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Ullah I, Adnan M, Nawab J, Khan S. Ethnobotanical, ecological and health risk assessment of some selected wild medicinal plants collected along mafic and Ultra Mafic rocks of Northwest Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 2024; 196:278. [PMID: 38367088 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12403-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The current study investigated wild plant resources and health risk assessment along with northern Pakistan's mafic and ultramafic regions. Ethnobotanical data was collected through field visits and semi-structured questionnaire surveys conducted from local inhabitants and healers. Six potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were extracted with acids and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS, Perkin Elmer-7000) in nine selected wild medicinal plants. Contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI) were used to determine the health risk assessment of the studied medicinal plants. The results showed that the selected medicinal plants were used for the treatments of cough, joint swelling, cardiovascular disorders, toothaches, diabetes, and skin pimples by the local inhabitants due to their low-cost and easy accessibility. The concentrations of Pb (3.4-53 mg kg-1), Cd (0.03-0.39 mg kg-1), Ni (17.5-82 mg kg-1), Cr (29-315 mg kg-1), Mn (20-142 mg kg-1), and Zn (7.4-64 mg kg-1) in the studied medicinal plants were found above the safe limits (except Zn) set by WHO/FAO/USEPA (1984/2010). The Pb contamination factor was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in A. modesta (7.84) and D. viscosa (6.81), and Cd contamination factor was significantly higher in C. officinalis (26.67), followed by A. modesta (8.0) mg kg-1. Based on PTE concentrations, the studied plants are considered not suitable for human consumption purposes. Pollution load index values for A. modesta, A. barbadensis, A. caudatus, A. indica, C. procera (2.93), D. viscosa (2.79), and C. officinalis (2.83), R. hastatus (3.12), and Z. armatum were observed as 1.00, 2.80, 2.29, 2.29, 2.93, 2.79, 2.83, 3.12 and 2.19, respectively. Hazard index values were in order of R. hastatus (1.32 × 10-1) ˃ C. procera (1.21 × 10-1) ˃ D. viscosa (1.10 × 10-1) ˃ A. caudatus (9.11 × 10-2) ˃ A. barbadensis (8.66 × 10-2) ˃ Z. armatum (7.99 × 10-2) ˃ A. indica (6.87 × 10-2) ˃ A. modesta (5.6 × 10-2) ˃ C. officinalis (5.42 × 10-2). The health risk index values suggested that consumption of these plants individually or in combination would cause severe health problems in the consumers. Pearson's correlation results showed a significant correlation (p ≤ 0.001) between Zn and Mn in the studied medicinal plants. The current study suggests that wild medicinal plants should be adequately addressed for PTEs and other carcinogenic pollutants before their uses in the study area. Open dumping of mining waste should be banned and eco-friendly technology like organic amendments application should be used to mitigate PTEs in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ullah
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Ullah Z, Rashid A, Nawab J, Bacha AUR, Ghani J, Iqbal J, Zhu Z, Alrefaei AF, Almutairi MH. Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater of Community Tube Wells, Source Distribution, Associated Health Risk Exposure, and Suitability Analysis for Drinking from Arid Zone. Water 2023; 15:3740. [DOI: 10.3390/w15213740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride (F−) pollution in potable groundwater (GW) is a serious environmental concern in Pakistan with substantial human health hazard reports. The research on F− pollution in GW resources in Sindh Province is still incomplete. To explore the realistic conditions, the present research aimed to investigate the GW quality of community tube wells concerning F− contamination in Tharparkar, Sindh, Pakistan. A total of 53 samples were collected and examined for F−, along with other physicochemical parameters. The F− values observed varied from 0.2–4.2 mg/L, with a mean value of 1.63 mg/L. Among the 53 samples, 46% had F− levels that were higher than the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended limit (1.5 mg/L). The water type of the studied region was Ca-HCO3 type, which can be attributed to fresh recharged water. The interaction of rock–water contact controls the hydrochemistry of GW. The GW resources of the research zone were highly saturated with fluorite minerals. Human health risk calculation outcomes exposed that 21 samples showed high HQ values for children and 7 samples showed high values for adults in the research zone. Children are at high risk in the study area from drinking F−-contaminated GW. WQI results showed that 31 samples were not suitable for drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Abdur Rashid
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Aziz-Ur-Rahim Bacha
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Junaid Ghani
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Javed Iqbal
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhiling Zhu
- Department of Biomedicine and Health, Shanghai Vocational of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mikhlid H. Almutairi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Khan A, Kong W, Khan S, Nawab J, Khan MI. Diversity and succession of chemolithoautotrophic microbial community along a recently deglaciation chronosequence on the Tibetan Plateau. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023:fiad066. [PMID: 37401174 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaciers in high altitude mountain regions are retreating rapidly due to global warming, exposing deglaciated soils to extreme environmental conditions and microbial colonization. However, knowledge about chemolithoautotrophic microbes, which play important roles in the development of oligotrophic deglaciated soils prior to plant colonization, remains elusive in deglaciated soils. Using real-time quantitative PCR and clone library methods, the diversity and succession of the chemolithoautotrophic microbial community harboring the cbbM gene across a 14-year deglaciation chronosequence on the Tibetan Plateau were determined. The abundance of cbbM gene remained stable for the first 8 years after deglaciation and then increased significantly, ranging from 105 to 107 gene copies g-1 soil (P<0.001). Soil total carbon increased gradually to 5-year deglaciation and then decreased. While total nitrogen and total sulfur levels were low throughout the chronosequence. Chemolithoautotrophs were related to Gammaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria, with the former dominating early deglaciated soils and the latter dominating older deglaciated soils. The diversity of chemolithoautotrophs was high in mid-age deglaciated soils (6-year old) and was low in early (3-year old) and older deglaciated soils (12-year old). Our findings revealed that chemolithoautotrophic microbes colonize deglaciated soils quickly and follow a clear successional pattern across recently deglaciated chronosequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmal Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Weidong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Israr Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
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Khan S, Qamar Z, Khan A, Waqas M, Nawab J, Khisroon M, Khan A. Genotoxic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in vehicle-wash wastewater on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and freshwater mussels (Anodonta cygnea). Environ Pollut 2023; 327:121513. [PMID: 37030598 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle-wash wastewater (VWW) contains high levels of various petrochemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a carcinogenic category of organic substances. However, the genotoxic effects of PAHs present in VWW remain largely unknown. We explored the genotoxic effects of PAHs present in VWW on fish grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and freshwater mussels (Anodonta cygnea). Fish and freshwater mussels were divided into control and exposed groups, the prior groups were treated at weekly intervals with clean water, and the latter with Σ16PAHs contaminated VWW for up to four weeks. The samples of blood from fish and haemolymph from freshwater mussels were collected and analyzed using the comet assay technique. Results exhibited that in control fish and freshwater mussel groups the genotoxicity decreased with every week passing following the order of W1 > W2 > W3 > W4, ranging from 8.33 ± 3.06 to 25.3 ± 4.62 and from 46.0 ± 6.93 to 7.67 ± 3.79, respectively. The exposed fish and freshwater mussel groups indicated an increase in genotoxicity with increasing week intervals with an order of W4 > W3 > W2 > W1, ranging from 55.7 ± 11.9 to 128.3 ± 10.0 and from 112.7 ± 8.50 to 183.3 ± 10.1, respectively. The genotoxic effect of Σ16PAHs on fish was comparatively lower than on freshwater mussels. This study elucidates that VWW is highly genotoxic and should be treated before discharging into aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan; Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.
