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Pierreux J, Bottieau E, Florence E, Maniewski U, Bruggemans A, Malotaux J, Martin C, Cox J, Konopnicki D, Guetens P, Verschueren J, Coppens J, Van Esbroeck M, Mutsaers M, Rosanas-Urgell A. Failure of artemether-lumefantrine therapy in travellers returning to Belgium with Plasmodium falciparum malaria: an observational case series with genomic analysis. J Travel Med 2024; 31:taad165. [PMID: 38157311 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taad165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Failure of artemisinin-based combination therapy is increasingly reported in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to describe the clinical and genomic characteristics of recent cases of P. falciparum malaria failing artemether-lumefantrine in Belgium. METHODS Travel-related cases of malaria confirmed at the national reference laboratory of the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, were reviewed. All cases for which attending clinicians reported persistence (beyond Day 3 post-treatment initiation, i.e. early failure) or recrudescence (from Day 7 to 42, i.e. late failure) of P. falciparum parasites despite adequate drug intake were analysed. Both initial and persistent/recurrent samples were submitted to next generation sequencing to investigate resistance-conferring mutations. RESULTS From July 2022 to June 2023, eight P. falciparum cases of failure with artemether-lumefantrine therapy were reported (early failure = 1; late failure = 7). All travellers were returning from sub-Saharan Africa, most (6/8) after a trip to visit friends and relatives. PfKelch13 (PF3D7_1343700) mutations associated with resistance to artemisinin were found in two travellers returning from East Africa, including the validated marker R561H in the patient with early failure and the candidate marker A675V in a patient with late failure. Additional mutations were detected that could contribute to decreased susceptibility to artemisinin in another three cases, lumefantrine in six cases and proguanil in all eight participants. Various regimens were used to treat the persistent/recrudescent cases, with favourable outcome. CONCLUSION Within a 12-month period, we investigated eight travellers returning from sub-Saharan Africa with P. falciparum malaria and in whom artemether-lumefantrine failure was documented. Mutations conferring resistance to antimalarials were found in all analysed blood samples, especially against lumefantrine and proguanil, but also artemisinin. There is a pressing need for systematic genomic surveillance of resistance to antimalarials in international travellers with P. falciparum malaria, especially those experiencing treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pierreux
- Infectious Diseases Department, Saint-Pierre University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1000, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Bottieau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Eric Florence
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Ula Maniewski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Anne Bruggemans
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Jiska Malotaux
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Martin
- Infectious Diseases Department, Saint-Pierre University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1000, Belgium
| | - Janneke Cox
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Hasselt, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - Deborah Konopnicki
- Infectious Diseases Department, Saint-Pierre University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1000, Belgium
| | - Pieter Guetens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Jacob Verschueren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Jasmine Coppens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Marjan Van Esbroeck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Mathijs Mutsaers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Anna Rosanas-Urgell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
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Liesenborghs L, Coppens J, Van Dijck C, Brosius I, De Baetselier I, Vercauteren K, Van Esbroeck M. No Evidence for Clade I Monkeypox Virus Circulation, Belgium. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:402. [PMID: 38190761 PMCID: PMC10826767 DOI: 10.3201/eid3002.231746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christophe Van Dijck
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium (L. Liesenborghs, J. Coppens, C. Van Dijck, I. Brosius, I. De Baetselier, K. Vercauteren, M. Van Esbroeck)
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L. Liesenborghs, C. Van Dijck)
| | - Isabel Brosius
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium (L. Liesenborghs, J. Coppens, C. Van Dijck, I. Brosius, I. De Baetselier, K. Vercauteren, M. Van Esbroeck)
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L. Liesenborghs, C. Van Dijck)
| | - Irith De Baetselier
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium (L. Liesenborghs, J. Coppens, C. Van Dijck, I. Brosius, I. De Baetselier, K. Vercauteren, M. Van Esbroeck)
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L. Liesenborghs, C. Van Dijck)
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Coppens J, Liesenborghs L, Vercauteren K, Van Esbroeck M, Van Dijck C. No Varicella Zoster Virus Infection among Mpox Cases in Antwerp, Belgium. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:1282-1283. [PMID: 38061061 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies in tropical settings have reported that ∼20% of patients infected with Monkeypox virus (MPXV) also tested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive for Varicella zoster virus (VZV). Researchers have hypothesized that VZV infection predisposes to monkeypox (mpox), or vice versa, or that MPXV triggers the reactivation of VZV. We tested samples for VZV from a cohort of patients infected with clade IIb MPXV diagnosed between May 23 and October 14, 2022 in Antwerp, Belgium. Leftover DNA extracts of skin lesion samples from 108 mpox patients were tested with in-house PCR for VZV. No VZV infections were found. The absence of concurrent VZV-MPXV infections in our cohort indicates that VZV did not cocirculate in the population at risk for MPXV during the Belgian 2022 outbreak, but also that MPXV does not commonly trigger reactivation of latent VZV in adult men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Coppens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laurens Liesenborghs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Vercauteren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marjan Van Esbroeck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Van Dijck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Mertes H, Rezende AM, Brosius I, Naesens R, Michiels J, deBlock T, Coppens J, Van Dijck C, Bomans P, Bottieau E, Van Esbroeck M, Ariën KK, Liesenborghs L, Vercauteren K. Tecovirimat Resistance in an Immunocompromised Patient With Mpox and Prolonged Viral Shedding. Ann Intern Med 2023; 176:1141-1143. [PMID: 37487213 DOI: 10.7326/l23-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Mertes
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Ziekenhuisnetwerk Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Antonio Mauro Rezende
- Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isabel Brosius
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Reinout Naesens
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention & Control, Ziekenhuisnetwerk Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan Michiels
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tessa deBlock
- Clinical Virology Unit and Clinical Reference Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jasmine Coppens
- Clinical Reference Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Van Dijck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Bomans
- Department of Pneumology, Ziekenhuisnetwerk Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Bottieau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marjan Van Esbroeck
- Clinical Reference Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kevin K Ariën
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laurens Liesenborghs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Vercauteren
- Clinical Virology Unit and Clinical Reference Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Raymenants J, Van Gestel L, Coppens J, De Block T, Bangwen E, Rutgers J, Hens M, De Vos E, Coppens S, Keyaerts E, André E, Rezende AM, Van Esbroeck M, Vercauteren K, Liesenborghs L. Detection of mpox virus in ambient air in a sexual health clinic. Arch Virol 2023; 168:210. [PMID: 37486383 PMCID: PMC10366007 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05837-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Although transmitted mainly through direct (sexual) contact, mpox virus (MPXV) can be detected in ambient air. We explored the use of air sampling for diagnosis or (genomic) surveillance of mpox in a sexual health clinic. For six out of six patients who were infected with MPXV, all four of our ambient air PCR tests were positive. For 14 uninfected patients, PCR was positive in three ambient air samples, albeit with higher cycle threshold (Ct) values. Genomic sequencing of samples from two positive patients showed matching sequences between air and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joren Raymenants
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Van Gestel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
| | - Jasmine Coppens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
| | - Tessa De Block
- Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eugene Bangwen
- Outbreak Research Team, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
| | - Jojanneke Rutgers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
| | - Matilde Hens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
| | - Elise De Vos
- Outbreak Research Team, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
| | - Sandra Coppens
- Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Els Keyaerts
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National reference centre of Respiratory pathogens, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel André
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National reference centre of Respiratory pathogens, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Antonio Mauro Rezende
- Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marjan Van Esbroeck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
| | - Koen Vercauteren
- Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laurens Liesenborghs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium.
