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Martin JT, Cottrell CA, Antanasijevic A, Carnathan DG, Cossette BJ, Enemuo CA, Gebru EH, Choe Y, Viviano F, Fischinger S, Tokatlian T, Cirelli KM, Ueda G, Copps J, Schiffner T, Menis S, Alter G, Schief WR, Crotty S, King NP, Baker D, Silvestri G, Ward AB, Irvine DJ. Targeting HIV Env immunogens to B cell follicles in nonhuman primates through immune complex or protein nanoparticle formulations. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:72. [PMID: 32802411 PMCID: PMC7406516 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Following immunization, high-affinity antibody responses develop within germinal centers (GCs), specialized sites within follicles of the lymph node (LN) where B cells proliferate and undergo somatic hypermutation. Antigen availability within GCs is important, as B cells must acquire and present antigen to follicular helper T cells to drive this process. However, recombinant protein immunogens such as soluble human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope (Env) trimers do not efficiently accumulate in follicles following traditional immunization. Here, we demonstrate two strategies to concentrate HIV Env immunogens in follicles, via the formation of immune complexes (ICs) or by employing self-assembling protein nanoparticles for multivalent display of Env antigens. Using rhesus macaques, we show that within a few days following immunization, free trimers were present in a diffuse pattern in draining LNs, while trimer ICs and Env nanoparticles accumulated in B cell follicles. Whole LN imaging strikingly revealed that ICs and trimer nanoparticles concentrated in as many as 500 follicles in a single LN within two days after immunization. Imaging of LNs collected seven days postimmunization showed that Env nanoparticles persisted on follicular dendritic cells in the light zone of nascent GCs. These findings suggest that the form of antigen administered in vaccination can dramatically impact localization in lymphoid tissues and provides a new rationale for the enhanced immune responses observed following immunization with ICs or nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T. Martin
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Christopher A. Cottrell
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Aleksandar Antanasijevic
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Diane G. Carnathan
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Benjamin J. Cossette
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Chiamaka A. Enemuo
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Etse H. Gebru
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Yury Choe
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Federico Viviano
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Stephanie Fischinger
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Essen, Germany
| | - Talar Tokatlian
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Kimberly M. Cirelli
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - George Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Jeffrey Copps
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Torben Schiffner
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - William R. Schief
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Neil P. King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Cirelli KM, Carnathan DG, Nogal B, Martin JT, Rodriguez OL, Upadhyay AA, Enemuo CA, Gebru EH, Choe Y, Viviano F, Nakao C, Pauthner MG, Reiss S, Cottrell CA, Smith ML, Bastidas R, Gibson W, Wolabaugh AN, Melo MB, Cossette B, Kumar V, Patel NB, Tokatlian T, Menis S, Kulp DW, Burton DR, Murrell B, Schief WR, Bosinger SE, Ward AB, Watson CT, Silvestri G, Irvine DJ, Crotty S. Slow Delivery Immunization Enhances HIV Neutralizing Antibody and Germinal Center Responses via Modulation of Immunodominance. Cell 2020; 180:206. [PMID: 31923396 PMCID: PMC7009795 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cirelli KM, Carnathan DG, Nogal B, Martin JT, Rodriguez OL, Upadhyay AA, Enemuo CA, Gebru EH, Choe Y, Viviano F, Nakao C, Pauthner MG, Reiss S, Cottrell CA, Smith ML, Bastidas R, Gibson W, Wolabaugh AN, Melo MB, Cossette B, Kumar V, Patel NB, Tokatlian T, Menis S, Kulp DW, Burton DR, Murrell B, Schief WR, Bosinger SE, Ward AB, Watson CT, Silvestri G, Irvine DJ, Crotty S. Slow Delivery Immunization Enhances HIV Neutralizing Antibody and Germinal Center Responses via Modulation of Immunodominance. Cell 2019; 177:1153-1171.e28. [PMID: 31080066 PMCID: PMC6619430 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Conventional immunization strategies will likely be insufficient for the development of a broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) vaccine for HIV or other difficult pathogens because of the immunological hurdles posed, including B cell immunodominance and germinal center (GC) quantity and quality. We found that two independent methods of slow delivery immunization of rhesus monkeys (RMs) resulted in more robust T follicular helper (TFH) cell responses and GC B cells with improved Env-binding, tracked by longitudinal fine needle aspirates. Improved GCs correlated with the development of >20-fold higher titers of autologous nAbs. Using a new RM genomic immunoglobulin locus reference, we identified differential IgV gene use between immunization modalities. Ab mapping demonstrated targeting of immunodominant non-neutralizing epitopes by conventional bolus-immunized animals, whereas slow delivery-immunized animals targeted a more diverse set of epitopes. Thus, alternative immunization strategies can enhance nAb development by altering GCs and modulating the immunodominance of non-neutralizing epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Cirelli
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Diane G Carnathan
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bartek Nogal
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jacob T Martin
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Oscar L Rodriguez
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Amit A Upadhyay
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chiamaka A Enemuo
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Etse H Gebru
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yury Choe
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Federico Viviano
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Catherine Nakao
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthias G Pauthner
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Samantha Reiss
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher A Cottrell
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Melissa L Smith
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Raiza Bastidas
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William Gibson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Amber N Wolabaugh
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mariane B Melo
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Benjamin Cossette
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Venkatesh Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nirav B Patel
- Yerkes NHP Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Talar Tokatlian
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel W Kulp
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William R Schief
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Yerkes NHP Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Corey T Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Departments of Biological Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE We are interested in designing a modular strategy for creating potent multivalent ligands, which frequently can be used as effective inhibitors of undesired biomolecular interactions. For example, such inhibitors might prevent the self-assembly of bacterial toxins or the attachment of a virus to its host cell receptors. METHODS We used a biocompatible polyamino acid polymer as a scaffold for grafting multiple copies of an oligonucleotide aptamer (OA). Specifically, the carboxylates on the side chains of polyglutamic acid (PGA) were modified with a thiol-reactive linker, N-aminoethyl maleimide (AEM), and thiol-functionalized OAs were attached to the maleimide moieties. The resulting conjugates were tested for their ability to compete with and inhibit the binding of unconjugated monovalent OAs to the target cell receptor. RESULTS Multivalent PGA-OA conjugates with low, medium, and high valency were successfully prepared. The varying valency and successful purification to remove unconjugated OAs were confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The resulting purified conjugates inhibited the binding of unconjugated monovalent OAs, and the measured half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values corresponded to a 38-88-fold enhancement of potency on a per-aptamer basis, relative to OA alone. CONCLUSION Multivalent conjugation of OA ligands has potential as a generally useful way to improve the potency of the interaction between the ligand and its target receptor. We have demonstrated this principle with a known OA as a proof of concept as well a synthetic strategy that can be used to synthesize multivalent conjugates of other OAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Martin
