1
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Jones TR, Cuffey KM, Roberts WHG, Markle BR, Steig EJ, Stevens CM, Valdes PJ, Fudge TJ, Sigl M, Hughes AG, Morris V, Vaughn BH, Garland J, Vinther BM, Rozmiarek KS, Brashear CA, White JWC. Seasonal temperatures in West Antarctica during the Holocene. Nature 2023; 613:292-297. [PMID: 36631651 PMCID: PMC9834049 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of long-term climate proxy records with seasonal resolution is rare because of natural smoothing processes, discontinuities and limitations in measurement resolution. Yet insolation forcing, a primary driver of multimillennial-scale climate change, acts through seasonal variations with direct impacts on seasonal climate1. Whether the sensitivity of seasonal climate to insolation matches theoretical predictions has not been assessed over long timescales. Here, we analyse a continuous record of water-isotope ratios from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide ice core to reveal summer and winter temperature changes through the last 11,000 years. Summer temperatures in West Antarctica increased through the early-to-mid-Holocene, reached a peak 4,100 years ago and then decreased to the present. Climate model simulations show that these variations primarily reflect changes in maximum summer insolation, confirming the general connection between seasonal insolation and warming and demonstrating the importance of insolation intensity rather than seasonally integrated insolation or season duration2,3. Winter temperatures varied less overall, consistent with predictions from insolation forcing, but also fluctuated in the early Holocene, probably owing to changes in meridional heat transport. The magnitudes of summer and winter temperature changes constrain the lowering of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet surface since the early Holocene to less than 162 m and probably less than 58 m, consistent with geological constraints elsewhere in West Antarctica4-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Jones
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Kurt M Cuffey
- Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William H G Roberts
- Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Bradley R Markle
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Eric J Steig
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Max Stevens
- Cryospheric Science Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.,Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Paul J Valdes
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - T J Fudge
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Sigl
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Abigail G Hughes
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Valerie Morris
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Bruce H Vaughn
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Joshua Garland
- Center on Narrative, Disinformation and Strategic Influence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Bo M Vinther
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kevin S Rozmiarek
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chloe A Brashear
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James W C White
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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2
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Neuder M, Bradley E, Dlugokencky E, White JWC, Garland J. Detection of local mixing in time-series data using permutation entropy. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:022217. [PMID: 33736085 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.022217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mixing of neighboring data points in a sequence is a common, but understudied, effect in physical experiments. This can occur in the measurement apparatus (if material from multiple time points is pulled into a measurement chamber simultaneously, for instance) or the system itself, e.g., via diffusion of isotopes in an ice sheet. We propose a model-free technique to detect this kind of local mixing in time-series data using an information-theoretic technique called permutation entropy. By varying the temporal resolution of the calculation and analyzing the patterns in the results, we can determine whether the data are mixed locally, and on what scale. This can be used by practitioners to choose appropriate lower bounds on scales at which to measure or report data. After validating this technique on several synthetic examples, we demonstrate its effectiveness on data from a chemistry experiment, methane records from Mauna Loa, and an Antarctic ice core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Neuder
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bradley
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Edward Dlugokencky
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - James W C White
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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3
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Garland J, Jones TR, Neuder M, White JWC, Bradley E. An information-theoretic approach to extracting climate signals from deep polar ice cores. Chaos 2019; 29:101105. [PMID: 31675841 DOI: 10.1063/1.5127211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Paleoclimate records are rich sources of information about the past history of the Earth system. Information theory provides a new means for studying these records. We demonstrate that weighted permutation entropy of water-isotope data from the West Antarctica Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide ice core reveals meaningful climate signals in this record. We find that this measure correlates with accumulation (meters of ice equivalent per year) and may record the influence of geothermal heating effects in the deepest parts of the core. Dansgaard-Oeschger and Antarctic Isotope Maxima events, however, do not appear to leave strong signatures in the information record, suggesting that these abrupt warming events may actually be predictable features of the climate's dynamics. While the potential power of information theory in paleoclimatology is significant, the associated methods require well-dated and high-resolution data. The WAIS Divide core is the first paleoclimate record that can support this kind of analysis. As more high-resolution records become available, information theory could become a powerful forensic tool in paleoclimate science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tyler R Jones