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Brosius I, Dijck CV, Coppens J, Vandenhove L, Bangwen E, Vanroye F, Verschueren J, Zange S, Bugert J, Michiels J, Bottieau E, Soentjens P, van Griensven J, Kenyon C, Ariën KK, Esbroeck MV, Vercauteren K, Liesenborghs L. Presymptomatic viral shedding in high-risk mpox contacts: A prospective cohort study. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28769. [PMID: 37212312 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The risk of infection after exposure to clade IIb mpox virus (MPXV) is unknown, and potential presymptomatic shedding of MPXV remains to be demonstrated. High-risk contacts of mpox patients were followed-up in a prospective longitudinal cohort study. Individuals reporting sexual contact, >15 min skin-to-skin contact, or living in the same household with an mpox patient were recruited in a sexual health clinic in Antwerp, Belgium. Participants kept a symptom diary, performed daily self-sampling (anorectal, genital, and saliva), and presented for weekly clinic visits for physical examination and sampling (blood and oropharyngeal). Samples were tested for MPXV by PCR. Between June 24 and July 31, 2022, 25 contacts were included, of which 12/18 (66.0%) sexual and 1/7 (14.0%) nonsexual contacts showed evidence of infection by MPXV-PCR. Six cases had typical mpox symptoms. Viral DNA was detected as early as 4 days before symptom onset in 5 of them. In 3 of these cases, replication-competent virus was demonstrated in the presymptomatic phase. These findings confirm the existence of presymptomatic shedding of replication-competent MPXV and emphasize the high risk of transmission during sexual contact. Sexual contacts of mpox cases should abstain from sex during the incubation period, irrespective of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Brosius
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Van Dijck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jasmine Coppens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leen Vandenhove
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eugene Bangwen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Fien Vanroye
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jacob Verschueren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sabine Zange
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Johan Michiels
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Bottieau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Soentjens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan van Griensven
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chris Kenyon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevin K Ariën
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marjan Van Esbroeck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Vercauteren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laurens Liesenborghs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Van Dijck C, De Baetselier I, Kenyon C, Liesenborghs L, Vercauteren K, Van Esbroeck M, De Baetselier I, Kenyon C, Brosius I, Liesenborghs L, Van den Bossche D, Florence E, van Griensven J, Bottieau E, Soentjens P, Berens-Riha N, Vanbaelen T, Van Frankenhuijsen M, Vandenbruaene M, Huyst V, Wouters K, Apers L, Kint I, Caluwaerts S, Coppens J, Van Esbroeck M, Vercauteren K. Mpox screening in high-risk populations finds no asymptomatic cases. Lancet Microbe 2023; 4:e132-e133. [PMID: 36509096 PMCID: PMC9733947 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Van Dijck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Irith De Baetselier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chris Kenyon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laurens Liesenborghs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Koen Vercauteren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marjan Van Esbroeck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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Hens M, Brosius I, Berens-Riha N, Coppens J, Van Gestel L, Rutgers J, Kenyon C, Soentjens P, van Henten S, Bracke S, Vanbaelen T, Vandenhoven L, Bottieau E, Vercauteren K, Van Esbroeck M, Liesenborghs L, Van Dijck C, Van Esbroeck M, Brosius I, Liesenborghs L, Van Gestel L, Rutgers J, Kenyon C, De Baetselier I, Coppens J, Van den Bossche D, Florence E, Vercauteren K, van Griensven J, Bottieau E, Soentjens P, Berens-Riha N, van Henten S, Bracke S, Vanbaelen T, Vandenhoven L, Van Frankenhuijsen M, Vandenbruaene M, Huyst V, Wouters K, Apers L, Kint I, Caluwaerts S, Vanroye F, Verschueren J, Ariën K. Characteristics of confirmed mpox cases among clinical suspects: A prospective single-centre study in Belgium during the 2022 outbreak. New Microbes New Infect 2023; 52:101093. [PMID: 36874154 PMCID: PMC9982023 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2023.101093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The presentation of mpox clade IIb during the 2022 outbreak overlaps with a range of other diseases. Understanding the factors associated with mpox is important for clinical decision making. Methods We described the characteristics of mpox patients who sought care at Belgian sexual health clinic. Furthermore we compared their characteristics to those of patients with a clinical suspicion of mpox but who tested negative on polymerase chain reaction. Results Between May 23 and September 20, 2022, 155 patients were diagnosed with mpox, and 51 patients with suspected symptoms tested negative. All mpox patients self-identified as men and 148/155 (95.5%) as gay or bisexual MSM. Systemic symptoms were present in 116/155 (74.8%) patients. All but 10 patients (145/155, 93.5%) presented with skin lesions. Other manifestations were lymphadenopathy (72/155, 46.5%), proctitis (50/155, 32.3%), urethritis (12/155, 7.7%), tonsillitis (2/155, 1.3%). Complications involved bacterial skin infection (13/155, 8.4%) and penile oedema with or without paraphimosis (4/155, 2.6%). In multivariable logistic regression models, the presence of lymphadenopathy (OR 3.79 95% CI 1.44-11.49), skin lesions (OR 4.35 95% CI 1.15-17.57) and proctitis (OR 9.41 95% CI 2.72-47.07) were associated with the diagnosis of mpox. There were no associations with age, HIV status, childhood smallpox vaccination, number of sexual partners and international travel. Conclusions The presence of proctitis, lymphadenopathies and skin lesions should increase clinical suspicion of mpox in patients with compatible symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Hens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isabel Brosius
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicole Berens-Riha
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jasmine Coppens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Van Gestel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jojanneke Rutgers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chris Kenyon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Soentjens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Saskia van Henten
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Bracke
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thibaut Vanbaelen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leen Vandenhoven
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Bottieau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Vercauteren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marjan Van Esbroeck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laurens Liesenborghs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Van Dijck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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Coppens J, Xavier BB, Vlaeminck J, Larsen J, Lammens C, Van Puyvelde S, Goossens H, Larsen AR, Malhotra-Kumar S. Genomic analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 239 isolated from Danish patients with and without an international travel history. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1016829. [PMID: 36504833 PMCID: PMC9730231 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1016829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction International travel has been a major determinant for the introduction of pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) into naïve geographic areas. MRSA clonal complex 239 (CC239) is a highly virulent clone that is predominant in Asia. The objective of this study was to determine the geographic origin of MRSA CC239 isolates recovered from Danish cases with or without a history of international travel during 2004-2016. Materials and methods Human MRSA isolates with spa types t030 and t037 (n = 60) were obtained from the National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance. For each case, the following data were collected from notification forms: sex, age, isolation year, specimen source (screening swab or clinical sample), infection type, and international travel history. All isolates were whole-genome sequenced, and a comparative genome and phylogenetic analysis was performed. Results The majority of isolates originated from skin and soft tissue (SST) infections and screening swabs. In 31 out of 60 cases reported international travel to different parts of the world. Fifty-four isolates belonged to CC239, including sequence type 239 (ST239) (n = 43), ST241 (n = 5), ST4377 (n = 2), ST4378 (n = 1), ST1465 (n = 1), ST343 (n = 1), and ST592 (n = 1). The majority of the CC239 MRSA isolates (40/54) belonged to well-known geographic clades, including the Asian (n = 12), Serbian (n = 11), South American (n = 2), and Turkish (n = 15). Most MRSA ST239 isolates belonging to the highly virulent Asian clade carried sasX and were recovered from individuals who had travelled to Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Conclusion Our data reveal multiple introductions of MRSA CC239 into Denmark through international travel, which highlights the importance of continued genomic surveillance of MRSA in persons returning from international travel to areas where MRSA is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Coppens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Basil Britto Xavier
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jelle Vlaeminck
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jesper Larsen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Lammens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Puyvelde
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anders Rhod Larsen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium,*Correspondence: Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar,
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10
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Van Heirstraeten L, Ekinci E, Smet M, Berkell M, Willen L, Coppens J, Spiessens A, Xavier BB, Lammens C, Verhaegen J, Van Damme P, Goossens H, Beutels P, Matheeussen V, Desmet S, Theeten H, Malhotra-Kumar S. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in young children attending day-care centres in Belgium, May 2020 to February 2022. Euro Surveill 2022; 27. [PMID: 35620998 PMCID: PMC9137273 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.21.2200380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Presence of SARS-CoV-2 was monitored in nasopharyngeal samples from young children aged 6−30 months attending day-care centres (DCCs) in Belgium from May 2020−February 2022. SARS-CoV-2 carriage among DCC children was only detected from November 2021, after emergence of Delta and Omicron variants, in 9 of the 42 DCCs screened. In only one DCC, two children tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 at the same sampling time point, suggesting limited transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Belgian DCCs among young children during the studied period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbet Van Heirstraeten
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Esra Ekinci
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mathias Smet
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Matilda Berkell
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Laura Willen
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jasmine Coppens
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - An Spiessens
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Basil Britto Xavier
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Christine Lammens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jan Verhaegen
- Reference Centre for Pneumococci, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Damme
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Philippe Beutels
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Veerle Matheeussen
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Desmet
- Reference Centre for Pneumococci, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heidi Theeten
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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11
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Chantillon L, Devriendt B, De Jonge B, Oostvogels J, Coppens J, Pas ML, Bokma J, Pardon B. Three cases of alloimmune mediated pancytopenia in calves resembling bovine neonatal pancytopenia. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:11. [PMID: 34980122 PMCID: PMC8721189 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Between 2007 and 2011 several thousands of calves died from bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP), a bleeding syndrome triggered by vaccine induced alloantibodies from the dams. Following withdrawal of the involved bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDv) vaccine, the incidence of this condition rapidly decreased, with no reported cases in the last 5 years. Here, we report a recent immune-mediated pancytopenia in three calves from two different suckler herds, clinically indistinguishable from BNP. Case presentation Three Belgian Blue suckler calves from two different farms, aged around two weeks, showed multiple bleedings disseminated on the skin and petechiae and ecchymoses on the mucosae. Blood examination confirmed anaemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. BVDv infection was excluded. Despite blood transfusion and cortisone therapy, all three animals died. Necropsy and histology confirmed bone marrow depletion. Binding of IgG from the dams on leukocytes of the calves was demonstrated by flow cytometry. Two calves, originating from the same farm, received colostrum from the same dam. None of the calves were given colostrum replacers or colostrum supplements. No link with the BNP causing BVDv vaccine could be evidenced. However, dams had been vaccinated against bovine herpesvirus 1, parainfluenza-3 virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bluetongue virus serotype 8. Conclusions Alloimmune mediated pancytopenia was evidenced in three animals, clinically and pathologically indistinguishable from BNP. Whether this disease is again vaccine mediated remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chantillon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - B Devriendt
- Laboratory for Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B De Jonge
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J Oostvogels
- Veterinary Practice Venhei, Geelsebaan 95-97, 2460, Kasterlee, Belgium
| | - J Coppens
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M L Pas
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J Bokma
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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12