| | - Zahir Qamar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan; Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan; Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Muhmmmad Khisroon
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
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Nawab J, Khan H, Ghani J, Zafar MI, Khan S, Toller S, Fatima L, Hamza A. New insights into the migration, distribution and accumulation of micro-plastic in marine environment: A critical mechanism review. Chemosphere 2023; 330:138572. [PMID: 37088212 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are widely distributed in the marine environment, posing a significant threat to marine biota. The contribution of anthropogenic and terrestrial sources to the aquatic ecosystem has led to an increase in MPs findings, and their abundance in aquatic biota has been reported to be of concern. MPs are formed mainly via photo degradation of macroplastics (large plastic debris), and their release into the environment is a result of the degradation of additives. Eco-toxicological risks are increasing for marine organisms, due to the ingestion of MPs, which cause damage to gastrointestinal (GI) tracts and stomach. Plastics with a size <5 mm are considered MPs, and they are commonly identified by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Laser direct infrared (LDIR). The size, density and additives are the main factors influencing the abundance and bioavailability of MPs. The most abundant type of MPs found in fishes are fiber, polystyrenes, and fragments. These microscale pellets cause physiological stress and growth deformities by targeting the GI tracts of fishes and other biota. Approximately 80% MPs come from terrestrial sources, either primary, generated during different products such as skin care products, tires production and the use of MPs as carrier for pharmaceutical products, or secondary plastics, disposed of near coastal areas and water bodies. The issue of MPs and their potential effects on the marine ecosystem require proper attention. Therefore, this study conducted an extensive literature review on assessing MPs levels in fishes, sediments, seawater, their sources, and effects on marine biota (especially on fishes), chemo-physical behavior and the techniques used for their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.
| | - Haris Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Ghani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mazhar Iqbal Zafar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Simone Toller
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laraib Fatima
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 2300, Pakistan
| | - Amir Hamza
- Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Khan MA, Nawab J, Khan A, Brusseau ML, Khan SN, Ali N, Bahadur S, Khan S, Huang Q. Human Health and Ecological Risks Associated with Total and Bioaccessible Concentrations of Cadmium and Lead in Urban Park Soils. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2023; 110:61. [PMID: 36907936 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the total and bioaccessible concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in urban soils and their associated human health and ecological risk. Total and bioaccessible metal concentrations were found within the safe limits except for Cd, surpassing the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) China limit in 9.5% of parks. Bioaccessible concentrations were higher in the gastric (G) phase than the intestinal (I) phase, while Cd showed more bioaccessibility compared to Pb. Bioaccessible concentrations reduced Hazard Quotient (HQing) values by 2-22 times and 0-2 times for children and adults, respectively, while hazard index (HI) declined by 1.7 times, and the mean total bioaccessible risk of Pb decreased by 20.8 times. Further, the study revealed a low level of contamination factor (CF < 1) and a low degree of contamination (CD < 6), and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) values for all the cities were less than 150, indicating low ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amjad Khan
- College of Ecology & Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Anwarzeb Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Mark L Brusseau
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Shah Nawaz Khan
- Centre for Disaster Preparedness and Management, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Neelum Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Qing Huang
- College of Ecology & Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Nawab J, Idress M, Ullah S, Rukh G, Zainab R, Sher H, Ghani J, Khan S, Ullah Z, Ahmad I, Ali SW. Occurrence and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Mining Degraded Soil and Medicinal Plants: A Case Study of Pb/Zn Sulfide Terrain Northern Areas, Pakistan. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2022; 110:24. [PMID: 36547714 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mining activities have serious environmental impacts, thus releasing heavy metals (HMs) such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) into the surrounding environment. The current paper investigated the impacts of mining activities of Pb-Zn sulfide on soil and medicinal plants. Hence, soil samples (n = 36) and medicinal plants (n = 36) samples were collected, acid extracted and were analyzed through Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for HMs quantification. Our results showed that mineralized zones showed high HMs enrichment levels as compared to non-mineralized zones. Various Indices for HMs assessment revealed that the contaminated soil of the study area had low to extreme level. The mean concentrations of HMs in mining degraded soil and medicinal plants were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) and were found in order of Zn > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cd and Cr > Zn > Pb > Ni > Cd respectively. Similarly, some widely consumable medicinal plants showed good metal accumulation for Cd, Cr and Pb i.e., 3.57 mg kg1, 350 mg kg-1 and 335 mg kg-1 in C. sativa, while 5.9 mg kg-1, 276.9 mg kg-1 and 188.7 mg kg-1 in R. hestatus respectively. Hence, the present study recommended that medicinal plants grown in mining areas should be analyzed for HMs concentration before consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Idress
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Ullah
- Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Nangarhar University, 2600, Jalalabad, Afghanistan
| | - Gul Rukh
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Rimsha Zainab
- Department of Botany, Women University Swabi, 23430, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Sher
- Center for Plant Science, Biodiversity University of Swat, 19130, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Ghani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, 25120, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Ullah
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Syed Weqas Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Nawab J, Ghani J, Rehman SAU, Idress M, Luqman M, Khan S, Asghar A, Rahman Z. Biomonitoring of mercury in water, sediments, and fish (brown and rainbow trout) from remote alpine lakes located in the Himalayas, Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:81021-81036. [PMID: 35727512 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) contamination of aquatic ecological units and subsequent bioaccumulation are major environmental problems of international scope. Moreover, the biogeochemistry of Hg in the remote alpine lakes aquatic ecosystem in the Himalayas remains largely unexplored. The current study investigated Hg concentrations in different environmental compartments such as water, fish, and sediments in the remote alpine lakes (RALs) including Glacial-fed Lake, Ice melting-fed Lake, and Rain-fed Lake in northern areas of Pakistan. The mean concentration of Hg in Rain-fed Lake water was (1.07 µg L-1), Ice melting-fed Lake (1.16 µg L-1), and Glacial-fed Lake (1.95 µg L-1). For fish muscle tissues, mean concentration of Hg was 1.02 mg kg-1 in the Rain-fed Lake, and 1.2 mg kg-1 for the Ice melting-fed Lake, and 1.51 mg kg-1 in the Glacial-fed Lake. Meanwhile, 0.27 mg kg-1 was observed for sediments in the Rain-fed Lake, 0.33 mg kg-1 for the Ice melting-fed Lake, and 0.38 mg kg-1 for the Glacial-fed Lake, respectively. Chronic daily intake (CDI) and potential health quotient (PHQ) for water showed high health risk in Glacial-fed Lake and low in Rain-fed Lake (PHQ < 1). The target hazard quotient (THQ) values for both the Brown and Rainbow trout in all the studied lakes water were less than 1, indicating no health risk. Furthermore, the Hg level showed high level of contamination in the sediments of all the studied lakes (190 ≤ RI < 380). Overall, Glacial-fed Lake water was more polluted with Hg, as compared to Rain-fed Lake and Ice melting-fed Lake. In the light of the abovementioned results, further research work is urgently needed to shed light on the biological and geochemical monitoring of Hg in arid high-altitude ecosystems along with source identification, mercury speciation, and other potential pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan.
