A fatal mono-intoxication with 4-fluoroisobutyrylfentanyl: Case report with postmortem concentrations

We report on a case of a 35-year-old man who died suddenly and unexpectedly due to a 4-fluoroisobutyrylfentanyl (4-FIBF) mono-intoxication. Pathological, toxicological and chemical investigations were conducted at the Netherlands Forensic Institute. A full three-cavity forensic pathological examination was performed according to international guidelines. Biological samples obtained during autopsy were comprehensively investigated for the presence of toxic substances using headspace gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection, liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS), GC-MS, high-performance LC with diode array detection and LC-tandem MS (LC-MS-MS). The seized crystalline substance found next to the body was investigated using a presumptive color test, GC-MS, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. Pathological investigation identified minor lymphocytic infiltrates in the heart, considered irrelevant for the cause of death. Toxicological analysis of the victims' blood indicated the presence of a fluorobutyrylfentanyl (FBF) isomer, with no other compounds detected. The FBF isomer was identified in the seized crystalline substance as 4-FIBF. 4-FIBF concentrations were quantified in femoral blood (0.030 mg/L), heart blood (0.12 mg/L), vitreous humor (0.067 mg/L), brain tissue (>0.081 mg/kg), liver tissue (0.44 mg/kg) and urine (approximately 0.01 mg/L). Based on the outcomes of the pathological, toxicological and chemical investigations, the cause of death of the deceased was attributed to a fatal 4-FIBF mono-intoxication. The presented case underlines the added value of a combined bioanalytical and chemical investigative approach to identify and subsequently quantify fentanyl isomers in postmortem cases. Furthermore, it demonstrates the importance of investigating the postmortem redistribution of novel fentanyl analogs to establish reference values and to subsequently allow for correct interpretation of cause of death analysis in future casework.

Fatal gastric volvulus: forensic pathology considerations and postmortem CT findings

Gastric volvulus is a rare cause of gastric obstruction, due to the rotation of the stomach by more than 180°. It is a rare but life-threatening medical emergency that is considered difficult to diagnose at the initial clinical presentation. Forensic pathologists may be presented with gastric volvulus in several ways, for instance, as a cause of sudden and unexpected death or in the context of suspected clinical errors. The post-mortem examination of gastric volvulus may be challenging, due to the specific technical issues it presents and the various mechanisms by which volvulus may cause death. We therefore present five cases of gastric volvulus that in combination represent almost the entire spectrum of presentations and post-mortem findings, to discuss how gastric volvulus may come to the attention of a forensic pathologist, the approach and findings at post-mortem examination (including post-mortem CT), and the variety of mechanisms by which gastric volvulus may result in death.

Application of postmortem imaging modalities in cases of sudden death due to cardiovascular diseases-current achievements and limitations from a pathology perspective : Endorsed by the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology and by the International Society of Forensic Radiology and Imaging

Postmortem imaging (PMI) is increasingly used in postmortem practice and is considered a potential alternative to a conventional autopsy, particularly in case of sudden cardiac deaths (SCD). In 2017, the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology (AECVP) published guidelines on how to perform an autopsy in such cases, which is still considered the gold standard, but the diagnostic value of PMI herein was not analyzed in detail. At present, significant progress has been made in the PMI diagnosis of acute ischemic heart disease, the most important cause of SCD, while the introduction of postmortem CT angiography (PMCTA) has improved the visualization of several parameters of coronary artery pathology that can support a diagnosis of SCD. Postmortem magnetic resonance (PMMR) allows the detection of acute myocardial injury-related edema. However, PMI has limitations when compared to clinical imaging, which severely impacts the postmortem diagnosis of myocardial injuries (ischemic versus non-ischemic), the age-dating of coronary occlusion (acute versus old), other potentially SCD-related cardiac lesions (e.g., the distinctive morphologies of cardiomyopathies), aortic diseases underlying dissection or rupture, or pulmonary embolism. In these instances, PMI cannot replace a histopathological examination for a final diagnosis. Emerging minimally invasive techniques at PMI such as image-guided biopsies of the myocardium or the aorta, provide promising results that warrant further investigations. The rapid developments in the field of postmortem imaging imply that the diagnosis of sudden death due to cardiovascular diseases will soon require detailed knowledge of both postmortem radiology and of pathology.