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Mertens J, Coppens J, Loens K, Le Mercier M, Xavier BB, Lammens C, Vandamme S, Jansens H, Goossens H, Matheeussen V. Monitoring the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: screening algorithm with single nucleotide polymorphism detection for the rapid identification of established and emerging variants. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:124-129. [PMID: 34537361 PMCID: PMC8444474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate a testing algorithm for the rapid identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants that includes the use of PCR-based targeted single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection assays preceded by a multiplex PCR sensitive to S-Gene Target Failure (SGTF). METHODS PCR SNP assays targeting SARS-CoV-2 S-gene mutations ΔH69-V70, L452R, E484K, N501Y, H655Y and P681R using melting curve analysis were performed on 567 samples in which SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA was detected by a multiplex PCR. Viral whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to confirm the presence of SNPs and to identify the Pangolin lineage. Additionally, 1133 SARS-CoV-2 positive samples with SGTF were further assessed by WGS to determine the presence of ΔH69-V70. RESULTS The N501Y-specific assay (n = 567) had an overall percentage agreement (OPA) of 98.5%. The ΔH69-V70-specific (n = 178) and E484K-specific (n = 401) assays had OPA of 96.6% and 99.7%, respectively. Assessment of H655Y (n = 139) yielded a 100.0% concordance when applied in the proposed algorithm. The L452R-specific (n = 67) and P681R-specific (n = 62) assays had an OPA of 98.2% and 98.1%, respectively. The proposed algorithm identified six variants of concern/interest (VOC/VOI)-Alpha (n = 149), Beta (n = 65), Gamma (n = 86), Delta (n = 49), Eta (n = 6), Kappa (n = 6)-and 205 non-VOC/VOI strains-including the variants under monitoring B.1.214.2 (n = 43) and B.1.1.318 (n = 18) and Epsilon (n = 1). An excellent concordance was observed for the identification of all SARS-CoV-2 lineages evaluated. CONCLUSIONS We present a flexible testing algorithm for the rapid detection of current and emerging SARS-CoV-2 VOC/VOIs, which can be easily adapted based on the local endemicity of specific variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Mertens
- Department of Microbiology and National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jasmine Coppens
- Department of Microbiology and National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Katherine Loens
- Department of Microbiology and National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marie Le Mercier
- Department of Microbiology and National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Basil Britto Xavier
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Lammens
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah Vandamme
- Department of Microbiology and National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hilde Jansens
- Department of Microbiology and National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Department of Microbiology and National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Veerle Matheeussen
- Department of Microbiology and National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
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13
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Xavier BB, Coppens J, De Koster S, Rajakani SG, Van Goethem S, Mzougui S, Anantharajah A, Lammens C, Loens K, Glupczynski Y, Goossens H, Matheeussen V. Novel vancomycin resistance gene cluster in Enterococcus faecium ST1486, Belgium, June 2021. Euro Surveill 2021; 26. [PMID: 34505571 PMCID: PMC8431993 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.36.2100767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We identified a novel van gene cluster in a clinical Enterococcus faecium isolate with vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 µg/mL. The ligase gene, vanP, was part of a van operon cluster of 4,589 bp on a putative novel integrative conjugative element located in a ca 98 kb genomic region presumed to be acquired by horizontal gene transfer from Clostridiumscidens and Roseburia sp. 499. Screening for van genes in E. faecium strains with borderline susceptibility to vancomycin is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil Britto Xavier
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jasmine Coppens
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Sien De Koster
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sahaya Glingston Rajakani
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sam Van Goethem
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Samy Mzougui
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ahalieyah Anantharajah
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Lammens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Katherine Loens
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Belgian National Reference Centre for Enterococci, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Youri Glupczynski
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Belgian National Reference Centre for Enterococci, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Veerle Matheeussen
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Belgian National Reference Centre for Enterococci, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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14
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Bortolaia V, Kaas RS, Ruppe E, Roberts MC, Schwarz S, Cattoir V, Philippon A, Allesoe RL, Rebelo AR, Florensa AF, Fagelhauer L, Chakraborty T, Neumann B, Werner G, Bender JK, Stingl K, Nguyen M, Coppens J, Xavier BB, Malhotra-Kumar S, Westh H, Pinholt M, Anjum MF, Duggett NA, Kempf I, Nykäsenoja S, Olkkola S, Wieczorek K, Amaro A, Clemente L, Mossong J, Losch S, Ragimbeau C, Lund O, Aarestrup FM. ResFinder 4.0 for predictions of phenotypes from genotypes. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:3491-3500. [PMID: 32780112 PMCID: PMC7662176 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1285] [Impact Index Per Article: 428.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives WGS-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is as reliable as phenotypic AST for several antimicrobial/bacterial species combinations. However, routine use of WGS-based AST is hindered by the need for bioinformatics skills and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants to operate the vast majority of tools developed to date. By leveraging on ResFinder and PointFinder, two freely accessible tools that can also assist users without bioinformatics skills, we aimed at increasing their speed and providing an easily interpretable antibiogram as output. Methods The ResFinder code was re-written to process raw reads and use Kmer-based alignment. The existing ResFinder and PointFinder databases were revised and expanded. Additional databases were developed including a genotype-to-phenotype key associating each AMR determinant with a phenotype at the antimicrobial compound level, and species-specific panels for in silico antibiograms. ResFinder 4.0 was validated using Escherichia coli (n = 584), Salmonella spp. (n = 1081), Campylobacter jejuni (n = 239), Enterococcus faecium (n = 106), Enterococcus faecalis (n = 50) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 163) exhibiting different AST profiles, and from different human and animal sources and geographical origins. Results Genotype–phenotype concordance was ≥95% for 46/51 and 25/32 of the antimicrobial/species combinations evaluated for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. When genotype–phenotype concordance was <95%, discrepancies were mainly linked to criteria for interpretation of phenotypic tests and suboptimal sequence quality, and not to ResFinder 4.0 performance. Conclusions WGS-based AST using ResFinder 4.0 provides in silico antibiograms as reliable as those obtained by phenotypic AST at least for the bacterial species/antimicrobial agents of major public health relevance considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Bortolaia
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, WHO Collaborating Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics, FAO Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rolf S Kaas
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, WHO Collaborating Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics, FAO Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Marilyn C Roberts
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vincent Cattoir
- Rennes University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rennes, France.,National Reference Center for Antimicrobial Resistance (lab Enterococci), Rennes, France.,University of Rennes 1, INSERM U1230, Rennes, France
| | - Alain Philippon
- Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Bacteriology, Paris, France
| | - Rosa L Allesoe
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, WHO Collaborating Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics, FAO Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ana Rita Rebelo
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, WHO Collaborating Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics, FAO Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alfred Ferrer Florensa
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, WHO Collaborating Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics, FAO Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Linda Fagelhauer
- Institute of Medical Microbiolgy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute of Medical Microbiolgy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumann
- Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Guido Werner
- Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Jennifer K Bender
- Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Kerstin Stingl
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Berlin, Germany
| | - Minh Nguyen
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jasmine Coppens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Basil Britto Xavier
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Henrik Westh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Pinholt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Muna F Anjum
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Isabelle Kempf
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | | | | | | | - Ana Amaro
- National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), National Reference Laboratory for Animal Health, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Lurdes Clemente
- National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), National Reference Laboratory for Animal Health, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Joël Mossong
- Laboratoire National de Santé, Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Serge Losch
- Laboratoire de Médecine Vétérinaire de l'Etat, Veterinary Services Administration, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Catherine Ragimbeau
- Laboratoire National de Santé, Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Ole Lund
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, WHO Collaborating Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics, FAO Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Frank M Aarestrup
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, WHO Collaborating Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics, FAO Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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15
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Tabor DE, Tkaczyk C, Tovchigrechko A, Sellman BR, McCarthy M, Ren P, Shoemaker K, Jafri HS, François B, Esser MT, Coppens J, Timbermont L, Xavier B, Lammens C, Goossens H, Malhotra-Kumar S, Ruzin A. 1486. Phylogenetic and alpha toxin variant analyses of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients during the SAATELLITE study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020. [PMCID: PMC7777803 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Suvratoxumab is a human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes S. aureus (SA) alpha toxin (AT). SAATELLITE, a phase 2 study of the safety and efficacy of suvratoxumab for reducing the incidence of SA pneumonia (NCT02296320), was conducted within the consortium for Combatting Bacterial Resistance in Europe.
Methods
A total of 304 SA isolates (baseline, onset and last available isolates from suspected serious bacterial infections, SSBIs) collected from the lower respiratory tract samples from 165 subjects during SAATELLITE were subjected to whole genome sequencing.
AT gene (hla) sequences were translated and amino acid variation was identified in comparison to the reference SA USA300 FPR3757. Phylogenetic analysis, genomic annotation and ST analysis were performed.
AT expression in SA culture supernatants was performed by ELISA. Representative isolates with novel AT subtypes that had not been identified in previous studies were tested for hemolytic activity and suvratoxumab neutralizing activity.
Wilcoxon rank sum test and Fisher’s exact test were performed, respectively: a) to compare difference in baseline AT expression in relation to SA pneumonia incidence; b) to evaluate the association between occurrence of AT stop codons and incidence of SA pneumonia at baseline, as well as the association between occurrence of AT stop codons and treatment arms at post baseline.
Results
We identified a total of 44 sequence types (STs) and 21 unique AT subtypes, 7 of which have not been described previously. No substitutions were located in the suvratoxumab binding region and all novel AT subtypes displaying lytic activity were neutralized by suvratoxumab.
We detected stop codons Q113B and W205B in AT sequences in 53 and 2 SA isolates, respectively. We uncovered no significant associations of: 1) baseline AT expression with SA pneumonia incidence [p=0.967]; 2) occurrence of AT gene stop codon with either SA pneumonia incidence [p >0.999] or suvratoxumab treatment [p=0.103; lower frequency of stop codons in suvratoxumab arm versus placebo].
Conclusion
Our data indicated that: 1) suvratoxumab target region in (AT) remains conserved; 2) suvratoxumab is active against all AT variants identified to date; 3) suvratoxumab did not exert pressure on SA clinical isolates for selection of escape mutants.
Disclosures
David E. Tabor, PhD, AstraZeneca (Employee, Shareholder) Andrey Tovchigrechko, PhD, AstraZeneca (Employee, Shareholder)KitePharma, a Gilead company (Employee, Shareholder) Bret R. Sellman, PhD, AstraZeneca (Employee, Shareholder) Michael McCarthy, n/a, AstraZeneca (Employee) Kathryn Shoemaker, MS, AstraZeneca (Employee) Hasan S. Jafri, MD, FAAP, AstraZeneca (Employee) Mark T. Esser, PhD, AstraZeneca (Employee) Alexey Ruzin, PhD, AstraZeneca (Employee, Shareholder)
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pin Ren
- AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Basil Xavier
- University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Christine Lammens
- University Antwerp, Department of Medical Microbiology, Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium, Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
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16
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Iglói Z, Leven M, Abdel-Karem Abou-Nouar Z, Weller B, Matheeussen V, Coppens J, Koopmans M, Molenkamp R. Comparison of commercial realtime reverse transcription PCR assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Virol 2020; 129:104510. [PMID: 32570045 PMCID: PMC7833356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Commercial SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR analytical performance comparison. Analytical sensitivity of 13 SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCRs varied between 3.3–330 RNA copies. All but 1 assay had sensitivity within one order of magnitude of the reference assay. Only 1 assay cross reacted with another coronavirus (MERS).
