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Price K, DeJesus JM, Nancekivell SE. She made it with her friend: How social object history influences children's thinking about the value of digital objects. Child Dev 2024. [PMID: 38563089 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.14093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Two studies examine how social object histories from collaborative experiences influenced North American children (N = 160, 5-10 years) thinking about the value of digital objects (48% male/51% female; 51% White/24% Black/11% Asian). With forced-choice judgments, Study 1 found (moderate-large effects) that children viewed digital and physical objects with social histories as more special than objects without such histories. On a 10-point scale, Study 2 found (large effects) that children rated digital objects with positive social histories as more special than objects with negative ones. Overall, the studies found that children's tendencies to use object history to understand object value extends into digital contexts. They also reveal how an unexplored kind of history-social history-affects judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiana Price
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jasmine M DeJesus
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Venkatesh S, DeJesus JM. Children's evaluations of culturally diverse lunchbox foods. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 243:105911. [PMID: 38564825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Previous research indicates that children make ingroup-outgroup judgments based on notions of food conventionality and that ethnic minority children have been teased or bullied for bringing non-conventional foods to school. This series of three studies experimentally investigated U.S. school-age children's evaluations of culturally diverse lunchbox foods. Study 1 examined an online sample of children aged 5 to 12 years and their evaluations of foods from four cultures (mainstream American, Chinese, Indian, and Mexican) on the taste, smell, and messiness of the food, the appropriateness of bringing the food to school, and whether "cool kids" eat the food. Compared with the mainstream American lunchbox, children rated the Chinese, Indian, and Mexican lunchboxes as less tasty, more messy, and less likely that cool kids would bring those foods to school. In Studies 2 and 3, we examined children's behavioral choices in a hypothetical cafeteria. In both studies, we found that the match between children's own lunch preferences and what was displayed in the mainstream American lunchbox was the only predictor of children's choice to sit at the table with the American lunchbox. Individual variables (e.g., child age, food pickiness) and contextual variables (e.g., neighborhood diversity) did not predict children's table choices. This research highlights children's understanding of familiarity and conventionality of foods and the social consequences of their behavioral choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Venkatesh
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA.
| | - Jasmine M DeJesus
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
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Dharod JM, Black MM, McElhenny K, Labban JD, DeJesus JM. Es Niño o Niña?: Gender Differences in Feeding Practices and Obesity Risk among Latino Infants. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:102100. [PMID: 38425439 PMCID: PMC10904161 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity prevalence is significantly higher among Latino boys than girls. Weight status at 12 mo, a significant predictor of childhood obesity, is associated with feeding practices during infancy. Objectives The objectives were to examine breastfeeding and formula-feeding practices overall and by infant gender and to examine relations among infant gender, milk-feeding practices, and obesity risk among Latino infants over the first year of life. Methods Latino mother-infant dyads (n = 90) were recruited from a pediatric clinic. Mothers were interviewed at regular intervals (infants aged 2, 4, 6, and 9 mo), and 24-h feeding recalls were conducted when infants were aged 6 and 9 mo. Infants' lengths and weights were retrieved from clinic records to calculate weight-for-length percentiles. A bivariate analysis was conducted to compare feeding practices by gender and mediation analysis to test whether feeding practices mediated the relation between gender and obesity risk. Results The majority (80%) of mothers were born outside the United States. In early infancy, mixed feeding of formula and breastfeeding was common. At 6 and 9 mo of age, milk-feeding practices differed, with formula feeding more common for boys than girls. At 12 mo, 38% of infants experienced obesity risk (≥85th weight-for-length percentile). Infants' obesity risk increased by 18% per 1 oz increase in powdered formula intake. Formula intake among boys was on average 1.42 oz (in dry weight) higher than that among girls, which, in turn, mediated their increased obesity risk (IERR = 1.27, 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.90). Conclusions The increased obesity risk among Latino boys compared with girls at 12 mo was explained by higher rates of formula feeding at 6 and 9 mo of age. Future investigations of cultural values and beliefs in gender-related feeding practices are warranted to understand the differences in obesity risk between Latino boys and girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigna M Dharod
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health and Human Sciences, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Maureen M Black
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kristen McElhenny
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health and Human Sciences, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Labban
- Office of Research, School of Health and Human Sciences, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Jasmine M DeJesus
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
