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Aynaud JM. [Risks of infection in xenotransplantation: what are they and how are they to be controlled?]. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2000; 48:387-8. [PMID: 10868404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Porcine grafts are a potential source of pathogenic agents capable of contaminating the recipient. The spread of porcine retroviruses in the patient's tissues is a major risk that must be rigorously evaluated. The control of the microbiological state of the pig donor, concerning retroviruses and other pathogens, is the necessary condition for controlling this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Aynaud
- Inra, direction scientifique animal et produits animaux, Paris, France
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2
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Murata H, Britton P, Kaeffer B, Aynaud JM, Chevaleyre C, Salmon H. Specific cytotoxic lymphocyte response in swine against structural proteins of transmissible gastro-enteritis virus: a study using lymphoblastoid cell line and recombinant vaccinia virus. Vet Res 1998; 29:467-74. [PMID: 9779559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the specificity, if any, of cellular cytotoxicity against transmissible gastro-enteritis virus (TGEV) infected cells, we developed a test using B lymphoblasts from a MHC histocompatible (d/d haplotype) cell line (L14), as stimulating and target cells. These cells were previously infected with recombinant vaccinia virus including different TGEV structural genes, either the spike (vS), membrane (vM) or nucleoprotein gene (vN). Lymphocytes from a TGEV immunized (d/d) swine developed a cytotoxic activity after secondary in vitro stimulation in the presence of vS, vM or vN infected L14 cells. The cytotoxic activity was induced and directed against the homologous vS and vM infected cells but no cytotoxic activity occurred at all against vN infected cells. While vM infected cells induced a cytotoxic activity against vM infected cells only, vS infected cells stimulated a cross-reactive cytotoxic activity against vM and vN infected cells in addition to that against vS infected cells. This latter cytotoxicity may be due to an increase in a non-specific background of Natural Killer or lymphocyte activated killer activity, which is seen also after coculture with wild type vaccinia virus (vW) infected cells. Thus these results are of practical importance in two respects. First, lymphoïd B cell lines represent an excellent tool for determining which viral antigens are recognized by cytotoxic lymphocytes and second, they indicate the need to incorporate the M and S genes into a TGEV vaccine to induce cellular immunity against TGEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Murata
- Laboratoire de pathologie infectieuse et immunologie, Nouzilly, France
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3
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Britton P, Kottier S, Chen CM, Pocock DH, Salmon H, Aynaud JM. The use of PCR genome mapping for the characterisation of TGEV strains. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994; 342:29-34. [PMID: 8209745 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2996-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on different transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) strains, including porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), have identified regions within the genome that are polymorphic as regards insertions and deletions. For example the 672 base deletion within the S gene and multiple deletions 5', within and 3' of the ORF-3a gene were detected in strains of PRCV. The presence of deletions may be associated with a change in the virulence, attenuation or tissue tropism of the isolate. The Nouzilly (188-SG) TGEV vaccine strain was attenuated by passage of a cell culture adapted virulent isolate D-52 188 times through swine testis cells after treatment with gastric juice. PCR amplification with oligonucleotides, corresponding to known TGEV sequences, were used to analyse D-52 and 188-SG for genetic variation. Results with several pairs of oligonucleotides within the first 1565 nucleotides of the S gene did not identify a deletion within this region of the genome from either strain. However, oligonucleotides directed against the ORF-3a/3b region detected a deletion of about 250 nucleotides within the 188-SG genome but not in the D-52 genome. Since all the attenuated TGEV strains so far sequenced, PRCV, Miller SP and 188-SG, contained deletions within the ORF-3a/3b, it would suggest that this region of the TGEV genome is involved in regulating viral virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Britton
- Division of Molecular Biology, A.F.R.C., Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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4
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Tô LT, Bernard S, Aynaud JM. Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus: the development and applications of the fixed-cell immunoperoxidase technique. REV SCI TECH OIE 1993; 12:537-58. [PMID: 8400392 DOI: 10.20506/rst.12.2.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Since the first demonstration in 1971 that solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) could be used for the quantitative determination of antigens and antibodies, this method has been widely applied in serodiagnosis of parasitic and infectious diseases. In addition to the classic ELISA variants using antigen or antibody to coat the plastic plates, there has recently been growing interest in the application of fixed-cell ELISA to research and diagnostic work on viral diseases. The authors discuss the development and applications of this technique to basic research and diagnosis of transmissible gastroenteritis, a highly contagious disease of swine. The success of this technique, as the name suggests, is largely due to the use of a suitable fixative, which preserves the antigenicity of the neo-synthesised viral proteins, and the presence of optimal conditions for viral antigen synthesis. In addition, various parameters are optimised, and this is discussed with reference to transmissible gastroenteritis virus. These parameters would help veterinarians and research workers to develop this technique in their own laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Tô
