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House BJ, Kwon MJ, Schaefer JM, Barth CW, Solanki A, Davis SC, Gibbs SL. Clinically relevant dual probe difference specimen imaging (DDSI) protocol for freshly resected breast cancer specimen staining. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:440. [PMID: 33882909 PMCID: PMC8059239 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Re-excision rates following breast conserving surgery (BCS) remain as high as ~ 35%, with positive margins detected during follow-up histopathology. Additional breast cancer resection surgery is not only taxing on the patient and health care system, but also delays adjuvant therapies, increasing morbidity and reducing the likelihood of a positive outcome. The ability to precisely resect and visualize tumor margins in real time within the surgical theater would greatly benefit patients, surgeons and the health care system. Current tumor margin assessment technologies utilized during BCS involve relatively lengthy and labor-intensive protocols, which impede the surgical work flow. Methods In previous work, we have developed and validated a fluorescence imaging method termed dual probe difference specimen imaging (DDSI) to accurately detect benign and malignant tissue with direct correlation to the targeted biomarker expression levels intraoperatively. The DDSI method is currently on par with touch prep cytology in execution time (~ 15-min). In this study, the main goal was to shorten the DDSI protocol by decreasing tissue blocking and washing times to optimize the DDSI protocol to < 10-min whilst maintaining robust benign and malignant tissue differentiation. Results We evaluated the utility of the shortened DDSI staining methodology using xenografts grown from cell lines with varied epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression levels, comparing accuracy through receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analyses across varied tissue blocking and washing times. An optimized 8-min DDSI methodology was developed for future clinical translation. Conclusions Successful completion of this work resulted in substantial shortening of the DDSI methodology for use in the operating room, that provided robust, highly receptor specific, sensitive diagnostic capabilities between benign and malignant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Broderick J House
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S Moody Ave, Mail Code: CL3SG, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Marcus J Kwon
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S Moody Ave, Mail Code: CL3SG, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Jasmin M Schaefer
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S Moody Ave, Mail Code: CL3SG, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Connor W Barth
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S Moody Ave, Mail Code: CL3SG, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Allison Solanki
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S Moody Ave, Mail Code: CL3SG, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Scott C Davis
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Summer L Gibbs
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S Moody Ave, Mail Code: CL3SG, Portland, OR, 97201, USA. .,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S Moody Ave, Mail Code: CL3SG, Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
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Maurer JM, Schaefer JM, Russell JB, Rupper S, Wangdi N, Putnam AE, Young N. Seismic observations, numerical modeling, and geomorphic analysis of a glacier lake outburst flood in the Himalayas. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/38/eaba3645. [PMID: 32938673 PMCID: PMC7494340 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba3645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) are a substantial hazard for downstream communities in vulnerable regions, yet unpredictable triggers and remote source locations make GLOF dynamics difficult to measure and quantify. Here, we revisit a destructive GLOF that occurred in Bhutan in 1994 and apply cross-correlation-based seismic analyses to track the evolution of the GLOF remotely (~100 kilometers from the source region). We use the seismic observations along with eyewitness reports and a downstream gauge station to constrain a numerical flood model and then assess geomorphic change and current state of the unstable lakes via satellite imagery. Coherent seismic energy is evident from 1 to 5 hertz beginning approximately 5 hours before the flood impacted Punakha village, which originated at the source lake and advanced down the valley during the GLOF duration. Our analysis highlights potential benefits of using real-time seismic monitoring to improve early warning systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Maurer
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - J M Schaefer
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - J B Russell
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - S Rupper
- Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - N Wangdi
- Center for Water, Climate, and Environmental Policy, Bumthang, Bhutan
| | - A E Putnam
- School of Earth and Climate Sciences and Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - N Young