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Michael Neuder
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - James W C White
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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4
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Hu L, Andrews AE, Thoning KW, Sweeney C, Miller JB, Michalak AM, Dlugokencky E, Tans PP, Shiga YP, Mountain M, Nehrkorn T, Montzka SA, McKain K, Kofler J, Trudeau M, Michel SE, Biraud SC, Fischer ML, Worthy DEJ, Vaughn BH, White JWC, Yadav V, Basu S, van der Velde IR. Enhanced North American carbon uptake associated with El Niño. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaaw0076. [PMID: 31183402 PMCID: PMC6551193 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Long-term atmospheric CO2 mole fraction and δ13CO2 observations over North America document persistent responses to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. We estimate these responses corresponded to 0.61 (0.45 to 0.79) PgC year-1 more North American carbon uptake during El Niño than during La Niña between 2007 and 2015, partially offsetting increases of net tropical biosphere-to-atmosphere carbon flux around El Niño. Anomalies in derived North American net ecosystem exchange (NEE) display strong but opposite correlations with surface air temperature between seasons, while their correlation with water availability was more constant throughout the year, such that water availability is the dominant control on annual NEE variability over North America. These results suggest that increased water availability and favorable temperature conditions (warmer spring and cooler summer) caused enhanced carbon uptake over North America near and during El Niño.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Arlyn E. Andrews
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kirk W. Thoning
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Colm Sweeney
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John B. Miller
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Anna M. Michalak
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ed Dlugokencky
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pieter P. Tans
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Yoichi P. Shiga
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen A. Montzka
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kathryn McKain
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jonathan Kofler
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael Trudeau
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sylvia E. Michel
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sébastien C. Biraud
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marc L. Fischer
- Environmental Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Bruce H. Vaughn
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James W. C. White
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Vineet Yadav
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Sourish Basu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ivar R. van der Velde
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA
- Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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5
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Pandey S, Houweling S, Krol M, Aben I, Monteil G, Nechita-Banda N, Dlugokencky EJ, Detmers R, Hasekamp O, Xu X, Riley WJ, Poulter B, Zhang Z, McDonald KC, White JWC, Bousquet P, Röckmann T. Enhanced methane emissions from tropical wetlands during the 2011 La Niña. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45759. [PMID: 28393869 PMCID: PMC5385533 DOI: 10.1038/srep45759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Year-to-year variations in the atmospheric methane (CH4) growth rate show significant correlation with climatic drivers. The second half of 2010 and the first half of 2011 experienced the strongest La Niña since the early 1980s, when global surface networks started monitoring atmospheric CH4 mole fractions. We use these surface measurements, retrievals of column-averaged CH4 mole fractions from GOSAT, new wetland inundation estimates, and atmospheric δ13C-CH4 measurements to estimate the impact of this strong La Niña on the global atmospheric CH4 budget. By performing atmospheric inversions, we find evidence of an increase in tropical CH4 emissions of ∼6–9 TgCH4 yr−1 during this event. Stable isotope data suggest that biogenic sources are the cause of this emission increase. We find a simultaneous expansion of wetland area, driven by the excess precipitation over the Tropical continents during the La Niña. Two process-based wetland models predict increases in wetland area consistent with observationally-constrained values, but substantially smaller per-area CH4 emissions, highlighting the need for improvements in such models. Overall, tropical wetland emissions during the strong La Niña were at least by 5% larger than the long-term mean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Pandey
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht, The Netherlands.,SRON Netherlands institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Houweling
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht, The Netherlands.,SRON Netherlands institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Krol
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht, The Netherlands.,SRON Netherlands institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Meteorology and Air Quality (MAQ), Wageningen University and Research Centre, WageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ilse Aben