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marc Douaisi
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Ammar Arsiwala
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA,
| | - Manish Arha
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Ravi S Kane
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA,
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Bera S, Mondal D, Martin JT, Singh M. Potential effect of ultrasound on carbohydrates. Carbohydr Res 2015; 410:15-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Polyvalent interactions, where multiple ligands and receptors interact simultaneously, are ubiquitous in nature. Synthetic polyvalent molecules, therefore, have the ability to affect biological processes ranging from protein-ligand binding to cellular signaling. In this review, we discuss recent advances in polyvalent scaffold design and applications. First, we will describe recent developments in the engineering of polyvalent scaffolds based on biomolecules and novel materials. Then, we will illustrate how polyvalent molecules are finding applications as toxin and pathogen inhibitors, targeting molecules, immune response modulators, and cellular effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad T. Varner
- The Howard P. Isermann Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Tania Rosen
- The Howard P. Isermann Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Jacob T. Martin
- The Howard P. Isermann Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Ravi S. Kane
- The Howard P. Isermann Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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Patke S, Boggara M, Maheshwari R, Srivastava SK, Arha M, Douaisi M, Martin JT, Harvey IB, Brier M, Rosen T, Mogridge J, Kane RS. Design of Monodisperse and Well-Defined Polypeptide-Based Polyvalent Inhibitors of Anthrax Toxin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Patke S, Boggara M, Maheshwari R, Srivastava SK, Arha M, Douaisi M, Martin JT, Harvey IB, Brier M, Rosen T, Mogridge J, Kane RS. Design of monodisperse and well-defined polypeptide-based polyvalent inhibitors of anthrax toxin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8037-40. [PMID: 24706570 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The design of polyvalent molecules, presenting multiple copies of a specific ligand, represents a promising strategy to inhibit pathogens and toxins. The ability to control independently the valency and the spacing between ligands would be valuable for elucidating structure-activity relationships and for designing potent polyvalent molecules. To that end, we designed monodisperse polypeptide-based polyvalent inhibitors of anthrax toxin in which multiple copies of an inhibitory toxin-binding peptide were separated by flexible peptide linkers. By tuning the valency and linker length, we designed polyvalent inhibitors that were over four orders of magnitude more potent than the corresponding monovalent ligands. This strategy for the rational design of monodisperse polyvalent molecules may not only be broadly applicable for the inhibition of toxins and pathogens, but also for controlling the nanoscale organization of cellular receptors to regulate signaling and the fate of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Patke
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 (USA)
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Joshi A, Kate S, Poon V, Mondal D, Boggara MB, Saraph A, Martin JT, McAlpine R, Day R, Garcia AE, Mogridge J, Kane RS. Structure-based design of a heptavalent anthrax toxin inhibitor. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:791-6. [PMID: 21302959 DOI: 10.1021/bm101396u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The design of polyvalent molecules, consisting of multiple copies of a biospecific ligand attached to a suitable scaffold, represents a promising approach to inhibit pathogens and oligomeric microbial toxins. Despite the increasing interest in structure-based drug design, few polyvalent inhibitors based on this approach have shown efficacy in vivo. Here we demonstrate the structure-based design of potent biospecific heptavalent inhibitors of anthrax lethal toxin. Specifically, we illustrate the ability to design potent polyvalent ligands by matching the pattern of binding sites on the biological target. We used a combination of experimental studies based on mutagenesis and computational docking studies to identify the binding site for an inhibitory peptide on the heptameric subunit of anthrax toxin. We developed an approach based on copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (click-chemistry) to facilitate the attachment of seven copies of the inhibitory peptide to a β-cyclodextrin core via a polyethylene glycol linker of an appropriate length. The resulting heptavalent inhibitors neutralized anthrax lethal toxin both in vitro and in vivo and showed appreciable stability in serum. Given the inherent biocompatibility of cyclodextrin and polyethylene glycol, these potent well-defined heptavalent inhibitors show considerable promise as anthrax antitoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Joshi
- The Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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Lindeman GJ, Asselin-Labat ML, Vaillant F, Sheridan JM, Pal B, Wu D, Simpson ER, Yasuda H, Smyth GK, Martin JT, Visvader JE. Abstract S5-6: Steroid Hormone Regulation of Mammary Stem Cell Function. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs10-s5-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: The ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone profoundly influence breast cancer risk, underpinning the benefit of endocrine therapies in the treatment of breast cancer. Modulation of their effects through ovarian ablation or chemoprevention strategies also significantly decreases breast cancer incidence. Conversely, there is an increased risk of breast cancer associated with pregnancy in the short-term. The cellular mechanisms underlying these observations, however, are poorly defined. We and others recently isolated mammary epithelial populations enriched for mammary stem cells (MaSCs), committed luminal progenitor and mature luminal cells from both mouse and human mammary glands. Unexpectedly, MaSCs exhibited a receptor-negative phenotype for ERα , PR and ErbB2. Given the central important of estrogen and progesterone signaling to mammary gland development and cancer, we sought to determine whether these hormones could indirectly modulate MaSC function. Methods and Results: We utilized mouse models to directly study the effects of steroid hormones on the in vivo repopulating ability of MaSCs. Ovariectomy markedly diminished MaSC number and the extent of ductal outgrowth in vivo. The relative contribution of estrogen and progesterone to the regulation of MaSC activity was next examined using hormone pellets or antagonists. MaSC activity increased in animals treated with both estrogen and progesterone. Remarkably, even three weeks of treatment with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole was sufficient to reduce the MaSC pool. The outgrowth potential of these cells was again affected, suggesting that MaSCs retain a ‘memory’ of estrogen deprivation, perhaps through perturbation of their cycling status. Indeed, cell cycle analysis revealed an increase in the percentage of MaSC-enriched cells in G0/G1 in ovariectomized glands compared to controls. This was accompanied by a profound reduction in the expression of cell cycle genes including Cyclin D1.
