Volatile Compounds from Cephalic Secretions of Females in two Cleptoparasite Bee Genera, Epeolus (Hym., Anthophoridae) and Coelioxys (Hym., Megachilidae)

Volatile cephalic secretions from females of four cleptoparasitic bee species, Epeolus cruciger (Pz.), E. variegatus, (L.) (Anthophoridae) and Coelioxys (Coelioxys) quadridentata (L.), C. (Schizocoelioxys) mandibularis Nyl. (Megachilidae) were analysed by combined gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. There are considerable similarities between the two species within each genus, and also some qualitative correspondences between the two genera. The Epeolus species contain spiroacetals, 2-alkanols and pyrazines while the Coelioxys species contain spiroacetals, 3-alkanols and 3-ketones along with unsaturated alcohols. Two of the spiroacetals are first found in nature.

The pollination of zygogynum (winteraceae) by a moth, sabatinca (micropterigidae): an ancient association?

The primitive and vesselless angiosperm Zygogynum (Winteraceae), which is restricted to New Caledonia, is pollinated by a moth, Sabatinca (Micropterigidae). Fossil records of both the moth and the plant families extend to the Early Cretaceous. Adult Sabatinca have grinding mandibles and usually feed on the spores of ferns and on pollen. The insects use the flowers as mating sites and eat the pollen which is immersed in a dense pollenkitt. This mode of pollination in which flowers serve as mating and feeding stations with floral odors acting as cues may have been common in the early evolution of flowering plants.

Reclassification of Agromyces fucosus subsp. hippuratus as Agromyces hippuratus sp. nov., comb. nov. and emended description of Agromyces fucosus

The taxonomic position of Agromyces fucosus subsp. hippuratus is revised on the basis of molecular and phenotypic data. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, DNA–DNA relatedness values and differences from other species in phenotypic traits revealed in this and earlier studies suggested reclassification of A. fucosus subsp. hippuratus as a separate species, Agromyces hippuratus sp. nov., comb. nov. The type strain is VKM Ac-1352T (=JCM 9087T). An emended description of Agromyces fucosus is given.

Quality of life 20 and 30 years after surgery in patients operated on for tetralogy of Fallot and for atrial septal defect

Follow-up studies on patients operated on for congenital heart defects have shown good anatomical results and long-term survival. To date, there have been few studies on such patients with regard to long-term psychosocial outcome and quality of life. In this study, two cohorts of patients operated on before the age of 15 years, one for tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and the other for atrial septal defect (ASD), were investigated 20 and 30 years after operation regarding quality of life. The combined cohort had a higher educational level than average. There was no connection between quality of life and physical health as judged from the New York Heart Association classification. The TOF group rated their quality of life higher than the ASD group, but both groups had lower figures at the 30-year than at the 20-year follow-up. Fewer patients in the TOF than in the ASD group considered that their lives were affected by the heart disease. It is concluded that the severity of the heart disease is not necessarily congruent with estimated quality of live and that mild heart defects, such as ASD, can have a considerable impact on later life quality. Surprisingly few TOF patients were affected negatively, a finding which might reflect development of a specific coping strategy in these patients during childhood.

Ornithinimicrobium humiphilum gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel soil actinomycete with L-ornithine in the peptidoglycan

A Gram-positive bacterium originating from garden soil was taxonomically studied. Cells are non-motile, non-sporulating, irregular rods and cocci. The cell wall peptidoglycan contains L-ornithine as diagnostic diamino acid and an interpeptide bridge consisting of L-Orn<--L-Ala<--Gly<--D-Asp. The major menaquinone is MK-8(H4). 13-Methyl tetradecanoic acid and 14-methyl pentadecanoic acid are the predominant fatty acids. The polar lipids are phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, three unknown glycolipids and three unknown phospholipids. Mycolic acids are absent. The DNA G+C composition is 70 mol%. The acyl type of the glycan chain of peptidoglycan is acetyl. Glucose is the dominating whole cell sugar; arabinose, rhamnose and xylose are present in traces. Results of 16S rDNA sequence comparisons revealed that strain HKI 0124T represents a novel lineage within the suborder Micrococcineae of the order Actinomycetales adjacent to the recently described genus Ornithinicoccus. On the basis of the clearly pronounced morphological, physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic differences between strain HKI 0124T and all members of the suborder Micrococcineae, it is proposed to assign strain HKI 0124T to a new genus and species, Ornithinimicrobium humiphilum gen. nov., sp. nov. The type and only strain is HKI 0124T (= DSM 12362T = CIP 106634T).