- SRON Netherlands institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Monteil
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Rob Detmers
- SRON Netherlands institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Otto Hasekamp
- SRON Netherlands institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.,CAS Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Beijing, China
| | - William J Riley
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- Institute on Ecosystems and Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Kyle C McDonald
- City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Philippe Bousquet
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climatet de l'Environnement (LSCE), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thomas Röckmann
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Schwietzke S, Sherwood OA, Bruhwiler LMP, Miller JB, Etiope G, Dlugokencky EJ, Michel SE, Arling VA, Vaughn BH, White JWC, Tans PP. Corrigendum: Upward revision of global fossil fuel methane emissions based on isotope database. Nature 2017; 543:452. [PMID: 28199311 DOI: 10.1038/nature21422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Schwietzke S, Sherwood OA, Bruhwiler LMP, Miller JB, Etiope G, Dlugokencky EJ, Michel SE, Arling VA, Vaughn BH, White JWC, Tans PP. Upward revision of global fossil fuel methane emissions based on isotope database. Nature 2016; 538:88-91. [DOI: 10.1038/nature19797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Berkelhammer M, Noone DC, Steen-Larsen HC, Bailey A, Cox CJ, O'Neill MS, Schneider D, Steffen K, White JWC. Surface-atmosphere decoupling limits accumulation at Summit, Greenland. Sci Adv 2016; 2:e1501704. [PMID: 27386509 PMCID: PMC4928998 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite rapid melting in the coastal regions of the Greenland Ice Sheet, a significant area (~40%) of the ice sheet rarely experiences surface melting. In these regions, the controls on annual accumulation are poorly constrained owing to surface conditions (for example, surface clouds, blowing snow, and surface inversions), which render moisture flux estimates from myriad approaches (that is, eddy covariance, remote sensing, and direct observations) highly uncertain. Accumulation is partially determined by the temperature dependence of saturation vapor pressure, which influences the maximum humidity of air parcels reaching the ice sheet interior. However, independent proxies for surface temperature and accumulation from ice cores show that the response of accumulation to temperature is variable and not generally consistent with a purely thermodynamic control. Using three years of stable water vapor isotope profiles from a high altitude site on the Greenland Ice Sheet, we show that as the boundary layer becomes increasingly stable, a decoupling between the ice sheet and atmosphere occurs. The limited interaction between the ice sheet surface and free tropospheric air reduces the capacity for surface condensation to achieve the rate set by the humidity of the air parcels reaching interior Greenland. The isolation of the surface also acts to recycle sublimated moisture by recondensing it onto fog particles, which returns the moisture back to the surface through gravitational settling. The observations highlight a unique mechanism by which ice sheet mass is conserved, which has implications for understanding both past and future changes in accumulation rate and the isotopic signal in ice cores from Greenland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Berkelhammer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - David C Noone
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.; College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Hans Christian Steen-Larsen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR CEA-CNRS-UVSQ/IPSL 8212, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.; Center for Ice and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adriana Bailey
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.; Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Christopher J Cox
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Michael S O'Neill
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - David Schneider
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Konrad Steffen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.; Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - James W C White
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.; Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.; Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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9
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Schaefer H, Mikaloff Fletcher SE, Veidt C, Lassey KR, Brailsford GW, Bromley TM, Dlugokencky EJ, Michel SE, Miller JB, Levin I, Lowe DC, Martin RJ, Vaughn BH, White JWC. A 21st-century shift from fossil-fuel to biogenic methane emissions indicated by ¹³CH₄. Science 2016; 352:80-4. [PMID: 26966190 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad2705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Between 1999 and 2006, a plateau interrupted the otherwise continuous increase of atmospheric methane concentration [CH4] since preindustrial times. Causes could be sink variability or a temporary reduction in industrial or climate-sensitive sources. We reconstructed the global history of [CH4] and its stable carbon isotopes from ice cores, archived air, and a global network of monitoring stations. A box-model analysis suggests that diminishing thermogenic emissions, probably from the fossil-fuel industry, and/or variations in the hydroxyl CH4 sink caused the [CH4] plateau. Thermogenic emissions did not resume to cause the renewed [CH4] rise after 2006, which contradicts emission inventories. Post-2006 source increases are predominantly biogenic, outside the Arctic, and arguably more consistent with agriculture than wetlands. If so, mitigating CH4 emissions must be balanced with the need for food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinrich Schaefer
- Climate and Atmosphere Center, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.