The emergence of a new coronavirus in Wuhan China has triggered a global need for accurate diagnostic assays. Initially, mostly laboratory developed molecular tests were available but shortly thereafter different commercial assays started to appear and are still increasing in number. Although independent performance evaluations are ongoing, available data is still scarce. Here we provide a direct comparison of key performance characteristics of 13 commercial RT-PCR assays. Thirteen RT-PCR assays were selected based on the criteria that they can be used following generic RNA extraction protocols, on common PCR platforms and availability. Using a 10-fold and 2-fold dilution series of a quantified SARS-CoV-2 cell-cultured virus stock, performance was assessed compared to our in house validated assay. Specificity was tested by using RNA extracted from cultured common human coronaviruses. All RT-PCR kits included in this study exhibited PCR efficiencies > 90%, except for the Sentinel Diagnostics B E-gene RUO assay (80%). Analytical sensitivity varied between 3.3 RNA copies to 330 RNA copies. Only one assay cross reacted with another human coronavirus (MERS). This study provides a technical baseline of 13 different commercial PCR assays for SARS-CoV-2 detection that can be used by laboratories interested in purchasing any of these for further full clinical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Iglói
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Margareta Leven
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Zain Abdel-Karem Abou-Nouar
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; The Royal Medical Services, King Hussein Medical Centre, Princess Iman Bint Abdullah II Center for Research & Laboratory Sciences, Amman, Jordan
| | - Babette Weller
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Veerle Matheeussen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jasmine Coppens
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Molenkamp
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Coppens J, Xavier BB, Loens K, Lammens C, Ieven M, Matheeussen V, Goossens H, Malhotra-Kumar S. Remarkable Genome Stability among emm1 Group A Streptococcus in Belgium over 19 Years. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:1432-1439. [PMID: 31065672 PMCID: PMC6521816 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades, there has been a public health concern of severe invasive infections caused by Group A Streptococcus (GAS) of the emm1 genotype. This study investigated the dynamics of emm1 GAS during 1994–2013 in Belgium. emm1 GAS isolated from blood, tissue, and wounds of patients with invasive infections (n = 23, S1–S23), and from patients with uncomplicated pharyngitis (n = 15, NS1–NS15) were subjected to whole-genome mapping (WGM; kpn) (Opgen). Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 25 strains (WGS; S1–S23 and NS6–NS7) (Illumina Inc.). Belgian GAS belonged to the M1T1 clone typified by the 36-kb chromosomal region encoding extracellular toxins, NAD+-glycohydrolase and streptolysin O. Strains from 1994–1999 clustered together with published strains (MGAS5005 and M1476). From 2001 onward, invasive GAS showed higher genomic divergence in the accessory genome and harbored on average 7% prophage content. Low evolutionary rate (2.49E-008; P > 0.05) was observed in this study, indicating a highly stable genome. The studied invasive and pharyngitis isolates were no genetically distinct populations based on the WGM and core genome phylogeny analyses. Two copies of the speJ superantigen were present in the 1999 and 2010 study strains (n = 3), one being chromosomal and one being truncated and associated with phage remnants. This study showed that emm1 GAS in Belgium, compared with Canada and UK M1 strains, were highly conserved by harboring a remarkable genome stability over a 19-year period with variations observed in the accessory genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Coppens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Basil Britto Xavier
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Katherine Loens
- Belgian Reference Centre for Group A Streptococcus, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Lammens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Margareta Ieven
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium.,Belgian Reference Centre for Group A Streptococcus, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Veerle Matheeussen
- Belgian Reference Centre for Group A Streptococcus, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium.,Belgian Reference Centre for Group A Streptococcus, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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De Backer S, Xavier B, Vanjari L, Coppens J, Lammens C, Vemu L, Carevic B, Hryniewicz W, Jorens P, Kumar-Singh S, Lee A, Harbarth S, Schrenzel J, Tacconelli E, Goossens H, Malhotra-Kumar S. Remarkable geographical variations between India and Europe in carriage of the staphylococcal surface protein-encoding sasX/sesI and in the population structure of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus belonging to clonal complex 8. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 25:628.e1-628.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Coppens J, Xavier BB, Vanjari L, De Backer S, Lammens C, Vemu L, Goossens H, Malhotra-Kumar S. Novel composite SCCmec type III element in ST239 MRSA isolated from an Indian hospital. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 74:264-266. [PMID: 30285123 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Coppens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Basil Britto Xavier
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lavanya Vanjari
- Department of Microbiology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sarah De Backer
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Lammens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lakshmi Vemu
- Department of Microbiology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
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Sabirova JS, Xavier BB, Coppens J, Zarkotou O, Lammens C, Janssens L, Burggrave R, Wagner T, Goossens H, Malhotra-Kumar S. Whole-genome typing and characterization of blaVIM19-harbouring ST383 Klebsiella pneumoniae by PFGE, whole-genome mapping and WGS. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:1501-9. [PMID: 26968884 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We utilized whole-genome mapping (WGM) and WGS to characterize 12 clinical carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains (TGH1-TGH12). METHODS All strains were screened for carbapenemase genes by PCR, and typed by MLST, PFGE (XbaI) and WGM (AflII) (OpGen, USA). WGS (Illumina) was performed on TGH8 and TGH10. Reads were de novo assembled and annotated [SPAdes, Rapid Annotation Subsystem Technology (RAST)]. Contigs were aligned directly, and after in silico AflII restriction, with corresponding WGMs (MapSolver, OpGen; BioNumerics, Applied Maths). RESULTS All 12 strains were ST383. Of the 12 strains, 11 were carbapenem resistant, 7 harboured blaKPC-2 and 11 harboured blaVIM-19. Varying the parameters for assigning WGM clusters showed that these were comparable to STs and to the eight PFGE types or subtypes (difference of three or more bands). A 95% similarity coefficient assigned all 12 WGMs to a single cluster, whereas a 99% similarity coefficient (or ≥10 unmatched-fragment difference) assigned the 12 WGMs to eight (sub)clusters. Based on a difference of three or more bands between PFGE profiles, the Simpson's diversity indices (SDIs) of WGM (0.94, Jackknife pseudo-values CI: 0.883-0.996) and PFGE (0.93, Jackknife pseudo-values CI: 0.828-1.000) were similar (P = 0.649). However, the discriminatory power of WGM was significantly higher (SDI: 0.94, Jackknife pseudo-values CI: 0.883-0.996) than that of PFGE profiles typed on a difference of seven or more bands (SDI: 0.53, Jackknife pseudo-values CI: 0.212-0.849) (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the application of WGM to understanding the epidemiology of hospital-associated K. pneumoniae. Utilizing a combination of WGM and WGS, we also present here the first longitudinal genomic characterization of the highly dynamic carbapenem-resistant ST383 K. pneumoniae clone that is rapidly gaining importance in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Sabirova
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Basil Britto Xavier
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jasmine Coppens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Olympia Zarkotou
- Department of Microbiology, Tzaneio General Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Christine Lammens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lore Janssens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Herman Goossens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