Simocyclinones, novel cytostatic angucyclinone antibiotics produced by Streptomyces antibioticus Tü 6040. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and biological activities

Two novel angucyclinone-type antibiotics, simocyclinones D4 and D8, were detected in the mycelium extract of Streptomyces antibioticus Tü 6040 by HPLC-diode-array and HPLC-electrospray-mass-spectrometry screening. The compounds show antibiotic activities against Gram-positive bacteria and cytostatic effects on various tumor cell lines.

Microbiology of the stalactites from Grotta dei Cervi, Porto Badisco, Italy

The active stalactites from Grotta dei Cervi, Porto Badisco, southeastern Italy, were sampled to investigate the microbial communities present in these speleothems. Sampling was carried out in a transect about 150 m long in the central gallery, where numerous Gram-positive bacteria were isolated. Actinomycetes of the genus Streptomyces were the most abundant, followed by members of the genus Bacillus. Further isolates were assigned to the genera Amycolatopsis, Arthrobacter; Agromyces. Micrococcus, Nocardiopsis and Rhodococcus of the order Actinomycetales. The ability of actinomycetes to colonize subterranean environments is discussed.

Beutenbergia cavernae gen. nov., sp. nov., an L-lysine-containing actinomycete isolated from a cave

Two aerobic, Gram-positive bacteria, strains HKI 0122T and HKI 0132, were isolated from a cave. Cells are not acid-fast, non-motile, non-spore-forming and exhibit a rod-coccus growth cycle. The cell wall peptidoglycan contains lysine in position 3 of the peptide subunit and an interpeptide bridge of L-Lys<--L-Glu. The major menaquinone is MK-8(H4), 13-methyl and 12-methyl tetradecanoic acids are the predominating fatty acids. The polar lipids consist of phosphatidylinositol, diphosphatidylglycerol and three unknown phospholipids. Mycolic acids are absent. The DNA base composition is 71 mol% G + C. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain HKI 0122T forms a novel taxon among the families and unassigned genera of the suborder Micrococcineae, within the order Actinomycetales. On the basis of the genotypic, chemotaxonomic, morphological and physiological characteristics of these two isolates it is proposed to assign strains HKI 0122T and HKI 0132 to a new genus and species for which the name Beutenbergia cavernae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HKI 0122T (= DSM 12333T).

Ornithinicoccus hortensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a soil actinomycete which contains L-ornithine

Two Gram-positive coccoid, non-motile bacteria with L-ornithine as diagnostic diamino acid of the peptidoglycan and an interpeptide bridge of L-Orn<--Gly(1,2)<--D-Glu were isolated from a sample of garden soil. The major menaquinone is MK-8(H4). 13-methyl and 12-methyl tetradecanoic acids are the predominant fatty acids. The polar lipids are phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine and two unknown phospholipids. Mycolic acids are absent. The DNA base composition is 72 mol% G + C. Recent comparative 16S rDNA studies revealed that strains HKI 0125T and HKI 0131 represent a novel lineage adjacent to the family Intrasporangiaceae of the order Actinomycetales but distinct from the previously described genera of this family. On the basis of the genotypic, chemotaxonomic, morphological and physiological characteristics of these two isolates it is proposed to classify HKI 0125T and HKI 0131 in a new genus and species for which the name Ornithinicoccus hortensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HKI 0125T (= DSM 12335T).

