1
|
Routila J, Leivo I, Minn H, Westermarck J, Ventelä S. Evaluation of prognostic biomarkers in a population-validated Finnish HNSCC patient cohort. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 278:4575-4585. [PMID: 33582846 PMCID: PMC8486716 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-06650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Prognostic biomarkers and novel therapeutic approaches have been slow to emerge in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In this study, an HNSCC patient cohort is created and performance of putative prognostic biomarkers investigated in a population-validated setting. The overall goal is to develop a novel way to combine biomarker analyses with population-level clinical data on HNSCC patients and thus to improve the carryover of biomarkers into clinical practice. Materials and methods To avoid selection biases in retrospective study design, all HNSCC patients were identified and corresponding clinical data were collected from the Southwest Finland geographical area. A particular emphasis was laid on avoiding potential biases in sample selection for immunohistochemical staining analyses. Staining results were evaluated for potential prognostic resolution. Results After comprehensive evaluation, the patient cohort was found to be representative of the background population in terms of clinical characteristics such as patient age and TNM stage distribution. A negligible drop-out of 1.3% (6/476) was observed during the first follow-up year. By immunohistochemical analysis, the role of previously implicated HNSCC biomarkers (p53, EGFR, p16, CIP2A, Oct4, MET, and NDFIP1) was investigated. Discussion Our exceptionally representative patient material supports the use of population validation to improve the applicability of results to real-life situations. The failure of the putative prognostic biomarkers emphasizes the need for controlling bias in retrospective studies, especially in the heterogenous tumor environment of HNSCC. The resolution of simple prognostic examination is unlikely to be sufficient to identify biomarkers for clinical practice of HNSCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00405-021-06650-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Routila
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Department for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - I Leivo
- Biomedical Institute, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - H Minn
- FICAN West Cancer Centre, Turku, Finland.,Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - J Westermarck
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Biomedical Institute, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.,FICAN West Cancer Centre, Turku, Finland
| | - Sami Ventelä
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland. .,Department for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20521, Turku, Finland. .,FICAN West Cancer Centre, Turku, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Momeny M, Merisaari J, Padzik A, Tienhaara M, Aspelin W, Westermarck J. 1931MO A HER3/DUSP6 loop determines sensitivity to HER2-targeted therapies in breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
3
|
|
4
|
Laine A, Nagelli S, Peuhu E, Hau C, Kauko O, Kronqvist P, Sihto H, Joensuu H, Westermarck J, De Visser K. PO-300 CIP2A-mediated regulation of senescence in basal-like breast cancer. ESMO Open 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2018-eacr25.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
5
|
Le Joncour V, Hyvönen M, Casals E, Filppu P, Ramanathan JT, Ayo A, Westermarck J, Rosenholm J, Laakkonen P. Treating malignant glioma and brain metastasis with nanoparticles: Challenges of a peptide-based targeting and passage through the blood–brain-barrier. Eur J Cancer 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(16)61686-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
6
|
Niemelä M, Kauko O, Sihto H, Mpindi JP, Nicorici D, Pernilä P, Kallioniemi OP, Joensuu H, Hautaniemi S, Westermarck J. CIP2A signature reveals the MYC dependency of CIP2A-regulated phenotypes and its clinical association with breast cancer subtypes. Oncogene 2012; 31:4266-78. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
7
|
Böckelman C, Lassus H, Hemmes A, Leminen A, Westermarck J, Haglund C, Bützow R, Ristimäki A. Prognostic role of CIP2A expression in serous ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:989-95. [PMID: 21897396 PMCID: PMC3185957 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) is an oncoprotein expressed in several solid cancers. Our purpose was to study its role in serous ovarian cancer patients, and the association to clinicopathological variables and molecular markers. Methods: We collected retrospectively 562 consecutive serous ovarian cancer patients treated at the Helsinki University Central Hospital. We stained tumour tissue microarrays for CIP2A by immunohistochemistry and constructed survival curves according to the Kaplan–Meier method. Associations to clinicopathological and molecular markers were assessed by the χ2-test. Results: We found strong cytoplasmic CIP2A immunoreactivity in 212 (40.4%) specimens, weak positivity in 222 (42.4%) specimens, and negative in 90 (17.2%). Immunopositive CIP2A expression was associated with high grade (P<0.0001), advanced stage (P=0.0005), and aneuploidy (P=0.001, χ2-test). Cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A overexpression was also associated with EGFR protein expression (P=0.006) and EGFR amplification (P=0.043). Strong cytoplasmic CIP2A immunopositivity predicted poor outcome in ovarian cancer patients (P<0.0001, log-rank test). Conclusion: Our results show that CIP2A associates with reduced survival and parameters associated with high grade in ovarian cancer patients, and may thus be one of the factors that identify aggressive subtype (type II) of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Böckelman
