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Thompson RL, Broquet G, Gerbig C, Koch T, Lang M, Monteil G, Munassar S, Nickless A, Scholze M, Ramonet M, Karstens U, van Schaik E, Wu Z, Rödenbeck C. Changes in net ecosystem exchange over Europe during the 2018 drought based on atmospheric observations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190512. [PMID: 32892731 PMCID: PMC7485096 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2018 drought was one of the worst European droughts of the twenty-first century in terms of its severity, extent and duration. The effects of the drought could be seen in a reduction in harvest yields in parts of Europe, as well as an unprecedented browning of vegetation in summer. Here, we quantify the effect of the drought on net ecosystem exchange (NEE) using five independent regional atmospheric inversion frameworks. Using a network of atmospheric CO2 mole fraction observations, we estimate NEE with at least monthly and 0.5° × 0.5° resolution for 2009–2018. We find that the annual NEE in 2018 was likely more positive (less CO2 uptake) in the temperate region of Europe by 0.09 ± 0.06 Pg C yr−1 (mean ± s.d.) compared to the mean of the last 10 years of −0.08 ± 0.17 Pg C yr−1, making the region close to carbon neutral in 2018. Similarly, we find a positive annual NEE anomaly for the northern region of Europe of 0.02 ± 0.02 Pg C yr−1 compared the 10-year mean of −0.04 ± 0.05 Pg C yr−1. In both regions, this was largely owing to a reduction in the summer CO2 uptake. The positive NEE anomalies coincided spatially and temporally with negative anomalies in soil water. These anomalies were exceptional for the 10-year period of our study. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Impacts of the 2018 severe drought and heatwave in Europe: from site to continental scale’.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Thompson
- ATMOS, NILU - Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning, Kjeller, Norway
| | - G Broquet
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - C Gerbig
- Biogeochemical Signals, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - T Koch
- Biogeochemical Signals, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany.,Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeissenberg, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Germany
| | - M Lang
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - G Monteil
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - S Munassar
- Biogeochemical Signals, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - A Nickless
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M Scholze
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Ramonet
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - U Karstens
- ICOS Carbon Portal, Lund University, Sweden
| | - E van Schaik
- Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Z Wu
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - C Rödenbeck
- Biogeochemical Signals, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
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Semaltianos NG, Chassagnon R, Moutarlier V, Blondeau-Patissier V, Assoul M, Monteil G. Nanoparticles alloying in liquids: Laser-ablation-generated Ag or Pd nanoparticles and laser irradiation-induced AgPd nanoparticle alloying. Nanotechnology 2017; 28:155703. [PMID: 28303800 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa6282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Laser irradiation of a mixture of single-element micro/nanomaterials may lead to their alloying and fabrication of multi-element structures. In addition to the laser induced alloying of particulates in the form of micro/nanopowders in ambient atmosphere (which forms the basis of the field of additive manufacturing technology), another interesting problem is the laser-induced alloying of a mixture of single-element nanoparticles in liquids since this process may lead to the direct fabrication of alloyed-nanoparticle colloidal solutions. In this work, bare-surface ligand-free Ag and Pd nanoparticles in solution were prepared by laser ablation of the corresponding bulk target materials, separately in water. The two solutions were mixed and the mixed solution was laser irradiated for different time durations in order to investigate the laser-induced nanoparticles alloying in liquid. Nanoparticles alloying and the formation of AgPd alloyed nanoparticles takes place with a decrease of the intensity of the surface-plasmon resonance peak of the Ag nanoparticles (at ∼405 nm) with the irradiation time while the low wavelength interband absorption peaks of either Ag or Pd nanoparticles remain unaffected by the irradiation for a time duration even as long as 30 min. The nanoalloys have lattice constants with values between those of the pure metals, which indicates that they consist of Ag and Pd in an approximately 1:1 ratio similar to the atomic composition of the starting mixed-nanoparticle solution. Formation of nanoparticle networks consisting of bimetallic alloyed nanoparticles and nanoparticles that remain as single elements (even after the end of the irradiation), joining together, are also formed. The binding energies of the 3d core electrons of both Ag and Pd nanoparticles shift to lower energies with the irradiation time, which is also a typical characteristic of AgPd alloyed nanoparticles. The mechanisms of nanoparticles alloying and network formation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Semaltianos
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Dept. of Physics, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
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Pandey S, Houweling S, Krol M, Aben I, Monteil G, Nechita-Banda N, Dlugokencky EJ, Detmers R, Hasekamp O, Xu X, Riley WJ, Poulter B, Zhang Z, McDonald KC, White JWC, Bousquet P, Röckmann T. Enhanced methane emissions from tropical wetlands during the 2011 La Niña. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45759. [PMID: 28393869 PMCID: PMC5385533 DOI: 10.1038/srep45759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Year-to-year variations in the atmospheric methane (CH4) growth rate show significant correlation with climatic drivers. The second half of 2010 and the first half of 2011 experienced the strongest La Niña since the early 1980s, when global surface networks started monitoring atmospheric CH4 mole fractions. We use these surface measurements, retrievals of column-averaged CH4 mole fractions from GOSAT, new wetland inundation estimates, and atmospheric δ13C-CH4 measurements to estimate the impact of this strong La Niña on the global atmospheric CH4 budget. By performing atmospheric inversions, we find evidence of an increase in tropical CH4 emissions of ∼6–9 TgCH4 yr−1 during this event. Stable isotope data suggest that biogenic sources are the cause of this emission increase. We find a simultaneous expansion of wetland area, driven by the excess precipitation over the Tropical continents during the La Niña. Two process-based wetland models predict increases in wetland area consistent with observationally-constrained values, but substantially smaller per-area CH4 emissions, highlighting the need for improvements in such models. Overall, tropical wetland emissions during the strong La Niña were at least by 5% larger than the long-term mean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Pandey
