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Gunsolus IL, Schulz K, Sandoval Y, Smith SW, Lindgren B, Okeson B, Apple FS. Diagnostic performance of a rapid, novel, whole blood, point of care high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I assay for myocardial infarction. Clin Biochem 2022; 105-106:70-74. [PMID: 35447148 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the diagnostic performance of a whole blood, point of care (POC) high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) assay for myocardial infarction (MI) compared to central laboratory assays. METHODS Consecutive patients presenting to the emergency department with symptoms of ischemia were studied. Serial hs-cTnI testing was based on clinical indication at presentation. Parallel measurements were made using fresh whole blood on Siemens Atellica VTLi POC assay, EDTA plasma on Abbott ARCHITECT i2000 used in practice, and heparin plasma on Siemens Atellica. MI was determined according to the Fourth Universal Definition of MI using 99th percentiles. Sensitivities and negative predictive values (NPV) were calculated using 99th percentile URLs. RESULTS 1089 Patients, 418 females and 671 males, were enrolled. There were 91 (8.4%) MIs. At baseline (0 h), POC hs-cTnI assay had a sensitivity of 65.7% (95% CI 47.8-80.9) for females and 67.9% (54.0-79.7) for males and NPV of 96.4% (93.9-98.1) for females and 96.7% (94.9-98.0) for males. At 2 h, sensitivity improved to 82.9% (66.4-93.4) for females and 80.4% (67.6-89.8) for males, while NPV improved to 98.2% (96.1-99.3) and 97.9% (96.3-99.0), respectively. For central laboratory assays, comparable diagnostics were observed at 2 h: females - sensitivity 94.3% (80.8-99.3) for ARCHITECT and 79.4% (62.1-91.3) for Atellica, and NPV 99.3% (97.6-99.9) and 98.0% (95.8-99.2), respectively; males - sensitivity 87.5% (75.9-94.8) for ARCHITECT and 80.4% (67.6-89.8) for Atellica, NPVs of 98.7% (97.3-99.5) and 97.9% (96.3-99.0), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The POC, whole blood Atellica VTLi hs-cTnI assay demonstrated comparable diagnostic accuracy for MI to central laboratory assays using 99th percentiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian L Gunsolus
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, HealthPartners, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Karen Schulz
- Cardiac Biomarkers Trials Laboratory, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yader Sandoval
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen W Smith
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare/HCMC, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brittany Lindgren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hennepin Healthcare/HCMC, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brynn Okeson
- Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Fred S Apple
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hennepin Healthcare/HCMC, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Cardiac Biomarkers Trials Laboratory, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Pan P, Atkinson SN, Taylor B, Zhu H, Zhou D, Flejsierowicz P, Wang LS, Morse M, Liu C, Gunsolus IL, Chen X. Retinoic Acid Signaling Modulates Recipient Gut Barrier Integrity and Microbiota After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:749002. [PMID: 34759928 PMCID: PMC8573259 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.749002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a major complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). An impaired intestinal epithelial barrier is an important component of GVHD pathogenesis. However, contributing host factors that modulate mucosal barrier integrity during GVHD are poorly defined. We hypothesized that vitamin A and retinoic acid (RA) exert positive impacts on maintaining intestinal barrier function after HSCT, thus preventing or dampening GVHD severity. Unexpectedly, we found that exogenous RA increased intestinal permeability of recipient mice after allogeneic HSCT. Serum bacterial endotoxin levels were significantly higher in GVHD mice fed a vitamin A-high (VAH) diet compared to those fed a vitamin A-normal (VAN) diet, indicating a more compromised intestinal barrier function. Furthermore, VAH mice showed more severe lung GVHD with increased donor T cell infiltration in this tissue and died significantly faster than VAN recipients. 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal samples revealed significant differences in the diversity and composition of gut microbiota between VAN and VAH transplant recipients. Collectively, we show that retinoic acid signaling may negatively impact intestinal barrier function during GVHD. Mild vitamin A supplementation is associated with increased lung GVHD and more profound gut dysbiosis. Micronutrients such as vitamin A could modulate complications of allogeneic HSCT, which may be mediated by shaping gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Pan