The logic of forensic pathology opinion

Evaluating evidence and providing opinions are at the heart of forensic science, and forensic experts are expected to provide opinions that are based on logically sound and transparent scientific reasoning, and that honour the boundaries of their area of expertise. In order to meet these objectives, many fields of science explicitly apply Bayes' theorem, which describes the logically correct way to update probabilities on the basis of observations. Making a distinction between 'investigative' and evaluative' modes of operating helps to implement the theorem into daily casework. Use of these principles promotes the logic and transparency of the reasoning that leads to expert's opinion and helps the expert to stay within her remit. Despite these important benefits, forensic pathology seems slow to adopt these principles. In this article, we explore this issue and suggest a way forward. We start with a short introduction to Bayes' theorem and its benefits, followed by a discussion of why its application is actually second nature to medical practitioners. We then discuss the difference between investigative and evaluative opinions, and how they enable the forensic pathologist to reconcile Bayes' theorem with the different phases of a forensic investigation. Throughout the text, practical examples illustrate the various ways in which the logically correct way of evidence interpretation can be implemented, and how it may help the forensic pathologist to provide an appropriate and relevant opinion.

Providing a Forensic Expert Opinion on the "Degree of Force": Evidentiary Considerations

Forensic pathologists and anthropologists are often asked in court for an opinion about the degree of force required to cause a specific injury. This paper examines and discusses the concept of 'degree of force' and why it is considered a pertinent issue in legal proceedings. This discussion identifies the implicit assumptions that often underpin questions about the 'degree of force'. The current knowledge base for opinions on the degree of force is then provided by means of a literature review. A critical appraisal of this literature shows that much of the results from experimental research is of limited value in routine casework. An alternative approach to addressing the issue is provided through a discussion of the application of Bayes' theorem, also called the likelihood ratio framework. It is argued that the use of this framework makes it possible for an expert to provide relevant and specific evidence, whilst maintaining the boundaries of their field of expertise.

The histopathological spectrum of myocardial inflammation in relation to circumstance of death: a retrospective cohort study in clinical and forensic autopsies

Interpreting a myocardial inflammation as causal, contributory or as of no significance at all in the cause of death can be challenging, especially in cases where other pathologic and/or medico-legal findings are also present. To further evaluate the significance of myocardial inflammation as a cause of death we performed a retrospective cohort study of forensic and clinical autopsy cases. We revised the spectrum of histological inflammatory parameters in the myocardium of 79 adult autopsy cases and related these to the reported cause of death. Myocardial slides were reviewed for the distribution and intensity of inflammatory cell infiltrations, the predominant inflammatory cell type, and the presence of inflammation-associated myocyte injury, fibrosis, edema and hemorrhage. Next, the cases were divided over three groups, based on the reported cause of death. Group 1 (n = 27) consisted of all individuals with an obvious unnatural cause of death. Group 2 (n = 29) included all individuals in which myocarditis was interpreted to be one out of more possible causes of death. Group 3 (n = 23) consisted of all individuals in which myocarditis was reported to be the only significant finding at autopsy, and no other cause of death was found. Systematic application of our histological parameters showed that only a diffuse increase of inflammatory cells could discriminate between an incidental presence of inflammation (Group 1) or a potentially significant one (Groups 2 and 3). No other histological parameter showed significant differences between the groups. Our results suggest that generally used histological parameters are often insufficient to differentiate an incidental myocarditis from a (potentially) significant one.