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Dharod JM, McElhenny KS, DeJesus JM. Formula Feeding Is Associated with Rapid Weight Gain between 6 and 12 Months of Age: Highlighting the Importance of Developing Specific Recommendations to Prevent Overfeeding. Nutrients 2023; 15:4004. [PMID: 37764785 PMCID: PMC10536371 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined differences in mean daily calorie intake and rapid weight gain risk among 6- to 12-month-old infants by milk feeding status: breastmilk only, breastmilk and formula (combined), or formula only. Another objective was to determine what frequency and amount of formula fed were associated with overfeeding among infants. Mother-infant dyads (n = 240) were recruited from a pediatric clinic mainly serving Medicaid recipients. At 6, 9, and 12 months of infants' age, 24 h feeding recalls were conducted using the multiple-pass method. Infant weight measurements were accessed from clinic records to estimate rapid weight gain between 6 and 12 months. Among the participants, 82% received WIC. More than half of the participants were either African American or Latino by race/ethnicity. Calorie intake among formula-only fed infants was higher than in the other two milk feeding groups. One-fourth of the infants were experiencing rapid weight gain, and the risk was 3-fold higher among formula-only fed infants. Exceeding daily calorie requirements or overfeeding was associated with both formula amount and the frequency of feeding (p < 0.01). Specific guidelines and education on formula feeding practices are critical to prevent accelerated growth among infants. Gaining further understanding on parenting style and formula feeding practices is also warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigna M. Dharod
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health and Human Sciences, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA;
| | - Kristen S. McElhenny
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health and Human Sciences, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA;
| | - Jasmine M. DeJesus
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA;
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DeJesus JM, Venkatesh S, Elmore-Li CR. Food as a key disgust elicitor in infancy and childhood: Previous research and opportunities for future study. Bull Menninger Clin 2023; 87:92-112. [PMID: 37871192 DOI: 10.1521/bumc.2023.87.suppa.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Disliked foods may have important value in the study of the development of disgust. The current review draws from literature across disciplines, including theories of disgust and studies of the development of eating behavior and food preferences, to highlight food as an important category of disgust responses across a wide age range, including children as young as 3 years old and adults. Children's disgust responses to certain types of food are considered to be both innate and culturally constrained behaviors, and their perceptions of other people's food choices indicate potential links between foods and cultural groups. We end by discussing several ongoing and future research areas, including connections between disgust responses and food rejection in infancy and children's food rejection behaviors across cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M DeJesus
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Shruthi Venkatesh
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
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DeJesus JM. Judgments about appropriate foods for infants: Associations with parents’ own food preferences. Front Nutr 2022; 9:954981. [PMID: 36061904 PMCID: PMC9434009 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
When infants begin to eat solid foods (recommended at around 6 months of age), parents have a huge variety of choices in terms of what foods to offer. The present studies examine parents’ judgments about foods for infants. Participants included parents recruited from Prolific (n = 99), who were shown descriptions of foods offered to infants (including familiar and unfamiliar foods at 6-, 9-, and 12-months) and a set of control foods eaten by adults. Participants rated each food based on how appropriate they thought it was for an infant and how much they personally wanted to eat the food. Parents rated foods as more appropriate for infants if they were familiar (vs. unfamiliar) and offered to younger infants (6- vs. 12-month-olds, or infant foods vs. adult foods), but demonstrated the opposite pattern when considering whether they wanted to eat each food. Participants’ own food pickiness was related to their judgments about what they would eat, but not whether foods were appropriate for infants. Parents’ judgments of individual foods were inversely related: The more appropriate they rated each food for an infant, the less they were interested in eating that food. These findings are discussed in terms of potential barriers to engaging in social modeling (i.e., parents demonstrating eating and liking the foods they offer to their infants).
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Venkatesh S, DeJesus JM. Can children report on their own picky eating? Similarities and differences with parent report. Appetite 2022; 177:106155. [PMID: 35779643 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Picky eating in childhood is associated with children's dietary outcomes and parental feeding experiences. The Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) is a frequently-used parent-report survey that measures children's eating behaviors, including picky eating. Limited work has adapted the CEBQ into a child-friendly format to measure children's ability to report directly on their own picky eating behavior. We sought to extend previous research by adapting the Food Fussiness subscale of the CEBQ into a child self-report format and measuring parent-child resemblance in scores, with children as young as 3 years. Our final sample included 3- to 10-year-old children (n = 95) and their parents, who were assessed at a local children's museum. The internal consistency of parent-report on the CEBQ FF was α = 0.9 and child-report was α = 0.7, with parent scores predicting child scores when controlling for child age and child gender. The largest difference between parent and child scores on child picky eating (with parents reporting higher scores) was for 3- to 4-year-old children. Children are able to report on their own picky eating and with age their reports converge with those of their parents, highlighting the potential benefit of collecting picky eating scores from multiple informants (parent and child). We suggest future directions for the validation and extension of this measure.