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Abreu P, Aglietta M, Ahn EJ, Albuquerque IFM, Allard D, Allekotte I, Allen J, Allison P, Almeda A, Alvarez Castillo J, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Ambrosio M, Aminaei A, Anchordoqui L, Andringa S, Antičić T, Aramo C, Arganda E, Arqueros F, Asorey H, Assis P, Aublin J, Ave M, Avenier M, Avila G, Bäcker T, Balzer M, Barber KB, Barbosa AF, Bardenet R, Barroso SLC, Baughman B, Bäuml J, Beatty JJ, Becker BR, Becker KH, Bellétoile A, Bellido JA, Benzvi S, Berat C, Bertou X, Biermann PL, Billoir P, Blanco F, Blanco M, Bleve C, Blümer H, Boháčová M, Boncioli D, Bonifazi C, Bonino R, Borodai N, Brack J, Brogueira P, Brown WC, Bruijn R, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Burton RE, Caballero-Mora KS, Caramete L, Caruso R, Castellina A, Catalano O, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Cester R, Chauvin J, Cheng SH, Chiavassa A, Chinellato JA, Chirinos Diaz J, Chudoba J, Clay RW, Coluccia MR, Conceição R, Contreras F, Cook H, Cooper MJ, Coppens J, Cordier A, Coutu S, Covault CE, Creusot A, Criss A, Cronin J, Curutiu A, Dagoret-Campagne S, Dallier R, Dasso S, Daumiller K, Dawson BR, de Almeida RM, De Domenico M, De Donato C, de Jong SJ, De La Vega G, de Mello Junior WJM, de Mello Neto JRT, De Mitri I, de Souza V, de Vries KD, Decerprit G, del Peral L, del Río M, Deligny O, Dembinski H, Dhital N, Di Giulio C, Díaz Castro ML, Diep PN, Dobrigkeit C, Docters W, D'Olivo JC, Dong PN, Dorofeev A, dos Anjos JC, Dova MT, D'Urso D, Dutan I, Ebr J, Engel R, Erdmann M, Escobar CO, Espadanal J, Etchegoyen A, Facal San Luis P, Fajardo Tapia I, Falcke H, Farrar G, Fauth AC, Fazzini N, Ferguson AP, Ferrero A, Fick B, Filevich A, Filipčič A, Fliescher S, Fracchiolla CE, Fraenkel ED, Fröhlich U, Fuchs B, Gaior R, Gamarra RF, Gambetta S, García B, Garcia-Gamez D, Garcia-Pinto D, Gascon A, Gemmeke H, Gesterling K, Ghia PL, Giaccari U, Giller M, Glass H, Gold MS, Golup G, Gomez Albarracin F, Gómez Berisso M, Gonçalves P, Gonzalez D, Gonzalez JG, Gookin B, Góra D, Gorgi A, Gouffon P, Gozzini SR, Grashorn E, Grebe S, Griffith N, Grigat M, Grillo AF, Guardincerri Y, Guarino F, Guedes GP, Guzman A, Hague JD, Hansen P, Harari D, Harmsma S, Harrison TA, Harton JL, Haungs A, Hebbeker T, Heck D, Herve AE, Hojvat C, Hollon N, Holmes VC, Homola P, Hörandel JR, Horneffer A, Horvath P, Hrabovský M, Huege T, Insolia A, Ionita F, Italiano A, Jarne C, Jiraskova S, Josebachuili M, Kadija K, Kampert KH, Karhan P, Kasper P, Kégl B, Keilhauer B, Keivani A, Kelley JL, Kemp E, Kieckhafer RM, Klages HO, Kleifges M, Kleinfeller J, Knapp J, Koang DH, Kotera K, Krohm N, Krömer O, Kruppke-Hansen D, Kuehn F, Kuempel D, Kulbartz JK, Kunka N, La Rosa G, Lachaud C, Lauer R, Lautridou P, Le Coz S, Leão MSAB, Lebrun D, Lebrun P, Leigui de Oliveira MA, Lemiere A, Letessier-Selvon A, Lhenry-Yvon I, Link K, López R, Lopez Agüera A, Louedec K, Lozano Bahilo J, Lu L, Lucero A, Ludwig M, Lyberis H, Macolino C, Maldera S, Mandat D, Mantsch P, Mariazzi AG, Marin J, Marin V, Maris IC, Marquez Falcon HR, Marsella G, Martello D, Martin L, Martinez H, Martínez Bravo O, Mathes HJ, Matthews J, Matthews JAJ, Matthiae G, Maurizio D, Mazur PO, Medina-Tanco G, Melissas M, Melo D, Menichetti E, Menshikov A, Mertsch P, Meurer C, Mićanović S, Micheletti MI, Miller W, Miramonti L, Molina-Bueno L, Mollerach S, Monasor M, Monnier Ragaigne D, Montanet F, Morales B, Morello C, Moreno E, Moreno JC, Morris C, Mostafá M, Moura CA, Mueller S, Muller MA, Müller G, Münchmeyer M, Mussa R, Navarra G, Navarro JL, Navas S, Necesal P, Nellen L, Nelles A, Neuser J, Nhung PT, Niemietz L, Nierstenhoefer N, Nitz D, Nosek D, Nožka L, Nyklicek M, Oehlschläger J, Olinto A, Olmos-Gilbaja VM, Ortiz M, Pacheco N, Pakk Selmi-Dei D, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Palmieri N, Parente G, Parizot E, Parra A, Parsons RD, Pastor S, Paul T, Pech M, Pekala J, Pelayo R, Pepe IM, Perrone L, Pesce R, Petermann E, Petrera S, Petrinca P, Petrolini A, Petrov Y, Petrovic J, Pfendner C, Phan N, Piegaia R, Pierog T, Pieroni P, Pimenta M, Pirronello V, Platino M, Ponce VH, Pontz M, Privitera P, Prouza M, Quel EJ, Querchfeld S, Rautenberg J, Ravel O, Ravignani D, Revenu B, Ridky J, Riggi S, Risse M, Ristori P, Rivera H, Rizi V, Roberts J, Robledo C, Rodrigues de Carvalho W, Rodriguez G, Rodriguez Martino J, Rodriguez Rojo J, Rodriguez-Cabo I, Rodríguez-Frías MD, Ros G, Rosado J, Rossler T, Roth M, Rouillé-d'Orfeuil B, Roulet E, Rovero AC, Rühle C, Salamida F, Salazar H, Salesa Greus F, Salina G, Sánchez F, Santo CE, Santos E, Santos EM, Sarazin F, Sarkar B, Sarkar S, Sato R, Scharf N, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schiffer P, Schmidt A, Scholten O, Schoorlemmer H, Schovancova J, Schovánek P, Schröder F, Schulte S, Schuster D, Sciutto SJ, Scuderi M, Segreto A, Settimo M, Shadkam A, Shellard RC, Sidelnik I, Sigl G, Silva Lopez HH, Smiałkowski A, Smída R, Snow GR, Sommers P, Sorokin J, Spinka H, Squartini R, Stanic S, Stapleton J, Stasielak J, Stephan M, Stutz A, Suarez F, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky AD, Suša T, Sutherland MS, Swain J, Szadkowski Z, Szuba M, Tamashiro A, Tapia A, Tartare M, Taşcău O, Tavera Ruiz CG, Tcaciuc R, Tegolo D, Thao NT, Thomas D, Tiffenberg J, Timmermans C, Tiwari DK, Tkaczyk W, Todero Peixoto CJ, Tomé B, Tonachini A, Travnicek P, Tridapalli DB, Tristram G, Trovato E, Tueros M, Ulrich R, Unger M, Urban M, Valdés Galicia JF, Valiño I, Valore L, van den Berg AM, Varela E, Vargas Cárdenas B, Vázquez JR, Vázquez RA, Veberič D, Verzi V, Vicha J, Videla M, Villaseñor L, Wahlberg H, Wahrlich P, Wainberg O, Walz D, Warner D, Watson AA, Weber M, Weidenhaupt K, Weindl A, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Wieczorek G, Wiencke L, Wilczyńska B, Wilczyński H, Will M, Williams C, Winchen T, Winnick MG, Wommer M, Wundheiler B, Yamamoto T, Yapici T, Younk P, Yuan G, Yushkov A, Zamorano B, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M, Zaw I, Zepeda A, Zhu Y, Zimbres Silva M, Ziolkowski M. Measurement of the proton-air cross section at √s=57 TeV with the Pierre Auger Observatory. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:062002. [PMID: 23006259 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.062002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a measurement of the proton-air cross section for particle production at the center-of-mass energy per nucleon of 57 TeV. This is derived from the distribution of the depths of shower maxima observed with the Pierre Auger Observatory: systematic uncertainties are studied in detail. Analyzing the tail of the distribution of the shower maxima, a proton-air cross section of [505±22(stat)(-36)(+28)(syst)] mb is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Abreu
- LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Abraham J, Abreu P, Aglietta M, Ahn EJ, Allard D, Allekotte I, Allen J, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Ambrosio M, Anchordoqui L, Andringa S, Anticić T, Anzalone A, Aramo C, Arganda E, Arisaka K, Arqueros F, Asorey H, Assis P, Aublin J, Ave M, Avila G, Bäcker T, Badagnani D, Balzer M, Barber KB, Barbosa AF, Barroso SLC, Baughman B, Bauleo P, Beatty JJ, Becker BR, Becker KH, Bellétoile A, Bellido JA, Benzvi S, Berat C, Bergmann T, Bertou X, Biermann PL, Billoir P, Blanch-Bigas O, Blanco F, Blanco M, Bleve C, Blümer H, Bohácová M, Boncioli D, Bonifazi C, Bonino R, Borodai N, Brack J, Brogueira P, Brown WC, Bruijn R, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Burton RE, Busca NG, Caballero-Mora KS, Caramete L, Caruso R, Castellina A, Catalano O, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Cester R, Chauvin J, Chiavassa A, Chinellato JA, Chou A, Chudoba J, Clay RW, Colombo E, Coluccia MR, Conceição R, Contreras F, Cook H, Cooper MJ, Coppens J, Cordier A, Cotti U, Coutu S, Covault CE, Creusot A, Criss A, Cronin J, Curutiu A, Dagoret-Campagne S, Dallier R, Daumiller K, Dawson BR, de Almeida RM, De Domenico M, De Donato C, de Jong SJ, De La Vega G, de Mello Junior WJM, de Mello Neto JRT, De Mitri I, de Souza V, de Vries KD, Decerprit G, Del Peral L, Deligny O, Della Selva A, Delle Fratte C, Dembinski H, Di Giulio C, Diaz JC, Díaz Castro ML, Diep PN, Dobrigkeit C, D'Olivo JC, Dong PN, Dorofeev A, Dos Anjos JC, Dova MT, D'Urso D, Dutan I, Duvernois MA, Ebr J, Engel R, Erdmann M, Escobar CO, Etchegoyen A, Facal San Luis P, Falcke H, Farrar G, Fauth AC, Fazzini N, Ferrero A, Fick B, Filevich A, Filipcic A, Fleck I, Fliescher S, Fracchiolla CE, Fraenkel ED, Fröhlich U, Fulgione W, Gamarra RF, Gambetta S, García B, García Gámez D, Garcia-Pinto D, Garrido X, Gelmini G, Gemmeke H, Ghia PL, Giaccari U, Giller M, Glass H, Goggin LM, Gold MS, Golup G, Gomez Albarracin F, Gómez Berisso M, Gonçalves P, Gonzalez D, Gonzalez JG, Góra D, Gorgi A, Gouffon P, Gozzini SR, Grashorn E, Grebe S, Grigat M, Grillo AF, Guardincerri Y, Guarino F, Guedes GP, Hague JD, Halenka