Technical Note: The Forensic Anthropology Society of Europe (FASE) Map of Identified Osteological Collections

Identified (documented) osteological collections represent an important resource in the development of forensic anthropology standards and methods as well as a precious tool for learning and training of practitioners. Even though the number of papers presenting identified collections worldwide increases, many of the collections have still not been divulged to the scientific community in sufficient detail to ascertain their exact number. The Forensic Anthropology Society of Europe (FASE) therefore developed a tool that goes beyond sporadic publications: the FASE Map of Identified Osteological Collections, which is freely accessible and continuously updated and revised. The online map is available at http://forensicanthropology.eu/osteological-collections/. The map of skeletal collections was created in 2017 and currently displays information on 153 identified osteological collections (43 of them categorized as contemporary) located in 41 different countries. This article offers a short analysis of the type, geographical location and content of the collections included in the map. The aim of this article and the map as such is to provide a useful resource to facilitate research planning and teaching in forensic anthropology and related disciplines.

The radiographic relationship between the cortical overlap view (COV) and the tip of the greater trochanter

For proximal femoral nailing, choosing the proper entry point with the aid of C-arm imaging is crucial. Therefore, obtaining accurate radiological views that facilitate sound identification of the tip of the greater trochanter (GT) is of utmost importance. The aim of this study was to define a radiological view characterised by reproducible radiographic landmarks which will allow the reliable identification of the tip of the GT in the anteroposterior view. Anatomical and radiographic features of 16 cadaveric femurs were analysed. The cortical overlap view (COV), characterised by the radiological overlap of the density line of the piriform fossa and the intertrochanteric crest, was identified. It marks the rotation of the proximal femur at which the GT can be accurately identified and used to determine the desired entry point for a proximal femoral nail. Trainees and fully qualified orthopedic trauma surgeons were asked to identify the correct COV in radiological imaging series. Mean internal rotation of the femur to achieve a COV was 17.5° (range 12.8°–21.8°). In the COV the tip of the GT is the highest visible point and the mean distance from the cortical overlap line to the tip of the GT is 4.45 mm. Intra- and inter-rater reliability was high with ICC(2,k) = 0.932 and ICC(2,k) = 0.987 respectively. Trainees achieved higher rates of correct COV identification than specialists. There was no significant correlation between the internal rotation of the femur to achieve the COV and femoral antetorsion. In conclusion, the COV is a highly reproducible radiological view that is characterised by radiographic landmarks easy to recognise. It allows for accurate identification of the tip of the GT, which can be used by the surgeon as a reference to determine the desired entry point for an intramedullary nail.

Viral presence and immunopathology in patients with lethal COVID-19: a prospective autopsy cohort study

BACKGROUND

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) targets multiple organs and causes severe coagulopathy. Histopathological organ changes might not only be attributable to a direct virus-induced effect, but also the immune response. The aims of this study were to assess the duration of viral presence, identify the extent of inflammatory response, and investigate the underlying cause of coagulopathy.

METHODS

This prospective autopsy cohort study was done at Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), the Netherlands. With informed consent from relatives, full body autopsy was done on 21 patients with COVID-19 for whom autopsy was requested between March 9 and May 18, 2020. In addition to histopathological evaluation of organ damage, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and the composition of the immune infiltrate and thrombi were assessed, and all were linked to disease course.

FINDINGS

Our cohort (n=21) included 16 (76%) men, and median age was 68 years (range 41-78). Median disease course (time from onset of symptoms to death) was 22 days (range 5-44 days). In 11 patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 tropism, SARS-CoV-2 infected cells were present in multiple organs, most abundantly in the lungs, but presence in the lungs became sporadic with increased disease course. Other SARS-CoV-2-positive organs included the upper respiratory tract, heart, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. In histological analyses of organs (sampled from nine to 21 patients per organ), an extensive inflammatory response was present in the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, and brain. In the brain, extensive inflammation was seen in the olfactory bulbs and medulla oblongata. Thrombi and neutrophilic plugs were present in the lungs, heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, and brain and were most frequently observed late in the disease course (15 patients with thrombi, median disease course 22 days [5-44]; ten patients with neutrophilic plugs, 21 days [5-44]). Neutrophilic plugs were observed in two forms: solely composed of neutrophils with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), or as aggregates of NETs and platelets..