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Department of Virology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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5
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Aynaud JM, Bernard S, Bottreau E, Lantier I, Salmon H, Vannier P. Induction of lactogenic immunity to transmissible gastroenteritis virus of swine using an attenuated coronavirus mutant able to survive in the physicochemical environment of the digestive tract. Vet Microbiol 1991; 26:227-39. [PMID: 1850894 PMCID: PMC7117156 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(91)90016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) coronavirus mutant (188-SG), selected as attenuated and resistant to acidity and proteases of the digestive tract of adult pigs, was used as vaccine ("Nouzilly strain") in sows to protect suckling piglets against a challenge exposure carried out with a highly virulent TGEV strain. The pregnant sows were immunized once (42-49 days before farrowing) or twice (42-49 and 7-15 days before farrowing) by the oral, intramuscular or conjunctival route with the 188-SG strain. Sows exposed to virulent TGEV in the field and experimentally infected sows (two oral inoculations during pregnancy) were used as positive controls leading to high protection. The neutralizing antibody response to vaccination and/or infection was studied in serum and milk. No protection against mortality was observed in the litters of (1) the nine seronegative, susceptible sows, with piglet mortality of 65/70, (2) the seven once orally vaccinated sows, with mortality of 44/54, (3) the seven sows vaccinated twice by the conjunctival route, with mortality of 55/76. Moderate protection was observed in (1) the eight sows vaccinated intramuscularly twice with piglet mortality of 36/90, (2) the seven orally and intramuscularly vaccinated sows with piglet mortality of 31/51. In of 3 contrast, improved protection was observed in (1) the 10 sows vaccinated twice orally, with piglet mortality of 23/95, (2) the four naturally infected sows with piglet mortality of 6/41, (3) the six sows experimentally infected with virulent TGEV with piglet mortality of 1/59. No correlation was found between neutralizing antibodies titers in serum and milk and protection rate of the piglets. The results indicate that relative protective lactogenic immunity against TGEV is induced only by repeated ingestion of the attenuated 188-SG strain of TGEV.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Animals, Suckling
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Female
- Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine/prevention & control
- Immunity, Maternally-Acquired
- Immunization, Secondary
- Injections, Intramuscular/veterinary
- Lactation
- Milk/immunology
- Swine
- Transmissible gastroenteritis virus/immunology
- Vaccination/veterinary
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Aynaud
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire de Pathologie Porcine, Nouzilly, France
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6
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Bernard S, Shirai J, Lantier I, Bottreau E, Aynaud JM. Lactogenic immunity to transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) of swine induced by the attenuated Nouzilly strain of TGE virus: passive protection of piglets and detection of serum and milk antibody classes by ELISA. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1990; 24:37-47. [PMID: 2156374 PMCID: PMC7119562 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(90)90076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Piglets of eight sows vaccinated by different routes with the attenuated TGE mutant coronavirus, Nouzilly (N) strain, and piglets from two field seropositive sows were challenged with a virulent TGE strain. On the day of challenge and 10 days after challenge, milk and serum samples from sows were analysed for their level of neutralizing antibodies, total immunoglobulin classes and TGE antibody classes by an ELISA. No direct relationship was seen between the level of protection of the litters and the titres of the different antibody classes on the day of challenge. However, an inverse correlation was seen 10 days after challenge between protection and the level of TGE antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronaviridae/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine/immunology
- Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine/prevention & control
- Immunity
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunoglobulins/analysis
- Immunoglobulins/classification
- Immunoglobulins/immunology
- Milk/immunology
- Neutralization Tests
- Pregnancy
- Swine
- Transmissible gastroenteritis virus/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bernard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire de Pathologie Porcine, Nouzilly, France
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7
