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Shoukat A, Bawden CE, Röst G, LeBlanc JJ, Galvani AP, Langley JM, Moghadas SM. Impact and cost-effectiveness analyses of vaccination for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus disease among older adults in Ontario: A Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) study. Vaccine 2024; 42:1768-1776. [PMID: 38368226 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two prefusion F protein-based vaccines, Arexvy and Abrysvo, have been approved by Health Canada for protecting older adults against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated lower respiratory tract disease. We estimated the health benefits and cost-effectiveness of these vaccines under a publicly funded single-dose vaccination program in Ontario that targets residents of long-term care homes (LTCHs). Additionally, we evaluated an extended program that broadens vaccination to include community-dwelling older adults. METHODS A discrete-event simulation model was parameterised with the burden of RSV disease including outpatient care, hospitalisation, and death among adults aged 60 years or older in Ontario, Canada. Accounting for direct and indirect costs (in 2023 Canadian dollars) associated with RSV-related outcomes, we calculated the net monetary benefit using quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained, and determined the range of price-per-dose (PPD) for vaccination programs to be cost-effective from both healthcare and societal perspectives over two RSV seasons. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated to estimate the additional costs required to gain one QALY. RESULTS Using a willingness-to-pay of $50,000 per QALY gained, we found that vaccinating 90% of residents in LTCHs with Arexvy would be cost-effective from a societal perspective for a PPD up to $163, producing a mean ICER value of $49,984 (95% CI: $47,539 to $52,704) per QALY gained with a two-year budget impact of $463,468 per 100,000 older adults. The reduction of hospitalizations was estimated at 7.0% compared to the no-vaccination scenario. Extending the program to include community-dwelling older adults with a 74% coverage akin to influenza vaccination, Arexvy remains cost-effective for a PPD up to $139, with a mean ICER value of $49,698 (95% CI: 48,022 to 51,388) per QALY gained and a two-year budget impact of $8.63 million. Compared to the no-vaccination scenario, the extended program resulted in a 57.3% reduction in RSV-related hospitalisations. CONCLUSIONS Vaccinating residents of LTCHs against RSV disease would be cost-effective depending on PPD; extending the program to community-dwelling older adults would provide substantial health benefits, averting significant direct healthcare costs and productivity losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Affan Shoukat
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn E Bawden
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gergely Röst
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Heath, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Alison P Galvani
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joanne M Langley
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Seyed M Moghadas
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Pott H, J LeBlanc J, S ElSherif M, Hatchette TF, McNeil SA, Andrew MK. Clinical features and outcomes of influenza and RSV coinfections: a report from Canadian immunization research network serious outcomes surveillance network. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:147. [PMID: 38291361 PMCID: PMC10826021 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza and RSV coinfections are not commonly seen but are concerning as they can lead to serious illness and adverse clinical outcomes among vulnerable populations. Here we describe the clinical features and outcomes of influenza and RSV coinfections in hospitalized adults. METHODS A cohort study was performed with pooled active surveillance in hospitalized adults ≥ 50 years from the Serious Outcomes Surveillance Network of the Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN SOS) during the 2012/13, 2013/14, and 2014/15 influenza seasons. Descriptive statistics summarized the characteristics of influenza/RSV coinfections. Kaplan-Meier estimated the probability of survival over the first 30 days of hospitalization. RESULTS Over three influenza seasons, we identified 33 cases of RSV and influenza coinfection, accounting for 2.39 cases per 1,000 hospitalizations of patients with acute respiratory illnesses. Adults aged 50 + years commonly reported cough (81.8%), shortness of breath (66.7%), sputum production (45.5%), weakness (33.3%), fever (27.3%), and nasal congestion (24.2%) as constitutional and lower respiratory tract infection symptoms. The mortality rate was substantial (12.1%), and age, comorbidity burden, and frailty were associated with a higher risk for adverse clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Older adults are at higher risk for complications from influenza and RSV coinfections, especially those over 65 with a high comorbidity burden and frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Pott
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, km 235. São Carlos, São Carlos, 13656-905, Brazil.
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Canada
| | - May S ElSherif
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Todd F Hatchette
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Canada
| | - Shelly A McNeil
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Melissa K Andrew
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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Simms E, McCracken GR, Hatchette TF, McNeil SA, Davis I, Whelan N, Keenan A, LeBlanc JJ, Patriquin G. Real-world evaluation of the Lucira Check-It COVID-19 loop-mediated amplification (LAMP) test. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0277223. [PMID: 37962351 PMCID: PMC10714936 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02772-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic, laboratory testing was important to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmissions, while facilitating patient flow in the emergency department and pre-operative settings, and allowing for the safe return to work of exposed healthcare workers. Delayed test results from laboratory nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) posed a barrier to maximizing efficient patient flow and minimizing staffing shortages. This quality improvement project sought to evaluate the analytical and clinical performance of the Lucira Check-It COVID-19 Test, a point-of-care test that used NAAT technology, in the perioperative setting, emergency department, and community testing sites. We found the Lucira Check-It to have comparable performance to laboratory NAATs. It can be employed with little training for specimen collection, processing, and interpretation, and at a cost justifiable from the resources saved from avoiding sample transport and laboratory testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Simms
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gregory R. McCracken
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Todd F. Hatchette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shelly A. McNeil
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ian Davis
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Noella Whelan
- COVID-19 Implementation and Planning, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Angela Keenan
- Occupational Health Safety & Wellness, People Services, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jason J. LeBlanc
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Glenn Patriquin
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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McCracken GR, Gaston D, Pettipas J, Loder A, Majer A, Grudeski E, Labbé G, Joy BK, Patriquin G, LeBlanc JJ. Neglected SARS-CoV-2 variants and potential concerns for molecular diagnostics: a framework for nucleic acid amplification test target site quality assurance. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0076123. [PMID: 37815347 PMCID: PMC10715164 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00761-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Molecular tests like polymerase chain reaction were widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic but as the pandemic evolved, so did SARS-CoV-2. This virus acquired mutations, prompting concerns that mutations could compromise molecular test results and be falsely negative. While some manufacturers may have in-house programs for monitoring mutations that could impact their assay performance, it is important to promptly report mutations in circulating viral strains that could adversely impact a diagnostic test result. However, commercial test target sites are proprietary, making independent monitoring difficult. In this study, SARS-CoV-2 test target sites were sequenced to monitor and assess mutations impact, and 29 novel mutations impacting SARS-CoV-2 detection were identified. This framework for molecular test target site quality assurance could be adapted to any molecular test, ensuring accurate diagnostic test results and disease diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. McCracken
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health (NSH), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Daniel Gaston
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health (NSH), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Janice Pettipas
- Nova Scotia Provincial Public Health Laboratory Network (PPHLN), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Allana Loder
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anna Majer
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Elsie Grudeski
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Geneviève Labbé
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Bryn K. Joy
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculty of Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Glenn Patriquin
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health (NSH), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jason J. LeBlanc
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health (NSH), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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ElSherif M, Andrew MK, Ye L, Ambrose A, Boivin G, Bowie W, David MP, Gruselle O, Halperin SA, Hatchette TF, Johnstone J, Katz K, Langley JM, Loeb M, MacKinnon-Cameron D, McCarthy A, McElhaney JE, McGeer A, Poirier A, Pirçon JY, Powis J, Richardson D, Semret M, Smith S, Smyth D, Trottier S, Valiquette L, Webster D, McNeil SA, LeBlanc JJ. Leveraging Influenza Virus Surveillance From 2012 to 2015 to Characterize the Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in Canadian Adults ≥50 Years of Age Hospitalized With Acute Respiratory Illness. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad315. [PMID: 37441353 PMCID: PMC10334379 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease in older adults is undercharacterized. To help inform future immunization policies, this study aimed to describe the disease burden in Canadian adults aged ≥50 years hospitalized with RSV. Methods Using administrative data and nasopharyngeal swabs collected from active surveillance among adults aged ≥50 years hospitalized with an acute respiratory illness (ARI) during the 2012-2013, 2013-2014, and 2014-2015 influenza seasons, RSV was identified using a respiratory virus multiplex polymerase chain reaction test to describe the associated disease burden, incidence, and healthcare costs. Results Of 7797 patients tested, 371 (4.8%) were RSV positive (2.2% RSV-A and 2.6% RSV-B). RSV prevalence varied by season from 4.2% to 6.2%. Respiratory virus coinfection was observed in 11.6% (43/371) of RSV cases, with influenza A being the most common. RSV hospitalization rates varied between seasons and increased with age, from 8-12 per 100 000 population in adults aged 50-59 years to 174-487 per 100 000 in adults aged ≥80 years. The median age of RSV cases was 74.9 years, 63.7% were female, and 98.1% of cases had ≥1 comorbidity. Among RSV cases, the mean length of hospital stay was 10.6 days, 13.7% were admitted to the intensive care unit, 6.4% required mechanical ventilation, and 6.1% died. The mean cost per RSV case was $13 602 (Canadian dollars) but varied by age and Canadian province. Conclusions This study adds to the growing literature on adult RSV burden by showing considerable morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs in hospitalized adults aged ≥50 years with ARIs such as influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- May ElSherif