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Abstract
Although children frequently engage in creative activities (in which they make foods and objects by hand), the development and scope of children's thinking about handmade items is largely unexplored. In the present studies, we examined whether 4- to 12-year-old children at a local children's museum (54% girls, 46% boys; 51% White, 11% Asian/Asian American, 10% more than 1 group, 4% Latinx, 3% Black/African American, 18% did not report race/ethnicity) would expect other people to prefer handmade over factory-made items, including foods and nonfoods. In Experiments 1 (n = 124) and 2 (n = 122), participants expected a child character to prefer items the character made themselves and items made by the character's parent or a local person. However, this expectation did not persist at all costs: When considering imperfect handmade items in Experiment 3 (n = 122), children demonstrated a handmade preference when considering nonfoods made by a parent but demonstrated a factory-made preference when considering foods made by a parent. Children's explanations were associated with their choices: When children's explanations referred to emotions or relationships, they were more likely to select handmade items. When children referred to item features, they were more likely to select factory-made items. Across studies, we observed persistent age and gender effects: Children's handmade preference increased with child age and girls demonstrated a more robust handmade preference than boys. These findings highlight children's developing and nuanced reasoning about object value. At an early age, children consider who made an object as a contributor to its value. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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DeJesus JM, Venkatesh S. Does social modeling increase infants' willingness to accept unfamiliar foods? Infancy 2021; 27:181-196. [PMID: 34812560 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite a rich knowledge base about infants' social learning and studies observing social referencing in other species in food contexts, we know surprisingly little about social learning about food among human infants. This gap in the literature is particularly surprising considering that feeding unfamiliar foods to infants is a very common experience as infants begin to eat solid foods. The present study examines whether parental social modeling influences infants' willingness to accept unfamiliar foods. In two Zoom sessions, parents will be asked to feed unfamiliar foods to their 6- to 24-month-old infants (different unfamiliar foods in each session). In both sessions, infants' food acceptance and rejection will be measured. In the first session, parents will be asked to do what they would typically do; spontaneous social modeling will be recorded. In the second session, parents will be instructed to model eating the unfamiliar food. We will examine associations between infants' willingness to eat unfamiliar foods, parent social modeling, and extant parent and infant characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M DeJesus
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shruthi Venkatesh
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
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DeJesus JM, Gerdin E, Venkatesh S, Rottman J. Considering uncontaminated food as an early-emerging and previously ignored disgust elicitor. Emotion 2021; 21:1522-1536. [PMID: 34780239 DOI: 10.1037/emo0001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present studies examine developmental changes in the elicitors of disgust by examining adults' and children's ideas of what is disgusting. In three experiments, we asked adults and children between the ages of 3 and 12 to report what is "disgusting," what is "gross," or what might have caused someone to make a disgust face. In Study 1, parents of 3- to 12-year-old children (n = 120) were asked what they thought was disgusting and what they thought their children would find disgusting and completed a picky eating questionnaire to examine the extent to which children's eating habits may be related to disgust. In Studies 2 and 3 (n = 98 per study), children were asked what they thought was disgusting. In Study 3, children's parents also completed a questionnaire about their child's food pickiness. Typically eaten foods that were not contaminated or spoiled were frequently mentioned in all studies, both by children and their parents. There was considerable diversity in the disgust elicitors that were mentioned across participants, highlighting the importance of examining individual differences in the development of disgust. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Abstract
Understanding disease transmission is a complex problem highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic. These studies test whether 3- to 6-year-old children in the United States use information about social interactions to predict disease transmission. Before and during COVID-19, children predicted illness would spread through close interactions. Older children outperformed younger children with no associations between task performance and pandemic experience. Children did not predict that being hungry or tired would similarly spread through close interactions. Participants include 196 three- to six-year-olds (53% girls, 47% boys; 68% White, 9% Black, 7% Asian, 6% Hispanic or Latinx), with medium-sized effects (d = .6, η p 2 = .3). These findings suggest that thinking about social interaction supports young children's predictions about illness, with noted limitations regarding children's real-world avoidance of disease-spreading behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M DeJesus
- Department of Psychology, UNC Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shruthi Venkatesh
- Department of Psychology, UNC Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
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Venkatesh S, DeJesus JM. Studying Children's Eating at Home: Using Synchronous Videoconference Sessions to Adapt to COVID-19 and Beyond. Front Psychol 2021; 12:703373. [PMID: 34367027 PMCID: PMC8339197 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted many facets of developmental research, including research that measures children's eating behavior. Here, children's food intake is often measured by weighing foods that children are offered before and after in-person testing sessions. Many studies also examine children's food ratings (the extent to which they like or dislike a food), assessed via picture categorization tasks or hedonic scales. This paper reviews existing research on different methods for characterizing children's eating behavior (with a focus on food intake, preferences, and concepts) and presents a feasibility study that examined whether children's eating behaviors at home (including their food intake and ratings) can be measured via live video-chat sessions. The feasibility analyses revealed that an observational feeding paradigm at home yielded a majority (more than 70%) of video-chat recordings that had a sufficient view of the child and adequate sound and picture quality required for observational coding for the majority of the session's duration. Such positioning would enable behavioral coding of child food intake, parent food talk, and meal characteristics. Moreover, children were able to answer questions to stories and express their preferences via researcher screen-share methods (which can assess children's self-reported food preferences and beliefs) with low rates of exclusion across studies. The article ends with a discussion on the opportunities and challenges of using online platforms to conduct studies on children's eating behaviors in their home environments during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Venkatesh