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB and Haartman Institute, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mathiasen DP, Egebjerg C, Andersen SH, Rafn B, Puustinen P, Khanna A, Daugaard M, Valo E, Tuomela S, Bøttzauw T, Nielsen CF, Willumsen BM, Hautaniemi S, Lahesmaa R, Westermarck J, Jäättelä M, Kallunki T. Identification of a c-Jun N-terminal kinase-2-dependent signal amplification cascade that regulates c-Myc levels in ras transformation. Oncogene 2011; 31:390-401. [PMID: 21706057 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ras is one of the most frequently activated oncogenes in cancer. Two mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are important for ras transformation: extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 (JNK2). Here we present a downstream signal amplification cascade that is critical for ras transformation in murine embryonic fibroblasts. This cascade is coordinated by ERK and JNK2 MAPKs, whose Ras-mediated activation leads to the enhanced levels of three oncogenic transcription factors, namely, c-Myc, activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) and ATF3, all of which are essential for ras transformation. Previous studies show that ERK-mediated serine 62 phosphorylation protects c-Myc from proteasomal degradation. ERK is, however, not alone sufficient to stabilize c-Myc but requires the cooperation of cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A), an oncogene that counteracts protein phosphatase 2A-mediated dephosphorylation of c-Myc. Here we show that JNK2 regulates Cip2a transcription via ATF2. ATF2 and c-Myc cooperate to activate the transcription of ATF3. Remarkably, not only ectopic JNK2, but also ectopic ATF2, CIP2A, c-Myc and ATF3 are sufficient to rescue the defective ras transformation of JNK2-deficient cells. Thus, these data identify the key signal converging point of JNK2 and ERK pathways and underline the central role of CIP2A in ras transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D P Mathiasen
- Apoptosis Department and Centre for Genotoxic Stress Research, Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khanna A, Böckelman C, Hemmes A, Junttila M, Wiksten J, Lundin M, Haglund C, Westermarck J, Ristimäki A. CIP2A (Cancerous Inhibitor of Protein Phosphatase 2A) promotes gastric carcinogenesis. EJC Suppl 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(08)71886-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
10
|
Khanna A, Bockelman C, Hemmes A, Junttila M, Wiksten J, Lundin M, Haglund C, Westermarck J, Ristimaki A. CIP2A (Cancerous Inhibitor of Protein Phosphatase 2A) promotes gastric carcinogenesis. EJC Suppl 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(08)71356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
|
11
|
Junttila MR, Ala-Aho R, Jokilehto T, Peltonen J, Kallajoki M, Grenman R, Jaakkola P, Westermarck J, Kähäri VM. p38α and p38δ mitogen-activated protein kinase isoforms regulate invasion and growth of head and neck squamous carcinoma cells. Oncogene 2007; 26:5267-79. [PMID: 17334397 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that the specificity of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated cellular stress responses is determined by the expression pattern of the distinct p38 isoforms. Here, we have analysed the function of distinct p38 isoforms in the growth and invasion of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). Activation of p38 MAPK by arsenite resulted in inactivation of the ERK1,2 signaling pathway by dephosphorylation of MEK1,2 in primary human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs), whereas in HNSCC cells this p38-mediated inhibition of the ERK1,2 pathway was absent. Quantitation of p38 pathway component mRNA expression in HNSCC cell lines (n=42) compared to HEKs (n=8) revealed that p38alpha and p38delta isoforms are predominantly expressed in both cell types and that MKK3 is the primary upstream activator expressed. Inhibition of endogenous p38alpha or p38delta activity by adenoviral delivery of corresponding dominant-negative p38 isoforms potently reduced MMP-13 and MMP-1 expressions, and suppressed the invasion of HNSCC cells through collagen. Dominant-negative p38alpha and p38delta inhibited squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell proliferation and inhibition of p38alpha activity also compromised survival of SCC cells. p38alpha and p38delta were predominantly expressed in HNSCCs (n=24) and nonneoplastic epithelium in vivo (n=6), with MKK3 being the primary upstream activator. Activation and expression of p38alpha and p38delta by tumor cells was detected in HNSCCs in vivo (n=16). Adenoviral expression of dominant-negative p38alpha or p38delta in cutaneous SCC cells potently inhibited their implantation in skin of severe combined immunodeficiency mice and growth of xenografts in vivo. Our results indicate that p38alpha and p38delta specifically promote the malignant phenotype of SCC cells by regulating cell survival, proliferation and invasion, suggesting these p38 MAPK isoforms as potential therapeutic targets in HNSCCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Junttila