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Samantha N. Atkinson
- Center for Microbiome Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Brian Taylor
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Haojie Zhu
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Dian Zhou
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Philip Flejsierowicz
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Li-Shu Wang
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Matthew Morse
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ian L. Gunsolus
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Xiao Chen
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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Puzyrenko A, Wang D, Schneider R, Wallace G, Schreiber S, Brandt K, Gunsolus IL. Urine Drug Screening in the Era of Designer Benzodiazepines: Comparison of Three Immunoassay Platforms, LC-QTOF-MS, and LC-MS/MS. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:712-718. [PMID: 34557900 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the presence of designer benzodiazepines in 35 urine specimens obtained from emergency department patients undergoing urine drug screening. All specimens showed apparent false-positive benzodiazepine screening results (i.e., confirmatory testing using a 19-component LC-MS/MS panel showed no prescribed benzodiazepines at detectable levels). The primary aims were to identify the possible presence of designer benzodiazepines, characterize the reactivity of commercially available screening immunoassays with designer benzodiazepines, and evaluate the risk of inappropriately ruling out designer benzodiazepine use when utilizing common urine drug screening and confirmatory tests. Specimens were obtained from emergency departments of a single US Health system. Following clinically ordered drug screening using Abbott ARCHITECT c assays and lab-developed LC-MS/MS confirmatory testing, additional characterization was performed for investigative purposes. Specifically, urine specimens were screened using two additional assays (Roche cobas c502, Siemens Dimension Vista) and LC-QTOF-MS to identify presumptively positive species, including benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines. Finally, targeted, qualitative LC-MS/MS was performed to confirm the presence of 12 designer benzodiazepines. Following benzodiazepine detection using the Abbott ARCHITECT, benzodiazepines were subsequently detected in 28/35 and 35/35 urine specimens, respectively, using Siemens and Roche assays. LC-QTOF-MS showed the presumptive presence of at least one non-FDA approved benzodiazepine in 30/35 specimens: flubromazolam (12/35), flualprazolam (11/35), flubromazepam (2/35), clonazolam (4/35), etizolam (9/35), metizolam (5/35), nitrazepam (1/35), and pyrazolam (1/35). Two or three designer benzodiazepines were detected concurrently in 13/35 specimens. Qualitative LC-MS/MS confirmed the presence of at least one designer benzodiazepine or metabolite in 23/35 specimens, with 3 specimens unavailable for confirmatory testing. Urine benzodiazepine screening assays from three manufacturers were cross-reactive with multiple non-US FDA-approved benzodiazepines. Clinical and forensic toxicology laboratories using traditionally designed LC-MS/MS panels may fail to confirm the presence of non-US FDA-approved benzodiazepines detected by screening assays, risking inappropriate interpretation of screening results as false-positives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Puzyrenko
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Beaumont Health System, Beaumont Hospital-Royal Oak, 3601 W 13 Mile Rd., Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
| | - Randy Schneider
- Abbott Diagnostics, Research & Development - Scientific Affairs, 100 Abbott Park, Abbott Park, IL, 60014, USA
| | - Greg Wallace
- Milwaukee County Medical Examiner's Office, 933 West Highland Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Sara Schreiber
- Milwaukee County Medical Examiner's Office, 933 West Highland Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Kristen Brandt
- ProHealth Waukesha Memorial Hospital, 725 American Ave., Waukesha, WI 53188, USA
| | - Ian L Gunsolus
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