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
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Santhanagopalan R, DeJesus JM, Moorthy RS, Kinzler KD. Nationality cognition in India: Social category information impacts children’s judgments of people and their national identity. Cognitive Development 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.100990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Li Y, DeJesus JM, Lee DJ, Liberman Z. Social identity and contamination: Young children are more willing to eat native contaminated foods. J Exp Child Psychol 2021; 201:104967. [PMID: 32898722 PMCID: PMC7474662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ingesting dangerous substances can lead to illness, or even death, meaning that it is critical for humans to learn how to avoid potentially dangerous foods. However, young children are notoriously bad at choosing foods; they are willing to put nonfoods and disgust elicitors into their mouths. Because food choice is inherently social, we hypothesized that social learning and contamination might separately influence children's decisions about whether to eat or avoid a food. Here, we asked how children reason about foods that are contaminated by someone from within versus outside their culture. We presented 3- to 11-year-olds (N = 534) with videos of native and foreign speakers eating snacks. In Studies 1a and 1b, one speaker contaminated her food and the other did not, and we asked children (a) which food they would prefer to eat, (b) how germy each food was, and (c) which food would make them sick. Although children rated the contaminated food as germier regardless of whether it was contaminated by a foreign speaker (Study 1a) or by a native speaker (Study 1b), children were more likely to report that they would avoid eating foreign contaminated food compared with native contaminated food. In Study 2, we used a non-forced-choice method and found converging evidence that children attend to both culture and contamination when making food choices but that with age they place more weight on contamination status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejiao Li
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Jasmine M DeJesus
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Diane J Lee
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Zoe Liberman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity continues to be a critical health concern in the United States. Nonetheless, interventions that focus on delivering verbal lessons about food and health to children in preschool classrooms have had only modest effects. OBJECTIVES The present study examines the relative effectiveness of showing vs telling children about food to promote healthy eating, with a focus on unfamiliar foods and vegetables. METHODS Three- to six-year-old children (n = 71) were tested in a laboratory study in which they watched videos of two people eating apple-broccoli puree. One person took five bites of the food; the other said they liked the food. RESULTS Children did not differentiate between the food they saw someone eat and the food they heard someone talk about. Children's food intake was negatively associated with parent reports of children's eating behavior on the Food Fussiness subscale of the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire. We found similar patterns in an analogous toy task. In an unfamiliar object task, children selected the action demonstration as the right way to use the object. CONCLUSIONS We find no evidence that action vs verbal testimony is more persuasive in guiding children's food choices, but action testimony may be persuasive in other domains. The associations between children's food intake and pickiness provide growing evidence of alignment between parent assessments of their children's typical eating behavior and children's food choices in laboratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M DeJesus
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shruthi Venkatesh
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
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17
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Abstract
Assessing children's reasoning about food, including their health knowledge and their food preferences, is an important step toward understanding how health messages may influence children's food choices. However, in many studies, assessing children's reasoning relies on parent report or could be susceptible to social pressure from adults. To address these limitations, the present study describes the development of a food version of the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The IAT has been used to examine children's implicit stereotypes about social groups, yet few studies have used the IAT in other domains (such as food cognition). Four- to 12-year-olds (n = 123) completed the food IAT and an explicit card sort task, in which children assessed foods based on their perception of the food's healthfulness (healthy vs. unhealthy) and palatability (yummy vs. yucky). Surprisingly, children demonstrated positive implicit associations towards vegetables. This pattern may reflect children's health knowledge, given that the accuracy of children's healthfulness ratings in the card sort task positively predicted children's food IAT d-scores. Implications for both food cognition and the IAT are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M DeJesus
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Susan A Gelman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan.,Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan.,Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan
