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Shin D, Kim S, Lee H, Lee HC, Lee J, Park HW, Fukai M, Choi E, Choi S, Koo BJ, Yu JH, No G, Cho S, Kim CW, Han D, Jang HD, Kim HS. PCSK9 stimulates Syk, PKCδ, and NF-κB, leading to atherosclerosis progression independently of LDL receptor. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2789. [PMID: 38555386 PMCID: PMC10981688 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9) binds to and degrades low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, leading to increase of LDL cholesterol in blood. Its blockers have emerged as promising therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases. Here we show that PCSK9 itself directly induces inflammation and aggravates atherosclerosis independently of the LDL receptor. PCSK9 exacerbates atherosclerosis in LDL receptor knockout mice. Adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1) is the main binding partner of PCSK9 and indispensable for the inflammatory action of PCSK9, including induction of cytokines, Toll like receptor 4, and scavenger receptors, enhancing the uptake of oxidized LDL. We find spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) to be the key mediators of inflammation after PCSK9-CAP1 binding. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, serum PCSK9 levels are positively correlated with Syk, PKCδ, and p65 phosphorylation. The CAP1-fragment crystallizable region (CAP1-Fc) mitigates PCSK9-mediated inflammatory signal transduction more than the PCSK9 blocking antibody evolocumab does.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasom Shin
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soungchan Kim
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Lee
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Chae Lee
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Park
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Program in Stem Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Fukai
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - EunByule Choi
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Choi
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon-Jun Koo
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Yu
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyurae No
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyoon Cho
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Program in Stem Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Woo Kim
- Department of Preclinical Trial, Laboratory Animal Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation (KBIO), Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Han
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Duk Jang
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo-Soo Kim
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Program in Stem Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Cardiovascular Center & Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Jang HD, Lee SE, Yang J, Lee HC, Shin D, Lee H, Lee J, Jin S, Kim S, Lee SJ, You J, Park HW, Nam KY, Lee SH, Park SW, Kim JS, Kim SY, Kwon YW, Kwak SH, Yang HM, Kim HS. Cyclase-associated protein 1 is a binding partner of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 and is required for the degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptors by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9. Eur Heart J 2021; 41:239-252. [PMID: 31419281 PMCID: PMC6945527 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9), a molecular determinant of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) fate, has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. However, the precise mechanism by which PCSK9 regulates the internalization and lysosomal degradation of LDLR is unknown. Recently, we identified adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1) as a receptor for human resistin whose globular C-terminus is structurally similar to the C-terminal cysteine-rich domain (CRD) of PCSK9. Herein, we investigated the role of CAP1 in PCSK9-mediated lysosomal degradation of LDLR and plasma LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Methods and results The direct binding between PCSK9 and CAP1 was confirmed by immunoprecipitation assay, far-western blot, biomolecular fluorescence complementation, and surface plasmon resonance assay. Fine mapping revealed that the CRD of PCSK9 binds with the Src homology 3 binding domain (SH3BD) of CAP1. Two loss-of-function polymorphisms found in human PCSK9 (S668R and G670E in CRD) were attributed to a defective interaction with CAP1. siRNA against CAP1 reduced the PCSK9-mediated degradation of LDLR in vitro. We generated CAP1 knock-out mice and found that the viable heterozygous CAP1 knock-out mice had higher protein levels of LDLR and lower LDL-C levels in the liver and plasma, respectively, than the control mice. Mechanistic analysis revealed that PCSK9-induced endocytosis and lysosomal degradation of LDLR were mediated by caveolin but not by clathrin, and they were dependent on binding between CAP1 and caveolin-1. Conclusion We identified CAP1 as a new binding partner of PCSK9 and a key mediator of caveolae-dependent endocytosis and lysosomal degradation of LDLR. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Duk Jang
- National Leading Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 71, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Korea Research-Driven Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Sang Eun Lee
- Department of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jimin Yang
- National Leading Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 71, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Korea Research-Driven Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, World Class University Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Hyun-Chae Lee
- National Leading Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 71, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Korea Research-Driven Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, World Class University Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Dasom Shin
- National Leading Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 71, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Korea Research-Driven Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, World Class University Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Hwan Lee
- National Leading Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 71, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Korea Research-Driven Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, World Class University Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- National Leading Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 71, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Korea Research-Driven Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Sooryeonhwa Jin
- National Leading Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 71, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Korea Research-Driven Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, World Class University Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Soungchan Kim
- National Leading Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 71, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Korea Research-Driven Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, World Class University Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Seung Ji Lee
- National Leading Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 71, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Korea Research-Driven Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, World Class University Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Jihye You
- National Leading Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 71, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Korea Research-Driven Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, World Class University Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Park
- National Leading Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 71, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Korea Research-Driven Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Ky-Youb Nam
- Bio AI Research Center, Pharos I&BT Co., Ltd., Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 14059, Korea
| | - Sang-Hak Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-Dong, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120752, Korea
| | - Sahng Wook Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120752, Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 120752, Korea
| | - Sang-Yeob Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Yoo-Wook Kwon
- National Leading Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 71, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Korea Research-Driven Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Soo Heon Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-Ro Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Han-Mo Yang
- National Leading Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 71, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Korea Research-Driven Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Cardiovascular Center & Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-Ro Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hyo-Soo Kim
- National Leading Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 71, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Korea Research-Driven Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, 71, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, World Class University Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Cardiovascular Center & Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-Ro Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
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4
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Kim YC, Lee SE, Kim SK, Jang HD, Hwang I, Jin S, Hong EB, Jang KS, Kim HS. Toll-like receptor mediated inflammation requires FASN-dependent MYD88 palmitoylation. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:907-916. [PMID: 31427815 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)/myeloid differentiation primary response protein (MYD88) signaling aggravates sepsis by impairing neutrophil migration to infection sites. However, the role of intracellular fatty acids in TLR/MYD88 signaling is unclear. Here, inhibition of fatty acid synthase by C75 improved neutrophil chemotaxis and increased the survival of mice with sepsis in cecal ligation puncture and lipopolysaccharide-induced septic shock models. C75 specifically blocked TLR/MYD88 signaling in neutrophils. Treatment with GSK2194069 that targets a different domain of fatty acid synthase, did not block TLR signaling or MYD88 palmitoylation. De novo fatty acid synthesis and CD36-mediated exogenous fatty acid incorporation contributed to MYD88 palmitoylation. The binding of IRAK4 to the MYD88 intermediate domain and downstream signal activation required MYD88 palmitoylation at cysteine 113. MYD88 was palmitoylated by ZDHHC6, and ZDHHC6 knockdown decreased MYD88 palmitoylation and TLR/MYD88 activation upon lipopolysaccharide stimulus. Thus, intracellular saturated fatty acid-dependent palmitoylation of MYD88 by ZDHHC6 is a therapeutic target of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chan Kim
- Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Korea Research-Driven Hospital, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Eun Lee
- Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Somi K Kim
- Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Korea Research-Driven Hospital, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Duk Jang
- Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Korea Research-Driven Hospital, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Injoo Hwang
- Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Korea Research-Driven Hospital, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sooryeonhwa Jin
- Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Korea Research-Driven Hospital, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Byeol Hong
- Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Korea Research-Driven Hospital, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Soon Jang
- Biomedical Omics Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Soo Kim
- Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. .,Korea Research-Driven Hospital, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. .,World Class University Program, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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