We further evaluated the effect of the hormonal environment on MaSC function during pregnancy, where progesterone (and prolactin) have prominent roles. Pregnancy led to a transient 11-fold increase in MaSC numbers. This was accompanied by marked elevation in the expression of the progesterone target gene RANK ligand in luminal cells, together with its receptor RANK in the MaSC-containing population. To determine whether MaSC activity is in part mediated through paracrine signals from RANK ligand, inhibitors of RANK signaling were evaluated. Treatment of virgin or pregnant mice with an anti-RANK ligand monoclonal antibody in vivo significantly impaired the clonogenic activity of the MaSC-enriched but not luminal subpopulation.
Discussion: Despite lacking the steroid hormone receptors ERα and PR, MaSCs appear to be exquisitely sensitive to hormone signaling, presumably via paracrine signaling that includes the RANK signaling pathway. The augmented MaSC pool during pregnancy suggests a cellular basis for the short-term increase in breast cancer incidence following pregnancy. Our findings further indicate that breast cancer chemoprevention may in part be achieved through suppression of MaSC function. We speculate that inhibitors of RANK and other stem cell signaling pathways could represent potential chemoprevention agents.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr S5-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- GJ Lindeman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Nagahama Institute for Biochemical Science, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan; St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - M-L Asselin-Labat
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Nagahama Institute for Biochemical Science, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan; St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - F Vaillant
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Nagahama Institute for Biochemical Science, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan; St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - JM Sheridan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Nagahama Institute for Biochemical Science, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan; St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - B Pal
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Nagahama Institute for Biochemical Science, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan; St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - D Wu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Nagahama Institute for Biochemical Science, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan; St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - ER Simpson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Nagahama Institute for Biochemical Science, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan; St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - H Yasuda
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Nagahama Institute for Biochemical Science, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan; St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - GK Smyth
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Nagahama Institute for Biochemical Science, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan; St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - JT Martin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Nagahama Institute for Biochemical Science, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan; St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - JE. Visvader
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Nagahama Institute for Biochemical Science, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan; St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
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Swaab DF, Martin JT. Functions of alpha-melanotropin and other opiomelanocortin peptides in labour, intrauterine growth and brain development. Ciba Found Symp 2008; 81:196-217. [PMID: 6268378 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720646.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In a number of animals and in humans, factors from the fetal hypothalamus function in intrauterine growth, in labour and in brain development. Peptides of the opiomelanocortin family are produced by the pituitary, brain and placenta and are probably involved in these developmental processes. In the rat, alpha-MSH stimulates fetal growth, protein synthesis, wound healing and liver regeneration and it reduces periosteal bone resorption. In chick embryos, alpha-MSH restores the corticosteroid-induced growth retardation. Thus alpha-MSH seems to possess general trophic properties. The fetal brain in humans is involved in timing the moment of birth. This process is probably mediated by peptides of the opiomelanocortin family as suggested from observations in anencephaly and other congenital brain anomalies and from the influence of corticosteroids or ACTH on labour. The high percentage of premature deliveries in heroin addicts is worth examining endocrinologically, in this respect. The exact nature of the peptides and mechanisms involved in labour is not yet known. Some peptides of the opiomelanocortin family induce an acceleration of brain development. Neonatal treatment of rats with alpha-MSH alters their later behaviour while ACTH fragments accelerate the onset of eye-opening. Opiates and methadone inhibit brain development, and neonatal administration of beta-endorphin or naloxone causes permanent insensibility to temperature stimuli. The interrelated nature of the fetal pituitary, brain and placenta does not, at present, allow us to pin down which of these structures is primarily involved in the regulation of intrauterine growth, labour and brain development.