| | - Sara E Mikaloff Fletcher
- Climate and Atmosphere Center, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Cordelia Veidt
- Institut für Umweltphysik, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Keith R Lassey
- Climate and Atmosphere Center, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Gordon W Brailsford
- Climate and Atmosphere Center, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Tony M Bromley
- Climate and Atmosphere Center, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Edward J Dlugokencky
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Global Monitoring Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Sylvia E Michel
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - John B Miller
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Global Monitoring Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Ingeborg Levin
- Institut für Umweltphysik, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dave C Lowe
- Climate and Atmosphere Center, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Ross J Martin
- Climate and Atmosphere Center, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Bruce H Vaughn
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - James W C White
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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10
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Marcott SA, Bauska TK, Buizert C, Steig EJ, Rosen JL, Cuffey KM, Fudge TJ, Severinghaus JP, Ahn J, Kalk ML, McConnell JR, Sowers T, Taylor KC, White JWC, Brook EJ. Centennial-scale changes in the global carbon cycle during the last deglaciation. Nature 2014; 514:616-9. [PMID: 25355363 DOI: 10.1038/nature13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Global climate and the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) are correlated over recent glacial cycles. The combination of processes responsible for a rise in atmospheric CO2 at the last glacial termination (23,000 to 9,000 years ago), however, remains uncertain. Establishing the timing and rate of CO2 changes in the past provides critical insight into the mechanisms that influence the carbon cycle and helps put present and future anthropogenic emissions in context. Here we present CO2 and methane (CH4) records of the last deglaciation from a new high-accumulation West Antarctic ice core with unprecedented temporal resolution and precise chronology. We show that although low-frequency CO2 variations parallel changes in Antarctic temperature, abrupt CO2 changes occur that have a clear relationship with abrupt climate changes in the Northern Hemisphere. A significant proportion of the direct radiative forcing associated with the rise in atmospheric CO2 occurred in three sudden steps, each of 10 to 15 parts per million. Every step took place in less than two centuries and was followed by no notable change in atmospheric CO2 for about 1,000 to 1,500 years. Slow, millennial-scale ventilation of Southern Ocean CO2-rich, deep-ocean water masses is thought to have been fundamental to the rise in atmospheric CO2 associated with the glacial termination, given the strong covariance of CO2 levels and Antarctic temperatures. Our data establish a contribution from an abrupt, centennial-scale mode of CO2 variability that is not directly related to Antarctic temperature. We suggest that processes operating on centennial timescales, probably involving the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, seem to be influencing global carbon-cycle dynamics and are at present not widely considered in Earth system models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun A Marcott
- 1] College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA [2] Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Thomas K Bauska
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Christo Buizert
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Eric J Steig
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Julia L Rosen
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Kurt M Cuffey
- Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T J Fudge
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jeffery P Severinghaus
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92037, USA
| | - Jinho Ahn
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Michael L Kalk
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Joseph R McConnell
- Desert Research Institute, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, Nevada 89512, USA
| | - Todd Sowers
- Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Kendrick C Taylor
- Desert Research Institute, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, Nevada 89512, USA
| | - James W C White
- INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Edward J Brook
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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11