| | - Junaid Ghani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Syed Aziz Ur Rehman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Idress
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Luqman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Ali Asghar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Ziaur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Ahmad S, Rahman H, Qasim M, Nawab J, Alzahrani KJ, Alsharif KF, Alzahrani FM. Staphylococcus epidermidis Pathogenesis: Interplay of icaADBC Operon and MSCRAMMs in Biofilm Formation of Isolates from Pediatric Bacteremia in Peshawar, Pakistan. Medicina (Kaunas) 2022; 58:1510. [PMID: 36363467 PMCID: PMC9696285 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58111510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective: Staphylococcus epidermidis is an opportunistic pathogen from pediatric bacteremia that is commonly isolated. Biofilm is the major virulence factor of S. epidermidis; however, the role of biofilm determinants in biofilm formation is highly contradictory and diverse. The current study aimed to investigate the role of polysaccharide-dependent and polysaccharide-independent pathogenic determinants in biofilm formation under physiological stress conditions. Materials and Methods: The isolates (n = 75) were identified and screened for the icaADBC operon, IS256, and an array of MSCRAMMs (Microbial Surface Component Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules) through PCR analysis. The activity of the icaADBC operon was detected by Congo red assay, and the biofilm formation was analyzed through microtiter plate assay. Results: S. epidermidis isolates produced biofilm (n = 65; 86.6%) frequently. The icaA was the major representative module of the actively expressing icaADBC operon (n = 21; 80.7% sensitivity). The MSCRAMMs, including fbe (n = 59; 90.7%; p = 0.007), and embp (n = 57; 87.6%; p = 0.026), were highly prevalent and associated with biofilm positive S. epidermidis. The prevalence of icaADBC operon in biofilm positive and negative S. epidermidis was not significant (n = 41; 63%; p = 0.429). No significant association was found between IS256 and actively complete icaADBC operon (n = 10; 47.6%; p = 0.294). In the presence of 5% human plasma and glucose stress, S. epidermidis produced a strong biofilm (n = 55; 84.6%). Conclusion: The polysaccharide-dependent biofilm formation is significantly replaced (n = 21; 28%; p = 0.149) by a polysaccharide-independent mechanism (n = 59; 90.7%; p = 0.007), in which the MSCRAMMs might actively play their role. The fibrinogen-binding protein and extracellular matrix-binding protein might be potential anti-biofilm drug targets, markers of rapid diagnosis, and potential vaccine candidates of S. epidermidis involved in pediatric bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Hazir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Khalid J. Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalaf F. Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuad M. Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Ghani J, Nawab J, Faiq ME, Ullah S, Alam A, Ahmad I, Ali SW, Khan S, Ahmad I, Muhammad A, Ur Rahman SA, Abbas M, Rashid A, Hasan SZ, Hamza A. Multi-geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and source apportionment of potentially toxic elements in urban children's park soils in Pakistan: A risk assessment study. Environ Pollut 2022; 311:119961. [PMID: 35977638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, contamination of urban children's parks (UCPs) with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) has been attracting more and more interest; however, assessment of eco-environmental and child exposure risks particularly in developing countries remains limited. The current study investigated PTE (Cr, Ni, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) concentrations, potential sources, and their health risk assessment in UCP soils of 12 major cities in Pakistan. The results showed that the mean concentration of Ni exceeded the SEPA-permissible limit in all UCP sites, while other PTEs were found to be within acceptable limits. The soil properties such as pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and soil particles size were determined in UCPs soils. The contamination factor and pollution load index results indicated low to moderate pollution levels (CF < 3) and (PLI<1) for all PTEs except Ni in some of the selected cities. Quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plotting determined the normal distribution line for all PTEs in the UCPs. Principal component analysis showed the mixed sources of contamination from industrial emissions, fossil fuel combustion, vehicular emissions, wastewater irrigation, as well as solid waste disposal and natural sources of soil parent materials in all park sites. ANOVA results showed that all the PTEs except Cd had moderate to higher contamination values than the reference site. The risk assessment study revealed that children had high exposure to the selected PTEs via all exposure pathways. The hazard index (HI) mean value (1.82E+00) of Ni for all exposure pathways was greater than 1, while total risk value of Cr (1.00E-03) had exceeded USEPA limit, indicating cancer risk. Consequently, the study of UCPs soils revealed PTEs contamination that could pose a potential health risk to the local population in the studied UCPs regions of Pakistan. Thus, the present study recommends that the influx of PTEs originating from natural and anthropogenic sources should be mitigated and government should implement strict enforcement of environmental regulations and proper management, as well as air quality monitoring guidelines for public health should be strictly adopted to reduce traffic- and industrial emission-related to PTEs in metropolitan areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Ghani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan.
| | - Mohammad Eshaq Faiq
- College of Marine and Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Sajid Ullah
- Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Nangarhar University, Jalalabad, 2600, Afghanistan
| | - Arshad Alam
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Syed Weqas Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Asim Muhammad
- Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Syed Aziz Ur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abbas
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Abdur Rashid
- School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shah Zaib Hasan
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Amir Hamza
- Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
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11
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Bhatti ZI, Ishtiaq M, Khan SA, Nawab J, Ghani J, Ullah Z, Khan S, Baig SA, Muhammad I, Din ZU, Khan A. Contamination level, source identification and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in drinking water sources of mining and non-mining areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. J Water Health 2022; 20:1343-1363. [PMID: 36170190 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated mining activities have increased water contamination with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and their associated human health risk in developing countries. The current study investigated the distribution of PTEs, their potential sources and health risk assessment in both ground and surface water sources in mining and non-mining areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Water samples (n = 150) were taken from selected sites and were analyzed for six PTEs (Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb and Mn). Among PTEs, Cr showed a high mean concentration (497) μg L-1, followed by Zn (414) μg L-1 in the mining area, while Zn showed the lowest mean value (4.44) μg L-1 in non-mining areas. Elevated concentrations of Ni, Cr and a moderate level of Pb in ground and surface water of Mohmand District exceeded the permissible limits set by WHO. Multivariate statistical analyses showed that the pollution sources of PTEs were mainly from mafic-ultramafic rocks, acid mine drainage, open dumping of mine wastes and mine tailings. The hazard quotient (HQ) was the highest for children relative to that for adults, but not higher than the USEPA limits. The hazard index (HI) for ingestions of all selected PTEs was lower than the threshold value (HIing < 1), except for Mohmand District, which showed a value of HI >1 in mining areas through ingestion. Moreover, the carcinogenic risk (CR) values exceeded the threshold limits for Ni and Cr set by the USEPA (1.0E-04-1.0E-06). In order to protect the drinking water sources of the study areas from further contamination, management techniques and policy for mining operations need to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Imran Bhatti
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China; School of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Muhammad Ishtiaq
- Department of Community Medicine, Nowshera Medical College, Nowshera Kalan, Pakistan E-mail:
| | - Said Akbar Khan
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Ghani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Zahid Ullah
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Shams Ali Baig
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Ihsan Muhammad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ud Din
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Asad Khan
- Department of Geology, FATA University, F.R. Kohat, Darra Adam Khel, Pakistan
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Nawab J, Din ZU, Ahmad R, Khan S, Zafar MI, Faisal S, Raziq W, Khan H, Rahman ZU, Ali A, Khan MQ, Ullah S, Rahman A. Occurrence, distribution, and pollution indices of potentially toxic elements within the bed sediments of the riverine system in Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:54986-55002. [PMID: 34125388 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14783-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are a major source of pollution due to their toxicity, persistence, and bio-accumulating nature in riverine bed sediments. The sediment, as the largest storage and source of PTEs, plays an important role in transformation of mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and other toxic PTEs. Several important industrial hubs that contain a large population along the banks of different rivers, such as Kabul, Sutlej, Ravi, Jhelum, and Chenab in Pakistan, are acting as major sources of PTEs. In this study, 150 bed sediment samples (n=30 from each river) were collected from different sites. Total (acid extracted) PTE (Hg, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Pb) concentrations in bed sediments were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Sediment pollution indices were calculated in the major rivers of Pakistan. The results demonstrated high levels of Hg and Ni concentrations which exceeded the guideline standards of river authorities in the world. The contamination factor (CF) and contamination degree (CD) indices for Hg, Ni, and Pb showed a moderate to high (CF≥6 and CD≥24) contamination level in all the selected rivers. The values of geo-accumulation index (Igeo) were also high (Igeo≥5) for Hg and Pb and heavily polluted for Ni, while Cr, Cu, and Zn showed low to unpolluted (Igeo) values. Similarly, the enrichment factor (EF) values were moderately severe (5≤EF≤10) for Hg, Pb, and Ni in Sutlej, Ravi, and Jhelum, and severe (10≤EF≤25) in Kabul and Jhelum. Moreover, Hg and Ni showed severe to very severe enrichment in all the sampling sites. The ecological risk index (ERI) values represented considerable, moderate, and low risks, respectively, for Hg (The ERI value should not be bold. Please unbold the ERI in the whole paper. It should be same like RI, CD and EF. [Formula: see text]≥160), Pb and Ni (40≤[Formula: see text]≤80), and Cr, Cu, and Zn ([Formula: see text]≤40). Similarly, potential ecological risk index (PERI) values posed considerable (300≤RI≤600) risk in Ravi and moderate (150≤RI≤300) in Kabul and Jhelum, but low (RI≤150) risk in Ravi and Chenab. On the basis of the abovementioned results, it is concluded that bed sediment pollution can be dangerous for both ecological resources and human beings. Therefore, PTE contamination should be regularly monitored and a cost-effective and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment plant should be installed to ensure removal of PTEs before the discharge of effluents into the freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan.