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Schaefer JM, Barth CW, Davis SC, Gibbs SL. Diagnostic performance of receptor-specific surgical specimen staining correlates with receptor expression level. J Biomed Opt 2019; 24:1-9. [PMID: 30737910 PMCID: PMC6988447 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.2.026002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Intraoperative margin assessment is imperative to cancer cure but is a continued challenge to successful surgery. Breast conserving surgery is a relevant example, where a cosmetically improved outcome is gained over mastectomy, but re-excision is required in >25 % of cases due to positive or closely involved margins. Clinical translation of margin assessment modalities that must directly contact the patient or required administered contrast agents are time consuming and costly to move from bench to bedside. Tumor resections provide a unique surgical opportunity to deploy margin assessment technologies including contrast agents on the resected tissues, substantially shortening the path to the clinic. However, staining of resected tissues is plagued by nonspecific uptake. A ratiometric imaging approach where matched targeted and untargeted probes are used for staining has demonstrated substantially improved biomarker quantification over staining with conventional targeted contrast agents alone. Our group has developed an antibody-based ratiometric imaging technology using fluorescently labeled, spectrally distinct targeted and untargeted antibody probes termed dual-stain difference specimen imaging (DDSI). Herein, the targeted biomarker expression level and pattern are evaluated for their effects on DDSI diagnostic potential. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression level was correlated to DDSI diagnostic potential, which was found to be robust to spatial pattern expression variation. These results highlight the utility of DDSI for accurate margin assessment of freshly resected tumor specimens.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/diagnostic imaging
- Adipose Tissue/pathology
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast/surgery
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnostic imaging
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- False Positive Reactions
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescent Dyes/pharmacology
- Humans
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods
- Margins of Excision
- Mastectomy, Segmental
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/diagnostic imaging
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- ROC Curve
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin M. Schaefer
- Oregon Health and Science University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Connor W. Barth
- Oregon Health and Science University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Scott C. Davis
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Address all correspondence to Scott C. Davis, E-mail: ; Summer L. Gibbs, E-mail:
| | - Summer L. Gibbs
- Oregon Health and Science University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Portland, Oregon, United States
- Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States
- Oregon Health and Science University, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Portland, Oregon, United States
- Address all correspondence to Scott C. Davis, E-mail: ; Summer L. Gibbs, E-mail:
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House BJ, Schaefer JM, Barth CW, Davis SC, Gibbs SL. Diagnostic Performance of Receptor-Specific Surgical Specimen Staining Correlate with Receptor Expression Level. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 2019; 10862. [PMID: 32273644 DOI: 10.1117/12.2510625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Identification of tumor margins in the operating room in real time is a critical challenge for surgical procedures that serve as cancer cure. Breast conserving surgery (BCS) is particularly affected by this problem, with current re-excision rates above 25%. Due to a lack of clinically available methodologies for detection of involved or close tumor margins, much effort is focused on developing intraoperative margin assessment modalities that can aid in addressing this unmet clinical need. BCS provides a unique opportunity to design contrast-based technologies that are able to assess tumor margins independent from the patient, providing a rapid pathway from bench to bedside at a much lower cost. Since resected tissue is removed from the patient's blood supply, non-specific contrast agent uptake becomes a challenge due to the lack of clearance. Therefore, a dual probe, ratiometric fluorescence imaging approach was taken in an effort to reduce non-specific signal, and provide a modality that could demonstrate rapid, robust margin assessment on resected patient samples. Termed, dual-stain difference specimen imaging (DDSI), DDSI includes the use of spectrally unique, and fluorescently labeled target-specific, as well as non-specific biomarkers. In the present study, we have applied epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeted DDSI to tumor xenografts with variable EGFR expression levels using a previously optimized staining protocol, allowing for a quantitative assessment of the predictive power of the technique under biologically relevant conditions. Due to the presence of necrosis in the model tumors, ring analysis was employed to characterize diagnostic accuracy as measured by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Our findings demonstrate the robust nature of the DDSI technique even in the presence of variable biomarker expression and spatial patterns. These results support the continued development of this technology as a robust diagnostic tool for tumor margin assessment in resected specimens during BCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Broderick J House
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201
| | - Jasmin M Schaefer
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201
| | - Connor W Barth
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201
| | - Scott C Davis
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Summer L Gibbs
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201.,OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201