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DeJesus JM, Du KM, Shutts K, Kinzler KD. How information about what is "healthy" versus "unhealthy" impacts children's consumption of otherwise identical foods. J Exp Psychol Gen 2019; 148:2091-2103. [PMID: 30973249 PMCID: PMC6927673 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Can brief messages about health influence children's consumption of identical foods? Across a series of studies, we manipulated children's consumption of identical foods (fruit sauces) by pairing those foods with brief messages about each food's health status. What initially appeared to be a preference for foods described as healthy among 5- to 6-year-old children (Studies 1-2) actually reflected a preference for alternatives to foods described as unhealthy (Studies 3-5), including comparison foods that were described with negative or neutral content. Although the 2 foods on each trial were identical, children consistently ate more of the alternative to a food described as unhealthy. Similar effects were observed among 8- to 9-year-old children (Study 6). These results demonstrate that children's eating behavior is affected by messages they receive from other people, including messages about health. Further, these studies reveal basic psychological mechanisms that contribute to children's choices among foods, which could lead to effective interventions in the food domain. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Abstract
Scientific communication poses a challenge: To clearly highlight key conclusions and implications while fully acknowledging the limitations of the evidence. Although these goals are in principle compatible, the goal of conveying complex and variable data may compete with reporting results in a digestible form that fits (increasingly) limited publication formats. As a result, authors' choices may favor clarity over complexity. For example, generic language (e.g., "Introverts and extraverts require different learning environments") may mislead by implying general, timeless conclusions while glossing over exceptions and variability. Using generic language is especially problematic if authors overgeneralize from small or unrepresentative samples (e.g., exclusively Western, middle-class). We present 4 studies examining the use and implications of generic language in psychology research articles. Study 1, a text analysis of 1,149 psychology articles published in 11 journals in 2015 and 2016, examined the use of generics in titles, research highlights, and abstracts. We found that generics were ubiquitously used to convey results (89% of articles included at least 1 generic), despite that most articles made no mention of sample demographics. Generics appeared more frequently in shorter units of the paper (i.e., highlights more than abstracts), and generics were not associated with sample size. Studies 2 to 4 (n = 1,578) found that readers judged results expressed with generic language to be more important and generalizable than findings expressed with nongeneric language. We highlight potential unintended consequences of language choice in scientific communication, as well as what these choices reveal about how scientists think about their data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M DeJesus
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412;
| | - Maureen A Callanan
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Graciela Solis
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University, Chicago, IL 60660
| | - Susan A Gelman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043;
- Department of Linguistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043
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20
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DeJesus JM, Gerdin E, Sullivan KR, Kinzler KD. Children judge others based on their food choices. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 179:143-161. [PMID: 30513416 PMCID: PMC6311432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Individuals and cultures share some commonalities in food preferences, yet cuisines also differ widely across social groups. Eating is a highly social phenomenon; however, little is known about the judgments children make about other people's food choices. Do children view conventional food choices as normative and consequently negatively evaluate people who make unconventional food choices? In five experiments, 5-year-old children were shown people who ate conventional and unconventional foods, including typical food items paired in unconventional ways. In Experiment 1, children preferred conventional foods and conventional food eaters. Experiment 2 suggested a link between expectations of conventionality and native/foreign status; children in the United States thought that English speakers were relatively more likely to choose conventional foods than French speakers. Yet, children in Experiments 3 and 4 judged people who ate unconventional foods as negatively as they judged people who ate canonical disgust elicitors and nonfoods, even when considering people from a foreign culture. Children in Experiment 5 were more likely to assign conventional foods to cultural ingroup members than to cultural outgroup members; nonetheless, they thought that no one was likely to eat the nonconventional items. These results demonstrate that children make normative judgments about other people's food choices and negatively evaluate people across groups who deviate from conventional eating practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M DeJesus
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27403, USA.
| | - Emily Gerdin
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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21
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DeJesus JM, Gelman SA, Herold I, Lumeng JC. Children eat more food when they prepare it themselves. Appetite 2019; 133:305-312. [PMID: 30448413 PMCID: PMC6768385 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Encouraging children to participate in food preparation is recommended by pediatric guidelines and has been included in public health interventions. However, little is known about whether the act of preparing a food specifically increases children's intake of that food, nor is it known whether this effect might differ for healthy and familiar unhealthy foods. The present study examines whether 5- to 7-year-old children eat more of a food they prepared themselves compared to the same food prepared by someone else. Children participated in a laboratory study in which they prepared either a salad or a dessert and then had the opportunity to eat the food they prepared and/or a nearly identical food prepared by someone else. We found that children ate more of a food they prepared themselves, but no significant difference was observed in children's ratings of each food. In addition to eating more healthy foods they prepared themselves, children ate more unhealthy foods they prepared themselves, including familiar and well-liked desserts. More specific recommendations are needed if the goal of involving children in food preparation is to promote health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M DeJesus
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, United States.
