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La Rosée P, Bremer HC, La Rosée F, Mohm P, Hochhaus A, Gehrke I, Kumle B, Benzing A, Russo S. [Erratum to: Interdisciplinary COVID board for patients with triggered hyperferritinemic Inflammation]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2020; 116:145. [PMID: 33289864 PMCID: PMC7721791 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-020-00763-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P La Rosée
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Hämatologie, Onkologie, Immunologie, Infektiologie und Palliativmedizin, Schwarzwald-Baar-Klinikum, Klinikstr. 11, 78052, Villingen-Schwenningen, Deutschland.
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Deutschland.
| | - H-C Bremer
- Lungenzentrum, Schwarzwald-Baar-Klinikum, Donaueschingen, Deutschland
| | - F La Rosée
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Deutschland
- Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - P Mohm
- Lungenzentrum, Schwarzwald-Baar-Klinikum, Donaueschingen, Deutschland
| | - A Hochhaus
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland
| | - I Gehrke
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Innere Medizin Altersmedizin, Schwarzwald-Baar-Klinikum, Donaueschingen, Deutschland
| | - B Kumle
- Klinik für Akut- und Notfallmedizin, Schwarzwald-Baar-Klinikum, Villingen-Schwenningen, Deutschland
| | - A Benzing
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensiv‑, Notfall-und Schmerzmedizin, Schwarzwald-Baar-Klinikum, Villingen-Schwenningen & Donaueschingen, Deutschland
| | - S Russo
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensiv‑, Notfall-und Schmerzmedizin, Schwarzwald-Baar-Klinikum, Villingen-Schwenningen & Donaueschingen, Deutschland
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Deutschland
- Fakultät für Gesundheit, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Deutschland
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La Rosée F, Bremer HC, Gehrke I, Kehr A, Hochhaus A, Birndt S, Fellhauer M, Henkes M, Kumle B, Russo SG, La Rosée P. The Janus kinase 1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib in COVID-19 with severe systemic hyperinflammation. Leukemia 2020; 34:1805-1815. [PMID: 32518419 PMCID: PMC7282206 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0891-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A subgroup of patients with severe COVID-19 suffers from progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan failure. These patients present with progressive hyperinflammation governed by proinflammatory cytokines. An interdisciplinary COVID-19 work flow was established to detect patients with imminent or full blown hyperinflammation. Using a newly developed COVID-19 Inflammation Score (CIS), patients were prospectively stratified for targeted inhibition of cytokine signalling by the Janus Kinase 1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib (Rux). Patients were treated with efficacy/toxicity guided step up dosing up to 14 days. Retrospective analysis of CIS reduction and clinical outcome was performed. Out of 105 patients treated between March 30th and April 15th, 2020, 14 patients with a CIS ≥ 10 out of 16 points received Rux over a median of 9 days with a median cumulative dose of 135 mg. A total of 12/14 patients achieved significant reduction of CIS by ≥25% on day 7 with sustained clinical improvement in 11/14 patients without short term red flag warnings of Rux-induced toxicity. Rux treatment for COVID-19 in patients with hyperinflammation is shown to be safe with signals of efficacy in this pilot case series for CRS-intervention to prevent or overcome multiorgan failure. A multicenter phase-II clinical trial has been initiated (NCT04338958).
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Affiliation(s)
- F La Rosée
- Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - H C Bremer
- Lungenzentrum Donaueschingen, Schwarzwald-Baar-Klinikum, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - I Gehrke
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Schwarzwald-Baar-Klinikum, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - A Kehr
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Schwarzwald-Baar-Klinikum, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - A Hochhaus
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - S Birndt
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - M Fellhauer
- Apotheke/Institut für Klinische Pharmazie, Schwarzwald-Baar-Klinikum, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - M Henkes
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Hämatologie, Onkologie, Immunologie, Infektiologie und Palliativmedizin, Schwarzwald-Baar-Klinikum, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - B Kumle
- Klinik für Akut- und Notfallmedizin, Schwarzwald-Baar-Klinikum, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - S G Russo
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensiv-, Notfall- und Schmerzmedizin, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, and Fakultät für Gesundheit, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - P La Rosée
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Hämatologie, Onkologie, Immunologie, Infektiologie und Palliativmedizin, Schwarzwald-Baar-Klinikum, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany.