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Harley K, Bissonnette S, Inzitari R, Schulz K, Apple FS, Kavsak PA, Gunsolus IL. Independent and combined effects of biotin and hemolysis on high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:1431-1443. [PMID: 33761581 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compared the independent and combined effects of hemolysis and biotin on cardiac troponin measurements across nine high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays. METHODS Parallel cTn measurements were made in pooled lithium heparin plasma spiked with hemolysate and/or biotin using nine hs-cTn assays: Abbott Alinity, Abbott ARCHITECT i2000, Beckman Access 2, Ortho VITROS XT 7600, Siemens Atellica, Siemens Centaur, Siemens Dimension EXL cTnI, and two Roche Cobas e 411 Elecsys Troponin T-hs cTnT assays (outside US versions, with and without increased biotin tolerance). Absolute and percent cTn recovery relative to two baseline concentrations were determined in spiked samples and compared to manufacturer's claims. RESULTS All assays except the Ortho VITROS XT 7600 showed hemolysis and biotin interference thresholds equivalent to or greater than manufacturer's claims. While imprecision confounded analysis of Ortho VITROS XT 7600 data, evidence of biotin interference was lacking. Increasing biotin concentration led to decreasing cTn recovery in three assays, specifically both Roche Cobas e 411 Elecsys Troponin T-hs assays and the Siemens Dimension EXL. While one of the Roche assays was the most susceptible to biotin among the nine studied, a new version showed reduced biotin interference by approximately 100-fold compared to its predecessor. Increasing hemolysis also generally led to decreasing cTn recovery for susceptible assays, specifically the Beckman Access 2, Ortho VITROS XT 7600, and both Roche Cobas e 411 Elecsys assays. Equivalent biotin and hemolysis interference thresholds were observed at the two cTn concentrations considered for all but two assays (Beckman Access 2 and Ortho VITROS XT 7600). When biotin and hemolysis were present in combination, biotin interference thresholds decreased with increasing hemolysis for two susceptible assays (Roche Cobas e 411 Elecsys and Siemens Dimension EXL). CONCLUSIONS Both Roche Cobas e 411 Elecsys as well as Ortho VITROS XT assays were susceptible to interference from in vitro hemolysis at levels routinely encountered in clinical laboratory samples (0-3 g/L free hemoglobin), leading to falsely low cTn recovery up to 3 ng/L or 13%. While most assays are not susceptible to biotin at levels expected with over-the-counter supplementation, severely reduced cTn recovery is possible at biotin levels of 10-2000 ng/mL (41-8,180 nmol/L) for some assays. Due to potential additive effects, analytical interferences should not be considered in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Bissonnette
- Department of Pathology, Marshfield Clinic Health System, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Rosanna Inzitari
- University College Dublin School of Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen Schulz
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Fred S Apple
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Hennepin Healthcare/Hennepin County Medical Center, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Peter A Kavsak
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ian L Gunsolus
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
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Johnson KM, Gunsolus IL, Tlomak W. Critical Analysis of Laboratory Testing Methodologies When Interpreting Conflicting Results at Autopsy. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2021; 42:51-53. [PMID: 32897894 DOI: 10.1097/paf.0000000000000615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Toxicological analysis is an important diagnostic component of a postmortem examination and may involve both antemortem and postmortem specimens. Here, we present a case in which an antemortem specimen, when reanalyzed in the forensic toxicology laboratory, resulted in values that contradicted the reported values from the medical record and required further investigation. This case involves a 51-year-old man decedent with a medical history of chronic alcohol abuse. His antemortem urine drug screen, performed upon admission to an emergency department, was negative. His serum blood alcohol level at presentation was reported as 0.960 g/dL and, repeated 4 hours later, was 0.500 g/dL with a comment indicating that there was significant lipemia interfering with the results. At autopsy, the antemortem blood sample collected from the hospital, postmortem blood, and vitreous humor samples were analyzed and all 3 samples were found to be negative for ethanol. The hospital laboratory used an enzymatic assay for ethanol detection, which is known to be impacted by lipemia, and the forensic laboratory used head-space gas chromatography, which is not impacted by lipemia. This highlights the need to critically analyze laboratory testing methodologies when interpreting conflicting results at autopsy.