- Deparment of Dermatology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Westermarck J, Li SP, Kallunki T, Han J, Kähäri VM. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent activation of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A inhibits MEK1 and MEK2 activity and collagenase 1 (MMP-1) gene expression. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:2373-83. [PMID: 11259586 PMCID: PMC86870 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.7.2373-2383.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradation of collagenous extracellular matrix by collagenase 1 (also known as matrix metalloproteinase 1 [MMP-1]) plays a role in the pathogenesis of various destructive disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, chronic ulcers, and tumor invasion and metastasis. Here, we have investigated the role of distinct mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in the regulation of MMP-1 gene expression. The activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1)/ERK2 (designated ERK1,2) pathway by oncogenic Ras, constitutively active Raf-1, or phorbol ester resulted in potent stimulation of MMP-1 promoter activity and mRNA expression. In contrast, activation of stress-activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 pathways by expression of constitutively active mutants of Rac, transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), MAPK kinase 3 (MKK3), or MKK6 or by treatment with arsenite or anisomycin did not alone markedly enhance MMP-1 promoter activity. Constitutively active MKK6 augmented Raf-1-mediated activation of the MMP-1 promoter, whereas active mutants of TAK1 and MKK3b potently inhibited the stimulatory effect of Raf-1. Activation of p38 MAPK by arsenite also potently abrogated stimulation of MMP-1 gene expression by constitutively active Ras and Raf-1 and by phorbol ester. Specific activation of p38alpha by adenovirus-delivered constitutively active MKK3b resulted in potent inhibition of the activity of ERK1,2 and its upstream activator MEK1,2. Furthermore, arsenite prevented phorbol ester-induced phosphorylation of ERK1,2 kinase-MEK1,2, and this effect was dependent on p38-mediated activation of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and PP2A. These results provide evidence that activation of signaling cascade MKK3-MKK3b-->p38alpha blocks the ERK1,2 pathway at the level of MEK1,2 via PP1-PP2A and inhibits the activation of MMP-1 gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Westermarck
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Westermarck J, Li S, Jaakkola P, Kallunki T, Grénman R, Kähäri VM. Activation of fibroblast collagenase-1 expression by tumor cells of squamous cell carcinomas is mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-2. Cancer Res 2000; 60:7156-62. [PMID: 11156425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Collagenase-1 [matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1] is expressed by stromal fibroblasts of various invasive malignant tumors. Here, we have examined the molecular mechanisms of tumor-induced expression of MMP-1 by stromal fibroblasts. Treatment of fibroblasts with conditioned media of tumor cells derived from squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the oral cavity and larynx resulted in activation of fibroblast MMP-1 expression at the transcriptional level. The induction of MMP-1 expression correlates with activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphorylation of c-Jun and activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2) and is dependent on the activity of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Furthermore, using fibroblasts derived from JNK2-/- mice, we show that JNK2 is required for induction of fibroblast collagenase-3 expression in response to conditioned SCC tumor cell medium. Together, these results provide evidence that stress-activated p38 and JNK pathways play a crucial role in paracrine regulation of collagenolytic capacity of stromal fibroblasts in SCCs and suggest JNK2 as a novel target for inhibition of MMP-1 expression and tumor invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Westermarck
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Westermarck J, Kähäri VM. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression in tumor invasion. FASEB J 1999; 13:781-92. [PMID: 10224222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of basement membranes and stromal extracellular matrix (ECM) is crucial for invasion and metastasis of malignant cells. Degradation of ECM is initiated by proteinases secreted by different cell types participating in tumor cell invasion, and increased expression or activity of every known class of proteinases (metallo-, serine-, aspartic-, and cysteine) has been linked to malignancy and invasion of tumor cells. Studies performed over the last decade have revealed that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a crucial role in tumor invasion. Expression of MMP genes is transcriptionally regulated by a variety of extracellular factors including cytokines, growth factors, and cell contact to ECM. This review will summarize the current view on the role of MMPs in tumor growth, invasion, and survival, and focus on the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases and AP-1 and ETS transcription factors in the regulation of MMP gene expression during invasion process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Westermarck