| | - Zia Ud Din
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Ahmad
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Mazhar Iqbal Zafar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Shah Faisal
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Waleed Raziq
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Hamza Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | | | - Sajid Ullah
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Abdur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Bibi SD, Baig SA, Zeb I, Ali M, Shams DF, Nawab J, Yosifova Aneva I, Hussain H, Xu X. Implication and evaluations of indoor soot particles from domestic fuel energy sources using characterization techniques in northern Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:3161-3170. [PMID: 34288234 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Soot particles emitted from the burning of solid fuel sources in the households carry important environmental and public health implications. In this study, the indoor soot particles released from firewood, cow dung, and bagasse burning at households of selected rural areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan were investigated by characterization analyses to study its morphological and elemental compositions. Results demonstrated diverse compositions of soot particles from each fuel source. The surface areas of soot particles emitted by the firewood, cow dung, and bagasse were about 0.3, 0.4, and 8.64 m2 g-1 , respectively. For the soot particles emitted by the firewood burning, the major functional groups for aromatic compounds were C═C at the 1,431-1,599 at 1,000-2,000 cm-1 . The absorbance rate of alkanes was about 1,599-1,431 at 1,000-2,000 cm-1 . However, silicon band vibration was more prominent in bagasse soot particles as compared to other samples. The emission of soot particles with high surface area in the atmosphere could provide an elevated adsorption sites for atmospheric pollution and trap more energy resulting in increased atmospheric temperature. Findings from the present study suggest that current households' fuel combustion practices significantly contribute to increase the particulate matter in the atmosphere and possible enhance climate change phenomenon and related disasters in northern Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Dehrai Bibi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Shams Ali Baig
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Zeb
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad - Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Maroof Ali
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Dilawar Farhan Shams
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Ina Yosifova Aneva
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Hidayat Hussain
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Xinhua Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Ghias S, Satti KH, Khan M, Dilband M, Naseem A, Jabbar A, Kali S, Ur-Rehman T, Nawab J, Aqeel M, Khan MA, Zafar MI. Health risk assessment of radioactive footprints of the urban soils in the residents of Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan. Chemosphere 2021; 267:129171. [PMID: 33348265 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the radiation levels, radiological doses and excess lifetime cancer risk possessed by the urban soils that were collected from the vicinity of the exclusive mining and excavation centers of Dera Ghazi Khan. The high purity germanium detector was utilized for assessment of naturally occurring radionuclides (NORMs) in soil and results showed that the average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K (37 Bq/kg, 43.07 Bq/kg, 737 Bq/kg respectively) surpassed the world's average documented values (35 Bq/kg, 30 Bq/kg, and 400 Bq/kg respectively). Moreover, the average values of radiological hazards assessment like radium equivalent, internal and external hazard indices, absorbed dose rate, annual gonadal dose equivalent and excess lifetime cancer risk were 155.70 (Bq/kg), 0.4, 0.5, 73.96 (nGy/h) 90.73 (μSv/y), 476.24 (μSv/y) and 0.31(10-3) respectively. The data acquired was analyzed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. ArcGIS (10.5) software was utilized for developing maps of radionuclide's concentration for the study area. Results of the study may serve as an important baseline radiometric data for future epidemiological studies and monitoring initiatives in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Ghias
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Khizer Hayat Satti
- Health Physics Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, P.O. Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Mumtaz Khan
- Health Physics Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, P.O. Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Dilband
- Health Physics Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, P.O. Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Amara Naseem
- Health Physics Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, P.O. Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Health Physics Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, P.O. Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sundas Kali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Tofeeq Ur-Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 5320, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Aqeel
- Bioinformatics Lab, National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), NARC, 45500, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Abdullah Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Mazhar Iqbal Zafar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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15
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Khan MQ, Anjum MZ, Adnan M, Khan A, Zahid H, Nawab J, Safi SZ, Shah MIA, Kamil A, Ali A. Genetic Diversity of Schizothorax, Tor, and Mystus spp. in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: Species of Economic Importance. PAK J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.17582/journal.pjz/20190906180937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Ali A, Ahmad S, Wadood A, Rehman AU, Zahid H, Khan MQ, Nawab J, Rahman ZU, Alouffi AS. Correction: Ali, A., et al. Modeling Novel Putative Drugs and Vaccine Candidates against Tick-Borne Pathogens: A Subtractive Proteomics Approach. Vet. Sci. 2020, 7, 129. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040158. [PMID: 33092267 PMCID: PMC7712564 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.A.); (H.Z.); (M.Q.K.)
| | - Shabir Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.A.); (H.Z.); (M.Q.K.)
| | - Abdul Wadood
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan; (A.W.); (A.U.R.)
| | - Ashfaq U. Rehman
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan; (A.W.); (A.U.R.)
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hafsa Zahid
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.A.); (H.Z.); (M.Q.K.)
| | - Muhammad Qayash Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.A.); (H.Z.); (M.Q.K.)
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan;
| | - Zia Ur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan;
| | - Abdulaziz S. Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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Ali A, Ahmad S, Wadood A, Rehman AU, Zahid H, Qayash Khan M, Nawab J, Rahman ZU, Alouffi AS. Modeling Novel Putative Drugs and Vaccine Candidates against Tick-Borne Pathogens: A Subtractive Proteomics Approach. Vet Sci 2020; 7:E129. [PMID: 32906620 PMCID: PMC7557734 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) continuously causing substantial losses to the public and veterinary health sectors. The identification of putative drug targets and vaccine candidates is crucial to control TBPs. No information has been recorded on designing novel drug targets and vaccine candidates based on proteins. Subtractive proteomics is an in silico approach that utilizes extensive screening for the identification of novel drug targets or vaccine candidates based on the determination of potential target proteins available in a pathogen proteome that may be used effectively to control diseases caused by these infectious agents. The present study aimed to investigate novel drug targets and vaccine candidates by utilizing subtractive proteomics to scan the available proteomes of TBPs and predict essential and non-host homologous proteins required for the survival of these diseases causing agents. Subtractive proteome analysis revealed a list of fifteen essential, non-host homologous, and unique metabolic proteins in the complete proteome of selected pathogens. Among these therapeutic target proteins, three were excluded due to the presence in host gut metagenome, eleven were found to be highly potential drug targets, while only one was found as a potential vaccine candidate against TBPs. The present study may provide a foundation to design potential drug targets and vaccine candidates for the effective control of infections caused by TBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.A.); (H.Z.); (M.Q.K.)
| | - Shabir Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.A.); (H.Z.); (M.Q.K.)
| | - Abdul Wadood
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan; (A.W.); (A.U.R.)
| | - Ashfaq U. Rehman
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan; (A.W.); (A.U.R.)
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hafsa Zahid
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.A.); (H.Z.); (M.Q.K.)
| | - Muhammad Qayash Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.A.); (H.Z.); (M.Q.K.)
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan;
| | - Zia Ur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan;
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Zeb I, Ali A, Nawab J, Khan MQ, Kamil A, Tsai KH. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in male schoolchildren in the upper and lower Dir districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and a review of previous record in Pakistan. Acta Trop 2020; 209:105578. [PMID: 32533937 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Documented reports are limited, showing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) as a severe threat to schoolchildren in Pakistan. The present study aimed to investigate the clinico-epidemiology and associated risk factors of CL in local and Afghan male schoolchildren between 6 and 16 years of age. The experimental strategy involved a questionnaire for the collection of information and clinical diagnosis (microscopy and semi-nested PCR) of 113 CL symptomatic schoolchildren out of 8,833 schoolchildren (7,175 local and 1,658 Afghan refugees) studying in nineteen schools of the Upper and Lower Dir Districts, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Previous records of CL in Pakistan was studied, and spatial analysis was performed on elevation and agro-ecological maps using Arc-GIS v10.3.1. Active lesions were found predominant (n=113, 1.2%: cutaneous lesions, 97, 86%, and lesions with mucosal involvement, 16, 14%) than scars (20, 0.25%). Active lesions of both local (100, 88%) and Afghan refugees (13, 12%), and infected age groups were found significantly different. Majority of the lesions were dry crusted (98, 86.7%), single (83, 73%), and frequently infecting facial region (59, 52%). Avoiding bed nets, living in mud houses and animal shelters were highly associated with CL infection. Temergara (30, 26.5%) and Rabath (14, 12.3%) were hyperendemic CL foci. Microscopically, 71 (63%) cases were positive, while the PCR assay revealed Leishmania tropica in 110 (97.3%) cases. Previous record revealed that L. tropica is dominant throughout Pakistan, and dry mountains and plateaus of northwestern and southwestern regions are spatially at high-risk. Measures should be taken to reduce CL infection by eliminating the associated risk factors, promoting PCR-based diagnosis and basic medical facilities.