INTERPRETATION

In patients with lethal COVID-19, an extensive systemic inflammatory response was present, with a continued presence of neutrophils and NETs. However, SARS-CoV-2-infected cells were only sporadically present at late stages of COVID-19. This suggests a maladaptive immune response and substantiates the evidence for immunomodulation as a target in the treatment of severe COVID-19.

FUNDING

Amsterdam UMC Corona Research Fund.

Strengthening the role of forensic anthropology in personal identification: Position statement by the Board of the Forensic Anthropology Society of Europe (FASE)

In this position statement, the Board members of the Forensic Anthropology Society of Europe (FASE) argue that forensic anthropology methods can be used as means of personal identification, particularly in situations with limited availability of traditional identification methods (i.e. dactyloscopy, odontology, and molecular genetic analysis). This statement has been issued taking into account the international migration crises related to thousands of deaths worldwide, in which the utility of these traditional means of identification has been sporadic to non-existent. The statement is however not limited to deaths related to the migration crises, as similar problems may occur in fatalities en masse such as in natural disasters and armed conflicts, and on a smaller scale in cases of homeless or otherwise socioeconomically disadvantaged persons. The number of reports on personal identification based on sound anthropological methodology is increasing in the scientific literature. However, more research is needed to develop evidence-based standard operating procedures and statistical frameworks. It remains essential to raise awareness among forensic practitioners, law enforcement, and judiciary professionals on the utility of forensic anthropology in cases where it can provide sufficient information for identification.

Disaster victim identification operations with fragmented, burnt, or commingled remains: experience-based recommendations

Human-made and natural disasters can result in severely fragmented, compromised, and commingled human remains. The related disaster victim identification (DVI) operations are invariably challenging, with the state of the remains potentially precluding some identifications. Practitioners involved in these DVI operations will routinely face logistical, practical, and ethical challenges. This review provides information and guidance derived from first-hand experiences to individuals tasked with managing DVI operations with fragmented human remains. We outline several key issues that should be addressed during disaster preparedness planning and at the outset of an operation, when incident-specific strategies are developed. Specific challenges during recovery and examination of fragmented remains are addressed, highlighting the importance of experienced specialists at the scene and in the mortuary. DNA sample selection and sampling techniques are reviewed, as well as downstream effects of commingling and contamination, which can complicate reconciliation and emphasise the need for rigorous quality control. We also touch on issues that may arise during communication with families. While recommendations are provided, they are not intended as proscriptive policy but rather as an addition to the general recommendations given in the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) DVI Guide, to inform preparative discussions between government officials, judiciary, police, and forensic specialists.

Key points

A DVI operation for an incident characterised by many fragmented and otherwise compromised human remains poses specific challenges that may prolong and complicate identifications.

Specialists should be consulted at the outset to address key issues related to the aim and extent of the operation.

Specialist expertise in handling compromised human remains is indispensable at the scene, in the mortuary, during reconciliation, and for quality control.

Continuous consultation between representatives from government, the judiciary, law enforcement, the media, and various forensic specialists will prevent unnecessary delay and facilitate accurate and timely communication.

Histologic Analysis of 2 Alternative Donor Sites of the Ipsilateral Elbow in the Treatment of Capitellar Osteochondritis Dissecans

PURPOSE

To compare the histologic features of the cartilage from the capitellum with 2 proposed alternative donor sites from the ipsilateral elbow in the treatment of capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (OCD): the nonarticulating part of the radial head and the nonarticulating lateral side of the olecranon tip.