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Westermarck J, Holmström T, Ahonen M, Eriksson JE, Kähäri VM. Enhancement of fibroblast collagenase-1 (MMP-1) gene expression by tumor promoter okadaic acid is mediated by stress-activated protein kinases Jun N-terminal kinase and p38. Matrix Biol 1998; 17:547-57. [PMID: 9923649 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(98)90107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Collagenase-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1, MMP-1) is expressed by several types of cells, including fibroblasts, and apparently plays an important role in the remodeling of collagenous extracellular matrix in various physiologic and pathologic situations. Here, we have examined the molecular mechanisms of the activation of fibroblast MMP-1 gene expression by a naturally occurring non-phorbol ester type tumor promoter okadaic acid (OA), a potent inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A. We show that in fibroblasts OA activates three distinct subgroups of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs): extracellular signal-regulated kinase1,2 (ERK1,2), c-Jun N-terminal-kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) and p38. Activation of MMP-1 promoter by OA is entirely blocked by overexpression of dual-specificity MAPK phosphatase CL100. In addition, expression of kinase-deficient forms of ERK1,2, SAPKbeta, p38, or JNK/SAPK kinase SEK1 strongly inhibited OA-elicited activation of MMP-1 promoter. OA-elicited enhancement of MMP-1 mRNA abundance was also strongly prevented by two chemical MAPK inhibitors: PD 98059, a specific inhibitor of the activation of ERK1,2 kinases MEK1,2; and SB 203580, a selective inhibitor of p38 activity. Results of this study show that MMP-1 gene expression in fibroblasts is coordinately regulated by ERK1,2, JNK/SAPK, and p38 MAPKs and suggest an important role for the stress-activated MAPKs JNK/SAPK and p38 in the activation of MMP-1 gene expression. Based on these observations, it is conceivable that specific inhibition of stress-activated MAPK pathways may serve as a novel therapeutic target for inhibiting degradation of collagenous extracellular matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Westermarck
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nissinen L, Westermarck J, Koivisto L, Kähäri VM, Heino J. Transcription of alpha2 integrin gene in osteosarcoma cells is enhanced by tumor promoters. Exp Cell Res 1998; 243:1-10. [PMID: 9716443 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1998.4128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Integrin alpha2beta1 is a heterodimeric transmembrane receptor for collagens. In osteogenic cells the expression of alpha2beta1 integrin is induced by both Kirsten sarcoma virus and chemical transformation. The association of alpha2 integrin with transformed cell phenotype was studied further by testing the effects of two tumor promoters, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and okadaic acid (OA), on human MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. TPA, an activator of protein kinase C, increased the cell surface expression of alpha2 integrin and the corresponding mRNA levels. Nuclear run-on assays indicated that TPA activated the transcription of alpha2 integrin gene. TPA also slightly increased the expression of alpha3 integrin but had no effect on the transcription of alpha5, alphav, or beta1 integrin subunits. OA, an inhibitor of serine/threonine phosphatases, increased alpha2 integrin gene transcription and mRNA levels, but in contrast to TPA, OA decreased alpha3 integrin expression. The increased expression of alpha2 integrin on TPA-treated MG-63 cells led to faster cell spreading on type I collagen. Our results link the enhanced transcription of alpha2 integrin gene to tumor progression and show the independent regulation of alpha2 integrin compared to other integrin genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Nissinen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turkuand, FIN-20520, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
We have examined the effect of UVB and solar-simulated irradiation on the expression of the AP-1 family of transcription factors and the cytokine IL-6 both in cell cultures and in human skin in vivo. UVB irradiation potently induced c-jun, junB and c-fos mRNA levels in vitro in HaCaT cells. IL-6 mRNA was induced in response to UVB irradiation 2-3 h later than c-jun, junB and c-fos mRNAs. In human skin in vivo, solar-simulated irradiation induced transiently junB expression. Genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, augmented the induction of c-jun and junB by UVB irradiation in HaCaT cells. The results of this study provide evidence that in addition to c-jun and c-fos, junB is also an essential component of the human UV-response. This study also suggests that UVB irradiation regulates the AP-1 family by several mechanisms and that the signalling mechanisms of UVB irradiation are considerably different from the ones used by UVC irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Isoherranen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Turku, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Reunanen N, Westermarck J, Häkkinen L, Holmström TH, Elo I, Eriksson JE, Kähäri VM. Enhancement of fibroblast collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-1) gene expression by ceramide is mediated by extracellular signal-regulated and stress-activated protein kinase pathways. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:5137-45. [PMID: 9478967 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.9.5137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 trigger the ceramide signaling pathway, initiated by neutral sphingomyelinase-elicited hydrolysis of cell membrane phospholipid sphingomyelin to ceramide, a new lipid second messenger. Here, we show that triggering the ceramide pathway by sphingomyelinase or C2- and C6-ceramide enhances collagenase-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1; MMP-1) gene expression by fibroblasts. C2-ceramide activates three distinct mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in dermal fibroblasts, i.e. extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), stress-activated protein kinase/Jun N-terminal-kinase (SAPK/JNK), and p38. Stimulation of MMP-1 promoter activity by C2-ceramide is dependent on the presence of a functional AP-1 cis-element and is entirely inhibited by overexpression of MAPK inhibitor, dual specificity phosphatase CL100 (MAPK phosphatase-1). Activation of MMP-1 promoter by C2-ceramide is also effectively inhibited by kinase-deficient forms of ERK1/2 kinase (MEK1/2) activator Raf-1, ERK1 and ERK2, SAPK/JNK activator SEK1, or SAPKbeta. In addition, ceramide-dependent induction of MMP-1 expression is potently prevented by PD 98059, a selective inhibitor of MEK1 activation, and by specific p38 inhibitor SB 203580. These results show that triggering the ceramide signaling pathway activates MMP-1 gene expression via three distinct MAPK pathways, i.e. ERK1/2, SAPK/JNK, and p38, and suggest that targeted modulation of the ceramide signaling pathway may offer a novel therapeutic approach for inhibiting collagenolytic activity, e.g. in inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Reunanen