- Medizinische Fakultät der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Pourhassan M, Cuvelier I, Gehrke I, Marburger C, Modreker MK, Volkert D, Willschrei HP, Wirth R. Prevalence of Risk Factors for the Refeeding Syndrome in Older Hospitalized Patients. J Nutr Health Aging 2018; 22:321-327. [PMID: 29484344 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-017-0917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The incidence of refeeding syndrome (RFS) in older patients is not well-known. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of known risk factors for RFS in older individuals during hospitalization at geriatric hospital departments. DESIGN AND SETTING 342 consecutive older participants (222 females) who admitted at acute geriatric hospital wards were included in a cross-sectional study. We applied the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) criteria for determining patients at risk of RFS. In addition, Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA®-SF) was used to identify patients at risk of malnutrition. Weight and height were assessed. The degree of weight loss was obtained by interview. Serum phosphate, magnesium, potassium, sodium, calcium, creatinine and urea were analyzed according to standard procedures. RESULTS Of 342 older participants included in the study (mean age 83.1 ± 6.8, BMI range of 14.7-43.6 kg/m2), 239 (69.9%) were considered to be at risk of RFS, in which 43.5% and 11.7% were at risk of malnutrition and malnourished, respectively, according to MNA-SF. Patients in the risk group had significantly higher weight loss, lower phosphate and magnesium levels. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, low levels of phosphate and magnesium followed by weight loss were the major risk factors for fulfilling the NICE criteria. CONCLUSION The incidence of risk factors for RFS was relatively high in older individuals acutely admitted in geriatric hospital units, suggesting that, RFS maybe more frequent among older persons than we are aware of. Patients with low serum levels of phosphate and magnesium and higher weight loss are at increased risk of RFS. The clinical characteristics of the older participants at risk of RFS indicate that these patients had a relatively poor nutritional status which can help us better understand the potential scale of RFS on admission or during the hospital stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pourhassan
- Maryam Pourhassan, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany, Hölkeskampring 40, D- 44625 Herne, Germany,
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Pourhassan M, Cuvelier I, Gehrke I, Marburger C, Modreker M, Volkert D, Willschrei HP, Wirth R. MON-P030: Risk Factors of Refeeding Syndrome and Malnutrition Screening in Older Hospitalized Patients. Clin Nutr 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0261-5614(17)31053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Volkert D, Bauer J, Frühwald T, Gehrke I, Lechleitner M, Lenzen-Großimlinghaus R, Wirth R, Sieber C. Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM) in Zusammenarbeit mit der GESKES, der AKE und der DGG. Aktuel Ernahrungsmed 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1343169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Volkert
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institut für Biomedizin des Alterns, Nürnberg, Deutschland
| | - J. Bauer
- Klinikum Oldenburg, Klinik für Geriatrie, Oldenburg, Deutschland
| | - T. Frühwald
- Krankenhaus Hietzing, Abteilung für Akutgeriatrie, Wien, Österreich
| | - I. Gehrke
- Krankenhaus vom Roten Kreuz Bad Cannstatt GmbH, Klinik für Akutgeriatrie und geriatrische Rehabilitation, Stuttgart, Deutschland
| | - M. Lechleitner
- Landeskrankenhaus Hochzirl, Anna Dengel Haus, Zirl, Österreich
| | | | - R. Wirth
- St. Marien-Hospital Borken GmbH, Klinik für Geriatrie, Borken, Deutschland
| | - C. Sieber
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institut für Biomedizin des Alterns, Nürnberg und Krankenhaus Barmherzige Brüder Regensburg, Deutschland
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Abstract
In 2030, 47% of the world population will be living in areas of high water stress (UN World Water Development Report 3, 2009). The global water shortage results in an emerging need for novel, more efficient and cost saving water purification methods. Membrane technology with its very low use of chemical substances and secure retention of contaminants represents a promising water cleaning method. The approach presented focuses on the application of nanocoating procedures to membrane processes which aims at reducing the fouling potential of membranes and destroying water contaminants. Photocatalytic titanium dioxide nanoparticles are applied. Novel suitable microsieves including a homogeneous pore size distribution and high robustness were developed from metallic material. An appropriate multilayer coating system was developed and applied on a new nanocomposite filter resulting in high photocatalytic activities with maximum photon efficiencies of 0.0733. The coating layer do not have a negative influence on the permeate flux. The effectiveness of the nanocomposite filter was proven in a 12 days biofouling experiment with activated sludge suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gehrke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Strasse 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