Actinomycetes in Karstic caves of northern Spain (Altamira and Tito Bustillo)

A variety of isolation procedures were carried out to study the involvement of bacteria in the colonisation and biodeterioration of Spanish caves with paleolithic rock art (Altamira and Tito Bustillo). The applied techniques mainly aimed to isolate heterotrophic bacteria such as streptomycetes, nocardioform and coryneform actinomycetes, and other gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The results demonstrated that actinomycetes were the most abundant gram-positive bacteria in the caves. Actinomycetes revealed a great taxonomic diversity with the predominant isolates belonging to the genus Streptomyces. Members of the genera Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Nocardioides, Amycolatopsis, Saccharothrix, Brevibacterium, Microbacterium, and coccoid actinomycetes (family Micrococcaceae) were also found.

Microbiological study of the dripping waters in Altamira cave (Santillana del Mar, Spain)

The culturable microbial populations in dripping waters from Altamira cave were studied and compared with those of the ceiling rock. Water communities have low proportions of gram-positive bacteria, and are mainly composed of gram-negative rods and cocci (Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae), while those of ceiling rocks are mainly Streptomyces spp. The community differences are probably related to environmental cave conditions: high humidity, relatively low and stable temperature, water pH close to neutrality and nature of the organic matter. All these factors seem to favor colonization and long-term growth of actinomycetes over other heterotrophic bacteria on ceiling rocks.

Spirofungin, a new antifungal antibiotic from Streptomyces violaceusniger Tü 4113

A new secondary metabolite was detected in the culture filtrate and extracts of Streptomyces violaceusniger Tü 4113 by HPLC-diode-array and HPLC-electrospray-mass-spectrometry screening. The compound named spirofungin has a polyketide-spiroketal structure and shows various antifungal activities, particularly against yeasts.

Demetria terragena gen. nov., sp. nov., a new genus of actinomycetes isolated from compost soil

A novel actinomycete was isolated from compost soil and was studied taxonomically and phylogenetically. Cells of this organism were gram positive, not acid fast, nonmotile, nonsporulating, irregular coccoid to short rod shaped, and microaerophilic. The cell wall peptidoglycan contained lysine and was cross-linked via an L-Lys<--L-Ser<--D-Asp interpeptide bridge. The major menaquinone was MK-8(H4). The polar lipids were phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and two unknown phospholipids. Mycolic acids were absent. The cellular fatty acid profile was complex, with large amounts of saturated and monounsaturated straight-chain acids and smaller amounts of iso and anteiso branched-chain acids. The G+C content of the DNA was 66 mol%. Comparative 16S ribosomal DNA studies revealed that strain HKI 0089T represents a novel lineage within Actinobacteria (32) distinct from all previously described genera and most closely related to members of the genera Kytococcus, Dermacoccus, and Dermatophilus of the family Dermatophilaceae. On the basis of our results, we suggest that strain HKI 0089 should be classified in a new genus and species, for which we propose the name Demetria terragena. The type strain and the only strain of the genus and species is HKI 0089 (DSM 11295).

Bogoriella caseilytica gen. nov., sp. nov., a new alkaliphilic actinomycete from a soda lake in Africa

A new gram-positive, alkaliphilic, nonsporulating, rod-shaped bacterium is described. The organism was isolated from soda soil (Lake Bogoria, Kenya) and has the following characteristics. It is nonmotile, not acid fast, halotolerant, and microaerophilic, and optimal growth occurs at pH values between 9 and 10. The peptidoglycan type is of type A4 alpha, with lysine as the characteristic diamino acid and glutamic acid as a component of the interpeptide bridge. The major menaquinone is MK-8(H4). The polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and an unknown phospholipid. 12-Methyltetradecanoic acid is the predominant fatty acid. The G + C content of the DNA is 70 mol%. The results of 16S ribosomal DNA sequence comparisons revealed that strain HKI 0088T represents a new lineage in the order Actinomycetales. Therefore, we concluded that strain HKI 0088T should be assigned to a new genus and species, for which we propose the name Bogoriella caseilytica gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain and only strain of this genus and species is HKI 0088 (= DSM 11294).