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Melissa K Andrew
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Lingyun Ye
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ardith Ambrose
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - William Bowie
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Scott A Halperin
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Todd F Hatchette
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Kevin Katz
- North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanne M Langley
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mark Loeb
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna MacKinnon-Cameron
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Andre Poirier
- Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux de la Mauricie et du Centre du Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Jeff Powis
- Michael Garron Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Smyth
- The Moncton Hospital, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Sylvie Trottier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Duncan Webster
- Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Shelly A McNeil
- Correspondence: Jason J. LeBlanc, PhD, FCCM, D(ABMM), Division of Microbiology, Nova Scotia Health, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Room 404B, Mackenzie Bldg, 5788 University Ave, Halifax, NS B3H 1V8, Canada (); Shelly McNeil, MD, FRCPC, FIDSA, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre, 4th Floor Goldbloom Pavilion, 5850/5980 University Ave, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada ()
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Correspondence: Jason J. LeBlanc, PhD, FCCM, D(ABMM), Division of Microbiology, Nova Scotia Health, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Room 404B, Mackenzie Bldg, 5788 University Ave, Halifax, NS B3H 1V8, Canada (); Shelly McNeil, MD, FRCPC, FIDSA, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre, 4th Floor Goldbloom Pavilion, 5850/5980 University Ave, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada ()
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Hayes EK, Gouthro MT, LeBlanc JJ, Gagnon GA. Simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2, influenza A, respiratory syncytial virus, and measles in wastewater by multiplex RT-qPCR. Sci Total Environ 2023; 889:164261. [PMID: 37201817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A multiplex quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)-based method was designed for the simultaneous detection of influenza A, SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus, and measles virus. The performance of the multiplex assay was compared to four monoplex assays for relative quantification using standard quantification curves. Results showed that the multiplex assay had comparable linearity and analytical sensitivity to the monoplex assays, and the quantification parameters of both assays demonstrated minimal differences. Viral reporting recommendations for the multiplex method were estimated based on the corresponding limit of quantification (LOQ) and the limit of detection at 95 % confidence interval (LOD) values for each viral target. The LOQ was determined by the lowest nominal RNA concentrations where %CV values were ≤35 %. Corresponding LOD values for each viral target were ~15 and ~25 gene copies per reaction (GC/rxn), and LOQ values were within 10 to 15 GC/rxn. The detection performance of a new multiplex assay was validated in the field by collecting composite wastewater samples from a local treatment facility and passive samples from three sewer shed locations. Results indicated that the assay could accurately estimate viral loads from various sample types, with samples collected from passive samplers showing a greater range of detectable viral concentrations than composite wastewater samples. This suggests that the sensitivity of the multiplex method may be improved when paired with more sensitive sampling methods. Laboratory and field results demonstrate the robustness and sensitivity of the multiplex assay and its applicability to detect the relative abundance of four viral targets among wastewater samples. Conventional monoplex RT-qPCR assays are suitable for diagnosing viral infections. However, multiplex analysis using wastewater provides a fast and cost-effective way to monitor viral diseases in a population or environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emalie K Hayes
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Madison T Gouthro
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Canada; Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Dalhousie University, Canada; Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Graham A Gagnon
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Al Sidairi H, Reid EK, LeBlanc JJ, Sandila N, Head J, Davis I, Bonnar P. Optimizing Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections Following Rapid Molecular Diagnostic Testing and an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Intervention. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0164822. [PMID: 36790177 PMCID: PMC10101007 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01648-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pending antibiotic susceptibility results, vancomycin is often used for bloodstream infections (BSIs) to ensure treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). As rapid discrimination of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) from MRSA in BSIs could decrease vancomycin use and allow early optimization of beta-lactam therapy, this study evaluated the impact of the use of rapid molecular testing for MSSA and MRSA coupled with an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) intervention. Between January and July 2020, the Cepheid Xpert MRSA/SA blood culture assay was performed on blood cultures with Gram-positive cocci in clusters that were identified as S. aureus using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The ASP team member then consulted with the treating physician. The time to optimal therapy (TTOT) and clinical outcomes, including length of hospital stay (LOS), were compared between the intervention (n = 29) and historical (n = 27) cohorts. TTOT was defined as the time from the first blood culture draw to the use of appropriately dosed antistaphylococcal beta-lactam monotherapy without vancomycin. Molecular testing significantly reduced the median time to MSSA and MRSA discrimination to 7.8 h, compared to 24.3 h with culture-based methods (P < 0.001). Compared to the control group, the median TTOT in the ASP intervention group was significantly shorter (P = 0.041) at 38.0 h (versus 50.1 h). Rapid discrimination between MRSA and MSSA using molecular testing, paired with an ASP intervention, significantly reduced the TTOT in patients with MSSA BSIs. IMPORTANCE Our research shows that time to optimal antibiotic treatment for serious bloodstream infections can be improved with rapid molecular sensitivity testing and feedback to prescribers. This can be implemented in laboratories without full microbiology services or training to improve patient outcomes by improving antimicrobial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Al Sidairi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Emma K. Reid
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jason J. LeBlanc
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Navjot Sandila
- Research Methods Unit (RMU), Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Joline Head
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ian Davis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Paul Bonnar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Joy BK, Donovan AL, McCracken GR, Pettipas J, Grudeski E, Majer A, Mandes R, Booth TF, Hatchette TF, Patriquin G, LeBlanc JJ. Hunting for mpox (monkeypox) mimickers: Use of the Biofire meningitis/encephalitis panel on lesion swabs to support alternative viral diagnoses. J Clin Virol 2023; 159:105356. [PMID: 36608619 PMCID: PMC9789924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mpox (formerly monkeypox) is an emerging zoonotic disease of public health concern that presents as a rash mimicking other common viral exanthems. Unlike traditional testing algorithms relying on several assays, the BioFire FilmArray meningitis/encephalitis (ME) panel simultaneously detects common viruses causing rashes; however, Biofire ME is only licensed for testing on cerebral spinal fluid. OBJECTIVES This study evaluated use of the Biofire ME panel for detection and discrimination of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), human herpesviruses type 6 (HHV-6), enteroviruses (EVs), and human paraechoviruses (HPeVs) from a dermal or mucocutaneous swabs collected in universal transport media (UTM). STUDY DESIGN Results of the BioFire ME panel were compared against methods used during clinical testing. Ten-fold serial dilutions in UTM of cultured viruses were used to compare analytical sensitivity, and analytical specificity was assessed using panels of microorganisms in UTM. Clinical sensitivity and specificity were assessed using 20 positive specimens each for HHV-1, HHV-2, HHV-6, VZV, EVs, and HPeV, as well as 35 known negative specimens that included 15 mpox-positive specimens. RESULTS Biofire ME was as sensitive as comparator methods, and correctly discriminated all HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, HHV-6, EVs, and HPeVs from mpox and mpox-mimickers. Cross-reaction between EV and rhinoviruses A, B, and C were noted in the specificity panel. CONCLUSIONS Swabs in UTM collected for mpox testing are suitable for use on the Biofire ME panel, allowing more streamlined diagnostic testing for viral exanthems in patients under investigation for mpox infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn K. Joy
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculty of Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Alexis L. Donovan
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RSCI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gregory R. McCracken
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Janice Pettipas
- Nova Scotia Provincial Public Health Laboratory Network (PPHLN), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Elsie Grudeski
- Enteroviruses and Enteric Viruses Laboratory, National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anna Majer
- Enteroviruses and Enteric Viruses Laboratory, National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Russell Mandes
- Enteroviruses and Enteric Viruses Laboratory, National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tim F. Booth
- Enteroviruses and Enteric Viruses Laboratory, National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Todd F. Hatchette
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada,Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Glenn Patriquin
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jason J. LeBlanc
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada,Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Corresponding author at: Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health (NSH), Room 404B, MacKenzie Building, 5788 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 1V8, Canada
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9
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Boodman C, Loomer C, Dibernardo A, Hatchette T, LeBlanc JJ, Waitt B, Lindsay LR. Using Serum Specimens for Real-Time PCR-Based Diagnosis of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:175-178. [PMID: 36573611 PMCID: PMC9796190 DOI: 10.3201/eid2901.220988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole blood is the optimal specimen for anaplasmosis diagnosis but might not be available in all cases. We PCR tested serum samples collected in Canada for Anaplasma serology and found 84.8%-95.8% sensitivity and 2.8 average cycle threshold elevation. Serum can be acceptable for detecting Anaplasma spp. when whole blood is unavailable.