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Barth CW, Schaefer JM, Rossi VM, Davis SC, Gibbs SL. Optimizing fresh specimen staining for rapid identification of tumor biomarkers during surgery. Theranostics 2017; 7:4722-4734. [PMID: 29187899 PMCID: PMC5706095 DOI: 10.7150/thno.21527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Positive margin status due to incomplete removal of tumor tissue during breast conserving surgery (BCS) is a prevalent diagnosis usually requiring a second surgical procedure. These follow-up procedures increase the risk of morbidity and delay the use of adjuvant therapy; thus, significant efforts are underway to develop new intraoperative strategies for margin assessment to eliminate re-excision procedures. One strategy under development uses topical application of dual probe staining and a fluorescence imaging strategy termed dual probe difference specimen imaging (DDSI). DDSI uses a receptor-targeted fluorescent probe and an untargeted, spectrally-distinct fluorescent companion imaging agent topically applied to fresh resected specimens, where the fluorescence from each probe is imaged and a normalized difference image is computed to identify tumor-target distribution in the specimen margins. While previous reports suggested this approach is a promising new tool for surgical guidance, advancing the approach into the clinic requires methodical protocol optimization and further validation. METHODS In the present study, we used breast cancer xenografts and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to evaluate a wide range of staining and imaging parameters, and completed a prospective validation study on multiple tumor phenotypes with different target expression. Imaging fluorophore-probe pair, concentration, and incubation times were systematically optimized using n=6 tissue specimen replicates per staining condition. Resulting tumor vs. normal adipose tissue diagnostic performance were reported and staining patterns were validated via receptor specific immunohistochemistry colocalization. Optimal staining conditions were tested in receptor positive and receptor negative cohorts to confirm specificity. RESULTS The optimal staining conditions were found to be a one minute stain in a 200 nM probe solution (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.97), where the choice of fluorescent label combination did not significantly affect the diagnostic performance. Using an optimal threshold value determined from ROC curve analysis on a training data set, a prospective study on xenografts resulted in an AUC=0.95 for receptor positive tumors and an AUC = 0.50 for receptor negative (control) tumors, confirming the diagnostic performance of this novel imaging technique. CONCLUSIONS DDSI provides a robust, molecularly specific imaging methodology for identifying tumor tissue over benign mammary adipose tissue. Using a dual probe imaging strategy, nonspecific accumulation of targeted probe was corrected for and tumor vs. normal tissue diagnostic potential was improved, circumventing difficulties with ex vivo tissue specimen staining and allowing for rapid clinical translation of this promising technology for tumor margin detection during BCS procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vincent M. Rossi
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Scott C. Davis
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Summer L. Gibbs
- Biomedical Engineering Department
- Knight Cancer Institute
- OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201
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van der Knaap LJ, Schaefer JM, Franken IHA, Verhulst FC, van Oort FVA, Riese H. Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene methylation and substance use in adolescents: the TRAILS study. Genes Brain Behav 2014; 13:618-25. [PMID: 24902721 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Substance use often starts in adolescence and poses a major problem for society and individual health. The dopamine system plays a role in substance use, and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is an important enzyme that degrades dopamine. The Val(108/158) Met polymorphism modulates COMT activity and thus dopamine levels, and has been linked to substance use. COMT gene methylation, on the other hand, may affect expression and thus indirectly COMT activity. We investigated whether methylation of the COMT gene was associated with adolescents' substance use. Furthermore, we explored whether the COMT Val(108/158) Met polymorphism interacts with COMT gene methylation in association with substance use. In 463 adolescents (mean age=16, 50.8% girls), substance use (cigarette smoking, alcohol and cannabis use) was assessed with self-report questionnaires. From blood samples, COMT Val(108/158) Met genotype and methylation rates of membrane bound (MB) and soluble (S) COMT promoters were assessed. MB-COMT promoter methylation was associated with non-daily smoking [odds ratio (OR)=1.82, P=0.03], but not with daily smoking (OR=1.20, P=0.34), MB-COMT promoter methylation was not associated with alcohol use. Adolescents with the Met/Met genotype and high rates of MB-COMT promoter methylation were less likely to be high-frequent cannabis users than adolescents with the Val/Val or Val/Met genotype. S-COMT promoter methylation was not associated with substance use. These results indicate that there is an association between substance use and COMT gene methylation. Although this association is complex, combining genetic and epigenetic variation of the COMT gene may be helpful in further elucidating the influence of the dopamine system on substance use in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J van der Knaap
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry & Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center, The Netherlands