METHODS

Ten human cadaveric elbow specimens with macroscopically normal articular surfaces were used to obtain 5-mm osteochondral grafts: 10 from the capitellum (60° anteriorly relative to the humeral shaft), 10 from the radial head (nonarticulating part at 80°), and 4 from the olecranon (lateral side of the olecranon tip). Grafts were fixated in formalin (4% formaldehyde), decalcified, and processed into standard 8-μm-thick hematoxylin and eosin-and Toluidine Blue-stained sections. These were assessed for cartilage thickness, shape of articular surface, and 13 histologic parameters of the International Cartilage Repair Society II. Olecranon scores were excluded from statistical analysis.

RESULTS

Mean cartilage thickness was 1.5 ± 0.22 mm at the capitellum; 1.3 ± 0.34 mm at the radial head; and 1.9 ± 1.0 mm at the olecranon. There was no difference in cartilage thickness between the capitellum and radial head (P = .062). All grafts demonstrated a convex articular surface. International Cartilage Repair Society II scores ranged from 82 to 100 for the capitellum, from 81 to 100 for the radial head, and from 67 to 87 for the olecranon tip. There was less chondrocyte clustering at the capitellum (84 ± 14) than in the radial head (94 ± 3.2; P = .019). Mid/deep zone assessment of the capitellum scored higher (97 ± 6.7) than the radial head (91 ± 4.6; P = .038).

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates appropriate histologic similarities between the cartilage from the capitellum and 2 alternative donor sites of the ipsilateral elbow in the treatment of capitellar OCD: the nonarticulating part of the radial head and the nonarticulating lateral side of the olecranon tip.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

From an histologic point of view, there seem to be no obstacles to use grafts from these alternative donor sites for reconstruction of the capitellum when performing osteochondral autologous transplantation.

Histologic and radiological analysis on bone fractures: Estimation of posttraumatic survival time in skeletal trauma

In antemortem fractures, the estimation of the amount of time that has lapsed between the traumatic event and eventual death (the socalled 'posttraumatic survival time' or PTST) can have substantial implications in legal proceedings. It might for instance help to corroborate witness testimonies, to reconstruct the chain of events leading to eventual death or to establish a sequence when multiple traumata in a single individual are encountered. However, PTST estimation of bone trauma is impeded by a myriad of theoretical and practical issues, and is therefore almost invariably considered challenging. A few years ago, a method that combines radiological and histological analysis of fractures to estimate the minimum amount of lapsed PTST in skeletonized remains was proposed. This study aims to test its accuracy on a set of five rib fractures and four skull lesions fractures with known and varying amounts of posttraumatic survival time. In addition, it explores the differences between the assessment on ribs and skull bones and it expands on the proposed method by including computed tomography (CT) scanning. Using conventional radiology and histology, the minimum amount of PTST was accurately estimated in 8 out of 9 of the cases (89%). The one discrepancy between the estimated and known PTST was minimal, being just one day. The precision of the method diminishes as healing advances. It was noted that skull lesions showed less advanced and less well-developed healing features than the lapsed PTST would suggest. Of the three used modalities, conventional radiology proved to be the least accurate. CT scanning proved to be a valuable, sometimes even superior alternative to conventional radiology. Histology was superior to both conventional radiology and CT scanning. The results of our study illustrate the potential of the combined application of radiology and histology to estimate the PSTS in skeletonized human fractures.

The accuracy of 3D virtual bone models of the pelvis for morphological sex estimation