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Kannankeril J, Carroll T, Findling JW, Javorsky B, Gunsolus IL, Phillips J, Raff H. Prospective Evaluation of Late-Night Salivary Cortisol and Cortisone by EIA and LC-MS/MS in Suspected Cushing Syndrome. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa107. [PMID: 32935666 PMCID: PMC7480956 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Late-night salivary cortisol (LNSC) measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA-F) is a first-line screening test for Cushing syndrome (CS) with a reported sensitivity and specificity of >90%. However, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, validated to measure salivary cortisol (LCMS-F) and cortisone (LCMS-E), has been proposed to be superior diagnostically. Objective, Setting, and Main Outcome Measures Prospectively evaluate the diagnostic performance of EIA-F, LCMS-F, and LCMS-E in 1453 consecutive late-night saliva samples from 705 patients with suspected CS. Design Patients grouped by the presence or absence of at least one elevated salivary steroid result and then subdivided by diagnosis. Results We identified 283 patients with at least one elevated salivary result; 45 had an established diagnosis of neoplastic hypercortisolism (CS) for which EIA-F had a very high sensitivity (97.5%). LCMS-F and LCMS-E had lower sensitivity but higher specificity than EIA-F. EIA-F had poor sensitivity (31.3%) for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-independent CS (5 patients with at least 1 and 11 without any elevated salivary result). In patients with Cushing disease (CD), most nonelevated LCMS-F results were in patients with persistent/recurrent CD; their EIA-F levels were lower than in patients with newly diagnosed CD. Conclusions Since the majority of patients with ≥1 elevated late-night salivary cortisol or cortisone result did not have CS, a single elevated level has poor specificity and positive predictive value. LNSC measured by EIA is a sensitive test for ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome but not for ACTH-independent CS. We suggest that neither LCMS-F nor LCMS-E improves the sensitivity of late-night EIA-F for CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kannankeril
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ty Carroll
- Endocrinology Center and Clinics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - James W Findling
- Endocrinology Center and Clinics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Bradley Javorsky
- Endocrinology Center and Clinics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ian L Gunsolus
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jonathan Phillips
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Advocate Aurora Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Hershel Raff
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Endocrine Research Laboratory, Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Advocate Aurora Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Moreno G, Gunsolus IL. Reverse pseudohyperkalemia and pseudohyponatremia in a patient with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Clin Biochem 2020; 78:63-65. [PMID: 32014484 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Investigate concomitant and spurious high potassium and low sodium results in heparinized plasma. METHODS Potassium and sodium values were measured from heparinized plasma and serum in a patient with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma using both an automated chemistry analyzer (indirect ion selective electrode) and blood gas analyzer (direct ion selective electrode). RESULTS Potassium levels were significantly increased while sodium levels were significantly decreased in heparinized plasma compared to serum on several occasions. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, concomitant reverse pseudohyperkalemia and pseudohyponatremia has not been reported previously. We postulate the discrepancy between plasma and serum sodium (pseudohyponatremia in plasma) may be unique to cases of reverse pseudohyperkalemia with extreme potassium elevations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Moreno
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ian L Gunsolus
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
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Sandoval Y, Gunsolus IL, Smith SW, Sexter A, Thordsen SE, Carlson MD, Johnson BK, Bruen CA, Dodd KW, Driver BE, Jacoby K, Love SA, Moore JC, Scott NL, Schulz K, Apple FS. Appropriateness of Cardiac Troponin Testing: Insights from the Use of TROPonin In Acute coronary syndromes (UTROPIA) Study. Am J Med 2019; 132:869-874. [PMID: 30849383 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine the appropriateness of cardiac troponin (cTn) testing among patients with cTn increases. METHODS This is a planned secondary analysis of the Use of TROPonin In Acute coronary syndromes (UTROPIA, NCT02060760) observational cohort study. Appropriateness of cTn testing was adjudicated for emergency department patients with cTn increases >99th percentile and analyzed using both contemporary and high-sensitivity (hs) cTnI assays according to sub-specialty, diagnoses, and symptoms. RESULTS Appropriateness was determined from 1272 and 1078 adjudication forms completed for 497 and 422 patients with contemporary and hs-cTnI