| | - Susan A Gelman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, United States; Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, United States
| | - Isabella Herold
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, United States
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, United States; Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, United States; Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, United States
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22
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DeJesus JM, Shutts K, Kinzler KD. Mere social knowledge impacts children's consumption and categorization of foods. Dev Sci 2018; 21:e12627. [PMID: 29193476 PMCID: PMC5975094 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
How does social information affect the perception of taste early in life? Does mere knowledge of other people's food preferences impact children's own experience when eating? In Experiment 1, 5- and 6-year-old children consumed more of a food described as popular with other children than a food that was described as unpopular with other children, even though the two foods were identical. In Experiment 2, children ate more of a food described as popular with children than a food described as popular with adults. Experiment 3 tested whether different perceptual experiences of otherwise identical foods contributed to the mechanisms underlying children's consumption. After sampling both endpoints of a sweet-to-sour range (applesauce with 0 mL or 5mL of lemon juice added), children were asked to taste and categorize applesauce samples with varying amounts of lemon juice added. When classifying ambiguous samples that were near the midpoint of the range (2 mL and 3 mL), children were more likely to categorize popular foods as sweet as compared to unpopular foods. Together, these findings provide evidence that social information plays a powerful role in guiding children's consumption and perception of foods. Broader links to the sociality of food selection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M. DeJesus
- Department of Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan
| | - Kristin Shutts
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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23
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DeJesus JM, Gelman SA, Viechnicki GB, Appugliese DP, Miller AL, Rosenblum KL, Lumeng JC. An investigation of maternal food intake and maternal food talk as predictors of child food intake. Appetite 2018; 127:356-363. [PMID: 29758271 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Though parental modeling is thought to play a critical role in promoting children's healthy eating, little research has examined maternal food intake and maternal food talk as independent predictors of children's food intake. The present study examines maternal food talk during a structured eating protocol, in which mothers and their children had the opportunity to eat a series of familiar and unfamiliar vegetables and desserts. Several aspects of maternal talk during the protocol were coded, including overall food talk, directives, pronoun use, and questions. This study analyzed the predictors of maternal food talk and whether maternal food talk and maternal food intake predicted children's food intake during the protocol. Higher maternal body mass index (BMI) predicted lower amounts of food talk, pronoun use, and questions. Higher child BMI z-scores predicted more first person pronouns and more wh-questions within maternal food talk. Mothers of older children used fewer directives, fewer second person pronouns, and fewer yes/no questions. However, maternal food talk (overall and specific types of food talk) did not predict children's food intake. Instead, the most robust predictor of children's food intake during this protocol was the amount of food that mothers ate while sitting with their children. These findings emphasize the importance of modeling healthy eating through action and have implications for designing interventions to provide parents with more effective tools to promote their children's healthy eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M DeJesus
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, United States; Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, United States.
| | - Susan A Gelman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, United States
| | | | | | - Alison L Miller
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, United States
| | | | - Julie C Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, United States; Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, United States
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24
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Fernandez C, DeJesus JM, Miller AL, Appugliese DP, Rosenblum KL, Lumeng JC, Pesch MH. Selective eating behaviors in children: An observational validation of parental report measures. Appetite 2018; 127:163-170. [PMID: 29729326 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Selective eating in children is commonly measured by parental report questionnaires, yet it is unknown if parents accurately estimate their child's selective eating behavior. The objectives of this study were to test the validity and stability of two measures of selective eating using observed child behavior. Low-income mother-child dyads participated in a videotaped laboratory eating protocol at two time points (baseline: mean child age = 5.9 years; follow-up: mean child age = 8.6 years), during which they were presented with a familiar and an unfamiliar vegetable. Videos were reliably coded for child selective eating behaviors: amount consumed, child hedonic rating of vegetables, child compliance with maternal prompts to eat, latency to first bite, number of bites, and negative utterances. Mothers completed the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire Food Fussiness (CEBQ FF) scale and the Food Neophobia Scale (FNS) at both time points. Questionnaire validity, stability of measured behaviors, and discriminant validity of questionnaires were examined in the full sample. CEBQ FF scores and FNS scores were both inversely correlated with the quantity consumed, child hedonic rating, and compliance with prompts to eat for both familiar and unfamiliar vegetables at baseline and at follow up. CEBQ FF and FNS scores were inversely correlated with number of bites (for both foods), positively correlated with latency to first bite (for both foods), and inversely correlated with child negative utterances (for the familiar food only). Notably, FNS scores correlated with observed behavior for both familiar and unfamiliar foods, rather than demonstrating a specific association with unfamiliar foods only. This study supports the validity of the CEBQ FF and FNS in low-income early school-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Fernandez
- University of Michigan Medical School, M4101 Medical Science Building I - C Wing, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5624, USA.
| | - Jasmine M DeJesus
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, and the Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0406, USA.
| | - Alison L Miller
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, and the Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0406, USA.
| | | | - Katherine L Rosenblum
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, and Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Rachel Upjohn Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, and Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls Street, 10th Floor, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Megan H Pesch
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, and Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls Street, 1109 SE, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5456, USA.