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Buizert C, Gkinis V, Severinghaus JP, He F, Lecavalier BS, Kindler P, Leuenberger M, Carlson AE, Vinther B, Masson-Delmotte V, White JWC, Liu Z, Otto-Bliesner B, Brook EJ. Greenland temperature response to climate forcing during the last deglaciation. Science 2014; 345:1177-80. [PMID: 25190795 DOI: 10.1126/science.1254961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Greenland ice core water isotopic composition (δ(18)O) provides detailed evidence for abrupt climate changes but is by itself insufficient for quantitative reconstruction of past temperatures and their spatial patterns. We investigate Greenland temperature evolution during the last deglaciation using independent reconstructions from three ice cores and simulations with a coupled ocean-atmosphere climate model. Contrary to the traditional δ(18)O interpretation, the Younger Dryas period was 4.5° ± 2°C warmer than the Oldest Dryas, due to increased carbon dioxide forcing and summer insolation. The magnitude of abrupt temperature changes is larger in central Greenland (9° to 14°C) than in the northwest (5° to 9°C), fingerprinting a North Atlantic origin. Simulated changes in temperature seasonality closely track changes in the Atlantic overturning strength and support the hypothesis that abrupt climate change is mostly a winter phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christo Buizert
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Vasileios Gkinis
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Severinghaus
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Feng He
- Center for Climatic Research, Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Benoit S Lecavalier
- Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, Memorial University, St. John's, Canada
| | - Philippe Kindler
- Division of Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Leuenberger
- Division of Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anders E Carlson
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Bo Vinther
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Valérie Masson-Delmotte
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (UMR CEA-CNRS-UVSQ 8212), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - James W C White
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Zhengyu Liu
- Center for Climatic Research, Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bette Otto-Bliesner
- Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
| | - Edward J Brook
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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12
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Steig EJ, Fastook JL, Zweck C, Goodwin ID, Licht KJ, White JWC, Ackert RP. West Antarctic Ice Sheet Elevation Changes. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Behavior and Environment 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/ar077p0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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13
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Buenning NH, Noone DC, Riley WJ, Still CJ, White JWC. Influences of the hydrological cycle on observed interannual variations in atmospheric CO18O. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jg001576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Richter D, Wert BP, Fried A, Weibring P, Walega JG, White JWC, Vaughn BH, Tittel FK. High-precision CO2 isotopologue spectrometer with a difference-frequency-generation laser source. Opt Lett 2009; 34:172-174. [PMID: 19148245 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A precision laser spectrometer for the detection of CO(2) isotopes is reported. The spectrometer measures the fundamental absorption signatures of (13)C and (12)C isotopes in CO(2) at 4.32 microm using a tunable mid-IR laser source based on difference-frequency generation. The spectrometer attains a precision of up to 0.02 per thousand for 150 s of averaging. An overall accuracy of 0.05 per thousand was obtained when sampling various calibrated reference gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Richter
- Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
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15
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Steffensen JP, Andersen KK, Bigler M, Clausen HB, Dahl-Jensen D, Fischer H, Goto-Azuma K, Hansson M, Johnsen SJ, Jouzel J, Masson-Delmotte V, Popp T, Rasmussen SO, Röthlisberger R, Ruth U, Stauffer B, Siggaard-Andersen ML, Sveinbjörnsdóttir AE, Svensson A, White JWC. High-resolution Greenland ice core data show abrupt climate change happens in few years. Science 2008; 321:680-4. [PMID: 18566247 DOI: 10.1126/science.1157707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 653] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The last two abrupt warmings at the onset of our present warm interglacial period, interrupted by the Younger Dryas cooling event, were investigated at high temporal resolution from the North Greenland Ice Core Project ice core. The deuterium excess, a proxy of Greenland precipitation moisture source, switched mode within 1 to 3 years over these transitions and initiated a more gradual change (over 50 years) of the Greenland air temperature, as recorded by stable water isotopes. The onsets of both abrupt Greenland warmings were slightly preceded by decreasing Greenland dust deposition, reflecting the wetting of Asian deserts. A northern shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone could be the trigger of these abrupt shifts of Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation, resulting in changes of 2 to 4 kelvin in Greenland moisture source temperature from one year to the next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Peder Steffensen
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark.