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Khan AZ, Khan S, Ayaz T, Brusseau ML, Khan MA, Nawab J, Muhammad S. Popular wood and sugarcane bagasse biochars reduced uptake of chromium and lead by lettuce from mine-contaminated soil. Environ Pollut 2020; 263:114446. [PMID: 32283452 PMCID: PMC7654435 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
As a result of metal mining activities in Pakistan, toxic heavy metals (HMs) such as chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) often enter the soil ecosystem, accumulate in food crops and cause serious human health and environmental issues. Therefore, this study examined the efficacy of biochar for contaminated soil remediation. Poplar wood biochar (PWB) and sugarcane bagasse biochar (SCBB) were amended to mine-contaminated agricultural soil at 3% and 7% (wt/wt) application rates. Lactuca sativa (Lettuce) was cultivated in these soils in a greenhouse, and uptake of HMs (Cr and Pb) as well as biomass produced were measured. Subsequently, health risks were estimated from uptake data. When amended at 7%, both biochars significantly (P<0.01) reduced plant uptake of Cr and Pb in amended soil with significant (P<0.01) increase in biomass of lettuce as compared to the control. Risk assessment results showed that both biochars decreased the daily intake of metals (DIM) and associated health risk due to consumption of lettuce as compared to the control. The Pb human health risk index (HRI) for adults and children significantly (P<0.01) decreased with sugarcane bagasse biochar applied at 7% rate relative to other treatments (including the control). Relative to controls, the SCBB and PWB reduced Cr and Pb uptake in lettuce by 69%, 73.7%, respectively, and Pb by 57% and 47.4%, respectively. For both amendments, HRI values for Cr were within safe limits for adults and children. HRI values for Pb were not within safe limits except for the sugarcane bagasse biochar applied at 7%. Results of the study indicated that application of SCBB at 7% rate to mine impacted agricultural soil effectively increased plant biomass and reduced bioaccumulation, DIM and associated HRI of Cr and Pb as compared to other treatments and the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Zeb Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Tehreem Ayaz
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, PR China
| | - Mark L Brusseau
- Soil, Water and Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ85721, USA
| | - Muhammad Amjad Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Said Muhammad
- Environmental Geosciences, National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
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Nawab J, Wang X, Khan S, Tang YT, Rahman Z, Ali A, Dotel J, Li G. New insights into the bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in remote alpine lakes located in Himalayas, Pakistan. Environ Pollut 2020:114952. [PMID: 32933786 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The current study assesses the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in water and their bioaccumulation in Brown Trout (BT) and Rainbow Trout (RT) present in the remote alpine lakes (RALs) of Himalayas, Pakistan. Hence, these environments might receive POPs by long range atmospheric transport (LRAT) with little interferences from local anthropogenic activities. The potential transportation pathways for such accumulation can be atmospheric precipitation, melting ice and glacial runoff. The results indicated that the sum of mean concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs (DDTs + HCHs)) in water of Glacial-fed lakes, Ice melting-fed lake and Rain-fed lake ranged from 0.21 to 317, 0.14-293, 0.16-235 pg L-1, respectively, while those of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are 0.275-16.02, 0-15.88, 0.234-14.46 pg L-1, respectively. Similarly, the sum of mean concentrations of all investigated PCBs and OCPs in BT ranged from 0.008 to 0.715 ng g-1 and 0.003-3.835 ng g-1 based on wet weight (ww), while for RT these concentrations were 0.002-0.557 ng g-1 and 0.001-1.402 ng g-1 (ww), respectively in the selected RALs. The PCBs and OCPs levels in both water and fish tissues were observed in order of Glacial-fed lakes > Ice melting-fed lake > Rain-fed lake. The results proposed that melting of ice and glacial water are more significant sources of the contaminants (PCBs and OCPs) in the freshwaters of RALs of Himalayas as compared to rainfall water. The positive correlation between water contamination and the selected fish species confirmed that these can be used as a bio-indicator for future research studies. However, the impact of POPs as they cascade through downstream ecosystems remains largely unexplored. The additional study of contaminant dynamics should be extended to a wide range of mountain environments of Himalayas, where melt-water used for drinking and irrigation purposes by billions of people reside alone the waterways that originated from these remote areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Nawab
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Department of Environmental Sciences Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Yu-Ting Tang
- School of Geographical Sciences, Research Group of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Ziaur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Jagdish Dotel
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Gang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observatory and Monitoring Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315830, China
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Dotel J, Gong P, Wang X, Pokhrel B, Wang C, Nawab J. Determination of dry deposition velocity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under the sub-tropical climate and its implication for regional cycling. Environ Pollut 2020; 261:114143. [PMID: 32066057 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric dry deposition is a major pathway for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the atmosphere. Despite its significance in the atmospheric environment, measurements of the dry deposition velocity (VDD) and deposition fluxes (FDD) of PAHs are relatively limited. In this study, a passive dry deposition (PAS-DD) collector was co-deployed with passive air sampler polyurethane foam (PAS-PUF) from November 2015 to November 2016 in two major cities (Kathmandu and Pokhara), Nepal, to investigate the VDD and FDD of PAHs. The VDD of PAHs ranged from 0.25 to 0.5 cm s-1 and the annual average was recorded as 0.37 ± 0.08 cm s-1. On the basis of measured VDD, the FDD of ∑15PAHs in Kathmandu and Pokhara were estimated as 66 and 5 kg yr-1 respectively. According to the measured VDD of Kathmandu and Pokhara in this study, and the previously published VDD data of Toronto, Canada, where the same PAS-DD collector was used, a significant multi-linear correlation (r2 = 0.79, p < 0.05) was found between VDD of higher molecular weight (HMW with MW ≥ 228.3 and ≥ 4 rings) PAHs and meteorological parameters (precipitation and wind speed) and vapor pressure of PAHs. To the best of our knowledge, this enabled the development of an empirical model that can exhibit the combined effects of meteorological conditions on the VDD of HMW PAHs. The model was used to estimate the VDD values for major cities in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) region and the maximum estimated proportion of HMW PAHs deposited by dry deposition reached up to 60% of total emissions. Although PAH emissions in the IGP region pose global risks, the results of this study highlight the considerable risk for local IGP residents, due to the large dry deposition proportion of HMW PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdish Dotel
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Balram Pokhrel
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Department of Environmental Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
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Gul N, Khan S, Khan A, Nawab J, Sarwar A, Gul N. Organic and Inorganic Mercury in Biological Samples of Flouresecent Lamp Industries Workers and Health Risks. Biomed Environ Sci 2020; 33:89-102. [PMID: 32131956 DOI: 10.3967/bes2020.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims to investigate the concentrations of Hg and its aspects methyl mercury (Me-Hg) and inorganic mercury (I-Hg) in the biological samples (BSs) of fluorescent lamp industries workers (FLIWs). METHODOLOGY Different BSs including red blood cells (RBCs), plasma, urine, hair and nails were collected from the workers exposed to Hg and unexposed persons were selected as control group to measure both the T-Hg concentration as well as its species in different biological samples through quantitative analysis. Health data was collected through questionnaire survey. RESULTS The mean concentrations of T-Hg (31.9 µg/L), Me-Hg (27.7 µg/L), and I-Hg (5.36 µg/L) in RBCs were found significantly ( P < 0.001) higher among the workers ( n = 40) as compared to the control group ( n = 40). Similarly the mean Hg concentrations in plasma, urine, hair and nails were also significantly higher among the workers than the control group. The statistical relation between Hg concentration and demographic characteristics observed that workers experience and fish consumption has increased the Hg concentration while age, weight and smoking found no significant effect on Hg concentration in the BSs. CONCLUSION The study observed that the workers were highly exposed to high concentration of Hg and they are at a high health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayab Gul
- Climate Change Centre, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Abbas Khan
- Drug Control Administration, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Health Department, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Sarwar
- Pak International Medical College and Research Institute, Hayatabad, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Nida Gul
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
