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Stewart ATM, Mysore K, Njoroge TM, Winter N, Feng RS, Singh S, James LD, Singkhaimuk P, Sun L, Mohammed A, Oxley JD, Duckham C, Ponlawat A, Severson DW, Duman-Scheel M. Demonstration of RNAi Yeast Insecticide Activity in Semi-Field Larvicide and Attractive Targeted Sugar Bait Trials Conducted on Aedes and Culex Mosquitoes. Insects 2023; 14:950. [PMID: 38132622 PMCID: PMC10743515 DOI: 10.3390/insects14120950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Eco-friendly new mosquito control innovations are critical for the ongoing success of global mosquito control programs. In this study, Sh.463_56.10R, a robust RNA interference (RNAi) yeast insecticide strain that is suitable for scaled fermentation, was evaluated under semi-field conditions. Inactivated and dried Sh.463_56.10R yeast induced significant mortality of field strain Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae in semi-field larvicide trials conducted outdoors in St. Augustine, Trinidad, where 100% of the larvae were dead within 24 h. The yeast was also stably suspended in commercial bait and deployed as an active ingredient in miniature attractive targeted sugar bait (ATSB) station sachets. The yeast ATSB induced high levels of Aedes and Culex mosquito morbidity in semi-field trials conducted in Trinidad, West Indies, as well as in Bangkok, Thailand, in which the consumption of the yeast resulted in adult female mosquito death within 48 h, faster than what was observed in laboratory trials. These findings support the pursuit of large-scale field trials to further evaluate the Sh.463_56.10R insecticide, a member of a promising new class of species-specific RNAi insecticides that could help combat insecticide resistance and support effective mosquito control programs worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akilah T. M. Stewart
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (A.T.M.S.); (K.M.); (T.M.N.); (L.S.); (D.W.S.)
- Eck Institute for Global Health, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Keshava Mysore
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (A.T.M.S.); (K.M.); (T.M.N.); (L.S.); (D.W.S.)
- Eck Institute for Global Health, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Teresia M. Njoroge
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (A.T.M.S.); (K.M.); (T.M.N.); (L.S.); (D.W.S.)
- Eck Institute for Global Health, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Nikhella Winter
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; (N.W.); (R.S.F.); (S.S.); (L.D.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Rachel Shui Feng
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; (N.W.); (R.S.F.); (S.S.); (L.D.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Satish Singh
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; (N.W.); (R.S.F.); (S.S.); (L.D.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Lester D. James
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; (N.W.); (R.S.F.); (S.S.); (L.D.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Preeraya Singkhaimuk
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate–Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Longhua Sun
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (A.T.M.S.); (K.M.); (T.M.N.); (L.S.); (D.W.S.)
- Eck Institute for Global Health, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Azad Mohammed
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; (N.W.); (R.S.F.); (S.S.); (L.D.J.); (A.M.)
| | - James D. Oxley
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA;
| | | | - Alongkot Ponlawat
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate–Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.S.); (A.P.)
| | - David W. Severson
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (A.T.M.S.); (K.M.); (T.M.N.); (L.S.); (D.W.S.)
- Eck Institute for Global Health, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; (N.W.); (R.S.F.); (S.S.); (L.D.J.); (A.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Molly Duman-Scheel
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (A.T.M.S.); (K.M.); (T.M.N.); (L.S.); (D.W.S.)