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10
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Sganzerla Martinez G, Hewins B, LeBlanc JJ, Ndishimye P, Toloue Ostadgavahi A, Kelvin DJ. Evaluating the effectiveness of lockdowns and restrictions during SARS-CoV-2 variant waves in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1142602. [PMID: 37181684 PMCID: PMC10174067 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1142602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction After the initial onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the government of Canada and provincial health authorities imposed restrictive policies to limit virus transmission and mitigate disease burden. In this study, the pandemic implications in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia (NS) were evaluated as a function of the movement of people and governmental restrictions during successive SARS-CoV-2 variant waves (i.e., Alpha through Omicron). Methods Publicly available data obtained from community mobility reports (Google), the Bank of Canada Stringency Index, the "COVID-19 Tracker" service, including cases, hospitalizations, deaths, and vaccines, population mobility trends, and governmental response data were used to relate the effectiveness of policies in controlling movement and containing multiple waves of SARS-CoV-2. Results Our results indicate that the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic inflicted low burden in NS in the initial 2 years of the pandemic. In this period, we identified reduced mobility patterns in the population. We also observed a negative correlation between public transport (-0.78), workplace (-0.69), retail and recreation (-0.68) and governmental restrictions, indicating a tight governmental control of these movement patterns. During the initial 2 years, governmental restrictions were high and the movement of people low, characterizing a 'seek-and-destroy' approach. Following this phase, the highly transmissible Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant began circulating in NS at the end of the second year, leading to increased cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. During this Omicron period, unsustainable governmental restrictions and waning public adherence led to increased population mobility, despite increased transmissibility (26.41-fold increase) and lethality (9.62-fold increase) of the novel variant. Discussion These findings suggest that the low initial burden caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was likely a result of enhanced restrictions to contain the movement of people and consequently, the spread of the disease. Easing public health restrictions (as measured by a decline in the BOC index) during periods of high transmissibility of circulating COVID-19 variants contributed to community spread, despite high levels of immunization in NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Sganzerla Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Laboratory of Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Izaak Walton Killan (IWK) Health Center, Canandian Center for Vaccinology, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Benjamin Hewins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Laboratory of Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Izaak Walton Killan (IWK) Health Center, Canandian Center for Vaccinology, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jason J. LeBlanc
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Pacifique Ndishimye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Laboratory of Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Izaak Walton Killan (IWK) Health Center, Canandian Center for Vaccinology, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ali Toloue Ostadgavahi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Laboratory of Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Izaak Walton Killan (IWK) Health Center, Canandian Center for Vaccinology, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - David J. Kelvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Laboratory of Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Izaak Walton Killan (IWK) Health Center, Canandian Center for Vaccinology, Halifax, NS, Canada
- *Correspondence: David J. Kelvin,
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11
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Gill IS, Griffiths EJ, Dooley D, Cameron R, Savić Kallesøe S, John NS, Sehar A, Gosal G, Alexander D, Chapel M, Croxen MA, Delisle B, Di Tullio R, Gaston D, Duggan A, Guthrie JL, Horsman M, Joshi E, Kearny L, Knox N, Lau L, LeBlanc JJ, Li V, Lyons P, MacKenzie K, McArthur AG, Panousis EM, Palmer J, Prystajecky N, Smith KN, Tanner J, Townend C, Tyler A, Van Domselaar G, Hsiao WWL. The DataHarmonizer: a tool for faster data harmonization, validation, aggregation and analysis of pathogen genomics contextual information. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen000908. [PMID: 36748616 PMCID: PMC9973856 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen genomics is a critical tool for public health surveillance, infection control, outbreak investigations as well as research. In order to make use of pathogen genomics data, they must be interpreted using contextual data (metadata). Contextual data include sample metadata, laboratory methods, patient demographics, clinical outcomes and epidemiological information. However, the variability in how contextual information is captured by different authorities and how it is encoded in different databases poses challenges for data interpretation, integration and their use/re-use. The DataHarmonizer is a template-driven spreadsheet application for harmonizing, validating and transforming genomics contextual data into submission-ready formats for public or private repositories. The tool's web browser-based JavaScript environment enables validation and its offline functionality and local installation increases data security. The DataHarmonizer was developed to address the data sharing needs that arose during the COVID-19 pandemic, and was used by members of the Canadian COVID Genomics Network (CanCOGeN) to harmonize SARS-CoV-2 contextual data for national surveillance and for public repository submission. In order to support coordination of international surveillance efforts, we have partnered with the Public Health Alliance for Genomic Epidemiology to also provide a template conforming to its SARS-CoV-2 contextual data specification for use worldwide. Templates are also being developed for One Health and foodborne pathogens. Overall, the DataHarmonizer tool improves the effectiveness and fidelity of contextual data capture as well as its subsequent usability. Harmonization of contextual information across authorities, platforms and systems globally improves interoperability and reusability of data for concerted public health and research initiatives to fight the current pandemic and future public health emergencies. While initially developed for the COVID-19 pandemic, its expansion to other data management applications and pathogens is already underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S Gill
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emma J Griffiths
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Damion Dooley
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Rhiannon Cameron
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | | | - Nithu Sara John
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Anoosha Sehar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Gurinder Gosal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | | | - Madison Chapel
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Matthew A Croxen
- Alberta Precision Labs, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Daniel Gaston
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ana Duggan
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Mark Horsman
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Esha Joshi
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Levon Kearny
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Natalie Knox
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lynette Lau
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Vincent Li
- Alberta Precision Labs, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Pierre Lyons
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | | | - Andrew G McArthur
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Emily M Panousis
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research & Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John Palmer
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Natalie Prystajecky
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BCCDC Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer Tanner
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Christopher Townend
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Andrea Tyler
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Gary Van Domselaar
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - William W L Hsiao
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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12
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McCallum MK, Patriquin G, Davis IR, MacDonald T, Gaston D, LeBlanc JJ, Shabi Y, Johnston BL. Factors contributing to a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on a mixed medical-surgical unit in a Canadian acute-care hospital. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol 2022; 2:e151. [PMID: 36483428 PMCID: PMC9726552 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2022.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify preventable factors that contribute to the cross transmission of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to patients in healthcare facilities. DESIGN A case-control study was conducted among inpatients on a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak unit. SETTING This study was conducted in a medical-surgical unit of a tertiary-care hospital in Nova Scotia in May 2021. PATIENTS Patients hospitalized on the unit for at least 12 hours and healthcare workers (HCW) working on the unit within 2 weeks of outbreak declaration were included. METHODS Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection were analyzed using simple and multiple logistic regression. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to identify SARS-CoV-2 strain relatedness. Network analysis was used to describe patient accommodation. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 infections were identified in 21 patients (29.6%) and 11 HCWs (6.6%). WGS data revealed 4 distinct clades of related sequences. Several factors likely contributed to the outbreak, including failure to identify SARS-CoV-2, a largely incomplete or unvaccinated population, and patient wandering behaviors. The most significant risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection was room sharing with an infectious patient, which was the only factor that remained statistically significant following multivariate analysis (odds ratio [OR], 9.2l; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.04-41.67; P = .004). CONCLUSIONS This outbreak likely resulted from admission of 2 patients with COVID-19, with subsequent transmissions to 17 patients and 11 staff. WGS and bioinformatics analyses were critical to identifying previously unrecognized nosocomial transmissions of SARS-CoV-2. This study supports strategies to reduce nosocomial transmissions of SARS-CoV-2, such as single-patient rooms, promotion of COVID-19 vaccination, and infection prevention and control measures including management of wandering behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K. McCallum
- Infection Prevention and Control, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Glenn Patriquin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Nova Scotia Health and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ian R.C. Davis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Nova Scotia Health and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Tammy MacDonald
- Infection Prevention and Control, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Daniel Gaston
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jason J. LeBlanc
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Nova Scotia Health and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Yahya Shabi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - B. Lynn Johnston
- Department of Medicine, Nova Scotia Health and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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13
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Goodall BL, LeBlanc JJ, Hatchette TF, Barrett L, Patriquin G. Investigating the Sensitivity of Nasal or Throat Swabs: Combination of Both Swabs Increases the Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Tests. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0021722. [PMID: 35762772 PMCID: PMC9430836 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00217-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has been hallmarked by several waves of variants of concern (VoCs), each with novel challenges. Currently, the highly transmissible Omicron VoC is predominant worldwide, and sore throat is common, among other cold-like symptoms. Anecdotes on social media have suggested that sampling one's throat can increase the sensitivity for Omicron detection by antigen-based rapid testing devices (Ag-RDTs). This work aimed to improve the local testing strategy and determine whether the sensitivity of Ag-RDTs designed for nasal sampling is altered with the use of self-administered throat swabs in self-perceived asymptomatic individuals. This investigation used a common Ag-RDT (i.e., Abbott Panbio COVID-19 Ag rapid test device) to compare three sampling sites: nasal swab, throat swab, and combined nasal/throat. All Ag-RDT results were confirmed with molecular testing from residual test buffer. Compared to reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), samples from nasal or throat swabs each detected 64.5% of SARS-CoV-2 cases; however, combining the contributions of each swab increased the positive percent agreement (PPA) with RT-PCR to 88.7%. This trend was also evident with the Rapid Response Ag-RDT (BTNX), which uses more flexible swabs than does the Panbio. When nasal swab collection was compared to paired sampling of the nose/throat using a single swab with the Panbio Ag-RDT, the PPAs were 68.4% and 81.6%, respectively. No false-positive results were observed with nasal, throat, or combined nasal/throat sampling. Self-administered throat and nasal/throat swabs both had >90% acceptability. These findings support the use of self-collected combined nasal/throat sampling for Ag-RDT-based SARS-CoV-2 detection in self-perceived asymptomatic individuals. IMPORTANCE This quality project demonstrates that combining the results of nasal and throat swabs or using a combined single swab of the throat and nares resulted in increased detection of SARS-CoV-2 using a rapid antigen test, in an asymptomatic population. Importantly, no false positives were detected, and over 90% of people were willing to perform the combination swab. These types of projects are instrumental in informing local practices to improve testing strategies. These data support the option of using a combined nasal/throat swab in our local setting to enhance the detection of Omicron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L. Goodall
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jason J. LeBlanc
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Todd F. Hatchette
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Lisa Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Glenn Patriquin
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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14
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LeBlanc JJ, McCracken GR, Goodall B, Hatchette TF, Barrett L, Ross J, Davidson RJ, Patriquin G. Avoiding False-Positive SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test Results with Point-of-Care Molecular Testing on Residual Test Buffer. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0063922. [PMID: 35863036 PMCID: PMC9430663 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00639-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs) have been widely used for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In settings of low disease prevalence, such as asymptomatic community testing, national guidelines recommend confirmation of positive Ag-RDT results with a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT). This often requires patients to be recalled for repeat specimen recollection and subsequent testing in reference laboratories. This project assessed the use of a point-of-care molecular NAAT for SARS-CoV-2 detection (i.e., ID NOW), which was performed on-site at a volunteer-led asymptomatic community testing site on the residual test buffer (RTB) from positive Ag-RDTs. The ID NOW NAAT assay was performed on RTB from two Ag-RDTs: the Abbott Panbio and BTNX Rapid Response assays. Results of ID NOW were compared to real-time RT-PCR at a reference laboratory. Along with investigations into the clinical performance of ID NOW on RTB, analytical specificity was assessed with a panel of various respiratory organisms. Of the Ag-RDTs results evaluated, all 354 Ag-RDTs results characterized as true positives by RT-PCR were accurately identified with ID NOW testing of RTB. No SARS-CoV-2 detections by ID NOW were observed from 10 specimens characterized as false-positive Ag-RDTs, or from contrived specimens with various respiratory organisms. The use of on-site molecular testing on RTB provides a suitable option for rapid confirmatory testing of positive Ag-RDTs, thereby obviating the need for specimen recollection for molecular testing at local reference laboratories. IMPORTANCE During the COVID-19 pandemic, rapid antigen tests have been widely used for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. These simple devices allow rapid test results. However, false-positive results may occur. As such, individuals with positive rapid tests often must return to testing centers to have a second swab collected, which is then transported to a specialized laboratory for confirmation using molecular tests. As an alternative to requiring a repeat visit and a prolonged turn-around time for result confirmation, this project evaluated whether the leftover material from rapid antigen tests could be confirmed directly on a portable point-of-care molecular instrument. Using this approach, molecular confirmation of positive antigen tests could be performed in less than 15 min, and the results were equivalent to laboratory-based confirmation. This procedure eliminates the need for individuals to return to testing centers following a positive rapid antigen test and ensures accurate antigen test results through on-site confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J. LeBlanc
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gregory R. McCracken
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Barbara Goodall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Todd F. Hatchette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Lisa Barrett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - John Ross
- Praxes Medical Group, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ross J. Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Glenn Patriquin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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15
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Patriquin G, LeBlanc JJ, Gillis HA, McCracken GR, Pettipas JJ, Hatchette TF. Combined oropharyngeal/nares and nasopharyngeal swab sampling remain effective for molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35671206 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The world has experienced several waves of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs) throughout the COVID-19 pandemic since the first cases in December 2019. The Omicron VoC has increased transmission, compared to its predecessors, and can present with sore throat and other cold-like symptoms. Given the predominance of throat symptoms, and previous work demonstrating better sensitivity using antigen-based rapid detection tests when a throat swab is included in the standard nasal sampling, this quality improvement project sought to ensure ongoing suitability of both combined oropharyngeal/nares (OPN) and nasopharyngeal (NP) swab sampling used throughout the pandemic. Consenting participants meeting Public Health testing criteria (mostly symptomatic or a close contact of a known case) were enrolled, and paired NP and OPN swabs were subjected to nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT). Comparing paired specimens from 392 participants sensitivity of NP swabs was 89.1 % (95 % CI, 78.8-94.9), and that of OPN was 98.4 % (95 % CI: 90.9->99.9) (P-value 0.052). This project demonstrated that both NP and combined OPN swabs detected the Omicron variant with similar sensitivity by NAAT, supporting the continued use of either swab collection for SARS-CoV-2 molecular detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Patriquin
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Holly A Gillis
- Public Health, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gregory R McCracken
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Janice J Pettipas
- Nova Scotia Provincial Public Health Laboratory Network (PPHLN), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Todd F Hatchette
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Allehebi ZO, Khan FM, Robbins M, Simms E, Xiang R, Shawwa A, Lindsay LR, Dibernardo A, d'Entremont C, Crowell A, LeBlanc JJ, Haldane DJ. Lyme Disease, Anaplasmosis, and Babesiosis, Atlantic Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1292-1294. [PMID: 35608954 PMCID: PMC9155882 DOI: 10.3201/eid2806.220443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In July 2021, a PCR-confirmed case of locally acquired Babesia microti infection was reported in Atlantic Canada. Clinical features were consistent with babesiosis and resolved after treatment. In a region where Lyme disease and anaplasmosis are endemic, the occurrence of babesiosis emphasizes the need to enhance surveillance of tickborne infections.