increases, respectively. Appropriateness of cTnI testing across adjudication forms was 71.5% and 72.0% for cTnI and hs-cTnI, respectively. Compared with emergency physicians, cardiologists were less likely to classify cTnI orders as appropriate (cTnI: 79% vs 56%, P < .0001; hs-cTnI: 82% vs 51%, P < .0001). For contemporary cTnI, appropriateness of 95%, 70%, and 39% was observed among adjudication forms completed by cardiologists for type 1 myocardial infarction, type 2 myocardial infarction, and myocardial injury, respectively; compared with 90%, 86%, and 71%, respectively, among emergency physicians. Similar findings were observed using hs-cTnI. Discordance in appropriateness adjudication forms occurred most frequently in cases of myocardial injury (62% both assays) or type 2 myocardial infarction (cTnI 31%; hs-cTnI 23%). CONCLUSIONS Marked differences exist in the perception of what constitutes appropriate clinical use of cTn testing between cardiologists and emergency physicians, with emergency physicians more likely to see testing as appropriate across a range of clinical scenarios. Discordance derives most often from cases classified as myocardial injury or type 2 myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yader Sandoval
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Ian L Gunsolus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Stephen W Smith
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare/Hennepin County Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Anne Sexter
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minn
| | - Sarah E Thordsen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Michelle D Carlson
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare/Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn
| | | | - Charles A Bruen
- Division of Critical Care and Department of Emergency Medicine, Regions Hospital, Saint Paul, Minn
| | - Kenneth W Dodd
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Advocate Christ Medical Center and University of Illinois, Chicago
| | - Brian E Driver
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare/Hennepin County Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Katherine Jacoby
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare/Hennepin County Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Sara A Love
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minn; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hennepin Healthcare/Hennepin County Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Johanna C Moore
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare/Hennepin County Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Nathaniel L Scott
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare/Hennepin County Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Karen Schulz
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minn
| | - Fred S Apple
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minn; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hennepin Healthcare/Hennepin County Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
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Sandoval Y, Smith SW, Sexter A, Gunsolus IL, Schulz K, Apple FS. Clinical Features and Outcomes of Emergency Department Patients With High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I Concentrations Within Sex-Specific Reference Intervals. Circulation 2019; 139:1753-1755. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.038284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yader Sandoval
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (Y.S.)
| | - Stephen W. Smith
- Department of Emergency Medicine (S.W.S.), Hennepin County Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Anne Sexter
- Chronic Disease Research Group (A.S.), Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ian L. Gunsolus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (I.L.G.)
| | - Karen Schulz
- Cardiac Biomarkers Trials Laboratory (F.S.A., K.S.), Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Fred S. Apple
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (F.S.A.), Hennepin County Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Cardiac Biomarkers Trials Laboratory (F.S.A., K.S.), Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN
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Gunsolus IL, Love SA, Kohl LP, Schmidt M, Apple FS. Low pO2 Contributes to Potential Error in Oxygen Saturation Calculations Using a Point-of-Care Assay. Am J Clin Pathol 2017; 149:82-86. [PMID: 29228083 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqx152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study addressed the accuracy of calculated oxygen saturation (sO2) using point-of-care (POC) testing compared with measured values on a blood gas analyzer. METHODS In total, 3,323 sO2 values were measured in 1,180 patients using a CO-oximeter (ABL 800 Flex; Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark). Measured parameters were then used to calculate an expected sO2 for the POC method (Abbott i-STAT; Abbott POC, Princeton, NJ). Cases in which calculated sO2 differed from measured sO2 by 10% or more were analyzed. RESULTS Of the 3,323 comparisons performed, 260 (8%) showed discrepancies (± ≥10%) between measured and calculated sO2 values. Ninety-four of discrepant measurements (245 of 260) occurred when pO2 was less than 50 mm Hg. pH and bicarbonate distributions shifted to lower values in discrepant vs nondiscrepant cases. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the likelihood of discrepant sO2 is 27% among patients with pO2 less than 50 mm Hg. Direct measurement of sO2 by CO-oximetry is strongly suggested in this clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara A Love