- Eck Institute for Global Health, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Anselmo AC, Xu X, Buerkli S, Zeng Y, Tang W, McHugh KJ, Behrens AM, Rosenberg E, Duan AR, Sugarman JL, Zhuang J, Collins J, Lu X, Graf T, Tzeng SY, Rose S, Acolatse S, Nguyen TD, Le X, Guerra AS, Freed LE, Weinstock SB, Sears CB, Nikolic B, Wood L, Welkhoff PA, Oxley JD, Moretti D, Zimmermann MB, Langer R, Jaklenec A. A heat-stable microparticle platform for oral micronutrient delivery. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:11/518/eaaw3680. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw3680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiencies affect up to 2 billion people and are the leading cause of cognitive and physical disorders in the developing world. Food fortification is effective in treating micronutrient deficiencies; however, its global implementation has been limited by technical challenges in maintaining micronutrient stability during cooking and storage. We hypothesized that polymer-based encapsulation could address this and facilitate micronutrient absorption. We identified poly(butylmethacrylate-co-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate-co-methylmethacrylate) (1:2:1) (BMC) as a material with proven safety, offering stability in boiling water, rapid dissolution in gastric acid, and the ability to encapsulate distinct micronutrients. We encapsulated 11 micronutrients (iron; iodine; zinc; and vitamins A, B2, niacin, biotin, folic acid, B12, C, and D) and co-encapsulated up to 4 micronutrients. Encapsulation improved micronutrient stability against heat, light, moisture, and oxidation. Rodent studies confirmed rapid micronutrient release in the stomach and intestinal absorption. Bioavailability of iron from microparticles, compared to free iron, was lower in an initial human study. An organotypic human intestinal model revealed that increased iron loading and decreased polymer content would improve absorption. Using process development approaches capable of kilogram-scale synthesis, we increased iron loading more than 30-fold. Scaled batches tested in a follow-up human study exhibited up to 89% relative iron bioavailability compared to free iron. Collectively, these studies describe a broad approach for clinical translation of a heat-stable ingestible micronutrient delivery platform with the potential to improve micronutrient deficiency in the developing world. These approaches could potentially be applied toward clinical translation of other materials, such as natural polymers, for encapsulation and oral delivery of micronutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. Anselmo
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xian Xu
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Simone Buerkli
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Yingying Zeng
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wen Tang
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kevin J. McHugh
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adam M. Behrens
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Evan Rosenberg
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aranda R. Duan
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James L. Sugarman
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jia Zhuang
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joe Collins
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xueguang Lu
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tyler Graf
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stephany Y. Tzeng
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sviatlana Rose
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sarah Acolatse
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thanh D. Nguyen
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xiao Le
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ana Sofia Guerra
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Lisa E. Freed
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shelley B. Weinstock
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Boris Nikolic
- Biomatics Capital, 1107 1st Avenue, Apartment 1305, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Lowell Wood
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, WA 98005, USA
| | | | - James D. Oxley
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - Diego Moretti
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | | | - Robert Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ana Jaklenec
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Oxley JD, Corbishley C, Down L, Watkin N, Dickerson D, Wong NACS. Clinicopathological and molecular study of penile melanoma. J Clin Pathol 2011; 65:228-31. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2011-200344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Hopcroft SA, Cottrell AM, Mason K, Abrams P, Oxley JD. Ureteric intestinal metaplasia in association with chronic recreational ketamine abuse. J Clin Pathol 2011; 64:551-2. [PMID: 21345876 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2010.087171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Ostroumova MA, Oxley JD, Kennedy CT. Erythematous plaques on the face: leonine facies. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009; 34:743-4. [PMID: 19635118 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M A Ostroumova
- Bristol Dermatology Centre, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Oxley
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Connolly
- Department of Dermatology, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK.
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Abstract
The sonication of ionic organic liquids leads to decomposition of the liquids. Multibubble sonoluminescence spectra and headgas analysis reveal a variety of decomposition products from the sonolysis of N,N'-dialkylimidazolium ionic liquids. The decomposition is a result of acoustic cavitation, which generates localized hot spots from the implosive collapse of bubbles in the ionic liquids. Despite the negligible vapor pressure of the ionic liquids, reaction still occurs in a heated shell of the bubbles or from microdroplets thrown into the collapsing bubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Oxley
- School of Chemical Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Abstract
AIM To examine the incidence of Her-2/neu oncogene amplification in clinically localised prostate cancer using in situ hybridisation. METHODS One hundred and seventeen patients, who had undergone radical prostatectomy, were identified and in situ hybridisation was performed on formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded tissue using the Quantum Appligene probe for Her-2/neu. The enzyme peroxidase was used to detect the probe because this enabled a permanent record to be kept. Tumours in which there were five or more signals in each nucleus in > 20% of the tumour cells were considered to have a significantly increased copy number. A serial section from these tumours was then hybridised with the chromosome 17 alpha satellite probe. The ratio of the percentage of cells showing an increase in Her-2/neu copy number to the number showing polysomy for chromosome 17 was calculated. A ratio above 2 was considered amplified. RESULTS Biochemical recurrence occurred in 50 (43%) patients and 24 (21%) had clinical recurrence. In situ hybridisation for Her-2/neu was accessible in 114 (97%) patients. A significant increase in copy number was present in two patients (1.75 %), but chromosome 17 hybridisation showed that the increase was the result of polysomy rather than true amplification. Both these patients had a Gleason score of 7 and stage T3; they also had recurrent clinical disease with distal metastasis within two and 19 months. CONCLUSIONS Increased Her-2/neu oncogene copy number appears to be rare in clinically localised prostatic adenocarcinoma and is related to chromosome 17 polysomy rather than true amplification. As a result, it would not be a useful biomarker for identifying those patients who will have recurrences after radical prostatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Oxley
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK.