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25
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DeJesus JM, Hwang HG, Dautel JB, Kinzler KD. Bilingual children's social preferences hinge on accent. J Exp Child Psychol 2017; 164:178-191. [PMID: 28826060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Past research finds that monolingual and bilingual children prefer native speakers to individuals who speak in unfamiliar foreign languages or accents. Do children in bilingual contexts socially distinguish among familiar languages and accents and, if so, how do their social preferences based on language and accent compare? The current experiments tested whether 5- to 7-year-olds in two bilingual contexts in the United States demonstrate social preferences among the languages and accents that are present in their social environments. We compared children's preferences based on language (i.e., English vs. their other native language) and their preferences based on accent (i.e., English with a native accent vs. English with a non-native [yet familiar] accent). In Experiment 1, children attending a French immersion school demonstrated no preference between English and French speakers but preferred American-accented English to French-accented English. In Experiment 2, bilingual Korean American children demonstrated no preference between English and Korean speakers but preferred American-accented English to Korean-accented English. Across studies, bilingual children's preferences based on accent (i.e., American-accented English over French- or Korean-accented English) were not related to their own language dominance. These results suggest that children from diverse linguistic backgrounds demonstrate social preferences for native-accented speakers. Implications for understanding the potential relation between social reasoning and language acquisition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M DeJesus
- Department of Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Hyesung G Hwang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jocelyn B Dautel
- School of Psychology, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
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26
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DeJesus JM, Hwang HG, Dautel JB, Kinzler KD. "American = English Speaker" Before "American = White": The Development of Children's Reasoning About Nationality. Child Dev 2017; 89:1752-1767. [PMID: 28542847 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adults implicitly judge people from certain social backgrounds as more "American" than others. This study tests the development of children's reasoning about nationality and social categories. Children across cultures (White and Korean American children in the United States, Korean children in South Korea) judged the nationality of individuals varying in race and language. Across cultures, 5- to 6-year-old children (N = 100) categorized English speakers as "American" and Korean speakers as "Korean" regardless of race, suggesting that young children prioritize language over race when thinking about nationality. Nine- and 10-year-olds (N = 181) attended to language and race and their nationality judgments varied across cultures. These results suggest that associations between nationality and social category membership emerge early in life and are shaped by cultural context.
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27
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DeJesus JM, Shutts K, Kinzler KD. Eww she sneezed! Contamination context affects children's food preferences and consumption. Appetite 2014; 87:303-9. [PMID: 25558024 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Does contextual information about disgust influence children's food consumption and subjective experience of taste? Three- to eight-year-old children (N = 60) were presented with two identical foods, yet children were led to believe that one food had been contaminated by sneezing and licking, while the other was clean. When given the opportunity to eat the foods, 5- to 8-year-old children consumed more clean food and rated the clean food's taste more positively; younger children did not distinguish between the foods. The relation between contamination and subjective taste held even among children who ate both foods and had direct evidence that they were identical. These data indicate that children's consumption behavior and food preferences are influenced by information external to foods themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M DeJesus
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, 5848 S. University Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Kristin Shutts
- Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 W. Johnson St., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Katherine D Kinzler
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, 5848 S. University Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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28
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DeJesus JM, Rhodes M, Kinzler KD. Evaluations Versus Expectations: Children's Divergent Beliefs About Resource Distribution. Cogn Sci 2013; 38:178-93. [DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Adults evaluate others based on their speech, yet little is known of the developmental trajectory by which accent attitudes are acquired. Here we investigate the development of American children's attitudes about Northern- and Southern-accented American English. Children in Illinois (the “North”) and Tennessee (the “South”) evaluated the social desirability, personality characteristics, and geographic origins of Northern- and Southern-accented individuals. Five- to 6-year-old children in Illinois preferred the Northern-accented speakers as potential friends, yet did not demonstrate knowledge of any stereotypes about the different groups; 5–6-year-old children in Tennessee did not show a preference towards either type of speaker. Nine- to 10-year-old children in both Illinois and Tennessee evaluated the Northern-accented individuals as sounding “smarter” and “in charge”, and the Southern-accented individuals as sounding “nicer.” Thus, older children endorse similar stereotypes to those observed in adulthood. These accent attitudes develop in parallel across children in different regions and reflect both positive and negative assessments of a child's own group.