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Gandhirajan RK, Poll-Wolbeck SJ, Gehrke I, Kreuzer KA. Wnt/β-catenin/LEF-1 signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): a target for current and potential therapeutic options. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2011; 10:716-27. [PMID: 20578984 DOI: 10.2174/156800910793605794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence that Wnt signaling, which is already known to play a critical role in various types of cancer, also has a vital function in B cell neoplasias, particularly in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). It is known that Wnt proteins are overexpressed in primary CLL cells and several physiological inhibitors are partly inactivated in this disease. Furthermore, β-catenin is upregulated upon Wnt stimulation and cooperates with the transcription factor lymphoid enhancer binding factor-1 (LEF-1). LEF-1 is excessively overexpressed in CLL cells by more than 3,000-fold compared to normal B cells. Moreover, LEF-1 could be identified as an important regulator of pathophysiologically relevant genes in CLL, and several Wnt/β-catenin signaling components substantially influence CLL cell survival. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge about Wnt/β-catenin/LEF-1 signaling in CLL. Following a short overview of current treatment concepts in CLL, we briefly describe Wnt signaling in human cancers. We then discuss recent progress in understanding regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin/LEF-1 signaling pathway in this disease. Based on the present scientific evidence we highlight which components of this important signaling pathway could serve as therapeutic targets in CLL. We then present previous results gained from experimental approaches to target different parts of the Wnt/β-catenin/LEF-1 cascade. Together with potentially promising approaches we also critically reflect on the kind of difficulties and problems that may arise using such strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gandhirajan
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University at Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Gehrke I, Bläsi B, Mick J. Neue Verfahren zur serienmäßigen Herstellung und Charakterisierung metallischer Mikrosiebe. CHEM-ING-TECH 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200750680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Robert J, Gehrke I, Deerberg G. Charakterisierung des Strömungsverhaltens von Mikrosieben. CHEM-ING-TECH 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200650382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gehrke I, Robert J, Deerberg G, Baumeister M. Entwicklung neuartiger Mikrosiebe für filtertechnische Anwendungen. CHEM-ING-TECH 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200590307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gehrke I, John P, Blundell J, Pearson L, Williams A, de Ville de Goyet J. Meso-portal bypass in children with portal vein thrombosis: rapid increase of the intrahepatic portal venous flow after direct portal hepatic reperfusion. J Pediatr Surg 2003; 38:1137-40. [PMID: 12891481 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3468(03)00257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE In children with portal vein (PV) thrombosis, hepatopetal portal flow can be restored by an innovative surgical procedure, the meso-portal-bypass (MPB), if the umbilical portion of the intrahepatic left PV and the superior mesenteric vein are patent. This is associated with resolution of symptoms related to extrahepatic portal hypertension (EHPH). However, no data are available yet on intrahepatic hemodynamic changes after MPB. The aim of this study was to evaluate morphologic adaptation and flow characteristics of the intrahepatic PV branches (ihPVb) after MPB. METHODS Prospective follow-up Doppler scans of the ihPVb were performed at 0.5 to 1, 3 to 6 and 12 months after MPB in 13 consecutive patients (2000-2002) and compared with preoperative findings. RESULTS Only small ihPVb were detected preoperatively on Doppler in 8 of 13 cases. Postoperatively (median follow up 12; range, 6 to 24 months), all 13 patients had patent MPB with hepatopetal flow, and ihPVb were easy to detect with satisfactory vessel diameters and flow velocities. CONCLUSIONS The preoperatively small ihPVb increase rapidly in diameter and hepatopetal flow velocity in patients benefiting from MPB. This correlates well with progressive resolution of their symptoms related to EHPH and reflects rapid adaptation of ihPVb.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gehrke
- Liver Unit, Birmingham Children Hospital, Birmingham, England UK
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Abstract
In a cell culture model of bile duct epithelial cells, the effect of prostaglandin E2, lithocholic acid and deoxycholic acid was studied. Bile acids and prostaglandin are administered postoperatively in biliary atresia empirically as choleretics. Prostaglandin E2 and the bile acids all had inhibitory effects on bile duct epithelial cells in culture. There is no clinical study proving the efficacy of either bile acids or prostaglandin E2 in biliary atresia. The negative results with these substances in cell cultures warrants reserve in their routine clinical use in biliary atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schier
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Steglitz, Berlin, Germany