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Louis P Kohl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Fred S Apple
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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Gunsolus IL, Jaffe AS, Sexter A, Schulz K, Ler R, Lindgren B, Saenger AK, Love SA, Apple FS. Sex-specific 99th percentiles derived from the AACC Universal Sample Bank for the Roche Gen 5 cTnT assay: Comorbidities and statistical methods influence derivation of reference limits. Clin Biochem 2017; 50:1073-1077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Mousavi MPS, Gunsolus IL, Pérez De Jesús CE, Lancaster M, Hussein K, Haynes CL, Bühlmann P. Dynamic silver speciation as studied with fluorous-phase ion-selective electrodes: Effect of natural organic matter on the toxicity and speciation of silver. Sci Total Environ 2015; 537:453-461. [PMID: 26284896 PMCID: PMC4643687 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The widespread application of silver in consumer products and the resulting contamination of natural environments with silver raise questions about the toxicity of Ag(+) in the ecosystem. Natural organic matter, NOM, which is abundant in water supplies, soil, and sediments, can form stable complexes with Ag(+), altering its bioavailability and toxicity. Herein, the extent and kinetics of Ag(+) binding to NOM, matrix effects on Ag(+) binding to NOM, and the effect of NOM on Ag(+) toxicity to Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (assessed by the BacLight viability assay) were quantitatively studied with fluorous-phase Ag(+) ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). Our findings show fast kinetics of Ag(+) and NOM binding, weak Ag(+) binding for Suwannee River humic acid, fulvic acid, and aquatic NOM, and stronger Ag(+) binding for Pony Lake fulvic acid and Pahokee Peat humic acid. We quantified the effects of matrix components and pH on Ag(+) binding to NOM, showing that the extent of binding greatly depends on the environmental conditions. The effect of NOM on the toxicity of Ag(+) does not correlate with the extent of Ag(+) binding to NOM, and other forms of silver, such as Ag(+) reduced by NOM, are critical for understanding the effect of NOM on Ag(+) toxicity. This work also shows that fluorous-phase Ag(+) ISEs are effective tools for studying Ag(+) binding to NOM because they can be used in a time-resolved manner to monitor the activity of Ag(+) in situ with high selectivity and without the need for extensive sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maral P S Mousavi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Ian L Gunsolus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Carlos E Pérez De Jesús
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Mitchell Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Kadir Hussein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Christy L Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian L. Gunsolus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christy L. Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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14
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Feng ZV, Gunsolus IL, Qiu TA, Hurley KR, Nyberg LH, Frew H, Johnson KP, Vartanian AM, Jacob LM, Lohse SE, Torelli MD, Hamers RJ, Murphy CJ, Haynes CL. Impacts of gold nanoparticle charge and ligand type on surface binding and toxicity to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5186-5196. [PMID: 29449924 PMCID: PMC5669217 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00792e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although nanomaterials facilitate significant technological advancement in our society, their potential impacts on the environment are yet to be fully understood. In this study, two environmentally relevant bacteria, Shewanella oneidensis and Bacillus subtilis, have been used as model organisms to elucidate the molecular interactions between these bacterial classes and Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) with well-controlled and well-characterized surface chemistries: anionic 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), cationic 3-mercaptopropylamine (MPNH2), and the cationic polyelectrolyte poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH). The data demonstrate that cationic, especially polyelectrolyte-wrapped AuNPs, were more toxic to both the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The levels of toxicity observed were closely related to the percentage of cells with AuNPs associated with the cell surface as measured in situ using flow cytometry. The NP concentration-dependent binding profiles were drastically different for the two bacteria strains, suggesting the critical role of bacterial cell surface chemistry in determining nanoparticle association, and thereby, biological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Vivian Feng
- Chemistry Department , Augsburg College , Minneapolis , MN 55454 , USA .