It is currently unknown whether morphological sex estimation traits are accurately portrayed on virtual bone models, and this hampers the use of virtual bone models as an alternative source of contemporary skeletal reference data. This study determines whether commonly used morphological sex estimation traits can be accurately scored on virtual 3D pelvic bone elements. Twenty-seven intact cadavers from the body donation program of the Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, were CT scanned; this data was used to produce virtual bone models. Thereafter, the dry bones were obtained. Three traits by Klales (2012) and five traits from the Workshop of European Anthropologists (WEA) (1980) were scored on the virtual bone models and their dry skeletal counterparts. Intra- and inter-observer agreement and the agreement between the scores for each virtual bone model-dry bone pair were calculated using weighted Cohen’s kappa (K). For all Klales (2012) traits, intra- and inter-observer agreement was substantial to almost perfect for the virtual- and dry bones (K = 0.62–0.90). The agreement in scores in the virtual-dry bone pairs ranged from moderate to almost perfect (K = 0.58–0.82). For the WEA (1980) traits, intra-observer agreement was substantial to almost perfect (K = 0.64–0.91), but results were less unambiguous for inter-observer agreement (K = 0.24–0.88). Comparison of the scores between the virtual bone models and the dry bones yielded kappa values of 0.42–0.87. On one hand, clinical CT data is a promising source for contemporary forensic anthropological reference data, but the interchangeability of forensic anthropological methods between virtual bone models and dry skeletal elements needs to be tested further.

The role of forensic anthropology in disaster victim identification (DVI): recent developments and future prospects

Forensic anthropological knowledge has been used in disaster victim identification (DVI) for over a century, but over the past decades, there have been a number of disaster events which have seen an increasing role for the forensic anthropologist. The experiences gained from some of the latest DVI operations have provided valuable lessons that have had an effect on the role and perceived value of the forensic anthropologist as part of the team managing the DVI process. This paper provides an overview of the ways in which forensic anthropologists may contribute to DVI with emphasis on how recent experiences and developments in forensic anthropology have augmented these contributions. Consequently, this paper reviews the value of forensic anthropological expertise at the disaster scene and in the mortuary, and discusses the way in which forensic anthropologists may use imaging in DVI efforts. Tissue-sampling strategies for DNA analysis, especially in the case of disasters with a large amount of fragmented remains, are also discussed. Additionally, consideration is given to the identification of survivors; the statistical basis of identification; the challenges related to some specific disaster scenarios; and education and training. Although forensic anthropologists can play a valuable role in different phases of a DVI operation, they never practice in isolation. The DVI process requires a multidisciplinary approach and, therefore, has a close collaboration with a range of forensic specialists.

An advanced magnetic resonance imaging perspective on the etiology of deep tissue injury

Early diagnosis of deep tissue injury remains problematic due to the complicated and multifactorial nature of damage induction and the many processes involved in damage development and recovery. In this paper, we present a comprehensive assessment of deep tissue injury development and remodeling in a rat model by multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathology. The tibialis anterior muscle of rats was subjected to mechanical deformation for 2 h. Multiparametric in vivo MRI, consisting of T2, T2*, mean diffusivity (MD), and angiography measurements, was applied before, during, and directly after indentation as well as at several time points during a 14-day follow-up. MRI readouts were linked to histological analyses of the damaged tissue. The results showed dynamic change in various MRI parameters, reflecting the histopathological status of the tissue during damage induction and repair. Increased T2 corresponded with edema, muscle cell damage, and inflammation. T2* was related to tissue perfusion, hemorrhage, and inflammation. MD increase and decrease was reported on the tissue’s microstructural integrity and reflected muscle degeneration and edema as well as fibrosis. Angiography provided information on blockage of blood flow during deformation. Our results indicate that the effects of a single damage-causing event of only 2 h of deformation were present up to 14 days. The initial tissue response to deformation, as observed by MRI, starts at the edge of the indentation. The quantitative MRI readouts provided distinct and complementary information on the extent, temporal evolution, and microstructural basis of deep tissue injury-related muscle damage.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have applied a multiparametric MRI approach linked to histopathology to characterize damage development and remodeling in a rat model of deep tissue injury. Our approach provided several relevant insights in deep tissue injury. Response to damage, as observed by MRI, started at some distance from the deformation. Damage after a single indentation period persisted up to 14 days. The MRI parameters provided distinct and complementary information on the microstructural basis of the damage.