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Abstract
Surgical resection of the esophagus remains the mainstay of treatment for esophageal cancer. However, esophagectomy is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the postoperative period. We have recently altered our practice pattern to include minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) as the approach of choice in the hope of minimizing morbidity associated with this procedure. In this retrospective analysis, we compare outcomes of our first year performing MIE to the previous 3 years of open esophagectomy (OE) at a single teaching hospital. Sixty-five patients underwent esophagectomy between June 2002 and July 2006. Among these, 22 patients underwent MIE between June 2005 and July 2006 and 43 patients underwent OE. The two groups were comparable with regards to age, comorbidities and pathologic stage. The MIE group had less operative blood loss (178 mL vs. 356 mL), decreased respiratory complications requiring mechanical ventila-tion (5% vs. 23%), increased number of lymph nodes procured per procedure (15 vs. 8), and increased number of patients discharged within 10 days (72% vs. 28%) when compared to the OE group. No difference was identified in mortality, complications, or length of stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fabian
- Hospital of St. Raphael, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Norman
- The Fermentation Department, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts
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14
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Abstract
Perinatal exposure to androgens permanently transforms certain tissues, e.g., the brain, the genitalia, etc. This process involves both masculinization and defeminization. Immune function also is transformed by early steroid exposure; however, it is not yet known whether the response capabilities of the immunocytes themselves are directly modified or whether they are responding to signals from other masculinized tissues, e.g., the brain. Most evidence points to a direct effect since androgen and estrogen receptors are present in developing immunocytes. Both androgens and estrogens have a role in regulating adult immunity including Th1/Th2 balance. Adult susceptibility to autoimmune and other diseases is also related to steroid exposure. How immune cells respond to gonadal steroids in adulthood may depend on the pattern of androgenic and estrogenic stimulation during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Martin
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. 2nd Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
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15
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Abstract
While geriatric patients do not present problems of positioning that are found only in their age group, their acquired infirmities may intensify the likelihood and severity of complications common to younger peers. Careful preoperative evaluation of potential positioning problems is needed, as is explicit recording of positioning recommendations in a manner easily encountered by appropriate members of the care team. The physiologic impact of those infirmities that are present upon the ability of the patient to recover from the surgical and anesthetic experience should be kept clearly in mind throughout the procedure, and techniques involved should be modified accordingly. A postoperative survey of potential complications of positioning should be made expeditiously to permit indicated treatment to be applied rapidly to an elderly patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, USA.
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16
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Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the treatment effects of an intraoral appliance used for rapid distal movement of the maxillary molars. The appliance studied, the Jones jig, is designed to deliver a distalizing force to the maxillary molar against an intraoral anchorage unit thereby eliminating the need for patient compliance. A retrospective study was performed comparing before and after lateral cephalometric radiographs on 13 patients who were treated for an average of 26 weeks with the Jones jig. The cephalometric radiographs were evaluated to determine if there were significant differences between pretreatment and posttreatment variables that included skeletal, dental and soft tissue relationships. Differences between the pretreatment and posttreatment means were significant for mesial angulation of the premolar anchorage unit (P <.001), distal movement of the maxillary molars (P <.01), mesial movement of the premolar anchorage unit (P <. 01), mesial movement of the maxillary incisors (P <.001), and increased lower anterior facial height (P <.01). The anchorage loss, flared maxillary incisors, and increased facial height are negative treatment effects that should be expected when using this or similar appliance design.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Runge
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Ill., USA.
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Abstract
The electromagnetic fields induced by a surface coil in a spherical phantom, having a wide range of electrical properties, is studied using numerical methods of calculation. The specific absorption rate (SAR), radiofrequency magnetic field (B1), magnetic field energy within the phantom (EB), and the volume-averaged SAR (<SAR>) are calculated at 10, 63, and 200 MHz. They are analyzed with respect to dielectric constant, wavelength, and skin depth effects, which become increasingly important in high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) where safety and field homogeneity issues need further study. Particular attention is given to solutions representing neural tissue at each frequency. In general, the <SAR> data at high field strengths have local maxima, with a quasi-harmonic behavior, when the following two resonant conditions are satisfied: 1) skin depth becomes comparable to, or larger than, the sample diameter Ds; and 2) Ds is near an integral multiple of the wavelength. These are also the solutions with maximum EB values and the least homogeneous B1. Samples undergoing resonance at 200 MHz are shown to have important off-axis B1 maxima (affecting field homogeneity) and large <SAR> values. Some non-resonating 200-MHz phantoms, including simulations consistent with neural tissue, contain larger SAR maxima than the resonating samples, posing safety concerns in high field imaging of biologic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Strilka
- Department of Radiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033, USA
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Martin JT, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL, Gugelchuk GM, Fagoaga OR. Morphine during pregnancy in the rat. Studies of cellular immunity in cross-fostered offspring. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998; 437:149-57. [PMID: 9666266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J T Martin
- Basic Science Faculty, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pacific Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California 91766, USA
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Craig
- International Anesthesia Research Society, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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20
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Abstract
Elderly persons typically show diminished immune responsiveness to influenza vaccination. Chiron Vaccines has developed a novel oil-in-water adjuvant emulsion, MF59, to enhance vaccine immunogenicity without compromising safety and tolerability. MF59 was shown to augment influenza vaccine immunogenicity in senescent mice. Subsequently, eight similarly designed, randomized, controlled clinical trials of a subunit influenza vaccine combined with MF59 were conducted between 1992 and 1995 in 1807 elderly volunteers (> or = 65 years old). Mild, transient, injection-site reactions were increased with MF59, but systemic reactions generally were not. For two of the three vaccine antigens (B and A/H3N2), postimmunization haemagglutinin inhibition geometric mean titres were statistically significantly higher with MF59. During influenza season, fewer deaths occurred among MF59 recipients. This development programme demonstrates how an adjuvant that stimulates effectors associated with immunosenescence can improve the performance of an existing vaccine in elderly persons.