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht, The Netherlands.,SRON Netherlands institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Houweling
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht, The Netherlands.,SRON Netherlands institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Krol
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht, The Netherlands.,SRON Netherlands institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Meteorology and Air Quality (MAQ), Wageningen University and Research Centre, WageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ilse Aben
- SRON Netherlands institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Monteil
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Rob Detmers
- SRON Netherlands institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Otto Hasekamp
- SRON Netherlands institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.,CAS Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Beijing, China
| | - William J Riley
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- Institute on Ecosystems and Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Kyle C McDonald
- City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Philippe Bousquet
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climatet de l'Environnement (LSCE), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thomas Röckmann
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Semaltianos NG, Hendry E, Chang H, Wears ML, Monteil G, Assoul M, Malkhasyan V, Blondeau-Patissier V, Gauthier-Manuel B, Moutarlier V. ns or fs pulsed laser ablation of a bulk InSb target in liquids for nanoparticles synthesis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 469:57-62. [PMID: 26866890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Laser ablation of bulk target materials in liquids has been established as an alternative method for the synthesis of nanoparticles colloidal solutions mainly due to the fact that the synthesized nanoparticles have bare, ligand-free surfaces since no chemical precursors are used for their synthesis. InSb is a narrow band gap semiconductor which has the highest carrier mobility of any known semiconductor and nanoparticles of this material are useful in optoelectronic device fabrication. In this paper a bulk InSb target was ablated in deionized (DI) water or ethanol using a nanosecond (20 ns) or a femtosecond (90 fs) pulsed laser source, for nanoparticles synthesis. In all four cases the largest percentage of the nanoparticles are of InSb in the zincblende crystal structure with fcc lattice. Oxides of either In or Sb are also formed in the nanoparticles ensembles in the case of ns or fs ablation, respectively. Formation of an oxide of either element from the two elements of the binary bulk alloy is explained based on the difference in the ablation mechanism of the material in the case of ns or fs pulsed laser irradiation in which the slow or fast deposition of energy into the material results to mainly melting or vaporization, respectively under the present conditions of ablation, in combination with the lower melting point but higher vaporization enthalpy of In as compared to Sb. InSb in the metastable phase with orthorhombic lattice is also formed in the nanoparticles ensembles in the case of fs ablation in DI water (as well as oxide of InSb) which indicates that the synthesized nanoparticles exhibit polymorphism controlled by the type of the laser source used for their synthesis. The nanoparticles exhibit absorption which is observed to be extended in the infrared region of the spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Hendry
- University of Exeter, Dept. of Physics, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
| | - H Chang
- University of Exeter, Dept. of Engineering, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - M L Wears
- University of Exeter, Dept. of Engineering, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - G Monteil
- Université de Franche-Comté, Femto-st, Dépt. Mécanique Appliquée, UMR CNRS 6174, Besançon 25030, France
| | - M Assoul
- Université de Franche-Comté, Femto-st, Dépt. Mécanique Appliquée, UMR CNRS 6174, Besançon 25030, France
| | - V Malkhasyan
- Université de Franche-Comté, Femto-st, Dépt. Mécanique Appliquée, UMR CNRS 6174, Besançon 25030, France
| | - V Blondeau-Patissier
- Université de Franche-Comté, Femto-st, Dépt. Temps-Fréquence, UMR CNRS 6174, Besançon 25030, France
| | - B Gauthier-Manuel
- Université de Franche-Comté, Femto-st, Dépt. Micro Nano Sciences & Systèmes, UMR CNRS 6174, Besançon 25044, France
| | - V Moutarlier
- Université de Franche-Comté, UTINAM, UMR CNRS 6213, Besançon 25030, France
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Monteil G, Roizard X, Gréban F, Makich H. Description of anin situ method to measure the punch wear during blanking. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.2848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Normand B, Takenouti H, Keddam M, Liao H, Monteil G, Coddet C. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and dielectric properties of polymer: application to PEEK thermally sprayed coating. Electrochim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Monteil G. [We and the children]. Chir Dent Fr 1966; 36:31-6. [PMID: 4223143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Monteil G. [Relations between homeopathy and orthodontics]. Rev Fr Odontostomatol 1966; 13:228-33. [PMID: 5218113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Monteil G. [Contribution to the study of the bio-typology]. Rev Fr Odontostomatol 1965; 12:1075-9. [PMID: 5213718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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