V, Hansen P, Harari D, Harmsma S, Harton JL, Haungs A, Hebbeker T, Heck D, Herve AE, Hojvat C, Holmes VC, Homola P, Hörandel JR, Horneffer A, Hrabovský M, Huege T, Hussain M, Iarlori M, Insolia A, Ionita F, Italiano A, Jiraskova S, Kadija K, Kaducak M, Kampert KH, Karova T, Kasper P, Kégl B, Keilhauer B, Keivani A, Kelley J, Kemp E, Kieckhafer RM, Klages HO, Kleifges M, Kleinfeller J, Knapik R, Knapp J, Koang DH, Krieger A, Krömer O, Kruppke-Hansen D, Kuehn F, Kuempel D, Kulbartz K, Kunka N, Kusenko A, La Rosa G, Lachaud C, Lago BL, Lautridou P, Leão MSAB, Lebrun D, Lebrun P, Lee J, Leigui de Oliveira MA, Lemiere A, Letessier-Selvon A, Lhenry-Yvon I, López R, Lopez Agüera A, Louedec K, Lozano Bahilo J, Lucero A, Ludwig M, Lyberis H, Maccarone MC, Macolino C, Maldera S, Mandat D, Mantsch P, Mariazzi AG, Marin V, Maris IC, Marquez Falcon HR, Marsella G, Martello D, Martínez Bravo O, Mathes HJ, Matthews J, Matthews JAJ, Matthiae G, Maurizio D, Mazur PO, McEwen M, Medina-Tanco G, Melissas M, Melo D, Menichetti E, Menshikov A, Meurer C, Micanović S, Micheletti MI, Miller W, Miramonti L, Mollerach S, Monasor M, Monnier Ragaigne D, Montanet F, Morales B, Morello C, Moreno E, Moreno JC, Morris C, Mostafá M, Mueller S, Muller MA, Mussa R, Navarra G, Navarro JL, Navas S, Necesal P, Nellen L, Nhung PT, Nierstenhoefer N, Nitz D, Nosek D, Nozka L, Nyklicek M, Oehlschläger J, Olinto A, Oliva P, Olmos-Gilbaja VM, Ortiz M, Pacheco N, Pakk Selmi-Dei D, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Palmieri N, Parente G, Parizot E, Parlati S, Parra A, Parrisius J, Parsons RD, Pastor S, Paul T, Pavlidou V, Payet K, Pech M, Pekala J, Pelayo R, Pepe IM, Perrone L, Pesce R, Petermann E, Petrera S, Petrinca P, Petrolini A, Petrov Y, Petrovic J, Pfendner C, Piegaia R, Pierog T, Pimenta M, Pirronello V, Platino M, Ponce VH, Pontz M, Privitera P, Prouza M, Quel EJ, Rautenberg J, Ravel O, Ravignani D, Redondo A, Revenu B, Rezende FAS, Ridky J, Riggi S, Risse M, Ristori P, Rivière C, Rizi V, Robledo C, Rodriguez G, Rodriguez Martino J, Rodriguez Rojo J, Rodriguez-Cabo I, Rodríguez-Frías MD, Ros G, Rosado J, Rossler T, Roth M, Rouillé-d'Orfeuil B, Roulet E, Rovero AC, Salamida F, Salazar H, Salina G, Sánchez F, Santander M, Santo CE, Santos E, Santos EM, Sarazin F, Sarkar S, Sato R, Scharf N, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schiffer P, Schmidt A, Schmidt F, Schmidt T, Scholten O, Schoorlemmer H, Schovancova J, Schovánek P, Schroeder F, Schulte S, Schüssler F, Schuster D, Sciutto SJ, Scuderi M, Segreto A, Semikoz D, Settimo M, Shadkam A, Shellard RC, Sidelnik I, Siffert BB, Sigl G, Smiałkowski A, Smída R, Snow GR, Sommers P, Sorokin J, Spinka H, Squartini R, Stasielak J, Stephan M, Strazzeri E, Stutz A, Suarez F, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky AD, Susa T, Sutherland MS, Swain J, Szadkowski Z, Tamashiro A, Tamburro A, Tapia A, Tarutina T, Taşcău O, Tcaciuc R, Tcherniakhovski D, Tegolo D, Thao NT, Thomas D, Tiffenberg J, Timmermans C, Tkaczyk W, Todero Peixoto CJ, Tomé B, Tonachini A, Travnicek P, Tridapalli DB, Tristram G, Trovato E, Tueros M, Ulrich R, Unger M, Urban M, Valdés Galicia JF, Valiño I, Valore L, van den Berg AM, Vázquez JR, Vázquez RA, Veberic D, Venters T, Verzi V, Videla M, Villaseñor L, Vorobiov S, Voyvodic L, Wahlberg H, Wahrlich P, Wainberg O, Warner D, Watson AA, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Wieczorek G, Wiencke L, Wilczyńska B, Wilczyński H, Williams C, Winchen T, Winnick MG, Wundheiler B, Yamamoto T, Younk P, Yuan G, Yushkov A, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M, Zaw I, Zepeda A, Ziolkowski M. Measurement of the depth of maximum of extensive air showers above 10{18} eV. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:091101. [PMID: 20366976 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.091101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe the measurement of the depth of maximum, X{max}, of the longitudinal development of air showers induced by cosmic rays. Almost 4000 events above 10;{18} eV observed by the fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory in coincidence with at least one surface detector station are selected for the analysis. The average shower maximum was found to evolve with energy at a rate of (106{-21}{+35}) g/cm{2}/decade below 10{18.24+/-0.05} eV, and (24+/-3) g/cm{2}/decade above this energy. The measured shower-to-shower fluctuations decrease from about 55 to 26 g/cm{2}. The interpretation of these results in terms of the cosmic ray mass composition is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Abraham
- National Technological University, Faculty Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
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Abraham J, Abreu P, Aglietta M, Aguirre C, Allard D, Allekotte I, Allen J, Allison P, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Ambrosio M, Anchordoqui L, Andringa S, Anzalone A, Aramo C, Argirò S, Arisaka K, Armengaud E, Arneodo F, Arqueros F, Asch T, Asorey H, Assis P, Atulugama BS, Aublin J, Ave M, Avila G, Bäcker T, Badagnani D, Barbosa AF, Barnhill D, Barroso SLC, Baughman B, Bauleo P, Beatty JJ, Beau T, Becker BR, Becker KH, Bellido JA, Benzvi S, Berat C, Bergmann T, Bernardini P, Bertou X, Biermann PL, Billoir P, Blanch-Bigas O, Blanco F, Blasi P, Bleve C, Blümer H, Bohácová M, Bonifazi C, Bonino R, Brack J, Brogueira P, Brown WC, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Burton RE, Busca NG, Caballero-Mora KS, Cai B, Camin DV, Caramete L, Caruso R, Carvalho W, Castellina A, Catalano O, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Cester R, Chauvin J, Chiavassa A, Chinellato JA, Chou A, Chudoba J, Chye J, Clark PDJ, Clay RW, Colombo E, Conceição R, Connolly B, Contreras F, Coppens J, Cordier A, Cotti U, Coutu S, Covault CE, Creusot A, Criss A, Cronin J, Curutiu A, Dagoret-Campagne S, Daumiller K, Dawson BR, de Almeida RM, De Donato C, de Jong SJ, De La Vega G, Junior WJMDM, Neto JRTDM, De Mitri I, de Souza V, Del Peral L, Deligny O, Della Selva A, Fratte CD, Dembinski H, Di Giulio C, Diaz JC, Diep PN, Dobrigkeit C, D'Olivo JC, Dong PN, Dornic D, Dorofeev A, Dos Anjos JC, Dova MT, D'Urso D, Dutan I, Duvernois MA, Engel R, Epele L, Erdmann M, Escobar CO, Etchegoyen A, Luis PFS, Falcke H, Farrar G, Fauth AC, Fazzini N, Ferrer F, Ferrero A, Fick B, Filevich A, Filipcic A, Fleck I, Fracchiolla CE, Fulgione W, García B, Gámez DG, Garcia-Pinto D, Garrido X, Geenen H, Gelmini G, Gemmeke H, Ghia PL, Giller M, Glass H, Gold MS, Golup G, Albarracin FG, Berisso MG, Gonçalves P, do Amaral MG, Gonzalez D, Gonzalez JG, González M, Góra D, Gorgi A, Gouffon P, Grassi V, Grillo AF, Grunfeld C, Guardincerri Y, Guarino F, Guedes GP, Gutiérrez J, Hague JD, Halenka V, Hamilton JC, Hansen P, Harari D, Harmsma S, Harton JL, Haungs A, Hauschildt T, Healy MD, Hebbeker T, Hebrero G, Heck D, Hojvat C, Holmes VC, Homola P, Hörandel JR, Horneffer A, Hrabovský M, Huege T, Hussain M, Iarlori M, Insolia A, Ionita F, Italiano A, Kaducak M, Kampert KH, Karova T, Kasper P, Kégl B, Keilhauer B, Kemp E, Kieckhafer RM, Klages HO, Kleifges M, Kleinfeller J, Knapik R, Knapp J, Koang DH, Krieger A, Krömer O, Kuempel D, Kunka N, Kusenko A, La Rosa G, Lachaud C, Lago BL, Lebrun D, Lebrun P, Lee J, de Oliveira MAL, Letessier-Selvon A, Leuthold M, Lhenry-Yvon I, López R, Agüera AL, Bahilo JL, Lucero A, García RL, Maccarone MC, Macolino C, Maldera S, Mancarella G, Manceñido ME, Mandat D, Mantsch P, Mariazzi AG, Maris IC, Falcon HRM, Martello D, Martínez J, Bravo OM, Mathes HJ, Matthews J, Matthews JAJ, Matthiae G, Maurizio D, Mazur PO, McCauley T, McEwen M, McNeil RR, Medina MC, Medina-Tanco G, Melo D, Menichetti E, Menschikov A, Meurer C, Meyhandan R, Micheletti MI, Miele G, Miller W, Mollerach S, Monasor M, Ragaigne DM, Montanet F, Morales B, Morello C, Moreno JC, Morris C, Mostafá M, Muller MA, Mussa R, Navarra G, Navarro JL, Navas S, Necesal P, Nellen L, Newman-Holmes C, Newton D, Nhung PT, Nierstenhoefer N, Nitz D, Nosek D, Nozka L, Oehlschläger J, Ohnuki T, Olinto A, Olmos-Gilbaja VM, Ortiz M, Ortolani F, Ostapchenko S, Otero L, Pacheco N, Selmi-Dei DP, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Parente G, Parizot E, Parlati S, Pastor S, Patel M, Paul T, Pavlidou V, Payet K, Pech M, Pekala J, Pelayo R, Pepe IM, Perrone L, Pesce R, Petrera S, Petrinca P, Petrov Y, Pichel A, Piegaia R, Pierog T, Pimenta M, Pinto T, Pirronello V, Pisanti O, Platino M, Pochon J, Privitera P, Prouza M, Quel EJ, Rautenberg J, Redondo A, Reucroft S, Revenu B, Rezende FAS, Ridky J, Riggi S, Risse M, Rivière C, Rizi V, Roberts M, Robledo C, Rodriguez G, Martino JR, Rojo JR, Rodriguez-Cabo I, Rodríguez-Frías MD, Ros G, Rosado J, Roth M, Rouillé-d'Orfeuil B, Roulet E, Rovero AC, Salamida F, Salazar H, Salina G, Sánchez F, Santander M, Santo CE, Santos EM, Sarazin F, Sarkar S, Sato R, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schmidt A, Schmidt F, Schmidt T, Scholten O, Schovánek P, Schroeder F, Schulte S, Schüssler F, Sciutto SJ, Scuderi M, Segreto A, Semikoz D, Settimo M, Shellard RC, Sidelnik I, Siffert BB, Sigl G, Grande NSD, Smiałkowski A, Smída R, Smith AGK, Smith BE, Snow GR, Sokolsky P, Sommers P, Sorokin J, Spinka H, Squartini R, Strazzeri E, Stutz A, Suarez F, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky AD, Sutherland MS, Swain J, Szadkowski Z, Takahashi J, Tamashiro A, Tamburro A, Tarutina T, Taşcău O, Tcaciuc R, Thao NT, Thomas D, Ticona R, Tiffenberg J, Timmermans C, Tkaczyk W, Peixoto CJT, Tomé B, Tonachini A, Torres I, Travnicek P, Tripathi A, Tristram G, Tscherniakhovski D, Tuci V, Tueros M, Tunnicliffe V, Ulrich R, Unger M, Urban M, Galicia JFV, Valiño I, Valore L, van den Berg AM, van Elewyck V, Vázquez RA, Veberic D, Veiga A, Velarde A, Venters T, Verzi V, Videla M, Villaseñor L, Vorobiov S, Voyvodic L, Wahlberg H, Wahrlich P, Wainberg O, Walker P, Warner D, Watson AA, Westerhoff S, Wieczorek G, Wiencke L, Wilczyńska B, Wilczyński H, Wileman C, Winnick MG, Wu H, Wundheiler B, Yamamoto T, Younk P, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M, Zaw I, Zepeda A, Ziolkowski M. Observation of the suppression of the flux of cosmic rays above 4 x 10 (19) eV. