow by diffuse rather than tip growth, and that in dis mutants deviations from the normal orientation of growth can occur in all possible directions. We could not detect any differences in intracellular organization between wild-type and dis-group mutants by electron microscopy. The analysis of double mutants showed that although the expression of the dis phenotype is generally independent of branching and endoreduplication, dis mutations act synthetically in combination lesions in the ZWI gene, which encodes a kinesin motor protein. Using a MAP4:GFP marker line, we show that the organization of cortical microtubules is affected in dis-group mutants. The finding that most dis-group mutants have actin defects suggested to us that actin is involved in organizing the orientation of microtubules. By analyzing the microtubule organization in plants treated with drugs that bind to actin, we verified that actin is involved in the positioning of cortical microtubules and thereby in plant cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schwab
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Institut für Entwicklungsgenetik, Universität Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
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Grassmé H, Jendrossek V, Riehle A, von Kürthy G, Berger J, Schwarz H, Weller M, Kolesnick R, Gulbins E. Host defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa requires ceramide-rich membrane rafts. Nat Med 2003; 9:322-30. [PMID: 12563314 DOI: 10.1038/nm823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2002] [Accepted: 01/09/2003] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is a serious complication in patients with cystic fibrosis and in immunocompromised individuals. Here we show that P. aeruginosa infection triggers activation of the acid sphingomyelinase and the release of ceramide in sphingolipid-rich rafts. Ceramide reorganizes these rafts into larger signaling platforms that are required to internalize P. aeruginosa, induce apoptosis and regulate the cytokine response in infected cells. Failure to generate ceramide-enriched membrane platforms in infected cells results in an unabated inflammatory response, massive release of interleukin (IL)-1 and septic death of mice. Our findings show that ceramide-enriched membrane platforms are central to the host defense against this potentially lethal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Grassmé
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
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