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Gehrke I, Pabst R. Cell composition and lymphocyte subsets in the bronchoalveolar lavage of normal pigs of different ages in comparison with germfree and pneumonic pigs. Lung 1990; 168:79-92. [PMID: 2139915 DOI: 10.1007/bf02719678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For studies of lymphocyte kinetics in the different compartments of the lung, basic data on the cellular composition and lymphocyte subsets of porcine bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are essential. Therefore BAL was performed in pigs, and cytologic findings were studied using cytologic staining, enzyme cytochemistry, and immunologic labeling techniques. Four groups of normal pigs at different ages and of different breeds, 1 group with bacterial pneumonia, and 1 group of germfree animals were used. The total cell recovery was 10 x 10(6) in germfree pigs, in normal pigs it was 1.2-4 times higher, and in pneumonic pigs 23 times higher. The main cell type was macrophages, approximately 80% in normal and germfree and 50% in pneumonic pigs. The BAL contained 20% lymphocytes. Granulocytes were absent in normal BAL, but formed 30% of pneumonic BAL. Here the total number of macrophages was 3-9 times higher than normal, the total number of lymphocytes was 11-23 times higher. The proportion of surface immunoglobulin positive (sIg+) cells was 4.5% in the young and 8.5% in the older pigs, and of T cells it was 6% in the young and 14.9% in the older pigs. The BAL of germfree pigs contained few sIg+ cells and half of the normal number of T cells. In pneumonic animals the BAL contained twice the number of sIg+ and a normal percentage of T cells. The percentage of T-helper lymphocytes was approximately 2% without marked differences between the groups, whereas the percentage of T-suppressor lymphocytes varied significantly from 0.8% in germfree to 4% in young normal and 8% in the older pigs. In this respect the pneumonic pigs did not differ from the normal groups. The study shows that the pig is a suitable animal model for further investigation of the cellular immune system of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gehrke
- Centre of Anatomy, Medical School of Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany
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Pabst R, Gehrke I. Is the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) an integral structure of the lung in normal mammals, including humans? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1990; 3:131-5. [PMID: 2378747 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb/3.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the respiratory tract, lymphoid aggregates with a specialized epithelium have been called bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) and compared to the organized lymphoid tissue of the gut (GALT), e.g., Peyer's patches. BALT might play a central role in antigen uptake, initiating immune responses and disseminating primed lymphoid cells in the respiratory tract. In the present study, lungs of mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, pigs, cats, and humans have been studied with respect to the presence and number of BALT and the dependence of BALT on age and microbial stimulation. BALT is not a constitutive structure in all these species. Its frequency varies widely, from 100% in rabbits and rats, 50% in guinea pigs, 33% in pigs, to its absence in cats and all normal human lungs. BALT seems to be a lymphoid structure which is not present in all the species studied but can develop in the lung after stimulation. This is in contrast to lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes or Peyer's patches, which can always be found. These species differences are of major importance in interpreting the clinical relevance of experiments in animal models on the lung immune system, e.g., antigen uptake, immunostimulation, or lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pabst
- Center of Anatomy, Medical School of Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany
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Gehrke I, Pabst R. [Bronchoalveolar lavage in the pig--comparison of normal, pathogen-free and pneumonic animals]. Pneumologie 1990; 44 Suppl 1:297-8. [PMID: 1973298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The cells found in the BAL fluid of the pig were characterised morphologically and immunocytologically with monoclonal antibodies. The percentage of macrophages was found to be 80%, and that of lymphocytes, 20%. Granulocytes are characteristic when pneumonia is presenting. B-cells are rarely observed in germ-free animals, account for 5-8% in the normal animal, and are elevated in pneumonia. The percentage of T-helper cells is not changed by germ-free breeding or in the presence of pneumonia. In germ-free animals, the percentage of T-suppressor cells is reduced, but remains unchanged in pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gehrke
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
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Gehrke I, Pabst R. The epithelium overlying rabbit bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue does not express the secretory component of immunoglobulin A. Cell Tissue Res 1990; 259:397-9. [PMID: 2110864 DOI: 10.1007/bf00318464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The epithelium associated with lymphoid aggregates in the bronchial tract (BALT) was studied in rabbits by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies against the secretory component (SC) of IgA. The normal bronchus epithelium was intensely labelled. In contrast, epithelium overlying the central parts of the follicles was negative. This specialized epithelium cannot participate in the SC-mediated transport of IgA, which might be a basis for the adherence and transport of microorganisms into the lymphoid tissue, thus initiating immune responses of the BALT.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gehrke
- Centre of Anatomy, Medical School of Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany
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Gehrke I, Böhm E, Sybrecht GW. [Stress-induced asthma--placebo-controlled double-blind comparison of prevention using fenoterol, disodium cromoglycate and a combination of the two]. Prax Klin Pneumol 1986; 40:129-34. [PMID: 3086859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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