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Nawab J. Vascular Trauma in Civilian Practice- Experience at Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar Pakistan. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2019.06.1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ali A, Khan MA, Zahid H, Yaseen PM, Qayash Khan M, Nawab J, Ur Rehman Z, Ateeq M, Khan S, Ibrahim M. Seasonal Dynamics, Record of Ticks Infesting Humans, Wild and Domestic Animals and Molecular Phylogeny of Rhipicephalus microplus in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Front Physiol 2019; 10:793. [PMID: 31379587 PMCID: PMC6646419 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although ticks prevalent in various agro-systems of Pakistan are associated with economic losses, information is still missing about the tick's diversity, hosts they infest, seasonal dynamics and molecular phylogeny of Rhipicephalus microplus in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Pakistan. This study for the first time enlisted ticks infesting diverse hosts including humans in various regions of KP. A total of 8,641 ticks were collected across the northern, southern and central regions of KP and were morpho-taxonomically categorized into six genera comprising 17 species, R. microplus (n = 3,584, 42%), Hyalomma anatolicum (n = 2,253, 27%), Argas persicus (n = 1,342, 16%), Hya. impeltatum (n = 586, 7%), R. turanicus (n = 161, 2%), R. haemaphysaloides (n = 142, 2%), R. annulatus (n = 132, 2%), Hae. montgomeryi (n = 123, 1.4%), Hya. marginatum (n = 110, 1.3%), R. sanguineus (n = 34, 0.4%), and Hae. longicornis (n = 31, 0.4%). Ticks infesting wild animals included Amblyomma gervaisi, Amb. exornatum, Amb. latum, Dermacentor marginatus, and Hae. indica, while ticks collected from humans included R. microplus, R. annulatus, Hya. anatolicum, Hya. marginatum, and Hae. punctata. The overall prevalence of ticks infesting domestic animals was 69.4% (536/772). Among animal hosts, cattle were found highly infested (87.2%, 157/180) followed by buffalos (79%, 91/114), domestic fowls (74.7%, 112/150), goats (68.3%, 82/120), dogs (66.7%, 32/48), horses (61.3%, 49/80), and sheep (16.3%, 13/80). Analysis revealed that the tick burden significantly differed among domestic animals and was found to be high in cattle, followed by buffalos, goats, sheep, domestic fowl, dogs, and horses. Seasonal patterns of ticks distribution showed highest prevalance in July, August, and September due to the prevailing high temperature and humidity during these months. The phylogenetic analysis of cattle tick R. microplus based on partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COX1), 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences, revealed that R. microplus prevalent in this region belongs to clade C which include ticks originating from Bangladesh, Malaysia, and India. Further large scale studies across the country are necessary to explore the molecular and cross breeding aspects at the geographical overlapping of various tick species and their associated pathogens to facilitate designing control strategies as well as awareness against tick infestation in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Munsif Ali Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Zahid
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Pir Muhammad Yaseen
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qayash Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ur Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ateeq
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Ali S, Shah IA, Ahmad A, Nawab J, Huang H. Ar/O 2 plasma treatment of carbon nanotube membranes for enhanced removal of zinc from water and wastewater: A dynamic sorption-filtration process. Sci Total Environ 2019; 655:1270-1278. [PMID: 30577119 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were functionalized by using Ar/O2 plasma treatment technique, which enhanced adsorptive membrane filtration of zinc ions from water and wastewater. The XPS analysis showed that plasma treatment largely increased the surface oxygen groups content of MWCNTs from 2.78% to 6.79%. This change increased the surface negative charged, dispersion and adsorption properties of MWCNTs without causing any damages to the integrity of the nanotube pattern. Pressure-driven filtration of plasma-treated MWCNT (P-CNT) dispersion formed a stable layer inside the lumen of a hollow fiber membrane. The contact angle analysis demonstrated that after incorporation of P-CNT into the HF membrane increased membrane hydrophilicity. The P-CNT membrane effectively removed almost 100% of zinc from synthetic waters and approximately 80% of zinc from a wastewater effluent by surface complexation reaction. A follow-up regeneration study demonstrated that the adsorptive removal of zinc by the CNT membrane was reversible under selected conditions, thus making it possible to repeatedly use the membrane for long-term zinc filtration. This study suggests that HF membranes modified with P-CNTs possess superb adsorption properties for metal ions, allowing the operation of CNT membranes for water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharafat Ali
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Izaz Ali Shah
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Aziz Ahmad
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Haiou Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The John Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, MD 21205, USA.
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Khan K, Lu Y, Saeed MA, Bilal H, Sher H, Khan H, Ali J, Wang P, Uwizeyimana H, Baninla Y, Li Q, Liu Z, Nawab J, Zhou Y, Su C, Liang R. Prevalent fecal contamination in drinking water resources and potential health risks in Swat, Pakistan. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 72:1-12. [PMID: 30244736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fecal bacteria contaminate water resources and result in associated waterborne diseases. This study assessed drinking water quality and evaluated their potential health risks in Swat, Pakistan. Ground and surface drinking water were randomly collected from upstream to downstream in the River Swat watershed and analyzed for fecal contamination using fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli) and physiochemical parameters (potential of hydrogen, turbidity, temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, color, odor and taste). The physiochemical parameters were within their safe limits except in a few locations, whereas, the fecal contaminations in drinking water resources exceeded the drinking water quality standards of Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA), 2008 and World Health Organization (WHO), 2011. Multivariate and univariate analyses revealed that downstream urbanization trend, minimum distance between water sources and pit latrines/sewerage systems, raw sewage deep well injection and amplified urban, pastures and agricultural runoffs having human and animal excreta were the possible sources of contamination. The questionnaire survey revealed that majority of the local people using 10-20years old drinking water supply schemes at the rate of 73% well supply, 13% hand pump supply, 11% spring supply and 3% river/streams supply, which spreads high prevalence of water borne diseases including hepatitis, intestinal infections and diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, typhoid fever, jaundice and skin diseases in children followed by older and younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kifayatullah Khan
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan; State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Mian Abdal Saeed
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
| | - Hazrat Bilal
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Sher
- Center for Plant Science and Biodiversity, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
| | - Hizbullah Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Jafar Ali
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Laboratory of Environmental Nanomaterials, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Herman Uwizeyimana
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yvette Baninla
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qifeng Li
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Yunqiao Zhou
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Su
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruoyu Liang
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Khan MA, Ding X, Khan S, Brusseau ML, Khan A, Nawab J. The influence of various organic amendments on the bioavailability and plant uptake of cadmium present in mine-degraded soil. Sci Total Environ 2018; 636:810-817. [PMID: 29727847 PMCID: PMC6063314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mining of minerals and precious elements leads to land degradation that need to be reclaimed using environmentally friendly and cost effective techniques. The present study investigated the potential effects of different organic amendments on cadmium (Cd) bioavailability in mining-degraded soil and its subsequent bioaccumulation in tomato and cucumber. The selected organic geosorbents (hard wood biochar (HWB), bagasse (BG), rice husk (RH), and maize comb waste (MCW)) were added at application rates of 3% and 5% to chromite mine-degraded soil containing Cd. Tomato and cucumber plants were then grown in the soil, and the roots, shoots, leaves, and fruits of each plant were analysed for Cd concentration, biomass production, and chlorophyll content. The results indicated that the different organic materials have variable effects on physiochemical characteristics of vegetables and Cd bioavailability. The biochar amendment significantly (P < 0.01) increased chlorophyll contents (20-40%) and biomass (40-63%), as did RH to a lesser extent (increase of 10-18% in chlorophyll content and 3-45% in biomass). Among the amendments, HWB was the most effective at reducing Cd bioavailability, wherein significant decreases were observed in Cd uptake by fruits of tomato (24-30%) and cucumber (36-54%). The higher application rate of 5% was found to be more effective for mitigation of Cd mobility and bioaccumulation in plants grown in mine degraded soil. The study results indicate that effective use of organic amendments, especially HWB, can significantly reduce Cd levels in vegetables, improve food quality, and reduce human-health risk while increasing biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amjad Khan