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16
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Ferretti DF, Miller JB, White JWC, Etheridge DM, Lassey KR, Lowe DC, Macfarling Meure CM, Dreier MF, Trudinger CM, van Ommen TD, Langenfelds RL. Unexpected Changes to the Global Methane Budget over the Past 2000 Years. Science 2005; 309:1714-7. [PMID: 16151008 DOI: 10.1126/science.1115193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We report a 2000-year Antarctic ice-core record of stable carbon isotope measurements in atmospheric methane (delta13CH4). Large delta13CH4 variations indicate that the methane budget varied unexpectedly during the late preindustrial Holocene (circa 0 to 1700 A.D.). During the first thousand years (0 to 1000 A.D.), delta13CH4 was at least 2 per mil enriched compared to expected values, and during the following 700 years, an about 2 per mil depletion occurred. Our modeled methane source partitioning implies that biomass burning emissions were high from 0 to 1000 A.D. but reduced by almost approximately 40% over the next 700 years. We suggest that both human activities and natural climate change influenced preindustrial biomass burning emissions and that these emissions have been previously understated in late preindustrial Holocene methane budget research.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Ferretti
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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17
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Masson-Delmotte V, Jouzel J, Landais A, Stievenard M, Johnsen SJ, White JWC, Werner M, Sveinbjornsdottir A, Fuhrer K. GRIP Deuterium Excess Reveals Rapid and Orbital-Scale Changes in Greenland Moisture Origin. Science 2005; 309:118-21. [PMID: 15994553 DOI: 10.1126/science.1108575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Northern Hemisphere hydrological cycle is a key factor coupling ice sheets, ocean circulation, and polar amplification of climate change. Here we present a Northern Hemisphere deuterium excess profile covering one climatic cycle, constructed with the use of delta18O and deltaD Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) records. Past changes in Greenland source and site temperatures are quantified with precipitation seasonality taken into account. The imprint of obliquity is evidenced in the site-to-source temperature gradient at orbital scale. At the millennial time scale, GRIP source temperature changes reflect southward shifts of the geographical locations of moisture sources during cold events, and these rapid shifts are associated with large-scale changes in atmospheric circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Masson-Delmotte
- IPSL/Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), UMR CEA-CNRS, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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18
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Andersen KK, Azuma N, Barnola JM, Bigler M, Biscaye P, Caillon N, Chappellaz J, Clausen HB, Dahl-Jensen D, Fischer H, Flückiger J, Fritzsche D, Fujii Y, Goto-Azuma K, Grønvold K, Gundestrup NS, Hansson M, Huber C, Hvidberg CS, Johnsen SJ, Jonsell U, Jouzel J, Kipfstuhl S, Landais A, Leuenberger M, Lorrain R, Masson-Delmotte V, Miller H, Motoyama H, Narita H, Popp T, Rasmussen SO, Raynaud D, Rothlisberger R, Ruth U, Samyn D, Schwander J, Shoji H, Siggard-Andersen ML, Steffensen JP, Stocker T, Sveinbjörnsdóttir AE, Svensson A, Takata M, Tison JL, Thorsteinsson T, Watanabe O, Wilhelms F, White JWC. High-resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period. Nature 2004; 431:147-51. [PMID: 15356621 DOI: 10.1038/nature02805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two deep ice cores from central Greenland, drilled in the 1990s, have played a key role in climate reconstructions of the Northern Hemisphere, but the oldest sections of the cores were disturbed in chronology owing to ice folding near the bedrock. Here we present an undisturbed climate record from a North Greenland ice core, which extends back to 123,000 years before the present, within the last interglacial period. The oxygen isotopes in the ice imply that climate was stable during the last interglacial period, with temperatures 5 degrees C warmer than today. We find unexpectedly large temperature differences between our new record from northern Greenland and the undisturbed sections of the cores from central Greenland, suggesting that the extent of ice in the Northern Hemisphere modulated the latitudinal temperature gradients in Greenland. This record shows a slow decline in temperatures that marked the initiation of the last glacial period. Our record reveals a hitherto unrecognized warm period initiated by an abrupt climate warming about 115,000 years ago, before glacial conditions were fully developed. This event does not appear to have an immediate Antarctic counterpart, suggesting that the climate see-saw between the hemispheres (which dominated the last glacial period) was not operating at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Andersen
- Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