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Oxley JD, Winkler MH, Parry K, Brewster S, Abbott C, Gillatt DA. p53 and bcl-2 immunohistochemistry in preoperative biopsies as predictors of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. BJU Int 2002; 89:27-32. [PMID: 11849156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate p53 and bcl-2 immunohistochemistry in preoperative biopsies and radical prostatectomy specimens, as predictors of biochemical recurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS Preoperative biopsies from 73 men, and the radical prostatectomies from these men and from a further 47 men, were evaluated. The serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, Gleason score, pathological stage and margin involvement were recorded. The immunohistochemical expression of p53 and bcl-2 was studied on a representative area of tumour with the highest Gleason grade. The median follow-up was 53 months. RESULTS During the follow-up 47 of the 120 patients had a biochemical recurrence. Capsular penetration was present in 63 (53%) and the surgical margins were positive in 47 (39%). The Gleason score was < 7 in 81 (68%) patients; p53 was positive in 40 (66%) of 61 biopsies and 84 (71%) of 118 prostatectomy specimens. Bcl-2 was positive in eight (13%) of 63 biopsies and 20 (17%) of 118 prostatectomies. On multivariate analysis the biopsy p53, Gleason score and serum PSA were significant predictors of recurrence. On multivariate analysis, capsular penetration, PSA and margin status at prostatectomy were significant predictors of recurrence. There was also a significant interaction between PSA and margin status. Although univariately significant, neither p53 nor bcl-2 featured in the final multivariate model. CONCLUSION Biopsy p53 status significantly predicts recurrence after radical prostatectomy, but its low specificity and technical issues suggest that it will not be useful in the clinical setting. However, a patient with negative p53 on biopsy is likely to have a good prognosis on prolonged follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Oxley
- Departments of Urology, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol, UK.
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Abstract
Scedosporium apiospermum infection occurred in the left forearm of a patient who was taking oral prednisolone for pulmonary fibrosis. The infection appeared to follow a scratch from a blackcurrant bush. This is the first reported case in the United Kingdom of a cutaneous infection from Scedosporium apiospermum in an immunocompromised patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Bower
- Department of Dermatology, Bristol Royal Infirmary, UK.
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Brewster SF, Oxley JD, Trivella M, Abbott CD, Gillatt DA. Preoperative p53, bcl-2, CD44 and E-cadherin immunohistochemistry as predictors of biochemical relapse after radical prostatectomy. J Urol 1999; 161:1238-43. [PMID: 10081877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since radical prostatectomy is performed to cure prostate cancer, identification of markers enabling preoperative prediction of relapse after radical prostatectomy is essential to counsel and select patients for adjuvant therapy. Aberrant p53, bcl-2, CD44 and E-cadherin immunohistochemistry has been associated with aggressiveness in prostate cancer. We assessed these biomarkers in biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens as predictors of biochemical relapse. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 76 patients with untreated clinically localized prostatic adenocarcinoma underwent radical prostatectomy. Preoperative (prostate specific antigen, biopsy Gleason score) and postoperative (pathological stage and margin status) variables, biopsy and radical prostatectomy biomarker immunohistochemistry were correlated with relapse. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses identified significant predictors. RESULTS Of the 76 patients 23 (30%) had relapse (mean followup 38 months). Aberrant p53, bcl-2, CD44 and E-cadherin expression was observed in 64, 12, 85 and 12% of biopsies and 57, 20, 64 and 49% of radical prostatectomy specimens, respectively. Biopsy Gleason 7 to 10 and biopsy p53, respectively, gave the highest positive and negative predictive values for relapse. Relapse occurred in 13% of patients with normal biopsy p53 and in half with aberrant p53. Multivariate analysis revealed Gleason score and p53 to be independent preoperative predictors (p = 0.01 and 0.02, respectively). Estimated risk of relapse was 3.5 times higher in patients with Gleason scores 7 to 10 and 24% higher in those with aberrant p53. Significant postoperative predictors were bcl-2, p53, Gleason score and margin status (p = 0.01, 0.01, 0.04 and 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Aberrant biopsy p53 is associated with a significantly worse outcome after radical prostatectomy than normal p53, highlighting a potential clinical role for p53. Postoperative p53 and bcl-2 were significant predictors of outcome after radical prostatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Brewster