Sudden aortic death-proposal for a comprehensive diagnostic approach in forensic and in clinical pathology practice

BACKGROUNDS

Aortic rupture or dissection as immediate cause of sudden death is encountered in forensic and clinical autopsy practice. Despite a common denominator of 'sudden aortic death' (SAD), we expect that in both settings the diagnostic workup, being either primarily legal or primarily disease related, differs substantially, which may affect the eventual diagnoses.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed case records of deceased persons who fitted a diagnosis of SAD in the continuous autopsy cohorts in a forensic (Suisse) and a clinical setting (The Netherlands). Clinical characteristics, data from post-mortem imaging, tissue blocks for histological analysis and results of ancillary studies were reviewed for its presence and outcome.

RESULTS

SAD was found in 7.7% in the forensic versus 2.2% in the clinical autopsies. In the forensic setting, autopsy was always combined with post-mortem imaging, showing variable outcome on detection of aortic disruption and/or pericardial bleeding. Histology of aorta was performed in 12/35 cases, mostly in the natural deaths. In the clinical setting, histology of the aorta was available in all cases, but post-mortem imaging in none. In both settings, underlying aortic disease was mostly cystic medial degeneration, atherosclerosis or a combination of both, with occasional rare unexpected diagnosis. Also in both, a genetic cause of aortic dissection was revealed in a minority (three cases).

CONCLUSION

Sudden aortic death (SAD) is more commonly encountered in a forensic than in a clinical setting. Major differences in the approach of SAD between these settings coincide with similarities in causes of death and underlying diseases. To ensure a correct diagnosis, we recommend that the investigation of SAD includes a study of the medical history, a full autopsy with histology of major organs including aorta, and storage of material for toxicological and genetic testing. Post-mortem radiological examination, useful for documentation and screening purposes, is feasible as non-invasive alternative when autopsy is not possible, but cannot substitute a full autopsy.

Intravascular Lipiodol Presenting as an Atrial Mass

A 68-year-old woman, previously treated with embolization of the thoracic duct with Lipiodol (an ethiodized oil injection) and cyanoacrylate glue (a topical tissue adhesive), was admitted with an asymptomatic mass in the inferior vena cava (IVC) and right atrium. The mass was surgically removed, and pathologic analysis revealed a Lipiodol-containing thrombus. To our knowledge, this is the first clinicopathologic report of Lipiodol-induced thrombus presenting as an intracavitary mass.

The geometrical precision of virtual bone models derived from clinical computed tomography data for forensic anthropology

Almost all European countries lack contemporary skeletal collections for the development and validation of forensic anthropological methods. Furthermore, legal, ethical and practical considerations hinder the development of skeletal collections. A virtual skeletal database derived from clinical computed tomography (CT) scans provides a potential solution. However, clinical CT scans are typically generated with varying settings. This study investigates the effects of image segmentation and varying imaging conditions on the precision of virtual modelled pelves. An adult human cadaver was scanned using varying imaging conditions, such as scanner type and standard patient scanning protocol, slice thickness and exposure level. The pelvis was segmented from the various CT images resulting in virtually modelled pelves. The precision of the virtual modelling was determined per polygon mesh point. The fraction of mesh points resulting in point-to-point distance variations of 2 mm or less (95% confidence interval (CI)) was reported. Colour mapping was used to visualise modelling variability. At almost all (>97%) locations across the pelvis, the point-to-point distance variation is less than 2 mm (CI = 95%). In >91% of the locations, the point-to-point distance variation was less than 1 mm (CI = 95%). This indicates that the geometric variability of the virtual pelvis as a result of segmentation and imaging conditions rarely exceeds the generally accepted linear error of 2 mm. Colour mapping shows that areas with large variability are predominantly joint surfaces. Therefore, results indicate that segmented bone elements from patient-derived CT scans are a sufficiently precise source for creating a virtual skeletal database.