- Department of Dermatology, Turku University Central Hospital, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Häkkinen L, Westermarck J, Johansson N, Aho H, Peltonen J, Heino J, Kähäri VM. Suprabasal expression of epidermal alpha 2 beta 1 and alpha 3 beta 1 integrins in skin treated with topical retinoic acid. Br J Dermatol 1998; 138:29-36. [PMID: 9536220 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In normal adult human skin, expression of epidermal integrins is confined to keratinocytes in the basal layer. However, suprabasal expression of alpha 2, alpha 3 and beta 1 integrin subunits is noted in hyperproliferative epidermis in wound repair and psoriasis. In this study, we examined the effect of topical all-trans-retinoic acid (RA), known to induce epidermal hyperplasia, on expression of integrins in human epidermis. Immunostaining of vehicle-treated skin revealed expression of alpha 2, alpha 3 and beta 1, as well as alpha 6 and beta 4 integrin subunits entirely on basal keratinocytes. Topical application of RA (0.1%) for 2 weeks resulted in marked suprabasal expression of alpha 2, alpha 3 and beta 1 integrin subunits, whereas alpha 6 and beta 4 staining remained on basal keratinocytes. Staining for putative ligands of alpha 2 beta 1 and alpha 3 beta 1 integrins, i.e. type IV collagen, laminin-5 and fibronectin, was not detected in the epidermal layer in RA- or vehicle-treated skin. Treatment of HaCaT keratinocytes in culture with RA (1 mumol/L) enhanced alpha 2 and beta 1 mRNA abundance. Furthermore, RA slightly up-regulated the expression of alpha 2, alpha 3 and beta 1 integrin subunits on primary epidermal keratinocytes and HaCaT cells in culture with no effect on cell proliferation. These results provide evidence that RA-elicited epidermal hyperplasia is associated with aberrant suprabasal expression of alpha 2 beta 1 and alpha 3 beta 1 integrins, and that this also involves direct stimulation of keratinocyte integrin expression by RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Häkkinen
- Department of Periodontology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Expression of interstitial collagenase (MMP-1) has been detected in stromal fibroblasts of various malignant tumors. Here, we have studied the effect of three structurally different ETS transcription factors (ETS-1, ERGB/Fli-1, and PU.1) on MMP-1 promoter activity in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. ETS-1 increased the activity of 3.8 kb MMP-1 promoter construct up to tenfold, while ERGB/Fli-1 or PU.1 alone had no marked effect on basal promoter activity. ETS-1 also markedly potentiated enhancement of MMP-1 promoter by both c-Jun and JunB, whereas ERGB/Fli-1 augmented only the effect of c-Jun. Interestingly, PU.1 abolished induction of MMP-1 promoter by both c-Jun and JunB. Stimulation of MMP-1 promoter by 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate and okadaic acid was differentially augmented by ETS-1 and ERGB/Fli-1, and abrogated by PU.1. Co-transfection studies with MMP-1 promoter 5'-deletion constructs revealed that AP-1 site was necessary for PU.1-elicited suppression. As compared to control cell lines, PU.1-positive stable cells exhibited clearly weaker binding of c-Jun and JunD containing AP-1 complexes to MMP-1 promoter AP-1 element, as well as marked reduction in basal level and induction of c-jun mRNA by 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate and okadaic acid, suggesting a novel mechanism for PU.1-mediated inhibition of AP-1 dependent gene expression. These results show that three structurally distinct ETS transcription factors differently modulate AP-1 dependent upregulation of MMP-1 gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Westermarck
- Department of Dermatology, Turku University Central Hospital, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Johansson N, Saarialho-Kere U, Airola K, Herva R, Nissinen L, Westermarck J, Vuorio E, Heino J, Kähäri VM. Collagenase-3 (MMP-13) is expressed by hypertrophic chondrocytes, periosteal cells, and osteoblasts during human fetal bone development. Dev Dyn 1997; 208:387-97. [PMID: 9056642 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(199703)208:3<387::aid-aja9>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagenase-3 (MMP-13) is a novel matrix metalloproteinase, the expression of which has so far only been documented in human breast carcinomas and osteoarthritic cartilage. In this study we have examined the expression of MMP-13 during human fetal development. Northern blot hybridizations revealed abundant expression of MMP-13 mRNAs in total RNA from fetal cartilage and calvaria at gestational age of 15 weeks. By in situ hybridization MMP-13 transcripts were detected in chondrocytes of hypertrophic cartilage in vertebrae of the spinal column and in the dorsal end of ribs undergoing ossification, as well as in osteoblasts and periosteal cells below the inner periosteal region of ossified ribs. In contrast, no expression of MMP-13 could be detected in osteoclasts. Furthermore, expression of MMP-13 mRNA was detected in osteoblasts and fibroblasts primarily on the inner side of calvarial bone of the skull at 16 