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LeBlanc JJ, ElSherif M, Ye L, MacKinnon-Cameron D, Ambrose A, Hatchette TF, Lang ALS, Gillis HD, Martin I, Demczuk W, Andrew MK, Boivin G, Bowie W, Green K, Johnstone J, Loeb M, McCarthy A, McGeer A, Semret M, Trottier S, Valiquette L, Webster D, McNeil S. 1325. Recalibrating Estimates of Pneumococcal Disease in Hospitalized Canadian adults from 2010 to 2017 with Use of an Extended Spectrum Serotype-specific Urine Antigen Detection. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021. [PMCID: PMC8644227 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab466.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumococcal vaccine recommendations in Canada include both age- and risk-based guidance. This study aimed to describe the burden of vaccine-preventable pneumococcal community acquired pneumonia (pCAP) and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) by age in hospitalized adults. Methods Active surveillance for all-cause CAP and IPD in hospitalized adults was performed from 2010 to 2017, including laboratory results, patient demographics, and outcomes. Streptococcus pneumoniae was detected using blood and sputum culture, or urine antigen detection (UAD). Serotype was assigned using Quellung reaction, PCR, or serotype-specific UADs spanning the 24 serotypes in PCV13 and PPV23 vaccines. Data were categorized by age (16-49, 50-64, 65+, and 50+ years) and over time. Results 11129 ACP cases and 216 cases of IPD (non-CAP) were identified. A laboratory test for S. pneumoniae was performed in 8912 of ACP cases, identifying 1264 (14.2%) as pCAP. Compared to non-pCAP, pCAP cases were more likely to be admitted to intensive care units and require mechanical ventilation. These serious outcomes, as well as mortality, were more prominent in bacteremic pCAP and IPD. Risk factors for death in pCAP included aged 75+ years, immune compromising conditions, and BMI < 18.5. When categorized by age, the proportion of individuals aged 65+ years for pCAP and IPD was 49.8% and 48.6%, and the 50-64 year age cohort represented 31.3% and 29.9%, respectively. The contributions of PCV13 and PPV23 serotypes remained relatively stable over time, and overall represented 57.6% and 90.9% for pCAP, and 35.0% and 72.0% for IPD, respectively. Conclusion Seven years following infant PCV13 immunization programs in Canada, PCV13 and PPV23 serotypes in pCAP and IPD remained predominant causes of pneumococcal disease. Serious outcomes were particularly evident in adults 50+, suggesting pneumococcal vaccines should be encouraged in this age group. Disclosures Jason J. LeBlanc, PhD, FCCM, D[ABMM], GSK (Research Grant or Support)Merck (Grant/Research Support)Pfizer (Grant/Research Support) Todd F Hatchette, MD, GSK (Grant/Research Support)Pfizer (Grant/Research Support) Melissa K. Andrew, MD, PhD, GSK (Grant/Research Support)Pfizer (Grant/Research Support, Advisor or Review Panel member)Sanofi (Consultant, Grant/Research Support, Advisor or Review Panel member)Seqirus (Advisor or Review Panel member) Allison McGeer, MSc,MD,FRCPC,FSHEA, GlaxoSmithKline (Advisor or Review Panel member)Merck (Advisor or Review Panel member, Research Grant or Support)Pfizer (Grant/Research Support, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Advisor or Review Panel member) Louis Valiquette, MD, M.Sc., Cubist (Consultant)GSK (Grant/Research Support)Merck (Consultant)Optimer (Consultant)Pfizer (Grant/Research Support) Shelly McNeil, FRCPC, MD, GSK (Grant/Research Support)Pfizer (Grant/Research Support)Sinofi Pasteur (Grant/Research Support)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J LeBlanc
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - May ElSherif
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Lingyun Ye
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Donna MacKinnon-Cameron
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ardith Ambrose
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Todd F Hatchette
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Hayley D Gillis
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Walter Demczuk
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Regina, MB, Canada
| | | | - Guy Boivin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - William Bowie
- Vancouver General Hospital, and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karen Green
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennie Johnstone
- Public Health Ontario and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Loeb
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne McCarthy
- Ottawa Hospital General Campus, Ottawa, ON, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Makeda Semret
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Trottier
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Québec (QC), Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Valiquette
- Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Duncan Webster
- Saint John Regional Hospital, St. John, NB., Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Shelly McNeil
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Halifax, NS, Canada
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Patriquin G, Davidson RJ, Hatchette TF, Head BM, Mejia E, Becker MG, Meyers A, Sandstrom P, Hatchette J, Block A, Smith N, Ross J, LeBlanc JJ. Generation of False-Positive SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Results with Testing Conditions outside Manufacturer Recommendations: A Scientific Approach to Pandemic Misinformation. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0068321. [PMID: 34668722 PMCID: PMC8528119 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00683-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-based rapid diagnostics tests (Ag-RDTs) are useful tools for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) detection. However, misleading demonstrations of the Abbott Panbio coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Ag-RDT on social media claimed that SARS-CoV-2 antigen could be detected in municipal water and food products. To offer a scientific rebuttal to pandemic misinformation and disinformation, this study explored the impact of using the Panbio SARS-CoV-2 assay with conditions falling outside manufacturer recommendations. Using Panbio, various water and food products, laboratory buffers, and SARS-CoV-2-negative clinical specimens were tested with and without manufacturer buffer. Additional experiments were conducted to assess the role of each Panbio buffer component (tricine, NaCl, pH, and Tween 20) as well as the impact of temperature (4°C, 20°C, and 45°C) and humidity (90%) on assay performance. Direct sample testing (without the kit buffer) resulted in false-positive signals resembling those obtained with SARS-CoV-2 positive controls tested under proper conditions. The likely explanation of these artifacts is nonspecific interactions between the SARS-CoV-2-specific conjugated and capture antibodies, as proteinase K treatment abrogated this phenomenon, and thermal shift assays showed pH-induced conformational changes under conditions promoting artifact formation. Omitting, altering, and reverse engineering the kit buffer all supported the importance of maintaining buffering capacity, ionic strength, and pH for accurate kit function. Interestingly, the Panbio assay could tolerate some extremes of temperature and humidity outside manufacturer claims. Our data support strict adherence to manufacturer instructions to avoid false-positive SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDT reactions, otherwise resulting in anxiety, overuse of public health resources, and dissemination of misinformation. IMPORTANCE With the Panbio severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen test being deployed in over 120 countries worldwide, understanding conditions required for its ideal performance is critical. Recently on social media, this kit was shown to generate false positives when manufacturer recommendations were not followed. While erroneous results from improper use of a test may not be surprising to some health care professionals, understanding why false positives occur can help reduce the propagation of misinformation and provide a scientific rebuttal for these aberrant findings. This study demonstrated that the kit buffer's pH, ionic strength, and buffering capacity were critical components to ensure proper kit function and avoid generation of false-positive results. Typically, false positives arise from cross-reacting or interfering substances; however, this study demonstrated a mechanism where false positives were generated under conditions favoring nonspecific interactions between the two antibodies designed for SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection. Following the manufacturer instructions is critical for accurate test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Patriquin
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health (NSH), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ross J. Davidson
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health (NSH), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Todd F. Hatchette
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health (NSH), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Breanne M. Head
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Edgard Mejia
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael G. Becker
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Adrienne Meyers
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Paul Sandstrom
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Ava Block
- Praxes Medical Group, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Nicole Smith
- Praxes Medical Group, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - John Ross
- Praxes Medical Group, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jason J. LeBlanc
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health (NSH), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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19
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Safiabadi Tali SH, LeBlanc JJ, Sadiq Z, Oyewunmi OD, Camargo C, Nikpour B, Armanfard N, Sagan SM, Jahanshahi-Anbuhi S. Tools and Techniques for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/COVID-19 Detection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e00228-20. [PMID: 33980687 PMCID: PMC8142517 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00228-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to millions of confirmed cases and deaths worldwide. Efficient diagnostic tools are in high demand, as rapid and large-scale testing plays a pivotal role in patient management and decelerating disease spread. This paper reviews current technologies used to detect SARS-CoV-2 in clinical laboratories as well as advances made for molecular, antigen-based, and immunological point-of-care testing, including recent developments in sensor and biosensor devices. The importance of the timing and type of specimen collection is discussed, along with factors such as disease prevalence, setting, and methods. Details of the mechanisms of action of the various methodologies are presented, along with their application span and known performance characteristics. Diagnostic imaging techniques and biomarkers are also covered, with an emphasis on their use for assessing COVID-19 or monitoring disease severity or complications. While the SARS-CoV-2 literature is rapidly evolving, this review highlights topics of interest that have occurred during the pandemic and the lessons learned throughout. Exploring a broad armamentarium of techniques for detecting SARS-CoV-2 will ensure continued diagnostic support for clinicians, public health, and infection prevention and control for this pandemic and provide advice for future pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hamid Safiabadi Tali
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial, and Aerospace Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Zubi Sadiq