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19
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Ahn J, Wahlen M, Deck BL, Brook EJ, Mayewski PA, Taylor KC, White JWC. A record of atmospheric CO2during the last 40,000 years from the Siple Dome, Antarctica ice core. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Ahn
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California; San Diego, La Jolla California USA
| | - Martin Wahlen
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California; San Diego, La Jolla California USA
| | - Bruce L. Deck
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California; San Diego, La Jolla California USA
| | - Ed J. Brook
- Department of Geology and Program in Environmental Science; Washington State University; Vancouver Washington USA
| | | | | | - James W. C. White
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR); University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- James W C White
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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21
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Steig EJ, Brook EJ, White JWC, Sucher CM, Bender ML, Lehman SJ, Morse DL, Waddington ED, Clow GD. Synchronous climate changes in antarctica and the north atlantic. Science 1998; 282:92-5. [PMID: 9756484 DOI: 10.1126/science.282.5386.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Central Greenland ice cores provide evidence of abrupt changes in climate over the past 100,000 years. Many of these changes have also been identified in sedimentary and geochemical signatures in deep-sea sediment cores from the North Atlantic, confirming the link between millennial-scale climate variability and ocean thermohaline circulation. It is shown here that two of the most prominent North Atlantic events-the rapid warming that marks the end of the last glacial period and the Bolling/Allerod-Younger Dryas oscillation-are also recorded in an ice core from Taylor Dome, in the western Ross Sea sector of Antarctica. This result contrasts with evidence from ice cores in other regions of Antarctica, which show an asynchronous response between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- EJ Steig
- E. J. Steig, J. W. C. White, S. J. Lehman, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. E. J. Brook, Department of Geology, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA. C. M. Sucher, Gradua
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22
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White DE, White JWC, Steig EJ, Barlow LK. Reconstructing annual and seasonal climatic responses from volcanic events since A.D. 1270 as recorded in the deuterium signal from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Ciais P, Denning AS, Tans PP, Berry JA, Randall DA, Collatz GJ, Sellers PJ, White JWC, Trolier M, Meijer HAJ, Francey RJ, Monfray P, Heimann M. A three-dimensional synthesis study of δ18O in atmospheric CO2: 1. Surface fluxes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Ciais P, Tans PP, Denning AS, Francey RJ, Trolier M, Meijer HAJ, White JWC, Berry JA, Randall DA, Collatz GJ, Sellers PJ, Monfray P, Heimann M. A three-dimensional synthesis study of δ18O in atmospheric CO2: 2. Simulations with the TM2 transport model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Gemery PA, Trolier M, White JWC. Oxygen isotope exchange between carbon dioxide and water following atmospheric sampling using glass flasks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Ciais P, Tans PP, White JWC, Trolier M, Francey RJ, Berry JA, Randall DR, Sellers PJ, Collatz JG, Schimel DS. Partitioning of ocean and land uptake of CO2as inferred by δ13C measurements from the NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory Global Air Sampling Network. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd02847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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White JWC, Houghton JT, Jenkins GJ, Ephraums JJ. Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment. Report Prepared for IPCC Working Group 1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.2307/1551672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Koster RD, Broecker WS, Jouzel J, Suozzo RJ, Russell GL, Rind D, White JWC. The global geochemistry of bomb-produced tritium: General circulation model compared to available observations and traditional interpretations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id15p18305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Gedzelman SD, Lawrence JR, White JWC, Smiley D. The isotopic composition of precipitation at Mohonk Lake, New York: The amount effect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/jd092id01p01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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White JWC, Gedzelman SD. The isotopic composition of atmospheric water vapor and the concurrent meteorological conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1029/jd089id03p04937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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