weeks of gestation. Expression of MMP-13 mRNA by primary human fetal chondrocytes in culture was enhanced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and inhibited by bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). No expression of MMP-13 mRNA could be noted in other fetal tissues, including the skin, lungs, neural tissue, muscle, and liver. These results suggest that MMP-13 plays an important role in the extracellular matrix remodeling during fetal bone development both via endochondral and intramembranous ossification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Johansson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Johansson N, Westermarck J, Leppä S, Häkkinen L, Koivisto L, López-Otín C, Peltonen J, Heino J, Kähäri VM. Collagenase 3 (matrix metalloproteinase 13) gene expression by HaCaT keratinocytes is enhanced by tumor necrosis factor alpha and transforming growth factor beta. Cell Growth Differ 1997; 8:243-50. [PMID: 9040946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Collagenase-3 (matrix metalloproteinase 13; MMP-13) is a novel matrix metalloproteinase, the expression of which to date has only been detected in human breast carcinoma tissue and osteoarthritic cartilage. Here, we show that MMP-13 transcripts are expressed by human HaCaT keratinocytes but not by primary human epidermal keratinocytes. The levels of MMP-13 mRNAs in HaCaT cells were enhanced up to 130- and 45-fold by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), respectively. The maximal induction of MMP-13 mRNAs by TNF-alpha was noted after a 6-h incubation, whereas with TGF-beta, the maximal stimulation was observed after 24 h. The up-regulation of MMP-13 mRNA abundance by TNF-alpha and TGF-beta was dependent on protein synthesis and was prevented partially by dexamethasone and retinoic acid. Nuclear run-on assays demonstrated activation of MMP-13 gene transcription by TNF-alpha maximally at the 2-h time point and by TGF-beta after 12 h of treatment. Incubation of HaCaT keratinocytes with TNF-alpha and TGF-beta also increased production of proMMP-13 into the culture media, as detected by Western blotting. Our data indicate that the MMP-13 gene is expressed by transformed epidermal keratinocytes, suggesting a role for MMP-13 in the invasive capacity of human epidermal malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Johansson
- Department of Dermatology, Turku University Central Hospital, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Häkkinen L, Westermarck J, Kähäri VM, Larjava H. Human granulation-tissue fibroblasts show enhanced proteoglycan gene expression and altered response to TGF-beta 1. J Dent Res 1996; 75:1767-78. [PMID: 8955672 DOI: 10.1177/00220345960750101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulation-tissue fibroblasts are phenotypically unique cells that play an important role in wound repair and the development of chronic inflammatory lesions in connective tissue. In the present study, we compared proteoglycan, type I, and type III procollagen gene expression by granulation-tissue fibroblasts from wound and chronically inflamed tissues with normal gingival fibroblasts. We also analyzed the effect of TGF-beta 1 on proteoglycan mRNA levels and macromolecule production by these cells. One granulation-tissue fibroblast strain that was composed exclusively of alpha-smooth-muscle actin-positive cells (myofibroblasts) expressed strongly elevated basal levels of biglycan, fibromodulin, and versican (the large chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan), as well as type I and III procollagen mRNA. TGF-beta 1 enhanced more potently the expression of types I and III procollagen, biglycan, and versican mRNA by these cells as compared with normal fibroblasts. Other granulation-tissue fibroblast strains, in which about half of the cells expressed alpha-smooth-muscle actin, also showed enhanced proteoglycan and types I and III procollagen expression as compared with normal fibroblasts. These results suggest that alterations in matrix composition during inflammation and wound healing are regulated partly by altered phenotypes of the cells that produce the matrix, and partly by altered responses of these cells to TGF-beta 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Häkkinen
- Department of Periodontology, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lohi J, Lehti K, Westermarck J, Kähäri VM, Keski-Oja J. Regulation of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression by growth factors and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Eur J Biochem 1996; 239:239-47. [PMID: 8706726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0239u.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase (MT-MMP-1) results in the activation of both endogenous and exogenous 72-kDa gelatinase. To understand the effects of MT-MMP-1 on 72-kDa gelatinase activation, we analyzed its expression in human fibroblasts and HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells. Both cell types expressed the MT-MMP-1 mRNA constitutively at a considerable level and treatment of cells with PMA enhanced the expression about 2-3-fold. Concanavalin A treatment increased MT-MMP-1 mRNA levels in fibroblasts about 4-fold. Induction of MT-MMP-1 by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) required protein synthesis as shown by cycloheximide inhibition. The induction was also inhibited by dexamethasone. Analysis of MT-MMP-1 mRNA stability using actinomycin D indicated that the half-life was rather long and not affected by PMA, suggesting transcriptional regulation. Only HT-1080 cells had significant 72-kDa gelatinase processing activity after treatment with PMA or concanavalin A, while fibroblasts were virtually negative. Immunoblotting analysis of fibroblast lysates indicated that MT-MMP-1 was present mainly in a 60-kDa form. PMA and concanavalin A caused 2-4-fold increases in its protein levels, while in HT-1080 cells PMA, concanavalin A, or overexpression of MT-MMP-1 did not significantly enhance the level of the 60-kDa protein. Instead, an immunoreactive, proteolytically processed 43-kDa form was observed, and its appearance correlated to 72-kDa gelatinase processing activity. Thus 72-kDa gelatinase activation, while enhanced by MT-MMP-1 expression, needs additional co-operating factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lohi