- Bristol Urological Institute, Department of Cellular Pathology, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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Downs AM, Lear JT, Oxley JD, Kennedy CT. AIDS associated eosinophilic folliculitis which responded to both high dose co-trimoxazole and low dose isotretinoin. Sex Transm Infect 1998; 74:229-30. [PMID: 9849567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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Ji J, Narayan-Sarathy S, Neilson RH, Oxley JD, Babb DA, Rondan NG, Smith DW. [p-((Trifluorovinyl)oxy)phenyl]lithium: Formation, Synthetic Utility, and Theoretical Support for a Versatile New Reagent in Fluoropolymer Chemistry. Organometallics 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/om9710531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, and Central & New Businesses R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, B1214 Building, Freeport, Texas 77541
| | - Sridevi Narayan-Sarathy
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, and Central & New Businesses R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, B1214 Building, Freeport, Texas 77541
| | - Robert H. Neilson
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, and Central & New Businesses R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, B1214 Building, Freeport, Texas 77541
| | - James D. Oxley
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, and Central & New Businesses R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, B1214 Building, Freeport, Texas 77541
| | - David A. Babb
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, and Central & New Businesses R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, B1214 Building, Freeport, Texas 77541
| | - Nelson G. Rondan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, and Central & New Businesses R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, B1214 Building, Freeport, Texas 77541
| | - Dennis W. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, and Central & New Businesses R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, B1214 Building, Freeport, Texas 77541
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To confirm the expression of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) in ductal carcinomas of the prostate, and to analyse p53, Ki67, oestrogen (ER) and androgen (AR) receptors in these tumours. MATERIALS AND METHODS Paraffin-embedded samples from 12 patients with ductal carcinoma of the prostate were assessed for pattern, mitotic count and the presence of a microacinar carcinoma component. There were six pure ductal and six mixed microacinar and ductal carcinomas. Sections were stained immunohistochemically for the expression of PSA, PAP, Ki67, p53, AR and ER. Clinical data were obtained from case notes. RESULTS Six of the ductal tumours had a papillary pattern whilst the others had a cribriform appearance. The mitotic rates in the ductal areas were high in the tumours from eight of the 12 patients. PSA and PAP immunohistochemistry were positive in all the cases. No ER immunoreactivity was found in any of the patients. Ten of the ductal tumours showed strong reactivity with AR, the other two were weakly positive; two of the tumours were strongly positive for p53 protein. All the ductal carcinomas expressed Ki67, three having > 25% nuclear marking. One patient who was strongly positive for p53 and had a high Ki67 score survived only one year after diagnosis. Survival ranged from 1 to 13 years after diagnosis. CONCLUSION This study confirms the expression of PSA and PAP in ductal carcinomas of the prostate. The percentage of tumours expressing p53 was similar to that published for high-grade microacinar carcinomas. The results for Ki67 suggest that ductal tumours have higher scores than microacinar tumours, but further studies are required to ascertain if this is significantly different. As half the patients with ductal tumours had co-existent microacinar tumours, we advise transrectal prostatic biopsies in patients diagnosed with pure ductal carcinomas on transurethral resection specimens, to exclude high-grade microacinar carcinomas. The presence of AR and the lack of ER in all the ductal carcinomas confirms that these tumours are prostatic in origin and should be treated with antiandrogen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Oxley
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol, UK
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Abstract
The peripheral blood of most normal individuals has been shown to contain T cells that respond to beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal), presumably as a result of natural priming. Three T cell clones (clones 1,2,4) specific for beta-Gal were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after pretreatment with leucine methyl ester (LeuOMe); a fourth clone from the same individual was isolated from untreated cells. All four clones were CD4+ CD8- alpha beta TcR+ and clone 1 was additionally shown to be cytotoxic. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformed B cell lines were derived from LeuOMe-treated or untreated PBMC and used to study the efficiency of presentation of beta-Gal to one of the clones. The results indicated that B cells transformed after LeuOMe treatment presented beta-Gal at lower concentrations than untreated controls. beta-Gal would therefore appear to be a highly suitable model antigen for studies of immunoregulation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Oxley
- Department of Immunology, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, England
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