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Oyejide Damilola Oyewunmi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Carolina Camargo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bahareh Nikpour
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Narges Armanfard
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Mila-Quebec AI Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Selena M Sagan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sana Jahanshahi-Anbuhi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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20
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LeBlanc JJ, Pettipas J, Di Quinzio M, Hatchette TF, Patriquin G. Reliable detection of SARS-CoV-2 with patient-collected swabs and saline gargles: A three-headed comparison on multiple molecular platforms. J Virol Methods 2021; 295:114184. [PMID: 34029634 PMCID: PMC8141269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With increasing demands for SARS-CoV-2 testing, as well as the shortages for testing supplies, collection devices, and trained healthcare workers (HCWs) to collect specimens, self-collection is an attractive prospect to reduce the need for HCWs and expenditure of personal protective equipment. Apart from the traditional nasopharyngeal swab used for SARS-CoV-2 detection, alternative specimens have been validated such as a combined swabs of the oropharynx and anterior nares (OP/N), or throat samples using saline gargles. Both the alternative specimen types are amenable to self-collection. Objectives. This study aimed to compare the sensitivity of HCW-collected (OP/N) swabs, self-collected OP/N swabs, and self-collected saline gargles. Among 38 individuals previously testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 (or their close contacts), two self-collected specimen types (OP/N and saline gargles) were compared to HCW-collected OP/N swabs. SARS-CoV-2 testing was performed on three molecular assays: a laboratory-developed test (LDT), and two commercial assays on automated platforms: Cobas 6800 (Roche Diagnostics) and Panther (Hologic). The sensitivity of self-collected OP/N swabs was equivalent to healthcare worker (HCW)-collected OP/N swabs at 100.0 % [92.6%–100.0%] for all three molecular tests. The sensitivity of saline gargles was not significantly different than HCW-collected OP/N swabs, but varied slightly between instruments at 93.8 % [85.9%–93.8%] for the LDT, 96.8 % [88.6%–96.8%] for the Cobas assay, and 96.7 % [89.2%–96.9%] for the Panther assay. Overall, self-collection using OP/N swabs or saline gargles are reasonable alternatives to HCW-based collections for SARS-CoV-2 detection, and could facilitate broader surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J LeBlanc
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Departments of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Janice Pettipas
- Provincial Public Health Laboratory Network of Nova Scotia (PPHLN), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Melanie Di Quinzio
- Departments of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Todd F Hatchette
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Departments of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Glenn Patriquin
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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21
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Patriquin G, LeBlanc JJ. SARS-CoV-2 sensitivity limbo - How low can we go? Int J Infect Dis 2020; 103:23-24. [PMID: 33212261 PMCID: PMC7669480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Patriquin
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Departments of Pathology, Medicine, and Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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22
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LeBlanc JJ, Gubbay JB, Li Y, Needle R, Arneson SR, Marcino D, Charest H, Desnoyers G, Dust K, Fattouh R, Garceau R, German G, Hatchette TF, Kozak RA, Krajden M, Kuschak T, Lang ALS, Levett P, Mazzulli T, McDonald R, Mubareka S, Prystajecky N, Rutherford C, Smieja M, Yu Y, Zahariadis G, Zelyas N, Bastien N. Real-time PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection in Canadian laboratories. J Clin Virol 2020; 128:104433. [PMID: 32405254 PMCID: PMC7219382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With emergence of pandemic COVID-19, rapid and accurate diagnostic testing is essential. This study compared laboratory-developed tests (LDTs) used for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Canadian hospital and public health laboratories, and some commercially available real-time RT-PCR assays. Overall, analytical sensitivities were equivalent between LDTs and most commercially available methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J LeBlanc
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Room 404B, MacKenzie Building, 5788 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1V8, Canada; Departments of Pathology, Medicine, and Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Jonathan B Gubbay
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Public Health Ontario Laboratories, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yan Li
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robert Needle
- Public Health and Microbiology Laboratory, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Sandra Radons Arneson
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dionne Marcino
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hugues Charest
- Laboratoire De Santé Publique Du Québec/INSPQ, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Desnoyers
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, New-Brunswick, Canada
| | - Kerry Dust
- Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ramzi Fattouh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Garceau
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, New-Brunswick, Canada
| | - Gregory German
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Todd F Hatchette
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Room 404B, MacKenzie Building, 5788 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1V8, Canada; Departments of Pathology, Medicine, and Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert A Kozak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mel Krajden
- Public Health Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Theodore Kuschak
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Amanda L S Lang
- Roy Romanow Provincial Laboratory (RRPL), Saskatchewan Health Authority (SHA), Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Paul Levett
- Public Health Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tony Mazzulli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan McDonald
- Roy Romanow Provincial Laboratory (RRPL), Saskatchewan Health Authority (SHA), Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalie Prystajecky
- Public Health Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Marek Smieja
- St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yang Yu
- Public Health and Microbiology Laboratory, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - George Zahariadis
- Public Health and Microbiology Laboratory, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Nathan Zelyas
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Room 404B, MacKenzie Building, 5788 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1V8, Canada; Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (ProvLab), Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bastien
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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23
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LeBlanc JJ, Heinstein C, MacDonald J, Pettipas J, Hatchette TF, Patriquin G. A combined oropharyngeal/nares swab is a suitable alternative to nasopharyngeal swabs for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Virol 2020; 128:104442. [PMID: 32540034 PMCID: PMC7228872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Given the global shortage of nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs typically used for respiratory virus detection, alternative collection methods were evaluated during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study showed that a combined oropharyngeal/nares swab is a suitable alternative to NP swabs for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, with sensitivities of 91.7% and 94.4%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J LeBlanc
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Departments of Pathology, Medicine, and Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Charles Heinstein
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jimmy MacDonald
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Janice Pettipas
- Nova Scotia Provincial Public Health Laboratory Network (PPHLN), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Todd F Hatchette
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Departments of Pathology, Medicine, and Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Glenn Patriquin
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Departments of Pathology, Medicine, and Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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LeBlanc JJ, ElSherif M, Ye L, MacKinnon-Cameron D, Ambrose A, Hatchette TF, Lang ALS, Gillis HD, Martin I, Demczuk W, Andrew MK, Boivin G, Bowie W, Green K, Johnstone J, Loeb M, McCarthy A, McGeer A, Semret M, Trottier S, Valiquette L, Webster D, McNeil S. 2715. Pneumococcal Community-Acquired Pneumonia Attributed to PCV13 Serotypes in Hospitalized Adults: Comparison of the 50–64 and 65+ Age Groups. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019. [PMCID: PMC6810608 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusion Disclosures
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J LeBlanc
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA) Halifax, NS, Canada,Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - May ElSherif
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA) Halifax, NS, Canada,Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Lingyun Ye
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA) Halifax, NS, Canada,Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Donna MacKinnon-Cameron
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA) Halifax, NS, Canada,Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ardith Ambrose
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA) Halifax, NS, Canada,Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Todd F Hatchette
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA) Halifax, NS, Canada,Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Amanda L S Lang
- Saskatchewan Health Authority, Roy Romanow Provincial Lab, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Hayley D Gillis
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA) Halifax, NS, Canada,Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Walter Demczuk
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Melissa K Andrew
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA) Halifax, NS, Canada,Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - William Bowie
- Vancouver General Hospital, and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Mark Loeb
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Makeda Semret
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Shelly McNeil
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA) Halifax, NS, Canada,Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Halifax, NS, Canada