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Westermarck J, Häkkinen L, Fiers W, Kähäri VM. TNF-R55-specific form of human tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces collagenase gene expression by human skin fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 105:197-202. [PMID: 7636301 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12317114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a potent inhibitor of connective tissue formation. The cellular effects of TNF-alpha are mediated by two distinct cell-surface receptors, TNF-R55 and TNF-R75, both present on various types of cells, including fibroblasts. In this study we wanted to elucidate the role of TNF-R55 as a mediator of the connective tissue effects of TNF-alpha by using a mutant, TNF-R55-specific form of human TNF-alpha. This mutant TNF-alpha markedly induced collagenase and stromelysin-1 gene expression in dermal fibroblasts, the maximal activation (up to 42-fold) being 65%-89% of that noted with wild-type human TNF-alpha. In addition, TNF-R55-specific TNF-alpha suppressed type I collagen mRNA levels as potently as wild-type TNF-alpha (by 60%). The enhancement of collagenase gene expression by TNF-R55-specific TNF-alpha was augmented by simultaneous treatment of normal and scleroderma skin fibroblasts with interferon-gamma, indicating specific enhancement of TNF-R55 signaling pathway by interferon-gamma. These results show that stimulation of the TNF-R55 signaling pathway is sufficient for the inhibitory effects of TNF-alpha on extracellular matrix formation by dermal fibroblasts. It is conceivable that due to reduced systemic toxicity, TNF-R55-specific forms of human TNF-alpha may prove to be feasible in the therapy of fibrotic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Westermarck
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Westermarck J, Ilvonen E, Kähäri VM. The protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid suppresses type I collagen gene expression in cultured fibroblasts at the transcriptional level. Biochem J 1995; 308 ( Pt 3):995-9. [PMID: 8948461 PMCID: PMC1136821 DOI: 10.1042/bj3080995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Type I collagen is the most abundant component of the extracellular matrix of human connective tissues. We have examined the effect of okadaic acid (OA), an inhibitor of phosphoserine- and-phosphothreonine-specific protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, on type I collagen gene expression by fibroblasts in culture. Treatment of human skin fibroblasts with OA potently reduced type I and type III collagen mRNA levels, maximally by over 90%. The inhibitory effect of OA on type I and III collagen mRNA abundance was not prevented by cycloheximide, and was not affected by simultaneous treatment with dexamethasone or retinoic acid. OA also abrogated the enhancing effect of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) on type I and III collagen mRNA levels. Treatment of transiently transfected NIH-3T3 fibroblasts with OA suppressed the activity of a 3.5 kb human pro alpha 2(I) collagen promoter/chloramphenicol acetyltransferase construct maximally, by 70%. In addition, OA treatment of NIH-3T3 cells abrogated enhancement of pro alpha 2(I) collagen promoter activity by TGF-beta. These results indicate that protein phosphatases 1 and 2A have an important role as positive regulators of type I and III collagen gene expression. The results also suggest that selective inhibition of activity of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A may offer a novel approach for preventing excessive collagen accumulation in fibrotic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Westermarck
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Riikonen T, Westermarck J, Koivisto L, Broberg A, Kähäri VM, Heino J. Integrin alpha 2 beta 1 is a positive regulator of collagenase (MMP-1) and collagen alpha 1(I) gene expression. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:13548-52. [PMID: 7768957 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.22.13548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A classical model for studying the effects of extracellular matrix is to culture cells inside a three-dimensional collagen gel. When surrounded by fibrillar collagen, many cell types decrease the production of type I collagen, and the expression of interstitial collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-1; MMP-1) is simultaneously induced. To study the role of the collagen-binding integrins alpha 1 beta 1 and alpha 2 beta 1 in this process, we used three different osteogenic cell lines with distinct patterns of putative collagen receptors: HOS cells, which express only alpha 1 beta 1 integrin, MG-63 cells, which express only alpha 2 beta 1 integrin, and KHOS-240 cells, which express both. Inside collagen gels, alpha 1 (I) collagen mRNA levels were decreased in HOS and KHOS-240 cells but not in MG-63 cells. In contrast, MMP-1 expression was induced in KHOS-240 and MG-63 cells but not in HOS cells. Transfection of MG-63 cells with alpha 2 integrin cDNA in an antisense orientation reduced the expression level of alpha 2 integrin. These cell clones showed induction and reduction of mRNA levels for MMP-1, respectively. HOS cells normally lacking alpha 2 beta 1 integrin were forced to express it, and this prevented the down-regulation in the levels of alpha 1 (I) collagen mRNA when cells were grown inside collagen gels. The data indicate that the level of MMP-1 expression is regulated by the collagen receptor alpha 2 beta 1 integrin. The down-regulation of collagen alpha 1 (I) is mediated by another receptor. Integrin alpha 2 beta 1 may compete with it and thus be a positive regulator of collagen synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Riikonen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Westermarck J, Ilvonen E, Uitto J, Kähäri VM. Suppression of elastin gene expression in dermal fibroblasts by protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 209:175-81. [PMID: 7726832 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1995.