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:061101. [PMID: 18764444 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.061101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 2.5 x 10;{18} eV, derived from 20,000 events recorded at the Pierre Auger Observatory, is described. The spectral index gamma of the particle flux, J proportional, variantE;{-gamma}, at energies between 4 x 10;{18} eV and 4 x 10;{19} eV is 2.69+/-0.02(stat)+/-0.06(syst), steepening to 4.2+/-0.4(stat)+/-0.06(syst) at higher energies. The hypothesis of a single power law is rejected with a significance greater than 6 standard deviations. The data are consistent with the prediction by Greisen and by Zatsepin and Kuz'min.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Abraham
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, FR-Mendoza, Argentina
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Abraham J, Abreu P, Aglietta M, Aguirre C, Allard D, Allekotte I, Allen J, Allison P, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Ambrosio M, Anchordoqui L, Andringa S, Anzalone A, Aramo C, Argirò S, Arisaka K, Armengaud E, Arneodo F, Arqueros F, Asch T, Asorey H, Assis P, Atulugama BS, Aublin J, Ave M, Avila G, Bäcker T, Badagnani D, Barbosa AF, Barnhill D, Barroso SLC, Bauleo P, Beatty JJ, Beau T, Becker BR, Becker KH, Bellido JA, BenZvi S, Berat C, Bergmann T, Bernardini P, Bertou X, Biermann PL, Billoir P, Blanch-Bigas O, Blanco F, Blasi P, Bleve C, Blümer H, Bohácová M, Bonifazi C, Bonino R, Boratav M, Brack J, Brogueira P, Brown WC, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Burton RE, Busca NG, Caballero-Mora KS, Cai B, Camin DV, Caramete L, Caruso R, Carvalho W, Castellina A, Catalano O, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Cester R, Chauvin J, Chiavassa A, Chinellato JA, Chou A, Chye J, Clark PDJ, Clay RW, Colombo E, Conceição R, Connolly B, Contreras F, Coppens J, Cordier A, Cotti U, Coutu S, Covault CE, Creusot A, Criss A, Cronin J, Curutiu A, Dagoret-Campagne S, Daumiller K, Dawson BR, de Almeida RM, De Donato C, de Jong SJ, De La Vega G, de Mello Junior WJM, de Mello Neto JRT, DeMitri I, de Souza V, del Peral L, Deligny O, Della Selva A, Delle Fratte C, Dembinski H, Di Giulio C, Diaz JC, Dobrigkeit C, D'Olivo JC, Dornic D, Dorofeev A, dos Anjos JC, Dova MT, D'Urso D, Dutan I, DuVernois MA, Engel R, Epele L, Erdmann M, Escobar CO, Etchegoyen A, Facal San Luis P, Falcke H, Farrar G, Fauth AC, Fazzini N, Ferrer F, Ferry S, Fick B, Filevich A, Filipcic A, Fleck I, Fonte R, Fracchiolla CE, Fulgione W, García B, García Gámez D, Garcia-Pinto D, Garrido X, Geenen H, Gelmini G, Gemmeke H, Ghia PL, Giller M, Glass H, Gold MS, Golup G, Gomez Albarracin F, Gómez Berisso M, Gómez Herrero R, Gonçalves P, Gonçalves do Amaral M, Gonzalez D, Gonzalez JG, González M, Góra D, Gorgi A, Gouffon P, Grassi V, Grillo AF, Grunfeld C, Guardincerri Y, Guarino F, Guedes GP, Gutiérrez J, Hague JD, Hamilton JC, Hansen P, Harari D, Harmsma S, Harton JL, Haungs A, Hauschildt T, Healy MD, Hebbeker T, Hebrero G, Heck D, Hojvat C, Holmes VC, Homola P, Hörandel J, Horneffer A, Horvat M, Hrabovský M, Huege T, Hussain M, Iarlori M, Insolia A, Ionita F, Italiano A, Kaducak M, Kampert KH, Karova T, Kégl B, Keilhauer B, Kemp E, Kieckhafer RM, Klages HO, Kleifges M, Kleinfeller J, Knapik R, Knapp J, Koang DH, Krieger A, Krömer O, Kuempel D, Kunka N, Kusenko A, La Rosa G, Lachaud C, Lago BL, Lebrun D, Lebrun P, Lee J, Leigui de Oliveira MA, Letessier-Selvon A, Leuthold M, Lhenry-Yvon I, López R, Lopez Agüera A, Lozano Bahilo J, Luna García R, Maccarone MC, Macolino C, Maldera S, Mancarella G, Manceñido ME, Mandat D, Mantsch P, Mariazzi AG, Maris IC, Marquez Falcon HR, Martello D, Martínez J, Martínez Bravo O, Mathes HJ, Matthews J, Matthews JAJ, Matthiae G, Maurizio D, Mazur PO, McCauley T, McEwen M, McNeil RR, Medina MC, Medina-Tanco G, Meli A, Melo D, Menichetti E, Menschikov A, Meurer C, Meyhandan R, Micheletti MI, Miele G, Miller W, Mollerach S, Monasor M, Monnier Ragaigne D, Montanet F, Morales B, Morello C, Moreno JC, Morris C, Mostafá M, Muller MA, Mussa R, Navarra G, Navarro JL, Navas S, Necesal P, Nellen L, Newman-Holmes C, Newton D, Nguyen Thi T, Nierstenhoefer N, Nitz D, Nosek D, Nozka L, Oehlschläger J, Ohnuki T, Olinto A, Olmos-Gilbaja VM, Ortiz M, Ortolani F, Ostapchenko S, Otero L, Pacheco N, Pakk Selmi-Dei D, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Parente G, Parizot E, Parlati S, Pastor S, Patel M, Paul T, Pavlidou V, Payet K, Pech M, Pekala J, Pelayo R, Pepe IM, Perrone L, Petrera S, Petrinca P, Petrov Y, Pham Ngoc D, Pham Ngoc D, Pham Thi TN, Pichel A, Piegaia R, Pierog T, Pimenta M, Pinto T, Pirronello V, Pisanti O, Platino M, Pochon J, Privitera P, Prouza M, Quel EJ, Rautenberg J, Redondo A, Reucroft S, Revenu B, Rezende FAS, Ridky J, Riggi S, Risse M, Rivière C, Rizi V, Roberts M, Robledo C, Rodriguez G, Rodríguez Frías D, Rodriguez Martino J, Rodriguez Rojo J, Rodriguez-Cabo I, Ros G, Rosado J, Roth M, Rouillé-d'Orfeuil B, Roulet E, Rovero AC, Salamida F, Salazar H, Salina G, Sánchez F, Santander M, Santo CE, Santos EM, Sarazin F, Sarkar S, Sato R, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schmidt A, Schmidt F, Schmidt T, Scholten O, Schovánek P, Schüssler F, Sciutto SJ, Scuderi M, Segreto A, Semikoz D, Settimo M, Shellard RC, Sidelnik I, Siffert BB, Sigl G, Smetniansky De Grande N, Smiałkowski A, Smída R, Smith AGK, Smith BE, Snow GR, Sokolsky P, Sommers P, Sorokin J, Spinka H, Squartini R, Strazzeri E, Stutz A, Suarez F, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky AD, Sutherland MS, Swain J, Szadkowski Z, Takahashi J, Tamashiro A, Tamburro A, Taşcău O, Tcaciuc R, Thomas D, Ticona R, Tiffenberg J, Timmermans C, Tkaczyk W, Todero Peixoto CJ, Tomé B, Tonachini A, Torres I, Torresi D, Travnicek P, Tripathi A, Tristram G, Tscherniakhovski D, Tueros M, Tunnicliffe V, Ulrich R, Unger M, Urban M, Valdés Galicia JF, Valiño I, Valore L, van den Berg AM, van Elewyck V, Vázquez RA, Veberic D, Veiga A, Velarde A, Venters T, Verzi V, Videla M, Villaseñor L, Vorobiov S, Voyvodic L, Wahlberg H, Wainberg O, Walker P, Warner D, Watson AA, Westerhoff S, Wieczorek G, Wiencke L, Wilczyńska B, Wilczyński H, Wileman C, Winnick MG, Wu H, Wundheiler B, Yamamoto T, Younk P, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M, Zech A, Zepeda A, Ziolkowski M. Upper limit on the diffuse flux of ultrahigh energy tau neutrinos from the Pierre Auger Observatory. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:211101. [PMID: 18518595 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.211101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory is sensitive to Earth-skimming tau neutrinos that interact in Earth's crust. Tau leptons from nu(tau) charged-current interactions can emerge and decay in the atmosphere to produce a nearly horizontal shower with a significant electromagnetic component. The data collected between 1 January 2004 and 31 August 2007 are used to place an upper limit on the diffuse flux of nu(tau) at EeV energies. Assuming an E(nu)(-2) differential energy spectrum the limit set at 90% C.L. is E(nu)(2)dN(nu)(tau)/dE(nu)<1.3 x 10(-7) GeV cm(-2) s(-1) sr(-1) in the energy range 2 x 10(17) eV< E(nu)< 2 x 10(19) eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Abraham
- Centro de Investigaciones en Laseres y Aplicaciones, CITEFA and CONICET, Argentina