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LeBlanc JJ, ElSherif M, Lang ALS, Gillis HD, Ye L, MacKinnon-Cameron D, Ambrose A, Hatchette TF, Martin I, Demczuk W, Andrew MK, Boivin G, Bowie W, Green K, Johnstone J, Loeb M, McCarthy A, McGeer A, Semret M, Trottier S, Valiquette L, Webster D, McNeil S. 2714. Streptococcus pneumoniae Nasopharyngeal Carriage in Canadian Adults Hospitalized with Community-Acquired Pneumonia from 2010 to 2017. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019. [PMCID: PMC6809650 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus pneumoniae can colonizes the human nasopharynx, and can cause life-threatening infections like community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD). In Canada, the 13-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was introduced in childhood immunization since 2010, with hopes that it would not only protect the vaccinated, but also confer indirect protection to adults through herd immunity. Given data on S. pneumoniae nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage in adults is scarce, this study reports on S. pneumoniae-positivity and serotype distribution in adult carriage from years 2010 to 2017. Methods Active surveillance was performed in adults hospitalized with for CAP or IPD from December 2010 to 2017. For assessment of S. pneumoniae carriage, NP swabs were tested using lytA and cpsA real-time PCR. S. pneumoniae-positive NPs were subjected to serotyping using conventional and real-time multiplex PCRs. Results Overall, 6472 NP swabs were tested, and Spn was identified in 366 (5.7%). Of the 366 S. pneumoniae-positive NP swabs, a serotype was assigned in 355 (97.0%). From years 2010 to 2017, the proportion of S. pneumoniae-positive NP swabs declined from 8.9% to 4.3%. This was also reflected in the proportion of serotypeable results attributed to PCV13 serotypes, which also declined from 76.9% to 42.2%. The decline was primarily attributed to PCV13 serotypes 7F and 19A. PCV13 serotype 3 remained predominant throughout the study, as did non-PCV13 serotypes like 22F, 33F, and 11A. On the other hand, a proportional rise over time was noted for non-vaccine serotypes (from 15.4% to 31.1%). This was primarily attributed to serotypes 23A, 15A, and 35B. Conclusion Monitoring serotype trends is important to assess the impact of pneumococcal vaccines. While herd immunity from PCV13 childhood immunization was anticipated, few studies have assessed its impact on adult carriage. This study described Spn serotype distribution in adults over years 2010 to 2017, demonstrating not only a reduction of PCV13 serotypes over time, but a proportional rise in non-vaccine serotypes. These emerging serotypes may represent the emergence of serotype replacement. Ongoing serotype surveillance will be needed to compare S. pneumoniae carriage to serotypes associated with pneumococcal CAP and IPD. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J LeBlanc
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - May ElSherif
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Amanda L S Lang
- Saskatchewan Health Authority, Roy Romanow Provincial Lab, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Hayley D Gillis
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Lingyun Ye
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Donna MacKinnon-Cameron
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ardith Ambrose
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Todd F Hatchette
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Walter Demczuk
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Melissa K Andrew
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - William Bowie
- Vancouver General Hospital, and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Mark Loeb
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Makeda Semret
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Trottier
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Shelly McNeil
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Schembri J, Gillis HD, Lang ALS, Warhuus M, Martin I, Demczuk W, ElSherif M, McNeil SA, LeBlanc JJ. Multi-target plasmid controls for conventional and real-time PCR-based serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Plasmid 2018; 98:45-51. [PMID: 30217467 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae is an integral part of disease surveillance, with over 92 serotypes characterized to date using traditional serotyping. To identify the most predominant disease causing serotypes, molecular serotyping methods are now increasingly being used, like conventional and real-time multiplex PCR (cmPCR and rmPCR, respectively). Given that cmPCR consists of eight reactions spanning 41 targets, and rmPCR consists of seven triplex reactions, standardizing positive controls for these assays is challenging. As such, a 43-target plasmid for cmPCR (pSpn-CM1) and a 23 target plasmid for rmPCR (pSpn-RM1) were designed and validated. METHODS Plasmid pSpn-RM1 was designed and synthesized as chimeric DNA sequences to include all PCR target primer binding sites sequences for cmPCR. Plasmid pSpn-RM1 consisted of all primer and probe sequences required for rmPCR. Additional targets (lytA and cpsA) were included in both plasmids for quantification, following their propagation and purification from Escherichia coli. RESULTS When tested using the cmPCR reactions, all targets could be reproducibly be detected using pSpn-CM1 as template, with good amplicon visibility at a concentration of 1.4 (± 0.3) × 105 copies/ml was used. For the rmPCR reactions, all targets were reproducibly amplified with a concentration of 1.1 (± 0.2) × 104 copies/ml of pSpn-RM1, and the PCR efficiency for each target was equivalent to DNA extracted from representative S. pneumoniae serotypes. CONCLUSIONS These quantifiable multi-target plasmids simplify the preparation of controls for PCR-based serotyping of S. pneumoniae, and methods herein could be extended to other highly multiplexed PCR assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Schembri
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV) Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hayley D Gillis
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV) Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Amanda L S Lang
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV) Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Michelle Warhuus
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV) Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Irene Martin
- Streptococci and STI Unit, National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Walter Demczuk
- Streptococci and STI Unit, National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - May ElSherif
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV) Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shelly A McNeil
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV) Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV) Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Runte CS, Jain U, Getz LJ, Secord S, Kuwae A, Abe A, LeBlanc JJ, Stadnyk AW, Kaper JB, Hansen AM, Thomas NA. Tandem tyrosine phosphosites in the Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli chaperone CesT are required for differential type III effector translocation and virulence. Mol Microbiol 2018; 108:536-550. [PMID: 29509331 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) use a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) for injection of effectors into host cells and intestinal colonization. Here, we demonstrate that the multicargo chaperone CesT has two strictly conserved tyrosine phosphosites, Y152 and Y153 that regulate differential effector secretion in EPEC. Conservative substitution of both tyrosine residues to phenylalanine strongly attenuated EPEC type 3 effector injection into host cells, and limited Tir effector mediated intimate adherence during infection. EPEC expressing a CesT Y152F variant were deficient for NleA effector expression and exhibited significantly reduced translocation of NleA into host cells during infection. Other effectors were observed to be dependent on CesT Y152 for maximal translocation efficiency. Unexpectedly, EPEC expressing a CesT Y153F variant exhibited significantly enhanced effector translocation of many CesT-interacting effectors, further implicating phosphosites Y152 and Y153 in CesT functionality. A mouse infection model of intestinal disease using Citrobacter rodentium revealed that CesT tyrosine substitution variants displayed delayed colonization and were more rapidly cleared from the intestine. These data demonstrate genetically separable functions for tandem tyrosine phosphosites within CesT. Therefore, CesT via its C-terminal tyrosine phosphosites, has relevant roles beyond typical type III secretion chaperones that interact and stabilize effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S Runte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Umang Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Landon J Getz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sabrina Secord
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Asaomi Kuwae
- Laboratory of Bacterial Infection, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Abe
- Laboratory of Bacterial Infection, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Andrew W Stadnyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - James B Kaper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Hansen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nikhil A Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Gillis HD, Demczuk WHB, Griffith A, Martin I, Warhuus M, Lang ALS, ElSherif M, McNeil SA, LeBlanc JJ. PCR-based discrimination of emerging Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 22F and 33F. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 144:99-106. [PMID: 29162393 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae is important to monitor disease epidemiology and assess the impact of pneumococcal vaccines. Traditionally, the Quellung reaction used serotype-specific antibodies to classify S. pneumoniae based on differences in capsular antigens. More recently, PCR-based serotype deduction relying on serotype-specific capsule biosynthesis genes has been broadly applied for pneumococcal surveillance. However, PCR-based serotyping lacks discrimination for certain S. pneumoniae serotypes, including the differentiation of serotype 22F from 22A, and serotype 33F from 33A and 37. Serotypes 22F and 33F are emerging serotypes that are absent in the currently licensed 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, but present in the new candidate 15-valent formulation. This study validated novel PCR reactions to detect and discriminate S. pneumoniae serotypes 22F and 33F. In order to differentiate S. pneumoniae serotypes 22F or 33F from genetically similar serotypes, two novel PCR reactions were designed and validated. The specificity of all PCR targets was evaluated using all 92 different S. pneumoniae serotypes, as well as 32 other streptococci. Reproducibility was evaluated using geographically and genetically diverse strains of S. pneumoniae serotypes 22F and 22A, or serotypes 33F, 33A, and 37 that were previously characterized by reputable reference laboratories. Overall, S. pneumoniae serotypes 22F and 33F could be accurately and reproducibly be detected and discriminated using PCR alone. Such a molecular serotyping approach provides a valuable diagnostic tool that is feasible in any molecular laboratory, to enable pneumococcal serotype surveillance and subsequent assessment of the impact of the new 15-valent candidate pneumococcal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley D Gillis
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada; Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada
| | | | - Averil Griffith
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Michelle Warhuus
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada
| | - Amanda L S Lang
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada; Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada
| | - May ElSherif
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada; Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada
| | - Shelly A McNeil
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada; Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada; Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada.