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Johnson JS, Bentley MJ, Smith JA, Finkel RC, Rood DH, Gohl K, Balco G, Larter RD, Schaefer JM. Rapid thinning of Pine Island Glacier in the early Holocene. Science 2014; 343:999-1001. [PMID: 24557837 DOI: 10.1126/science.1247385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pine Island Glacier, a major outlet of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, has been undergoing rapid thinning and retreat for the past two decades. We demonstrate, using glacial-geological and geochronological data, that Pine Island Glacier (PIG) also experienced rapid thinning during the early Holocene, around 8000 years ago. Cosmogenic (10)Be concentrations in glacially transported rocks show that this thinning was sustained for decades to centuries at an average rate of more than 100 centimeters per year, which is comparable with contemporary thinning rates. The most likely mechanism was a reduction in ice shelf buttressing. Our findings reveal that PIG has experienced rapid thinning at least once in the past and that, once set in motion, rapid ice sheet changes in this region can persist for centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Johnson
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
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Abstract
A major puzzle of paleoclimatology is why, after a long interval of cooling climate, each late Quaternary ice age ended with a relatively short warming leg called a termination. We here offer a comprehensive hypothesis of how Earth emerged from the last global ice age. A prerequisite was the growth of very large Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, whose subsequent collapse created stadial conditions that disrupted global patterns of ocean and atmospheric circulation. The Southern Hemisphere westerlies shifted poleward during each northern stadial, producing pulses of ocean upwelling and warming that together accounted for much of the termination in the Southern Ocean and Antarctica. Rising atmospheric CO2 during southern upwelling pulses augmented warming during the last termination in both polar hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Denton
- Department of Earth Sciences and Climate Change Institute, Bryand Global Sciences Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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Abstract
Four hypotheses are tested focusing on the small group basis of legal intoxication. A sample of 1,996 isolates and groups gathering to drink at a 12% random sample of 565 bars in a two-county metropolitan area was observed using a stratified random time sampling schedule. Multiple regression was used to test the hypotheses. The hypothesis that group size affects proportion of group drinking heavily during one visit to a bar was not supported. Average group alcohol consumption, group gender composition and average duration of group stay in bar do affect proportion of group drinking heavily.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Sykes
- Department of Speech-Communication, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
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Abstract
This paper reviews the potential health risks for persons who consume the newly available "non-alcoholic" or "de-alcoholized" beverages which may contain trace amounts of ethanol (less than 0.5% by volume). The discussion includes relative risk rates for chemical dependency, fetal alcohol syndrome, chemical and natural hypersensitivity, cancer, cardiomyopathy, hypertension and cirrhosis for those who drink standard alcoholic drinks and "non-alcoholic" drinks. It is concluded that non-alcoholic drinks pose little risk for developing alcohol related problems based on our current physiological and psychocultural knowledge.
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Levinson D, Schaefer JM, Sylvester R, Meland JA, Haugen B. Information dissemination and overload in the alcoholism treatment field. J Stud Alcohol 1982; 43:570-5. [PMID: 7144186 DOI: 10.15288/jsa.1982.43.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Mahaffey KR, Rader JI, Schaefer JM, Kramer SN. Comparative toxicity to rats of lead acetate from food or water. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1980; 25:541-546. [PMID: 7437556 DOI: 10.1007/bf01985569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Abstract
Alcohol was given orally to 41 healthy young male volunteers from small Hindu (Reddis) farming villages in south and central Andhra Pradesh, India. A complete description of the Reddis study, plus transcultural group differences, is given, and the alcohol metabolism and sensitivity literature is critically reviewed.
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Van Orden LS, Schaefer JM, Antonaccio MJ, Smith CB. Fine structural identification of a reserpine-resistant norepinephrine store in adrenergic nerve terminals in guinea-pig atria. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1974; 188:668-75. [PMID: 4131521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Abstract
The floating lipid layer isolated centrifugation of rat liver was examined for composition and ultrastructure. It was chiefly composed of triglycerides and cholesterol esters plus much smaller amounts of free cholesterol, diglycerides, phospholipid and protein. No free fatty acids were detected. The triglyceride and cholesterol ester fractions consisted mostly of esters of linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid. Electron micrographs of the floating lipid layer revealed numerous spherical osmiophilic droplets having a mean diameter of 0.5-2mum with a very-thin dense outer coat. Similar structures were observed as organelles in electron micrographs of the intact liver cell. The amount of triglyceride in the layer decreased in rats starved for 72h, but pellet triglyceride (homogenate minus the floating lipid layer) was unchanged. These results suggest that the floating lipid layer is the representative in vitro of lipid-rich organelles which probably function as a depot form of hepatic-cell neutral lipid.
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Van Orden LS, Schaefer JM, Burke JP, Lodoen FV. Differentiation of norepinephrine storage compartments in peripheral adrenergic nerves. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1970; 174:357-68. [PMID: 5456169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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