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Martin JT, Gugelchuk G. Homosexuality and older brothers. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:136; author reply 137. [PMID: 8988985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Martin JT, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL, Gugelchuk GM, Fagoaga O. Prenatal morphine exposure interacts with adult stress to affect type and number of blood leucocytes. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996; 402:89-94. [PMID: 8787648 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0407-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J T Martin
- Basic Science Faculty, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Pomona, California 91766, USA
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Martin JT. The Trendelenburg position: a review of current slants about head down tilt. AANA J 1995; 63:29-36. [PMID: 7762369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The steep head down tilt surgical posture, popularized in the 1870s by Trendelenburg as a means of improving access to pelvic pathology and espoused by the American physiologist, Walter Cannon, during World War I as a resuscitative position with which to treat shock, has a history of widespread, ritualistic acceptance. An awake patient placed in steep head down tilt usually objects to the posture after only a short time. Now recognized as potentially harmful in the presence of cardiac, pulmonary, ocular, and central nervous system pathology and essentially useless for vascular resuscitation, steep tilt should be limited to selected circumstances in which alternatives are unacceptable. Shallow head down tilt, a more recent variety, also offers serious questions about its surgical usefulness as well as its applicability for patients with diseased hearts, lungs, and heads. As an aid to resuscitative procedures, the contoured supine position offers assets that merit serious consideration. Means of restraining a tilted patient on an operating table include wristlets, shoulder braces, and bent knees with ankle restraints. Considerations that aid in the selection of head down tilt are presented, as is a plea for the abandonment of the Trendelenburg eponym and a suggestion for future investigation.
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Sargent SJ, Martin JT. Scabies outbreak in a day-care center. Pediatrics 1994; 94:1012-3. [PMID: 7971040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S J Sargent
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis
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Warner MA, Warner ME, Martin JT. Ulnar neuropathy. Incidence, outcome, and risk factors in sedated or anesthetized patients. Anesthesiology 1994; 81:1332-40. [PMID: 7992900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulnar neuropathy is well-recognized as a potential complication of procedures performed on anesthetized patients. However, reported outcomes and risk factors for this problem are based on small series and anecdotes. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the perioperative courses of 1,129,692 consecutive patients who underwent diagnostic and noncardiac surgical procedures with concurrent anesthetic management at the Mayo Clinic from 1957 through 1991 (inclusive). The medical diagnoses of patients who had these procedures were scanned for 26 diagnoses associated with neuropathy. Persistent neuropathy of an ulnar nerve was defined as a sensory or motor deficit of greater than 3 months' duration. Risk factors anecdotally associated with persistent neuropathy were analyzed by comparing patients with an ulnar neuropathy with control subjects in a 1:3 case-control study. RESULTS Persistent ulnar neuropathies were identified in 414 patients, a rate of 1 per 2,729 patients. Of these, 38 (9%) patients had bilateral neuropathies. Approximately equal numbers of the neuropathies included sensory loss only or mixed sensory and motor loss. Initial symptoms form most neuropathies were noted more than 24 h after the procedure. Factors associated with persistent ulnar neuropathy included male gender and a duration of hospitalization of more than 14 days (P < 0.01). Neuropathy was more likely to develop in very thin and obese patients than in patients with average body habitus. Neither the type of anesthetic technique nor the patient position was found to be associated with this neuropathy. Of the 382 patients who survived the 1st postoperative yr, 53% regained complete motor function and sensation and were asymptomatic. Of those with neuropathies persisting for more than 1 yr, most had moderate or greater disability from pain or weakness. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that perioperative ulnar neuropathies are associated with factors other than general anesthesia and intraoperative positioning. Men at the extremes of body habitus who have prolonged hospitalizations are particularly susceptible to development of ulnar neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Warner
- Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minnesota
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Warner MA, Martin JT, Schroeder DR, Offord KP, Chute CG. Lower-extremity motor neuropathy associated with surgery performed on patients in a lithotomy position. Anesthesiology 1994; 81:6-12. [PMID: 8042811 DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199407000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor neuropathy of a lower extremity is well-recognized as a potential complication of procedures performed on patients in a lithotomy position. Most of this awareness is based on anecdotal reports, however, and the incidence and risk factors for this complication have not been reported. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the perioperative courses of 198,461 consecutive patients who underwent 1 of 56 surgical procedures historically performed on patients in a lithotomy position at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, from 1957 to 1991 inclusive. The medical diagnoses of patients who had procedures in a lithotomy position were scanned for 26 diagnoses associated with neuropathy. Persistent neuropathy of the lower extremity was defined as a motor deficit of at least 3 months' duration. Risk factors anecdotally associated with persistent neuropathy were analyzed by comparing identified cases of neuropathy to controls in a 1:3 case-control study. RESULTS Persistent neuropathies after procedures performed on patients in a lithotomy position were identified in 55 cases for a rate of 1 per 3,608. Multivariate risk factors for development of a persistent neuropathy of a lower extremity included duration in lithotomy of 4 h or longer, a body mass index (kilograms per squared meter) of 20 or less, and a history of smoking within 30 days of the procedure. Regional anesthetic techniques were not found to be associated with an increased risk of neuropathy. Of the 53 patients who lived at least 1 yr after their procedure, 24 (45%) required either prosthetic or ambulatory support for persistent foot drop or leg weakness. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that prolonged duration in lithotomy and patient risk factors, including very thin body habitus and smoking in the preoperative period, are associated with the development of a lower-extremity neuropathy after procedures performed on patients in a lithotomy position. A reduction of time in the lithotomy position may be particularly worthwhile for patients with these risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Warner
- Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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Martin JT. Shame and the origin of physician-patient conflict. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1993; 93:486, 489-91. [PMID: 8478221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Shame is a powerful negative emotion that motivates much intrapersonal and interpersonal conflict. The relationship between patient and physician can turn to conflict if the medical environment elicits shame in the patient; conflict arises when the patient externalizes the cause and blames the physician for negative feelings. Patients who suffer from hyperactive and reactive shame responses may require particularly sensitive care. Including the assessment of shame reactivity in the medical history can help identify such persons. Measures that reduce shame should improve compliance and reduce the incidence of malpractice suits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Martin
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Pomona, CA 91766-1887
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Abstract
A new head-prone position is described for posterior cranial fossa surgery on infants whose cerebral cortical mantle has been markedly thinned by severe hydrocephalus. The new position furnished a direct line of sight to the apex of the IV ventricle corresponding to that provided by the classic high sitting position, without the latter's risks of air embolism and of acute subdural hematoma secondary to tearing of corticodural bridging vessels due to escape of gravity-impelled CSF from the large ventricles. The anesthesiologic technique, the positioning of the patient, and the surgeon's posture presented no unusual problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rayport
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699-0008
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Abstract
Off-focus radiation (OFR) has previously been described by many investigators [R. Thoraeus, Acta Radiologica 18, 753 (1937); L. Mallet and R. Maurin, Radiology 48, 628-632 (1947); J. F. Timmer, Medicamundi 19(2), 52-54 (1974); G. U. Rao, Appl. Radiol. 3(3), 45-49 (1974); R. Birch, Br. J. Radiol. 49, 951-955 (1976); W. W. Roeck, AAPM Symposium, 217-247 (1991)]. Off-focus radiation is frequently manifested on radiographs by the appearance of faint images of anatomical structures outside the collimated field of interest, i.e., soft tissues, ear lobes and hair, which we will refer to as "penumbral images." The observable small detail resolution within these penumbral images led to the assumption that minute sources of increased radiation intensity (secondary microfocal spots) must be present outside the area of the primary focal spot. The existence of these multiple secondary microfocal spots has been established and their locations within the area of the anode surface from which the general OFR originates was identified. The number, size, and distribution of the secondary focal spots vary over time and their magnitudes vary widely. The source of the well-focused electron beams creating the spots is attributed to the cold cathode emission principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Roeck
- University of California, Department of Radiological Sciences, Irvine 92715
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo
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Gluzman IY, Krogstad DJ, Orjih AU, Nkangineme K, Wellems TE, Martin JT, Schlesinger PH. A rapid in vitro test for chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1990; 42:521-6. [PMID: 2196824 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1990.42.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a rapid (2-3 hr) in vitro test for chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. The test is based on the inhibition of chloroquine efflux by verapamil; it is performed by diluting infected blood in culture medium and incubating the diluted blood for 60 min at 37 degrees C with 50 nM 3H-chloroquine, with and without 10 microM verapamil. The test can be performed with the ring stage parasites in the blood of infected patients and in the presence of white cells, platelets and anticoagulants (heparin, EDTA, or citrate). Although the test can be performed in triplicate with 20 microliters of blood and specimens may be kept in anticoagulants at 4 degrees C for up to 24 hr, parasitemias less than 0.1% limit the sensitivity of the assay. Inhibition of chloroquine efflux by verapamil may permit the rapid identification of chloroquine resistant P. falciparum in blood specimens from infected patients.
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Martin JT, Kugler JD, Gumbiner CH, Brown JC, Murphy KR, Colombo JL, McManus BM. Refractory congestive heart failure after ribavirin in infants with heart disease and respiratory syncytial virus. Nebr Med J 1990; 75:23-6. [PMID: 2308658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although treatment with ribavirin has been known to be associated with a decreased mortality in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) who have respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), few data are available regarding morbidity. We reviewed records of 10 consecutively hospitalized infants with CHD during a recent RSV epidemic. Despite the presence of left-to-right shunt in each patient, symptoms of RSV were respiratory at presentation. After ribavirin, decreased respiratory symptoms were found in 8 infants but in 2 assisted ventilation were required 1 and 3 days after admission. Congestive heart failure worsened in 8 patients, 6 of whom had improved respiratory status after ribavirin. Of the 8 patients with worse CHF (pulmonary edema), 3 responded to medical management but 5 were refractory and 4 required surgical repair of CHD. One patient died of pulmonary hemorrhage. Medically refractory CHF may develop in infants with CHD who become infected with RSV and are treated with ribavirin. Further studies are needed to determine whether the pulmonary edema is caused by RSV, ribavirin, or combination of effects on pulmonary capillary function or some other unrecognized mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Martin
- Department of Pediatrics (Section of Cardiology), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68105
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Martin JT. Postoperative isolated dysfunction of the long thoracic nerve: a rare entity of uncertain etiology. Anesth Analg 1989; 69:614-9. [PMID: 2552867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A "winged" scapula is a rare, poorly understood, and potentially disabling curiosity following anesthesia and surgery. It is produced by dysfunction of the long thoracic nerve and consequent paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle. A survey of senior anesthesiologists indicated a consistent lack of familiarity with the entity. This article presents six cases of postoperative long thoracic nerve palsy. In a literature review of 111 instances of long thoracic nerve palsy, 51 were trauma-related, 47 were either idiopathic or of debatable origin, and 13 appeared following a surgical or obstetrical procedure. Unprovable etiologic contentions were frequent. Considerations of the etiologies of postoperative long thoracic nerve palsies must include a coincidental infectious neuropathy ("neuralgic amyotrophy") as a valid alternative to the assertion that a preventable injury occurred during anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699