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Al Sidairi H, Binkhamis K, Jackson C, Roberts C, Heinstein C, MacDonald J, Needle R, Hatchette TF, LeBlanc JJ. Comparison of two automated instruments for Epstein-Barr virus serology in a large adult hospital and implementation of an Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-based testing algorithm. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1628-1634. [PMID: 29034860 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serology remains the mainstay for diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. This study compared two automated platforms (BioPlex 2200 and Architect i2000SR) to test three EBV serological markers: viral capsid antigen (VCA) immunoglobulins of class M (IgM), VCA immunoglobulins of class G (IgG) and EBV nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) IgG. Using sera from 65 patients at various stages of EBV disease, BioPlex demonstrated near-perfect agreement for all EBV markers compared to a consensus reference. The agreement for Architect was near-perfect for VCA IgG and EBNA-1 IgG, and substantial for VCA IgM despite five equivocal results. Since the majority of testing in our hospital was from adults with EBNA-1 IgG positive results, post-implementation analysis of an EBNA-based algorithm showed advantages over parallel testing of the three serologic markers. This small verification demonstrated that both automated systems for EBV serology had good performance for all EBV markers, and an EBNA-based testing algorithm is ideal for an adult hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Al Sidairi
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada.,Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Khalifa Binkhamis
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada.,Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Colleen Jackson
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Catherine Roberts
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Charles Heinstein
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jimmy MacDonald
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Robert Needle
- Public Health & Microbiology Laboratory, Eastern Health, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Todd F Hatchette
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada.,Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada.,Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Gillis HD, Lang ALS, ElSherif M, Martin I, Hatchette TF, McNeil SA, LeBlanc JJ. Assessing the diagnostic accuracy of PCR-based detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae from nasopharyngeal swabs collected for viral studies in Canadian adults hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia: a Serious Outcomes Surveillance (SOS) Network of the Canadian Immunization Research (CIRN) study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e015008. [PMID: 28600368 PMCID: PMC5623389 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Detection and serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae are important to assess the impact of pneumococcal vaccines. This study describes the diagnostic accuracy of PCR-based detection of S. pneumoniae directly from nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs collected for respiratory virus studies. METHODS Active surveillance for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in hospitalised adults was performed from December 2010 to 2013. Detection of pneumococcal CAP (CAPSpn) was performed by urine antigen detection (UAD), identification of S. pneumoniae in sputum or blood cultures. S. pneumoniae was detected in NP swabs using lytA and cpsA real-time PCR, and serotyping was performed using conventional and real-time multiplex PCRs. For serotyping, the Quellung reaction, PCR-based serotyping or a serotype-specific UAD was used. RESULTS NP swab results were compared against CAP cases where all pneumococcal tests were performed (n=434), or where at least one test was performed (n=1616). CAPSpn was identified in 22.1% (96/434) and 14.9% (240/1616), respectively. The sensitivity of NP swab PCR for the detection of S. pneumoniae was poor for CAPSpn (35.4% (34/96) and 34.17% (82/240)), but high specificity was observed (99.4% (336/338) and 97.89% (1347/1376)). Of the positive NP swabs, a serotype could be deduced by PCR in 88.2% (30/34) and 93.9% (77/82), respectively. CONCLUSIONS While further optimisation may be needed to increase the sensitivity of PCR-based detection, its high specificity suggests there is a value for pneumococcal surveillance. With many laboratories archiving specimens for influenza virus surveillance, this specimen type could provide a non-culture-based method for pneumococcal surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley D Gillis
- Canadian Centre for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Center, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Amanda L S Lang
- Canadian Centre for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Center, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - May ElSherif
- Canadian Centre for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Center, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Todd F Hatchette
- Canadian Centre for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Center, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shelly A McNeil
- Canadian Centre for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Center, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Canadian Centre for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Center, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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31
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LeBlanc JJ, ElSherif M, Ye L, MacKinnon-Cameron D, Li L, Ambrose A, Hatchette TF, Lang AL, Gillis H, Martin I, Andrew MK, Boivin G, Bowie W, Green K, Johnstone J, Loeb M, McCarthy A, McGeer A, Moraca S, Semret M, Stiver G, Trottier S, Valiquette L, Webster D, McNeil SA. Burden of vaccine-preventable pneumococcal disease in hospitalized adults: A Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) Serious Outcomes Surveillance (SOS) network study. Vaccine 2017; 35:3647-3654. [PMID: 28554501 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumococcal community acquired pneumonia (CAPSpn) and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although childhood immunization programs have reduced the overall burden of pneumococcal disease, there is insufficient data in Canada to inform immunization policy in immunocompetent adults. This study aimed to describe clinical outcomes of pneumococcal disease in hospitalized Canadian adults, and determine the proportion of cases caused by vaccine-preventable serotypes. METHODS Active surveillance for CAPSpn and IPD in hospitalized adults was performed in hospitals across five Canadian provinces from December 2010 to 2013. CAPSpn were identified using sputum culture, blood culture, a commercial pan-pneumococcal urine antigen detection (UAD), or a serotype-specific UAD. The serotype distribution was characterized using Quellung reaction, and PCR-based serotyping on cultured isolates, or using a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) serotype-specific UAD assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In total, 4769 all-cause CAP cases and 81 cases of IPD (non-CAP) were identified. Of the 4769 all-cause CAP cases, a laboratory test for S. pneumoniae was performed in 3851, identifying 14.3% as CAPSpn. Of CAP cases among whom all four diagnostic test were performed, S. pneumoniae was identified in 23.2% (144/621). CAPSpn cases increased with age and the disease burden of illness was evident in terms of requirement for mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit admission, and 30-day mortality. Of serotypeable CAPSpn or IPD results, predominance for serotypes 3, 7F, 19A, and 22F was observed. The proportion of hospitalized CAP cases caused by a PCV13-type S. pneumoniae ranged between 7.0% and 14.8% among cases with at least one test for S. pneumoniae performed or in whom all four diagnostic tests were performed, respectively. Overall, vaccine-preventable pneumococcal CAP and IPD were shown to be significant causes of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized Canadian adults in the three years following infant PCV13 immunization programs in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J LeBlanc
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada.
| | - May ElSherif
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada
| | - Lingyun Ye
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada
| | - Donna MacKinnon-Cameron
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada
| | - Li Li
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada
| | - Ardith Ambrose
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada
| | - Todd F Hatchette
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada
| | - Amanda L Lang
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada
| | - Hayley Gillis
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada
| | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Melissa K Andrew
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Québec (QC), Canada
| | - William Bowie
- Vancouver General Hospital, and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Mark Loeb
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Sanela Moraca
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada
| | - Makeda Semret
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Grant Stiver
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Québec (QC), Canada
| | - Sylvie Trottier
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Québec (QC), Canada
| | - Louis Valiquette
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Shelly A McNeil
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (CCfV), IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (NS), Canada.
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Binkhamis K, Gillis H, Lafreniere JD, Hiebert J, Mendoza L, Pettipas J, Severini A, Hatchette TF, LeBlanc JJ. Comparison of monoplex and duplex RT-PCR assays for the detection of measles virus. J Virol Methods 2016; 239:58-60. [PMID: 27838260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate detection of measles virus is important for case diagnosis and public health management. This study compared the performance of two monoplex RT-PCR reactions targeting the H and N genes to a duplex RT-PCR targeting both genes simultaneously. The duplex simplified processing without compromising assay performance characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalifa Binkhamis
- Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA) and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Hayley Gillis
- Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA) and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Joanne Hiebert
- Viral Exanthemata and STDs, National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lillian Mendoza
- Viral Exanthemata and STDs, National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Janice Pettipas
- Nova Scotia Provincial Public Health Laboratory Network (PPHLN), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Alberto Severini
- Viral Exanthemata and STDs, National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Todd F Hatchette
- Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA) and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA) and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Lang AL, Gillis HD, Elsherif M, Martin I, Hatchette TF, McNeil SA, LeBlanc JJ. Refining PCR-based serotyping for detection of vaccine-preventable Streptococcus pneumoniae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5430/jer.v3n1p28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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LeBlanc JJ, Pettipas J, Gaston D, Taylor R, Hatchette TF, Booth TF, Mandes R, McDermid A, Grudeski E. Outbreak of Norovirus GII.P17-GII.17 in the Canadian Province of Nova Scotia. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2016; 2016:1280247. [PMID: 27366155 PMCID: PMC4904589 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1280247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background. Norovirus is the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis, with GII.4 being the most common circulating genotype. Recently, outbreaks in China revealed that norovirus GII.17 GII.P17 had become predominant. Objective. This study aimed to characterize the distribution of norovirus genotypes circulating in Nova Scotia. Methods. Stool specimens were collected from gastrointestinal outbreaks in Nova Scotia between Jan 2014 and June 2015 and subjected to real-time RT-PCR. Norovirus-positive specimens were referred to the National Microbiology Laboratory for sequence-based genotyping. Results. The first norovirus GII.P17-GII.17 outbreak in Canada was identified, but no widespread activity was observed in Nova Scotia. Discussion. It is unknown whether GII.P17-GII.17 is more widespread in Canada since contributions to Canadian surveillance are too sparse to effectively monitor the epidemiology of emerging norovirus genotypes. Conclusions. Presence of norovirus GII.17:P17 in Canada highlights the need for more systematic surveillance to ensure that molecular targets used for laboratory detection are effective and help understand norovirus evolution, epidemiology, and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J. LeBlanc
- Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1V8
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Janice Pettipas
- Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1V8
- Provincial Public Health Laboratory Network of Nova Scotia (PPHLN), Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1V8
| | - Daniel Gaston
- Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1V8
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Robin Taylor
- Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1V8
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Todd F. Hatchette
- Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1V8
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Tim F. Booth
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 3R2
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Russell Mandes
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 3R2
| | | | - Elsie Grudeski
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 3R2
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LeBlanc JJ, Heinstein C, MacDonald J, Gallant R, Roberts C, Jackson C, Lou A, Nassar BA, Hatchette TF. Pushing the limits of chemistry point-of-care testing for the management of patients under investigation for Ebola virus disease. Ann Clin Biochem 2015; 53:288-91. [DOI: 10.1177/0004563215581651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background With the recent outbreak in West Africa, hospitals worldwide have been developing protocols for suspect of cases of Ebola virus disease. Patients with Ebola virus disease present with a severe gastroenteritis leading to dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities and as such, routine chemistry analysis is essential for patient management. While point-of-care testing can be used with additional precautions for rapid chemistry analyses in a laboratory setting, significant delays could ensue before specimens arrive to the laboratory. This study evaluated the stability of eight chemistry analytes up to 4 h post-collection. Methods Blood was collected by venipuncture from 20 healthy volunteers and tested at times 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 240 h. Approximately 100 µl of blood was dispensed into a CHEM 8+Cartridge and processed on a model 300 i-STAT 1 Analyzer (Abbott Point of Care Inc.) and ANOVA was used to assess statistical significant difference from the initial time point. Results While the manufacturer recommends testing within 30 min of collection, no significant variation was observed for most analytes with time points extending up to 4 h. In contrast, glucose concentrations decreased significantly ( P < 0.0001) over time at an average rate of 0.0032 mmol/L per min. Conclusions This study provides supporting data suggesting that delays up to 4 h can be tolerated, giving ample time for collection and transport of specimens to the clinical laboratory. For glucose, POC testing could still be used, taking into account the collection time and the average rate of decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J LeBlanc