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30
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Abstract
Three experiments investigated 5- to 6-year-old monolingual English-speaking American children's sociolinguistic evaluations of others based on their accent (native, foreign) and social actions (nice, mean, neutral). In Experiment 1, children expressed social preferences for native-accented English speakers over foreign-accented speakers, and they judged the native-accented speakers to be "American." In Experiments 2 and 3, the accented speakers were depicted as being nicer than the relatively meaner native speakers. Children's social preferences and judgments of others' personalities varied as a function of behavior; in particular, children disliked individuals who committed negative social actions. In contrast, children's judgments of nationality hinged exclusively on accent; across all conditions, children evaluated native-accented English speakers to be "American," regardless of whether they were nice or mean. These findings contribute to an understanding of the nature of children's reasoning about language as a social category and have implications for future research investigating children's thinking about language as a marker of national group identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Kinzler
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, 5848 S. University Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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31
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Shutts K, Kinzler KD, DeJesus JM. Understanding infants' and children's social learning about foods: previous research and new prospects. Dev Psychol 2012; 49:419-25. [PMID: 22390670 DOI: 10.1037/a0027551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Developmental psychologists have devoted significant attention to investigating how children learn from others' actions, emotions, and testimony. Yet most of this research has examined children's socially guided learning about artifacts. The present article focuses on a domain that has received limited attention from those interested in the development of social cognition: food. We begin by reviewing the available literature on infants' and children's development in the food domain and identify situations in which children evidence both successes and failures in their interactions with foods. We focus specifically on the role that other people play in guiding what children eat and argue that understanding patterns of successes and failures in the food domain requires an appreciation of eating as a social phenomenon. We next propose a series of questions for future research and suggest that examining food selection as a social phenomenon can shed light on mechanisms underlying children's learning from others and provide ideas for promoting healthy social relationships and eating behaviors early in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Shutts
- Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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32
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DeJesus JM, Tsuchiya C. Pharmacologic management of the arthritic foot and ankle. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 1999; 16:271-84. [PMID: 10331121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The arthritides discussed are presented with many drug therapies because of a not fully understood and accepted cause of the disease process. Similarly, the drug therapies offered are diverse and have mechanisms that are not always fully understood. Because of the destruction and disability the arthritides are capable of and the realization that destruction may be reversible early in the course of the disease, physicians are initiating earlier, aggressive treatment with DMARDs. Long-term outcome studies of the early institution of DMARDs, combination therapies, and newer medications need to be evaluated to produce the most efficient treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M DeJesus
- VACT Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
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33
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Abstract
Subluxation of the peroneal tendons is a rare injury that is often misdiagnosed. This injury is usually related to and often accompanied by lateral ankle ligament sprains. A comprehensive review of the literature, as well as two cases of surgically treated subluxing peroneal tendons will be presented. Anatomy, etiology, and diagnosis will be discussed. Both conservative and surgical treatment methodology will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Niemi
- Veterans Administration Connecticut Health Care Systems, West Haven, USA
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34
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Day MR, White SL, DeJesus JM. The "Z" osteotomy versus the Kalish osteotomy for the correction of hallux abducto valgus deformities: a retrospective analysis. J Foot Ankle Surg 1997; 36:44-50; discussion 80. [PMID: 9031027 DOI: 10.1016/s1067-2516(97)80010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A retrospective analysis of hallux abducto valgus surgery performed between 1990 and 1995 where the "Z" osteotomy and Kalish osteotomy were utilized was performed. Objective and subjective data were collected to determine the effectiveness of the Z osteotomy versus the Kalish osteotomy. Twenty cases of hallux abducto valgus where the Z osteotomy was utilized were evaluated on the basis of intermetatarsal angle correction and alleviation of preoperative symptoms. The same evaluation was performed on 21 cases where the Kalish osteotomy was utilized. There did not appear to be an appreciable difference in intermetatarsal angle correction between the two osteotomies; however, the Kalish osteotomy did alleviate preoperative symptoms to a greater degree compared with the Z osteotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Day
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, School of Medicine Clinical Campus, Department of Surgical Services, USA
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35
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Ramsay JG, DeJesus JM, Wynands JE, Ralley FE, O'Connor JP, Robbins GR, Bilodeau J. Amrinone before termination of cardiopulmonary bypass: haemodynamic variables and oxygen utilization in the postbypass period. Can J Anaesth 1992; 39:342-8. [PMID: 1563059 DOI: 10.1007/bf03009044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred patients were randomly allocated to receive saline or amrinone, 0.75 mg.kg-1, ten minutes before separation from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) after elective coronary artery bypass grafting, in order to determine the effects of this agent on haemodynamic variables and O2 utilization. Anaesthesia and CPB were managed in a standard fashion. Before induction of anaesthesia, at pericardiotomy, then at 1, 10, 20 and 30 min after CPB, haemodynamic profiles, haematocrit, and O2 saturation of arterial and mixed venous blood were measured. Incremental doses of ephedrine or phenylephrine, or an infusion of norepinephrine with phentolamine were administered when required. The groups were demographically similar and surgical variables were also similar. Haemodynamic measurements were similar between groups at all times; however, a higher dose of phenylephrine was given immediately before weaning from CPB in the amrinone group, and more patients in this group received phenylephrine in the first 30 min after CPB. Mixed venous saturation (SvO2) was higher in the amrinone patients at all times after CPB, leading to lower calculated oxygen consumption (VO2) (P less than 0.05). Insufficient dosage may explain the lack of haemodynamic effect, while possible reasons for the higher SvO2 and lower VO2 are either reduced whole body VO2 or peripheral shunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Ramsay
- Department of Anesthesia, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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