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Merrick HW, Martin JT, Woldenberg LS, Driscoll PL. Massive intraoperative atelectasis secondary to untreated mediastinal Hodgkin's disease: report of the hazard and review of the literature. J Surg Oncol 1989; 41:60-4. [PMID: 2654487 DOI: 10.1002/jso.2930410116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mediastinal adenopathy in Hodgkin's disease has been known to cause relative airway compromise, particularly in the more vulnerable left mainstem bronchus. This has been infrequently reported to occur during general anesthesia and to cause respiratory embarrassment, representing a significant hazard. The possibility of its occurrence should be recognized. Preoperative evaluation of the airway by chest films and tomography, followed by radiation therapy in those patients at risk, is recommended to minimize the chances of respiratory complications during general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Merrick
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699
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Everitt JI, Boreiko CJ, Mangum JB, Martin JT, Iglehart JD, Hesterberg TW. Development of a tracheal implant xenograft model to expose human bronchial epithelial cells to toxic gases. Toxicol Pathol 1989; 17:465-73. [PMID: 2814223 DOI: 10.1177/019262338901700301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A tracheal implant model was developed which enabled exposure of differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) to a single exposure of a model toxic gas (formaldehyde). NHBE cells were grown in vitro in explant culture under defined serum-free conditions from previously frozen bronchial segments, harvested, and used to repopulate de-epithelialized rabbit tracheas. Rabbit tracheal segments repopulated with NHBE cells were implanted into the subcutis of congenitally athymic nude mice. Following graft vascularization, the xenografted NHBE cells differentiated and formed a mucociliary epithelial surface which lined approximately 50% of the surface of the implant lumen. Eight weeks post-implantation both ends of the implanted grafts were cannulated, and formaldehyde (HCHO) vapor (0, 6, or 15 ppm) in humidified air was passed through the tracheal lumens. Representative epithelial surfaces were examined by light and scanning electronmicroscopy, and autoradiography prior to, immediately after, and 48 hr following a 1-hr exposure to the test vapors. Light microscopic examination of implant sections immediately following exposure to 6 and 15 ppm HCHO detected cessation of ciliary activity, which recovered by 48 hr post-exposure. Scanning electron microscopic examination of the epithelial surface demonstrated mild morphologic changes, restricted to those implants exposed to 15 ppm. Findings immediately following HCHO exposure included swelling and exfoliation of individual cells, deciliation, and mucus release. Changes present after 48 hr included presence of flattened cells with few short microvilli and focal increase in the number of S-phase nuclei in the basal epithelium. These results demonstrate the utility of tracheal implants for single short-term exposure of differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells to gaseous agents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Everitt
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Toxicology, Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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Martin JT, Bradshaw W, Miczek K, Baum MJ. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone infusions during pregnancy in the rat: effects on offspring weight, pain reactivity and sexual behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1987; 12:439-48. [PMID: 2831556 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4530(87)90078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant rats treated during the last third of pregnancy with a continuous infusion of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) produced offspring that weighed less at birth and in adulthood. These offspring of the alpha-MSH treated mothers were less sensitive to pain and as adults showed a reduced analgesic response to morphine. Male offspring of alpha-MSH treated mothers and of control animals responded similarly in sexual performance tests, except that the treated animals significantly shifted their pattern of responding when they encountered a new testing arena or experienced defeat. The offspring of alpha-MSH treated mothers were influenced more by changes in their environment than were control offspring. These effects are similar to those reported following perinatal treatment with opiate drugs or peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Martin
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Pomona, California 91766-1889
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Abstract
Experimental studies showed an increase in the growth of Bacillus subtilis mutant strain FJ7 above controls by exposing the bacterial culture to 800-Hz or 1-KHz magnetic fields with a 2-s-on/2-s-off period. The magnetic field strength was between 0.8 and 2.5 mT. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the morphology of controls to grow in a macrofiber of right-handed helix formation. In contrast, the field-exposed group showed little to no cohesion; the cells appeared to be homogeneously distributed throughout the sample. These results suggest that growth patterns of Bacillus subtilis can be altered as a result of magnetic-field-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ramon
- Department of Physical Science, Institute of Applied Physiology and Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98122
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Pandya JB, Martin JT. Improved remote cardiorespiratory monitoring during radiation therapy. Anesth Analg 1986; 65:529-30. [PMID: 3963439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
Sociosexual preferences in adult female ferrets, as measured in a choice arena, were altered by neonatal exposure to exogenous testosterone. Adult female ferrets showed a preference for males which did not depend on the presence of gonadal steroids, because gonadectomized and gonadectomized estrogen-treated females showed identical preferences for males. Adult castrated males showed no preference for females unless these males were treated with testosterone. A similar no-preference pattern was found in adult females that had received testosterone neonatally. Females exposed neonatally to dihydrotestosterone or estradiol exhibited the normal females' male-oriented preference. These results indicate that testosterone secreted by the testes in the developing male may interrupt the phenotypic female development pattern and hence prevent the emergence of a homosexual preference in adulthood in the male ferret.