| | - Ian L Gunsolus
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN 55455 , USA .
| | - Tian A Qiu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN 55455 , USA .
| | - Katie R Hurley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN 55455 , USA .
| | - Lyle H Nyberg
- Chemistry Department , Augsburg College , Minneapolis , MN 55454 , USA .
| | - Hilena Frew
- Chemistry Department , Augsburg College , Minneapolis , MN 55454 , USA .
| | - Kyle P Johnson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN 55455 , USA .
| | - Ariane M Vartanian
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA
| | - Lisa M Jacob
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA
| | - Samuel E Lohse
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA
| | - Marco D Torelli
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI 53706 , USA
| | - Robert J Hamers
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI 53706 , USA
| | - Catherine J Murphy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA
| | - Christy L Haynes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN 55455 , USA .
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15
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Jacobson KH, Gunsolus IL, Kuech TR, Troiano JM, Melby ES, Lohse SE, Hu D, Chrisler WB, Murphy CJ, Orr G, Geiger FM, Haynes CL, Pedersen JA. Lipopolysaccharide Density and Structure Govern the Extent and Distance of Nanoparticle Interaction with Actual and Model Bacterial Outer Membranes. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:10642-10650. [PMID: 26207769 PMCID: PMC4643684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Design of nanomedicines and nanoparticle-based antimicrobial and antifouling formulations and assessment of the potential implications of nanoparticle release into the environment requires understanding nanoparticle interaction with bacterial surfaces. Here we demonstrate the electrostatically driven association of functionalized nanoparticles with lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative bacterial outer membranes and find that lipopolysaccharide structure influences the extent and location of binding relative to the outer leaflet-solution interface. By manipulating the lipopolysaccharide content in Shewanella oneidensis outer membranes, we observed the electrostatically driven interaction of cationic gold nanoparticles with the lipopolysaccharide-containing leaflet. We probed this interaction by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and second harmonic generation (SHG) using solid-supported lipopolysaccharide-containing bilayers. The association of cationic nanoparticles increased with lipopolysaccharide content, while no association of anionic nanoparticles was observed. The harmonic-dependence of QCM-D measurements suggested that a population of the cationic nanoparticles was held at a distance from the outer leaflet-solution interface of bilayers containing smooth lipopolysaccharides (those bearing a long O-polysaccharide). Additionally, smooth lipopolysaccharides held the bulk of the associated cationic particles outside of the interfacial zone probed by SHG. Our results demonstrate that positively charged nanoparticles are more likely to interact with Gram-negative bacteria than are negatively charged particles, and this interaction occurs primarily through lipopolysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt H. Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ian L. Gunsolus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Thomas R. Kuech
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Julianne M. Troiano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Eric S. Melby
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Samuel E. Lohse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Dehong Hu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - William B. Chrisler
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Catherine J. Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Franz M. Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christy L. Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Corresponding Authors: Phone: 608-263-4971; . Phone: 612-626-1096,
| | - Joel A. Pedersen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Corresponding Authors: Phone: 608-263-4971; . Phone: 612-626-1096,
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16
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Gunsolus IL, Mousavi MPS, Hussein K, Bühlmann P, Haynes CL. Effects of Humic and Fulvic Acids on Silver Nanoparticle Stability, Dissolution, and Toxicity. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:8078-86. [PMID: 26047330 PMCID: PMC4643692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The colloidal stability of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in natural aquatic environments influences their transport and environmental persistence, while their dissolution to Ag(+) influences their toxicity to organisms. Here, we characterize the colloidal stability, dissolution behavior, and toxicity of two industrially relevant classes of AgNPs (i.e., AgNPs stabilized by citrate or polyvinylpyrrolidone) after exposure to natural organic matter (NOM, i.e., Suwannee River Humic and Fulvic Acid Standards and Pony Lake Fulvic Acid Reference). We show that NOM interaction with the nanoparticle surface depends on (i) the NOM's chemical composition, where sulfur- and nitrogen-rich NOM more significantly increases colloidal stability, and (ii) the affinity of the capping agent for the AgNP surface, where nanoparticles with loosely bound capping agents are more effectively stabilized by NOM. Adsorption of NOM is shown to have little effect on AgNP dissolution under most experimental conditions, the exception being when the NOM is rich in sulfur and nitrogen. Similarly, the toxicity of AgNPs to a bacterial model (Shewanella oneidensis MR-1) decreases most significantly in the presence of sulfur- and nitrogen-rich NOM. Our data suggest that the rate of AgNP aggregation and dissolution in aquatic environments containing NOM will depend on the chemical composition of the NOM, and that the toxicity of AgNPs to aquatic microorganisms is controlled primarily by the extent of nanoparticle dissolution.