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Abraham J, Abreu P, Aglietta M, Aguirre C, Allard D, Allekotte I, Allen J, Allison P, Alvarez C, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Ambrosio M, Anchordoqui L, Andringa S, Anzalone A, Aramo C, Argirò S, Arisaka K, Armengaud E, Arneodo F, Arqueros F, Asch T, Asorey H, Assis P, Atulugama BS, Aublin J, Ave M, Avila G, Bäcker T, Badagnani D, Barbosa AF, Barnhill D, Barroso SLC, Bauleo P, Beatty J, Beau T, Becker BR, Becker KH, Bellido JA, BenZvi S, Berat C, Bergmann T, Bernardini P, Bertou X, Biermann PL, Billoir P, Blanch-Bigas O, Blanco F, Blasi P, Bleve C, Blümer H, Boháčová M, Bonifazi C, Bonino R, Boratav M, Brack J, Brogueira P, Brown WC, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Busca NG, Caballero-Mora KS, Cai B, Camin DV, Caruso R, Carvalho W, Castellina A, Catalano O, Cataldi G, Cazón-Boado L, Cester R, Chauvin J, Chiavassa A, Chinellato JA, Chou A, Chye J, Clark PDJ, Clay RW, Colombo E, Conceição R, Connolly B, Contreras F, Coppens J, Cordier A, Cotti U, Coutu S, Covault CE, Creusot A, Cronin J, Dagoret-Campagne S, Daumiller K, Dawson BR, de Almeida RM, De Donato C, de Jong SJ, De La Vega G, de Mello Junior WJM, de Mello Neto JRT, De Mitri I, de Souza V, del Peral L, Deligny O, Selva AD, Fratte CD, Dembinski H, Di Giulio C, Diaz JC, Dobrigkeit C, D'Olivo JC, Dornic D, Dorofeev A, Anjos JCD, Dova MT, D'Urso D, DuVernois MA, Engel R, Epele L, Erdmann M, Escobar CO, Etchegoyen A, Luis PFS, Falcke H, Farrar G, Fauth AC, Fazzini N, Fernández A, Ferrer F, Ferry S, Fick B, Filevich A, Filipčič A, Fleck I, Fonte R, Fracchiolla CE, Fulgione W, García B, García Gámez D, Garcia-Pinto D, Garrido X, Geenen H, Gelmini G, Gemmeke H, Ghia PL, Giller M, Glass H, Gold MS, Golup G, Albarracin FG, Berisso MG, Herrero RG, Gonçalves P, do Amaral MG, Gonzalez D, Gonzalez JG, González M, Góra D, Gorgi A, Gouffon P, Grassi V, Grillo A, Grunfeld C, Guardincerri Y, Guarino F, Guedes GP, Gutiérrez J, Hague JD, Hamilton JC, Hansen P, Harari D, Harmsma S, Harton JL, Haungs A, Hauschildt T, Healy MD, Hebbeker T, Heck D, Hojvat C, Holmes VC, Homola P, Hörandel J, Horneffer A, Horvat M, Hrabovský M, Huege T, Iarlori M, Insolia A, Ionita F, Italiano A, Kaducak M, Kampert KH, Keilhauer B, Kemp E, Kieckhafer RM, Klages HO, Kleifges M, Kleinfeller J, Knapik R, Knapp J, Koang DH, Kopmann A, Krieger A, Krömer O, Kümpel D, Kunka N, Kusenko A, La Rosa G, Lachaud C, Lago BL, Lebrun D, LeBrun P, Lee J, de Oliveira MAL, Letessier-Selvon A, Leuthold M, Lhenry-Yvon I, López R, Lopez Agüera A, Bahilo JL, Maccarone MC, Macolino C, Maldera S, Malek M, Mancarella G, Manceñido ME, Mandat D, Mantsch P, Mariazzi AG, Maris IC, Martello D, Martínez J, Bravo OM, Mathes HJ, Matthews J, Matthews JAJ, Matthiae G, Maurizio D, Mazur PO, McCauley T, McEwen M, McNeil RR, Medina MC, Medina-Tanco G, Meli A, Melo D, Menichetti E, Menschikov A, Meurer C, Meyhandan R, Micheletti MI, Miele G, Miller W, Mollerach S, Monasor M, Ragaigne DM, Montanet F, Morales B, Morello C, Moreno E, Moreno JC, Morris C, Mostafá M, Muller MA, Mussa R, Navarra G, Navarro JL, Navas S, Nellen L, Newman-Holmes C, Newton D, Thi TN, Nierstenhöfer N, Nitz D, Nosek D, Nožka L, Oehlschläger J, Ohnuki T, Olinto A, Olmos-Gilbaja VM, Ortiz M, Ostapchenko S, Otero L, Selmi-Dei DP, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Parente G, Parizot E, Parlati S, Pastor S, Patel M, Paul T, Pavlidou V, Payet K, Pech M, Pȩkala J, Pelayo R, Pepe IM, Perrone L, Petrera S, Petrinca P, Petrov Y, Ngoc D, Ngoc D, Thi TNP, Pichel A, Piegaia R, Pierog T, Pimenta M, Pinto T, Pirronello V, Pisanti O, Platino M, Pochon J, Porter TA, Privitera P, Prouza M, Quel EJ, Rautenberg J, Reucroft S, Revenu B, Rezende FAS, Řídký J, Riggi S, Risse M, Rivière C, Rizi V, Roberts M, Robledo C, Rodriguez G, Frías DR, Martino JR, Rojo JR, Rodriguez-Cabo I, Ros G, Rosado J, Roth M, Rouillé-d'Orfeuil B, Roulet E, Rovero AC, Salamida F, Salazar H, Salina G, Sánchez F, Santander M, Santo CE, Santos EM, Sarazin F, Sarkar S, Sato R, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schmidt F, Schmidt T, Scholten O, Schovánek P, Schüssler F, Sciutto SJ, Scuderi M, Segreto A, Semikoz D, Settimo M, Shellard RC, Sidelnik I, Siffert BB, Sigl G, De Grande NS, Smiałkowski A, šmída R, Smith AGK, Smith BE, Snow GR, Sokolsky P, Sommers P, Sorokin J, Spinka H, Squartini R, Strazzeri E, Stutz A, Suarez F, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky AD, Sutherland MS, Swain J, Szadkowski Z, Takahashi J, Tamashiro A, Tamburro A, Taşcău O, Tcaciuc R, Thomas D, Ticona R, Tiffenberg J, Timmermans C, Tkaczyk W, Peixoto CJT, Tomé B, Tonachini A, Torresi D, Travnicek P, Tripathi A, Tristram G, Tscherniakhovski D, Tueros M, Tunnicliffe V, Ulrich R, Unger M, Urban M, Galicia JFV, Valiño I, Valore L, van den Berg AM, van Elewyck V, Vázquez RA, Veberič D, Veiga A, Velarde A, Venters T, Verzi V, Videla M, Villaseñor L, Vorobiov S, Voyvodic L, Wahlberg H, Wainberg O, Waldenmaier T, Walker P, Warner D, Watson AA, Westerhoff S, Wieczorek G, Wiencke L, Wilczyńska B, Wilczyński H, Wileman C, Winnick MG, Wu H, Wundheiler B, Xu J, Yamamoto T, Younk P, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M, Zech A, Zepeda A, Ziolkowski M. Correlation of the Highest-Energy Cosmic Rays with Nearby Extragalactic Objects. Science 2007; 318:938-43. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1151124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Dhem A, Nyssen-Behets C, Coppens J. Postmenopausal osteoporosis: microradiographic aspects. Ital J Anat Embryol 2001; 103:343-52. [PMID: 11315966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
A comparative microradiographic and histologic analysis of undecalcified bone samples was performed in men and women aged 18-98 years. These morphological methods showed that besides usual lamellar bone remodelling, all the so-called inert surfaces, namely both haversian and vascular canals as well as trabecular surfaces, were involved in weathering alterations of the superficial lamellae, resulting in eroded outlines devoid of osteoclast. These aspects, recorded in all pieces of our material, were visible from the earliest adult age and were randomly distributed. Except the grade of osteoporosis at a given age, the microradiographic and histologic aspects were similar in both aged men and women and did not allow sex distinction. These observations were consistent with the hypothesis of a particular destructive process affecting all the quiescent lamellar bone surfaces without osteoclast or cell participation. This kind of erosion, termed delitescence, could be at least partially responsible for the age-related and postmenopausal bone loss. In order to explain the increasing osteoporosis after menopause, it has been suggested that the estrogen deficiency could increase the percentage of dead osteocytes. Thereby the reduced cellular control on the bone surface could impair the remodeling process and fail to adapt the bone structure by repairing the microscopic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dhem
- Human Anatomy Research Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels.
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Abstract
Corneal autofluorescence, as measured with a commercial scanning fluorophotometer (lambda(exc): 415-491 nm; lambda(em): 515-630 nm), is increased in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, such fluorophotometers register an average fluorescence signal over all corneal layers as a consequence of their limited axial resolution of 0.5 mm. In order to determine the location of the fluorophores responsible for the increased corneal autofluorescence measured in diabetics, an attempt was made to measure in vivo the distribution of autofluorescence along the optical axis of the cornea with a modified slitlamp. Fluorescence excitation and emission filters identical to those of the scanning fluorophotometer were fitted to a slitlamp equipped with a slow scan CCD camera. Corneal autofluorescence intensity profiles were obtained with the slitlamp in five patients with severe diabetic retinopathy and compared to those of age-matched healthy controls. Corneal autofluorescence was also measured with the scanning fluorophotometer for comparison. The resolution of the CCD camera for measurement of fluorescence along the corneal axis was 0.1 mm. The corneal autofluorescence intensity of the patients and the healthy controls gradually decreased by about the same amount from the endothelium to the epithelium (57% mm(-1)+/-6 s.d. and 52% mm(-1)+/-5 s.d., respectively). The area under the fluorescence intensity curve was significantly greater for the patients than for the healthy controls (factor 2.4+/-1.0 s.d., P<0.001) and was proportional to the corneal fluorescence measured with the scanning fluorophotometer (r=0.92, P<0.001). The results show that (1) the distribution of autofluorescence along the corneal axis can be measured in vivo in humans, (2) the fluorophores involved are distributed throughout the cornea, and (3) the relative distribution of fluorescence is similar in diabetic patients and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Van Schaik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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