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Xiaodong Ding
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Mark L Brusseau
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Anwarzeb Khan
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
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Nawab J, Khan S, Xiaoping W. Ecological and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in the major rivers of Pakistan: General population vs. Fishermen. Chemosphere 2018; 202:154-164. [PMID: 29567613 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) have, and continue to be, released into the freshwater ecosystems of Pakistan. However, there is limited information available on the ecological risk of PTEs from sediments and fish consumption, for both the general population and fishermen, at the national scale in Pakistan. In this study, water, sediments and fish samples were collected from major rivers (Chenab, Upper Indus, Lower Indus and Kabul) across Pakistan and analyzed through Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS), Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy ICP-AES and Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (AFS), respectively. Ecological risk analysis of sediments revealed that Cd posed a high ecological risk in the Upper Indus and Chenab, a considerable risk in the Lower Indus, and moderate risk in the Kabul. The target hazard quotient of As through fish tissue consumption exceeded safety levels for fishermen at all the rivers, where Cd exceeded at Upper Indus and Chenab, and Pb for Chenab fishermen only. For the general population, PTE ingestion through fish tissues was within the safety limits at all rivers. Meanwhile, the total target hazard quotient in all three rivers exceeded the safety limit, representing a high risk for the fishermen of Pakistan. The results show that ecological risk and target hazard quotient assessment not only provides valuable information for future research in terms of PTE contamination in the major rivers of Pakistan, but also all the metal pollutants from rivers finally reach to Arabian Sea, therefore might pose a risk to marine ecosystem at national and international scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Nawab
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Wang Xiaoping
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Nawab J, Farooqi S, Xiaoping W, Khan S, Khan A. Levels, dietary intake, and health risk of potentially toxic metals in vegetables, fruits, and cereal crops in Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:5558-5571. [PMID: 29222655 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Food safety is a major concern worldwide and human beings are frequently exposed to potentially toxic metals (PTMs) through consumption of vegetables, fruits, and cereal crops grown in contaminated areas. The present study investigates the concentrations of PTMs such as chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in the foodstuffs (fruits, vegetables, and cereals) collected from different markets of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Samples of fruits (banana, tangerine, apple, and guava), vegetables (tomato, onion, potato, pea, and lady finger), and cereals (rice, kidney beans, and chick peas) were acid-extracted and analyzed using ICP-MS. The concentrations of Cr, Zn, Pb, As, and Cd in fruits (54, 50, 50, 45, and 4% samples, respectively), vegetables (53, 43, 63, 80, and 46%), and cereals (37, 62, 25, 70, and 25%) exceeded their respective permissible limits set by FAO/WHO (2001). The results showed that the highest mean concentration was observed for Ni (14.95 mg/kg), Pb (0.57 mg/kg), and Cd (0.27 mg/kg) in vegetables followed by fruits and cereals. However, the highest mean concentration of As (0.44 mg/kg) was observed in cereal crops followed by vegetables and fruits. The individual health risk of PTMs via consumption of fruits, vegetables, and cereals were found within safe limits for adults and children. Nevertheless, the total HRI values (fruits + vegetables + cereals) for Ni, As, and Cd for both adults and children were observed > 1 and may posed potential risk for the community consuming these foodstuffs on a daily basis. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Nawab
- Key laboratory of Tibetan Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan.
| | - Saad Farooqi
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan
| | - Wang Xiaoping
- Key laboratory of Tibetan Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Asad Khan
- Department of Geology, FATA University, F.R. Kohat, Darra Adam Khel, Pakistan
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Qamar Z, Khan S, Khan A, Aamir M, Nawab J, Waqas M. Appraisement, source apportionment and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vehicle-wash wastewater, Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 2017; 605-606:106-113. [PMID: 28662424 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle-wash wastewater (VWW) contains elevated concentrations of different petrochemicals including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a carcinogenic group of organic compounds. This study investigates the discharge of PAHs present in the untreated wastewater of vehicle-wash stations (VWS) located in district Peshawar, Pakistan. The data obtained was being novel with the detection of 16 USEPA PAHs (both individuals and total) and compared with earlier studies and international standards. The ∑16PAHs in wastewater from light vehicle-wash stations (LVWS) and heavy vehicle-wash stations (HVWS) ranged from 245-429μg/l and 957-1582μg/l, respectively. A significant difference (p<0.01) was observed in PAHs discharged from LVWS and HVWS. The projected ∑16PAHs discharge from both HVWS (92% of total generated PAHs) and LVWS (8%) was about 5109.9 g per annum. According to PAH diagnostic ratios, PAHs were both petrogenic (chrysene/benz(a)anthracene, low molecular weight/high molecular weight) and pyrogenic (phenanthrene/anthracene, fluoranthene/pyrene, fluoranthene/fluoranthene+pyrene) in origin. The highest toxic equivalent quotient (TEQ) value was shown by benzo(a)pyrene (21.6μg/l) followed by dibenz(ah)anthracene (9.81μg/l) in wastewater from HVWS. However, in LVWS the case was reversed with highest value (7.54μg/l) for dibenz(ah)anthracene followed by benzo(a)pyrene (3.54μg/l). The lowest TEQ value was indicated for phenanthrene (0.007μg/l) in wastewater of LVWS, while pyrene showed the lowest value (0.007μg/l) in wastewater of HVWS. The results indicated that VWS contribute significant amount of PAHs each year, which is of great concern regarding water quality, ecological and human health risk. This is the first systematic and comprehensive research related with generation of PAHs load per day, week, month and annum from VWS, their source apportionment and health effects in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahir Qamar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan; Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Anwarzeb Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan; Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
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Jan MI, Khan RA, Ali T, Bilal M, Bo L, Sajid A, Malik A, Urehman N, Waseem N, Nawab J, Ali M, Majeed A, Ahmad H, Aslam S, Hamera S, Sultan A, Anees M, Javed Q, Murtaza I. Interplay of mitochondria apoptosis regulatory factors and microRNAs in valvular heart disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 633:50-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Gul N, Khan S, Khan A, Nawab J, Shamshad I, Yu X. Quantification of Hg excretion and distribution in biological samples of mercury-dental-amalgam users and its correlation with biological variables. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:20580-20590. [PMID: 27464660 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study conducted to quantify the excretion and distribution of mercury (Hg) with time (days) in the biological samples collected from Hg dental amalgam users (MDA). The individuals, with Hg-based dental filling were selected, and their biological samples (red blood cells (RBCs), plasma, urine, hair, and nails) were collected on first, third, and 12th day of fillings. The concentrations of Hg observed in the biological samples of MDA were also correlated with the biological variables such as age, weight, restoration, fish consumption, number, and surface area of fillings. The concentrations of Hg in the biological samples of MDA were found 6-8 times higher than the non-amalgam users (control). The concentrations of Hg in the RBCs (4.39 μg/L), plasma (3.02 μg/L), and urine (22.5 μg/L) on first day of filling were found comparatively higher than the concentrations observed on third day (2.15, 1.46, and 12.3 μg/L for RBCs, plasma, urine, respectively) and 12th day (3.05, 2.5, 9.12 μg/L for RBCs, plasma, urine, respectively), while Hg concentrations were found lower in the hair and nails on third day of fillings (1.53 μg/g for hair and 2.35 μg/g for nails) as compared to the 12th day (2.95 μg/g for hair and 3.5 μg/g for nails). The correlations were found significant (p ˂ 0.05) between Hg concentrations in the biological samples of MDA and biological variables (the number of restoration, fish consumption, number, and surface area of fillings), while no significant (p ˃ 0.05) correlations were observed for Hg concentrations in the biological samples with age and weight of MDA. These observations unveil the fact that the use of Hg-based dental filling is the undesirable exposure to Hg which should be replaced by composite (a safer filling material).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayab Gul
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Municipal Center For Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, 316021, China.
| | - Abbas Khan
- Drug Control Administration, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Health Department, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan
| | - Isha Shamshad
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
- Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Xinwei Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Municipal Center For Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, 316021, China.