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Gunsolus IL, Hu D, Mihai C, Lohse SE, Lee CS, Torelli MD, Hamers RJ, Murhpy CJ, Orr G, Haynes CL. Facile method to stain the bacterial cell surface for super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. Analyst 2014; 139:3174-8. [PMID: 24816810 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00574k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A method to fluorescently stain the surfaces of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial cells compatible with super-resolution fluorescence microscopy is presented. This method utilizes a commercially-available fluorescent probe to label primary amines at the surface of the cell. We demonstrate efficient staining of two bacterial strains, the Gram-negative Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis 168. Using structured illumination microscopy and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, which require high quantum yield or specialized dyes, we show that this staining method may be used to resolve the bacterial cell surface with sub-diffraction-limited resolution. We further use this method to identify localization patterns of nanomaterials, specifically cadmium selenide quantum dots, following interaction with bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian L Gunsolus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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18
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Maurer-Jones MA, Gunsolus IL, Meyer BM, Christenson CJ, Haynes CL. Impact of TiO2 nanoparticles on growth, biofilm formation, and flavin secretion in Shewanella oneidensis. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5810-8. [PMID: 23701037 PMCID: PMC3733218 DOI: 10.1021/ac400486u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of nanoparticle impacts on critical bacteria functions allows us to gain a mechanistic understanding of toxicity and guides us toward design rules for creating safe nanomaterials. Herein, biofilm formation, a general bacteria function, and riboflavin secretion, a species-specific function, were monitored in Shewanella oneidensis, a metal reducing bacterium, following exposure to a variety of TiO2 nanoparticle types (synthesized, Aeroxide P25, and T-Eco). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that dosed nanoparticles are in close proximity to the bacteria, but they are not internalized. Using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), it was revealed that S. oneidensis biofilm formation is slowed in the presence of nanoparticles. Though S. oneidensis grows more slowly in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles, riboflavin secretion, a function related to the S. oneidensis metal reducing capacity, was increased significantly in a nanoparticle dose-dependent manner. Both changes in biofilm formation and riboflavin secretion are supported by changes in gene expression in nanoparticle-exposed S. oneidensis. This broad study of bacterial nanotoxicity, including use of sensitive analytical tools for functional assessments of biofilm formation, riboflavin secretion, and gene expression, has implications for total ecosystem health as the use of engineered nanoparticles grows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian L. Gunsolus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Ben M. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Cole J. Christenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Christy L. Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Abstract
While nanoparticles occur naturally in the environment and have been intentionally used for centuries, the production and use of engineered nanoparticles has seen a recent spike, which makes environmental release almost certain. Therefore, recent efforts to characterize the toxicity of engineered nanoparticles have focused on the environmental implications, including exploration of toxicity to organisms from wide-ranging parts of the ecosystem food webs. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of toxicity of engineered nanoparticles to representatives of various trophic levels, including bacteria, plants, and multicellular aquatic/terrestrial organisms, to highlight important challenges within the field of econanotoxicity, challenges that analytical chemists are expertly poised to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Maurer-Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ian L. Gunsolus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Catherine J. Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christy L. Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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