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Bernard S, Bottreau E, Aynaud JM, Have P, Szymansky J. Natural infection with the porcine respiratory coronavirus induces protective lactogenic immunity against transmissible gastroenteritis. Vet Microbiol 1989; 21:1-8. [PMID: 2560280 PMCID: PMC7117187 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(89)90013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the level of passive protection against transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) among 57 newborn piglets nursing from seven seropositive sows previously naturally infected with porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV). After challenge exposure we observed mortality rates of 44% for litters of seven PRCV-infected sows, 40% for litters of four sows orally immunized with the attenuated TGEV strain Nouzilly, and 91% for litters of seven seronegative susceptible sows. A blocking ELISA with two appropriate monoclonal antibodies distinguished serological responses of PRCV-infected sows from those of TGEV-immunized sows. The results suggest that natural infection of the sow with PRCV may induce a degree of protective lactogenic immunity against TGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bernard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire de Pathologie Porcine, Nouzilly, France
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8
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Abstract
Four transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) strains (Purdue-115, D-52, 188-SG and Gep-II) and two cell lines (swine testis-ST and pig kidney-RPD) were used to study virus attachment and cell susceptibility. Virus attachment was partially thermodependent and the rate varied, depending on the strain. Identical TGEV inocula produced a higher plaque number by plaque assay in the swine testis cell line (ST) than in the pig kidney cell line (RPD) but [3H]uridine-labelled virus was found associated equally well with both cell lines. A field TGEV strain (Gep-II), which was unable to multiply in cell cultures, appeared able to inhibit the attachment of radiolabelled cell-passaged virus. Therefore, the susceptibility to TGEV infection was apparently not determined at the virus-to-cell attachment stage. The attachment sites on the cell surface were specific, however, differences in TGEV attachment determinant between strains were not observed. Attachment of all the virus strains tested was enhanced by DEAE-dextran and inhibited by dextran sulfate, poly-L-lysine (PLL), poly-L-alpha-ornithine (PLO) and protamine sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Nguyen
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Bachmai, Hanoi, Vietnam
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9
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Nguyen TD, Bottreau E, Aynaud JM. Effect of deoxycholate, amphotericin B and fongizone on transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus. Ann Inst Pasteur Virol 1987; 138:331-336. [PMID: 32288187 PMCID: PMC7135538 DOI: 10.1016/s0769-2617(87)80019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/1986] [Accepted: 03/19/1987] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
At a concentration of 2 μg/ml, neither amphotericin B nor deoxycholate had an inactivating effect upon transmissible gastroenteritis Coronavirus in-fectivity. However, amphothericin B stimulated plaque formatin in agarose and facilitated the entry of viral RNA into swine testis cells. The combination of amphotericin B + deoxycholate inactivated virus infectivity and induced a decrease in plaque diameter. Finally, in the presence of these agents, the production of infectious virus and interferon was unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Nguyen
- INRA, Laboratoire de Pathologie Porcine, 37380 Nouzilly (France)
| | - E Bottreau
- INRA, Laboratoire de Pathologie Porcine, 37380 Nouzilly (France)
| | - J M Aynaud
- INRA, Laboratoire de Pathologie Porcine, 37380 Nouzilly (France)
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Bernard S, Lantier I, Laude H, Aynaud JM. Detection of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus antigens by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Am J Vet Res 1986; 47:2441-4. [PMID: 3024536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A new sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, was developed to detect transmissible gastroenteritis virus antigens from cell culture and from intestinal wash or feces obtained from experimentally infected pigs. This technique was shown to be suitable for the detection of virulent field strain unadapted to cell culture. Cross reactions had not been observed with other enteric pathogens, rotavirus, porcine epizootic diarrhea virus, and Escherichia coli.
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11
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Nguyen TD, Bottreau E, Bernard S, Lantier I, Aynaud JM. Neutralizing secretory IgA and IgG do not inhibit attachment of transmissible gastroenteritis virus. J Gen Virol 1986; 67 ( Pt 5):939-43. [PMID: 3009692 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-67-5-939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory IgA (sIgA) and IgG from porcine milk and serum, respectively, [3H]uridine-labelled virus, swine testis and pig kidney cell lines were used to examine the neutralized virus-cell interaction. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), 99.99% neutralized by immunoglobulin, was able to attach to the cells. Moreover, sIgA enhanced virus attachment. However, the neutralized virus was unable to enter cells, as demonstrated by the action of proteinase K which removed it from the cell surface. It was also found that pre-attached virus was still neutralizable and that IgG and sIgA had similar TGEV-neutralizing capacities.