MitraClip®: Two Weeks after Implantation

A 73-year-old male received a percutaneous mitral valve repair with a MitraClip to treat severe (grade IV) symptomatic mitral regurgitation (MR). The MitraClip® procedure reduced the MR to grade I, but the patient died 14 days post-procedurally due to a pneumosepsis. Histological analysis of the MitraClip mesh covering showed a chronic inflammatory reaction with an abundance of multinucleated giant cells. Remarkably, signs of early onset clip-coverage were found, indicated by the presence of a few scattered myofibroblasts.

Coronary Artery Vessel Healing Pattern, Short and Long Term, After Implantation of the Everolimus-Eluting Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold

Background

Although the Absorb bioresorbable vascular scaffold is increasingly used in daily clinical practice for the treatment of coronary artery disease, the exact vascular healing pattern and the resorption process in humans is unknown because histological data are derived only from animal studies.

Methods and Results

We have obtained 4 autopsies (5 scaffolds) since August 2013. Duration of bioresorbable vascular scaffold implantation ranged from 3 to 501 days. All autopsies and histological assessments were performed by dedicated cardiovascular pathologists. At 1 week after bioresorbable vascular scaffold implantation, struts were covered with a fine layer of fibrin and platelets. At 113 days, the scaffold struts were fully covered with smooth muscle cells. Hyaline eosinophilic and proteoglycan material infiltrating the scaffold struts was observed at 501 days after implantation. At all time points, we observed the presence of multinuclear foreign body giant cells adjacent to the scaffold struts.

Conclusions

Resorption and healing processes after bioresorbable vascular scaffold implantation in human patients mirror those observed in porcine models. The presence of multinucleated foreign body giant cells at both short‐ and long‐term follow‐up needs further investigation and may be related to a low‐grade absorptive inflammatory response to the polymer.

[Identifying victims of a disaster]

Identifying the victims of a disaster is important for the next of kin, to issue a death certificate and, if necessary, for forensic investigations. In the Netherlands victims are identified by the Dutch disaster victim identification team, which is part of the national forensic investigation team ('Landelijk Team Forensische Opsporing'). Ante-mortem data are collected during the identification process; these include the victim's specific medical characteristics and the DNA profile of the victim and their family members. The victim's own doctor can play an important role in the ante-mortem investigation because of his or her knowledge of their personal medical details, and of the possible availability of samples for establishing a DNA profile. The ante-mortem data are then compared with post-mortem data. For a definitive identification at least 1 primary identification characteristic has to be established from the physical remains - dermatoglyphics, the DNA profile or the dental status.

Short-term flexibility of myocardial triglycerides and diastolic function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Short-term caloric restriction increases plasma levels of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and is associated with increased myocardial triglyceride (TG) content and decreased myocardial function in healthy subjects. Whether this flexibility of myocardial TG stores and myocardial function is also present in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is yet unknown. Myocardial TG content and left ventricular (LV) ratio between the early (E) and atrial (A) diastolic filling phase (E/A) were determined using magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy and MR imaging, respectively, before and after a 3-day very low-calorie diet (VLCD) in 11 patients with T2DM. In addition, we studied patients after a 3-day VLCD combined with the antilipolytic drug acipimox. The VLCD induced myocardial TG accumulation [from 0.66 +/- 0.09% (mean +/- SE, baseline) to 0.98 +/- 0.16%, P = 0.028] and a decrease in E/A ratio [from 1.00 +/- 0.05 (baseline) to 0.90 +/- 0.06, P = 0.002]. This was associated with increased plasma NEFA levels (from 0.57 +/- 0.08 mmol/l at baseline to 0.92 +/- 0.12, P = 0.019). After the VLCD with acipimox, myocardial TG content, diastolic function, and plasma NEFA levels were similar to baseline values. In conclusion, in patients with T2DM, a VLCD increases myocardial TG content and is associated with a decrease in LV diastolic function. These effects were not observed when a VLCD was combined with acipimox, illustrating the physiological flexibility of myocardial TG stores and myocardial function in patients with T2DM.