Janibacter limosus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new actinomycete with meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall

New gram-positive bacteria were isolated from 1-year-old sludge from a wastewater treatment plant. The isolates are coccoid to rod-shaped, nonmotile aerobes that form neither spores nor mycelia. They are characterized by a peptidoglycan with directly cross-linked meso-diaminopimelic acid (type A1 gamma), by the presence of menaquinone MK-8(H4), and by the lack of mycolic acids. The strains have complex fatty acid patterns with i-C16:0 and straight-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids as major components. The G + C content of the DNA is 70 mol%. The results of chemotaxonomic studies and a 16S ribosomal DNA sequence comparison support our proposal to assign these bacteria to a new genus, the genus Janibacter gen. nov.; the type species is Janibacter limosus sp. nov., and the type strain of J. limosus is strain HKI 83 (= DSM 11140).

Kanchanamycins, new polyol macrolide antibiotics produced by Streptomyces olivaceus Tü 4018. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and biological activities

The kanchanamycins, a group of novel 36-membered polyol macrolide antibiotics were detected in the culture filtrate and mycelium of Streptomyces olivaceus Tü 4018 by HPLC-diode-array and HPLC-electrospray-mass-spectrometry screening. The compounds show antibacterial and antifungal activities, and are especially effective against Pseudomonas fluorescens. Besides the kanchanamycin complex, strain Tü 4018 produces the 42-membered macrolactones, oasomycin A and desertomycin A, as well as tryptophan-dehydrobutyrine diketopiperazine and daidzein.

Biosynthetic capacities of actinomycetes. 5. Dioxolides, novel secondary metabolites from Streptomyces tendae

Dioxolides, a novel class of secondary metabolites were detected by a HPLC-diode array screening technique in the culture filtrate of Streptomyces tendae Tu 4042. The compounds show no biological activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and fungi. Besides dioxolides, which consist of an unusual substituted dioxolane ring, anhydroshikimate and para-hydrobenzamide were detected by this technique. Both compounds were not yet described as natural products.

Agrococcus jenensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new genus of actinomycetes with diaminobutyric acid in the cell wall

Two strains of a new gram-positive coryneform bacterium isolated from soil and from a sandstone surface are described. Strain 2002-39/1T (T = type strain) is a coccoid, nonmotile, non-acid-fast, microaerophilic organism. The menaquinones of this strain are MK-12 and MK-11, and the main components of the whole-cell sugars are glucose and rhamnose. No mycolic acids are present. The G+C content of the DNA is 74 mol%. Comparative 16S ribosomal DNA studies and a cell wall analysis revealed that this strain represents a new genus belonging to the group of actinomycetes that have diaminobutyric acid in their peptidoglycans. The second strain, strain ST54, which was isolated from a sandstone surface, had the same characteristic features as strain 2002-39/1T. The name Agrococcus jenensis gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed for these organisms. The type strain is strain 2002-39/1, which has been deposited in the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures as strain DSM 9580.

Biosynthetic capacities of actinomycetes. 4. Echinoserine, a new member of the quinoxaline group, produced by Streptomyces tendae

A new member of the quinoxaline group antibiotics has been detected by HPLC-diode-array screening. The main compound produced by Streptomyces tendae strain Tü 4031 showed a high degree of similarity in the UV-visible spectral region with echinomycin and their structural similarity was confirmed by structure elucidation using electron tandem mass spectrometry and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance. The new compound, named echinoserine, is a non-cyclic form of echinomycin, but it is not a biosynthetic precursor. Echinoserine is less antibiotically active than echinomycin.

Volatile Secretions in Three Species of Dufourea (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) Bees: Chemical Composition and Phylogeny

Volatile secretions from Dufour’s glands in three species of Dufourea bees, Dufourea (Halictoides) dentriventris (Nylander). D.(H.) inermis (Nylander) and D. (Dufourea) minuta Lepelletier have been studied by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. It was found that the secretions are composed of complex blends of straight chain saturated and unsaturated 2- and 3-ketones and scries of hexanoic and octanoic esters. Cephalic secretions from males and females of D.(H.) inermis and D.(D.) minuta contain sex- and species-specific blends of methylcarbinols and corresponding long chain carboxylic esters. Mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns of esters are described.