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Popp JA, Martin JT. Surface topography and distribution of cell types in the rat nasal respiratory epithelium: scanning electron microscopic observations. Am J Anat 1984; 169:425-36. [PMID: 6731334 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001690405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Several cell types were identified in the rat nasal respiratory epithelium using scanning electron microscopy. In addition to the previously described ciliated, nonciliated, and goblet cells, the nasal brush cell was identified based on its surface characteristics and its location between nonciliated epithelial cells. Scanning electron microscopy clearly showed the differences in distribution of cell types in the nasal mucosa. The ciliated cells increase in number from the anterior to the posterior areas of the respiratory epithelium with a corresponding decrease in nonciliated cells. However, even at a single cross-sectional area of the nasal cavity, the various surfaces have different proportions of ciliated versus nonciliated cells, e.g., the medial surface of the nasal concha has more ciliated cells than other surfaces. Brush cells are distributed between nonciliated cells of the respiratory epithelium on most surfaces of the nasal cavity including the conchae and the lateral wall. Based on the available information, scanning electron microscopy will be useful in future studies to determine the effects that inhaled toxicants have on cells and on the location of lesions.
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Martin JT. What you should have in your group contract. Physicians Manage 1984; 24:290-2, 297, 301 passim. [PMID: 10265535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Hard GC, Mackay RL, Martin JT, Inoue K. Differentiated features of a transformed epithelial cell line (TRKE-1) derived from dimethylnitrosamine-treated rat kidney. Cancer Res 1983; 43:6045-56. [PMID: 6640546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
TRKE-1 is a pure line of epithelium-like neoplastic cells derived from the kidney of a rat treated 48 hr previously with a carcinogenic dose of dimethylnitrosamine. Using light microscopy, the line was characterized by cohesive growth behavior typical for epithelium and the formation of hemicysts (domes) at postconfluence. Enhancement of dome formation by dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate and dimethyl sulfoxide and inhibition by ouabain established these structures as a manifestation of differentiated cellular function, namely, transepithelial fluid transport. Structurally, TRKE-1 cells in monolayer culture were characterized by apical distribution of microvilli, cilia, and endocytic vesicles, ordered sequence of junctional components at the apical lateral border including tight junction and desmosomes, basolateral cellular interdigitations below the junctional complex, basal location of microfilament bundles, and a conspicuous content of mitochondria. Each of these features typifies mammalian renal tubule epithelium in vivo. The occasional profusion of microvilli; the prominent, apically distributed endocytic vesicles; and the well-developed basal microfilament tracts suggest, in particular, that the proximal segment of the nephron may represent the site of origin of this transformed cell line. The various morphological aspects of renal epithelial differentiation were also expressed in multicellular tumor spheroids grown in suspension, with an accentuation of junctional complexes, endocytic vesicles, and intracytoplasmic lumina. In addition, this three-dimensional culture mode supported cellular organization into acinar profiles suggestive of primitive tubule formation. In confirming the epithelial nature of TRKE-1 and a possible identity with the proximal tubule, this study provides an in vitro animal model representative of chemically transformed renal epithelium which may be analogous to human renal cell carcinoma.
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Anders GT, Beck LC, Martin JT, Share SH. Medicare changes in TEFRA effective October 1. Conn Med 1983; 47:559-562. [PMID: 6354583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Anders GT, Beck LC, Sweeney DR, Martin JT. Looking ahead: medical practice in the future. Pa Med 1983; 86:43-6. [PMID: 6685855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Anders GT, Beck LC, Martin JT. The lure of leasing--don't get hooked. Dent Manage 1983; 23:42-44. [PMID: 6578124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Anders GT, Beck LC, Martin JT, Share SH. Medicare changes in TEFRA effective October 1. Pa Med 1983; 86:36, 38, 40. [PMID: 6353316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Nigrovic V, McCullough LS, Wajskol A, Levin JA, Martin JT. Succinylcholine-induced increases in plasma catecholamine levels in humans. Anesth Analg 1983; 62:627-32. [PMID: 6859566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Given the hypothesis that interaction of succinylcholine with nicotinic receptors releases endogenous catecholamines, plasma levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine were determined in anesthetized and manually ventilated patients immediately before and 2 min after intravenous administration of succinylcholine. Anesthesia was induced with intravenous thiopental (3-4 mg/kg) followed by the administration of nitrous oxide and oxygen (1:1) and 0.5-1.0% halothane. Stimulation of the patients was avoided. Succinylcholine (1 mg/kg) or metocurine (0.3 mg/kg) was injected intravenously and ventilation was controlled without intubation. Plasma norepinephrine levels increased from 301 pg/ml to 491 pg/ml (SEM = +/- 19 pg/ml, P less than 0.01, N = 5) 2 min after the injection of succinylcholine; the increase in plasma epinephrine was not statistically significant. The time course of catecholamine elevation was studied in three additional patients. The increase of norepinephrine occurred immediately after the injection of succinylcholine, peaked (647 +/- 67 pg/ml) around the third minute, and disappeared by the 10th min. The increase in epinephrine was less marked. Plasma levels of catecholamines did not change after the injection of metocurine (N = 2). The possibility that succinylcholine stimulates nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic sympathetic terminals is discussed. We propose that the elevation of plasma norepinephrine might contribute to the development of early adverse cardiovascular reactions to succinylcholine.
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Sweeney DR, Beck LC, Anders GT, Martin JT. Tips on managing the manager. Pa Med 1983; 86:51-2. [PMID: 6684753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Sweeney DR, Beck LC, Anders GT, Martin JT. Office managers provide key to efficiency. Pa Med 1983; 86:54-6. [PMID: 6682963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Sweeney DR, Anders GR, Martin JT. For the group that has everything . . . except an administrator. Group Pract J 1983; 32:34-5, 39-40. [PMID: 10259974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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