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of human skin fibroblasts with okadaic acid, an inhibitor of serine/threonine specific protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, resulted in a marked reduction in elastin mRNA levels, with maximal inhibition of 80%. The inhibitory effect of okadaic acid on elastin mRNA levels was efficiently prevented by retinoic acid and cycloheximide and was further enhanced by phorbol ester treatment. Upregulation of elastin mRNA levels by transforming growth factor-beta 2 was abrogated by simultaneous treatment of cells with okadaic acid. Okadaic acid had no effect on the expression of human elastin promoter/CAT chimeric gene in fibroblasts cultured from skin of transgenic mice. These results provide evidence that protein phosphatases 1 and 2A play an important role as positive regulators of elastin gene expression in dermal fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Westermarck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kähäri VM, Häkkinen L, Westermarck J, Larjava H. Differential regulation of decorin and biglycan gene expression by dexamethasone and retinoic acid in cultured human skin fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 104:503-8. [PMID: 7706767 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12605969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans participate in the assembly of extracellular matrix, directly by interacting with other matrix components and indirectly by regulating cellular growth-factor responses. We have studied the regulation of gene expression of two small extracellular matrix chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, decorin and biglycan, by dexamethasone and retinoic acid in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Dexamethasone increased decorin production, maximally 4.8-fold, and decorin mRNA levels up to 2.3-fold, but had no effect on biglycan production or mRNA levels. Dexamethasone also prevented transforming growth factor-beta-elicited down-regulation of decorin mRNA levels and production by dermal fibroblasts. In addition, dexamethasone potently inhibited enhancement of biglycan production and mRNA levels by transforming growth factor-beta. Retinoic acid dose dependently reduced decorin mRNA levels (by 51%) and production (by 72%), but had no effect on biglycan gene expression. Retinoic acid did not alter the effect of transforming growth factor-beta on decorin or biglycan production or mRNA levels. These results provide evidence that the effects of glucocorticoids and retinoids on dermal connective tissue are partially mediated via altered expression of decorin and biglycan, which both in turn regulate the activity of transforming growth factor-beta, the most potent stimulator of connective tissue deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V M Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Westermarck J, Lohi J, Keski-Oja J, Kähäri VM. Okadaic acid-elicited transcriptional activation of collagenase gene expression in HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells is mediated by JunB. Cell Growth Differ 1994; 5:1205-13. [PMID: 7848922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is a novel, non-phorbol ester-type tumor promoter, which is a specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. Treatment of human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cells with OA resulted in induction of collagenase and stromelysin-1 mRNA levels, while mRNA levels for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 were enhanced to a lesser extent. Induction of collagenase and stromelysin-1 mRNA levels was dependent on protein synthesis. Exposure of HT-1080 cells to OA resulted in marked and persistent induction of junB, junD, and c-fos mRNA levels up to 24 h, while c-jun mRNA levels were only slightly elevated. In transiently transfected HT-1080 cells, OA-elicited activation of a 3.8-kilobase collagenase promoter/reporter gene construct was entirely dependent on junB expression, as determined by cotransfection with a junB antisense expression construct. Overexpression of JunB in HT-1080 cells enhanced collagenase promoter activity by 10-fold, and OA augmented trans-activation of collagenase promoter by c-Jun and JunB. The results indicate that induction of collagenase gene expression by OA is mediated by enhanced JunB expression, as well as enhanced trans-activating capacity of AP-1 complexes containing c-Jun and JunB. These results also suggest that selective overexpression of junB may enhance invasive and metastatic potential of neoplastic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Westermarck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kähäri VM, Westermarck J, Ilvonen E. Okadaic acid suppresses type I collagen gene expression at transcriptional level in cultured fibroblasts. Matrix Biol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0945-053x(94)90086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|