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Novo Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Charles Heinstein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Novo Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - James MacDonald
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Novo Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Roy Gallant
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Novo Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Catherine Roberts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Novo Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Colleen Jackson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Novo Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Amy Lou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Novo Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Bassam A Nassar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Novo Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Todd F Hatchette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Novo Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Rooney BL, Pettipas J, Grudeski E, Mykytczuk O, Pang XL, Booth TF, Hatchette TF, LeBlanc JJ. Detection of circulating norovirus genotypes: hitting a moving target. Virol J 2014; 11:129. [PMID: 25037234 PMCID: PMC4112979 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although national surveillance programs are in place to monitor norovirus epidemiology, the emergence of new strains and the genetic diversity among genotypes can be challenging for clinical laboratories. This study evaluated the analytical and clinical performance characteristics of one real-time RT-PCR and two end-point RT-PCRs commonly used in microbiology laboratories. METHODS Lower limit of detection (LoD) was determined using 10-fold dilutions of noroviruses belonging to different genotypes. The clinical performance of the real-time and end-point RT-PCRs was assessed in parallel using nucleic acids extracted from 186 stool specimens. RESULTS The real-time RT-PCR was highly sensitive and specific for the detection of norovirus genotypes that are currently circulating in Canada. In contrast, the two end-point RT-PCRs displayed poor analytical sensitivity or complete failure to detect certain norovirus genotypes, which was correlated to sequence mismatches in the primer-binding sites. In an attempt to improve norovirus detection with the end-point RT-PCRs, both assays were processed concurrently and detection from either assay was considered a positive result. Concurrent testing resulted in only a modest increase in clinical sensitivity (75.0%) compared to each assay alone (62.5% and 71.9%). However, the false positivity rate increased from 1.98% and 3.36% for the assays alone to 5.47% with concurrent testing. CONCLUSIONS This study emphasizes the benefits of a real-time method and provides support for routine surveillance to monitor norovirus epidemiology and ongoing proficiency testing to ensure detection of circulating norovirus genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda-Lee Rooney
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Capital District Health Authority (CDHA), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Janice Pettipas
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Capital District Health Authority (CDHA), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Elsie Grudeski
- Enteroviruses and Enteric Viruses Laboratory, National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Oksana Mykytczuk
- Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiao-Li Pang
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (ProvLab), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tim F Booth
- Enteroviruses and Enteric Viruses Laboratory, National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Todd F Hatchette
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Capital District Health Authority (CDHA), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Capital District Health Authority (CDHA), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Al-Siyabi T, Binkhamis K, Wilcox M, Wong S, Pabbaraju K, Tellier R, Hatchette TF, LeBlanc JJ. A cost effective real-time PCR for the detection of adenovirus from viral swabs. Virol J 2013; 10:184. [PMID: 23758993 PMCID: PMC3679997 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to traditional testing strategies, nucleic acid amplification tests such as real-time PCR offer many advantages for the detection of human adenoviruses. However, commercial assays are expensive and cost prohibitive for many clinical laboratories. To overcome fiscal challenges, a cost effective strategy was developed using a combination of homogenization and heat treatment with an “in-house” real-time PCR. In 196 swabs submitted for adenovirus detection, this crude extraction method showed performance characteristics equivalent to viral DNA obtained from a commercial nucleic acid extraction. In addition, the in-house real-time PCR outperformed traditional testing strategies using virus culture, with sensitivities of 100% and 69.2%, respectively. Overall, the combination of homogenization and heat treatment with a sensitive in-house real-time PCR provides accurate results at a cost comparable to viral culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turkiya Al-Siyabi
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Capital District Health Authority, Room 404B, Mackenzie Building, 5788 University Ave, Halifax NS B3H 1V8, Canada
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Hatchette TF, Mahony JB, Chong S, LeBlanc JJ. Difficulty with mumps diagnosis: what is the contribution of mumps mimickers? J Clin Virol 2009; 46:381-3. [PMID: 19828368 PMCID: PMC7108216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mumps is a vaccine preventable disease that typically presents with unilateral or bilateral parotitis. In February 2007, mumps re-emerged in university students in Nova Scotia. Despite highly sensitive methods for mumps virus detection, only 14% (298/2082) of cases during the peak of the outbreak were laboratory confirmed. OBJECTIVES Due to the low positivity rate, this study investigated whether infection with other viral pathogens caused mumps-like presentations during the outbreak. STUDY DESIGN 148 buccal specimens from patients who presented with unilateral or bilateral parotitis but had negative laboratory tests for mumps virus were tested for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) by quantitative PCR and 21 different viral markers using the Luminex xTAG Respiratory Virus Panel (RVP). Companion sera to each buccal specimen were available for EBV and CMV serology to differentiate acute infection from reactivation. RESULTS No correlation was observed since viral pathogens were detected in both the parotitis and non-parotitis groups. CONCLUSION Although there was co-circulation of other viral pathogens during the mumps outbreak, no difference was observed in the prevalence between patients who presented with or without parotitis. The low positivity rate for specimens submitted for mumps diagnostics was likely the result of increased Public Health messaging and physician inexperience in recognizing mumps infection, suggesting the clinical acumen for mumps diagnosis based solely on clinical presentation is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd F Hatchette
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Capital District Health Authority, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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LeBlanc JJ, Pettipas J, Campbell SJ, Davidson RJ, Hatchette TF. Uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG) influences the melting temperature (Tm) of herpes simplex virus (HSV) hybridization probes. J Virol Methods 2008; 151:158-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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LeBlanc JJ, Uddowla S, Abraham B, Clatterbuck S, Beemon KL. Tap and Dbp5, but not Gag, are involved in DR-mediated nuclear export of unspliced Rous sarcoma virus RNA. Virology 2007; 363:376-86. [PMID: 17328934 PMCID: PMC2564995 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
All retroviruses must circumvent cellular restrictions on the export of unspliced RNAs from the nucleus. While the unspliced RNA export pathways for HIV and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus are well characterized, that of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) is not. We have previously reported that the RSV direct repeat (DR) elements are involved in the cytoplasmic accumulation of unspliced viral RNA. Here, using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), we demonstrate that unspliced viral RNAs bearing a single point mutation (G8863C) in the DR exhibit a restricted cellular localization in and around the nucleus. In contrast, wild type unspliced viral RNA had a diffuse localization throughout the nucleus and cytoplasm. Since the RSV Gag protein has a transient localization in the nucleus, we examined the effect of Gag over-expression on a DR-mediated reporter construct. While Gag did not enhance DR-mediated nuclear export, the dominant-negative expression of two cellular export factors, Tap and Dbp5, inhibited expression of the same reporter construct. Furthermore, FISH studies using the dominant-negative Dbp5 demonstrated that unspliced wild type RSV RNA was retained within the nucleus. Taken together, these results further implicate the DR in nuclear RNA export through interactions with Tap and Dbp5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J LeBlanc
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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LeBlanc JJ, Davidson RJ, Hoffman PS. Compensatory functions of two alkyl hydroperoxide reductases in the oxidative defense system of Legionella pneumophila. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:6235-44. [PMID: 16923890 PMCID: PMC1595364 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00635-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila expresses two catalase-peroxidase enzymes that exhibit strong peroxidatic but weak catalatic activities, suggesting that other enzymes participate in decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Comparative genomics revealed that L. pneumophila and its close relative Coxiella burnetii each contain two peroxide-scavenging alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (AhpC) systems: AhpC1, which is similar to the Helicobacter pylori AhpC system, and AhpC2 AhpD (AhpC2D), which is similar to the AhpC AhpD system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To establish a catalatic function for these two systems, we expressed L. pneumophila ahpC1 or ahpC2 in a catalase/peroxidase mutant of Escherichia coli and demonstrated restoration of H2O2 resistance by a disk diffusion assay. ahpC1::Km and ahpC2D::Km chromosomal deletion mutants were two- to eightfold more sensitive to H2O2, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, and paraquat than the wild-type L. pneumophila, a phenotype that could be restored by trans-complementation. Reciprocal strategies to construct double mutants were unsuccessful. Mutant strains were not enfeebled for growth in vitro or in a U937 cell infection model. Green fluorescence protein reporter assays revealed expression to be dependent on the stage of growth, with ahpC1 appearing after the exponential phase and ahpC2 appearing during early exponential phase. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that ahpC1 mRNA levels were approximately 7- to 10-fold higher than ahpC2D mRNA levels. However, expression of ahpC2D was significantly increased in the ahpC1 mutant, whereas ahpC1 expression was unchanged in the ahpC2D mutant. These results indicate that AhpC1 or AhpC2D (or both) provide an essential hydrogen peroxide-scavenging function to L. pneumophila and that the compensatory activity of the ahpC2D system is most likely induced in response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J LeBlanc
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4H7
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Abstract
Retroviruses package full-length, unspliced RNAs into progeny virions as dimerized RNA genomes. They also use unspliced RNAs as mRNAs to produce the gag and pol gene products. We asked whether a single Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) RNA can be translated and subsequently packaged or whether genomic packaging requires a nontranslated population of RNAs. We addressed this issue by utilizing the translation-dependent nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway. NMD is the selective destruction of mRNAs bearing premature termination codons (PTCs). The pathway has been shown to be associated with splicing in higher eukaryotes. Here, we demonstrate that both translation and the cellular factor Upf1 are required for the decay of unspliced, PTC-bearing RSV RNA by the NMD pathway. To address the relationship between RNA translation and packaging, we examined virus produced in cells cotransfected with PTC-bearing retroviral clones and wild-type viral clones. We observed that PTC-bearing transcripts are packaged into viral particles at levels three- to fivefold less than those of control RNAs. Since PTC-mediated degradation requires translation, we conclude that RSV can package progeny virion particles using previously translated RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J LeBlanc
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Abstract
Since the first documented outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 in 1982, numerous publications have demonstrated or proposed putative components implicated in the pathogenesis of this gastrointestinal infection. Indeed, Escherichia coli O157:H7 pathogenesis is linked to several potential virulent factors such as verotoxins (or Shiga-like toxins), components implicated in attaching/effacing of microvilli, and the enterohemolysin phenotypes. Defining the precise molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of E. coli O157:H7 implies detailed comprehension of the virulent factors that provoke a wide range of pathophysiological symptoms. The public health significance of this emerging world-wide menace has been demonstrated by clinical complications during treatment, its low infectious dose, and the severity of clinical manifestations. In this review I describe current knowledge of Escherichia coli O157:H7 pathogenesis with emphasis on known and potential virulent factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J LeBlanc
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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LeBlanc JJ, Levesque GJ, Richardson JB, Berka LH. Survey of stalking at WPI. J Forensic Sci 2001; 46:367-9. [PMID: 11305443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to ascertain the amount of stalking taking place on the Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) campus in which computers play such a huge role in the lives of the students. Our results were then compared with those reported in a stalking study done at West Virginia University (WVU). Surprisingly (to us), a smaller percentage of both females and males were stalked at WPI. The use of the Internet did not play a major role in stalking as we had expected. Results reported in a TV news report and a newspaper article indicate, however, that much less stalking occurs among the general population than does at WVU and WPI.
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