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12
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Aynaud JM, Nguyen TD, Bottreau E, Brun A, Vannier P. Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) of swine: survivor selection of TGE virus mutants in stomach juice of adult pigs. J Gen Virol 1985; 66 ( Pt 9):1911-7. [PMID: 2993482 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-66-9-1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Two transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus mutants (188-SG and 152-SG) were obtained from a low-passage virus strain (D-52) by 188 and 152 cycles of stomach juice treatment and multiplication in cell culture. Compared to the high-passage Purdue-115 and the original D-52 strains, these mutants were more stable at pH 2.0, more resistant to pepsin and trypsin, and characterized by a small plaque phenotype. In vivo, the two mutants were not found to be virulent for 4-day-old piglets and sows after oral inoculation. To test induction of lactogenic immunity, the 188-SG mutant was administered orally to pregnant sows (6 or 7 weeks before parturition) followed by one intramuscular booster (1 week before parturition). After challenge with virulent TGE virus, piglet mortality 7 days after exposure was reduced (to 22%) as compared to the death rate in piglets from control sows (91%).
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13
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Kelley KW, Dantzer R, Mormede P, Salmon H, Aynaud JM. Conditioned taste aversion suppresses induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity immune reactions. Physiol Behav 1985; 34:189-93. [PMID: 2987987 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(85)90104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Conditioned taste aversion was induced in mice by pairing saccharin drinking with an intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride, a toxic but nonimmunosuppressive drug. Conditioned mice showed not only suppressed saccharin drinking but also a 75% reduction in the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity immune responses to low doses of sheep erythrocytes. This effect was observed with doses of lithium chloride which had no effect of their own on immune functions. In addition, a reduction in water consumption was not responsible for the reduced immune response of conditioned mice since the immune responses of water deprived mice did not differ from those of nondeprived mice. Conditioned mice exposed to saccharin had higher plasma levels of glucocorticoids than nonconditioned mice, suggesting that the experience of being reexposed to a taste paired with lithium chloride was perceived as aversive. These data demonstrate that alterations in immune functions can be induced by a conditioned taste aversion procedure independently of any immunosuppressive drug.
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Laude H, Gelfi J, Aynaud JM. In vitro properties of low- and high-passaged strains of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus of swine. Am J Vet Res 1981; 42:447-9. [PMID: 6267962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Aynaud JM, Lejolly JC, Bibard C, Galicher C. [Studies of the properties of cold induced classical swine fever virus mutants. Application to vaccination]. Bull Off Int Epizoot 1971; 75:654-9. [PMID: 5170509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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16
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Paraf A, Aynaud JM, Metzger JJ. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMMUNE REACTIONS AND TOLERANCE TO VIRUSES. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1971. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1971.tb49829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Scherrer R, Aynaud JM, Cohen J, Bic E. [Study with electron microscope of classical hog cholera virus in ultra-thin sections of cells infected in vitro]. C R Acad Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 1970; 271:620-3. [PMID: 4989920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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18
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Aynaud JM, Lejolly JC, Galicher C. [Relationship between the resistance to warmth and the pathogenic power for swine of different viruses of the classical swine plague]. C R Acad Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 1970; 270:1408-11. [PMID: 4986388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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19
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Aynaud JM. [Study of the multiplication in a single cycle of the clone of class swine plague virus by means of immunoflourescence]. C R Acad Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 1968; 266:535-7. [PMID: 4969239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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20
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Gorhe D, Aynaud JM, Paraf A. [Inhibition of the multiplication of foot-and-mouth disease virus in the adult mouse treated previously by Freund's adjuvant]. C R Acad Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 1967; 264:2698-701. [PMID: 4294314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Asso J, Paraf A, Aynaud JM, Lucas A, Dhennin L, Gayot G. [Report on the characteristics of foot-and-mouth disease virus capable of being used as live vaccines]. Bull Off Int Epizoot 1966; 65:1929-36. [PMID: 4296532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Gorhe DS, Asso J, Aynaud JM. Studies on the relationship of the thermosensibility and sensibility to the acidic pH of certain cliones of foot and mouth disease virus obtained at infra-optimal temperature of 29 degrees C. Indian Vet J 1966; 43:935-48. [PMID: 4292588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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Asso J, Aynaud JM, Plart MF. [Study of mutants of foot-and-mouth disease virus obtained by cultivation at low temperature. Selection of strains non-pathogenic in swine]. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1966; 110:233-43. [PMID: 4285751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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24
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Asso J, Aynaud JM, Portalier R. [Sensitivity to acidity of aphthous virus strains non pathogenic for swine]. C R Acad Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 1966; 262:585-8. [PMID: 4286101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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