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Nawab J, Li G, Khan S, Sher H, Aamir M, Shamshad I, Khan A, Khan MA. Health risk assessment from contaminated foodstuffs: a field study in chromite mining-affected areas northern Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:12227-12236. [PMID: 26971962 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential health risk associated with toxic metals in contaminated foodstuffs (fruits, vegetables, and cereals) collected from various agriculture fields present in chromite mining-affected areas of mafic and ultramafic terrains (northern Pakistan). The concentrations of Cr, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Pb were quantified in both soil and food samples. The soil samples were highly contaminated with Cr (320 mg/kg), Ni (108 mg/kg), and Cd (2.55 mg/kg), which exceeded their respective safe limits set by FAO/WHO. Heavy metal concentrations in soil were found in the order of Cr>Ni>Pb>Zn>Cd and showed significantly (p < 0.001) higher concentrations as compared to reference soil. The integrated pollution load index (PLI) value was observed greater than three indicating high level of contamination in the study area. The concentrations of Cr (1.80-6.99 mg/kg) and Cd (0.21-0.90 mg/kg) in foodstuffs exceeded their safe limits, while Zn, Pb, and Ni concentrations were observed within their safe limits. In all foodstuffs, the selected heavy metal concentrations were accumulated significantly (p < 0.001) higher as compared to the reference, while some heavy metals were observed higher but not significant like Zn in pear, persimmon, white mulberry, and date-plum; Cd in pear, fig and white mulberry; and Pb in walnut, fig, and pumpkin. The health risk assessment revealed no potential risk for both adults and children for the majority of heavy metals, except Cd, which showed health risk index (HRI) >1 for children and can pose potential health threats for local inhabitants. Graphical Abstract Heavy metals released from chromite mining lead to soil and foodstuff contamination and human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Nawab
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China.
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
- Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Zhongke Road 88, Chunxiao Beilun District, Ningbo, 315830, China
| | - Sardar Khan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
- Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Zhongke Road 88, Chunxiao Beilun District, Ningbo, 315830, China.
| | - Hassan Sher
- Centre for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Isha Shamshad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Anwarzeb Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amjad Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
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Rahman Z, Rashid N, Nawab J, Ilyas M, Sung BH, Kim SC. Escherichia coli as a fatty acid and biodiesel factory: current challenges and future directions. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:12007-12018. [PMID: 26961532 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel has received widespread attention as a sustainable, environment-friendly, and alternative source of energy. It can be derived from plant, animal, and microbial organisms in the form of vegetable oil, fats, and lipids, respectively. However, biodiesel production from such sources is not economically feasible due to extensive downstream processes, such as trans-esterification and purification. To obtain cost-effective biodiesel, these bottlenecks need to be overcome. Escherichia coli, a model microorganism, has the potential to produce biodiesel directly from ligno-cellulosic sugars, bypassing trans-esterification. In this process, E. coli is engineered to produce biodiesel using metabolic engineering technology. The entire process of biodiesel production is carried out in a single microbial cell, bypassing the expensive downstream processing steps. This review focuses mainly on production of fatty acid and biodiesel in E. coli using metabolic engineering approaches. In the first part, we describe fatty acid biosynthesis in E. coli. In the second half, we discuss bottlenecks and strategies to enhance the production yield. A complete understanding of current developments in E. coli-based biodiesel production and pathway optimization strategies would reduce production costs for biofuels and plant-derived chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziaur Rahman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan.
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan.
- Department of Microbiology, AWKUM, Mardan, Pakistan.
| | - Naim Rashid
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan
| | | | - Bong Hyun Sung
- Bioenergy and Biochemical Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Nawab J, Khan S, Ali S, Sher H, Rahman Z, Khan K, Tang J, Ahmad A. Health risk assessment of heavy metals and bacterial contamination in drinking water sources: a case study of Malakand Agency, Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:286. [PMID: 27075311 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human beings are frequently exposed to pathogens and heavy metals through ingestion of contaminated drinking water throughout the world particularly in developing countries. The present study aimed to assess the quality of water used for drinking purposes in Malakand Agency, Pakistan. Water samples were collected from different sources (dug wells, bore wells, tube wells, springs, and hand pumps) and analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters and bacterial pathogens (fecal coliform bacteria) using standard methods, while heavy metals were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS-PEA-700). In the study area, 70 % of water sources were contaminated with F. coliform representing high bacterial contamination. The heavy metals, such as Cd (29 and 8 %), Ni (16 and 78 %), and Cr (7 %), exceeded their respective safe limits of WHO (2006) and Pak-EPA (2008), respectively, in water sources, while Pb (9 %) only exceeded from WHO safe limit. The risk assessment tools such as daily intake of metals (DIMs) and health risk indexes (HRIs) were used for health risk estimation and were observed in the order of Ni > Cr > Mn > Pb > Cd and Cd > Ni > Pb > Mn > Cr, respectively. The HRI values of heavy metals for both children and adults were <1, showing lack of potential health risk to the local inhabitants of the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Nawab
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Sardar Khan
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sharafat Ali
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Sher
- Center for Plant Science and Biodiversity University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan
| | - Ziaur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Kifayatullah Khan
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan
| | - Jianfeng Tang
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Aziz Ahmad
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan
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Aamir M, Khan S, Nawab J, Qamar Z, Khan A. Tissue distribution of HCH and DDT congeners and human health risk associated with consumption of fish collected from Kabul River, Pakistan. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2016; 125:128-134. [PMID: 26685785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Distribution of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) congeners in tissues of four different fish species and their associated potential health risks to local consumers are presented in this paper. The average ∑(HCHs+DDTs) concentration in Glyptothorax punjabensis (214ngg(-1) wet weight (ww)) (carnivores) was found higher than Tor putitora (155ngg(-1) ww) (herbivores). The distribution of ∑(HCHs+DDTs) in all fish tissues was found in order of liver>muscle>stomach>gills. The profile of congeners (β-HCH/∑HCH from 0.29-0.47) indicated that all selected fish species were contaminated with HCH because of its recent usage in the study area. Furthermore, DDT profile ((DDE+DDD)/∑DDT from 0.61-0.78) showed that fish contamination with DDT originated from past usage and long-time degradation mechanism. The average estimated daily dietary intake of ∑HCHs (15.0ngkg(-1) day(-1)) was higher than ∑DDTs (12.5ngkg(-1) day(-1)) by the local consumers via fish consumption. On the basis of both 50th and 95th percentile exposure levels, the carcinogenic hazard ratios for DDT and its congeners were exceeded one (safe limit) for all fish species, indicating a great potential cancer risk for local consumers with life time consumption of contaminated fish collected from Kabul River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aamir
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120 Pakistan; IJRC-PTS, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120 Pakistan.
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Pakistan
| | - Zahir Qamar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120 Pakistan
| | - Anwarzeb Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120 Pakistan
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Nawab J, Khan S, Aamir M, Shamshad I, Qamar Z, Din I, Huang Q. Organic amendments impact the availability of heavy metal(loid)s in mine-impacted soil and their phytoremediation by Penisitum americanum and Sorghum bicolor. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:2381-2390. [PMID: 26411451 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5458-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The amendment of contaminated soil with organic materials is considered to be an environmentally friendly technique to immobilize heavy metal(loid)s and minimize their subsequent bioaccumulation in plants. This study focuses on the effects of different amendment techniques, such as the use of activated carbons (granulated or powder) and farmyard manure at various application rates (2 and 5 %). These techniques were applied on heavy metal(loid)s such as Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe, Co, and Al that were present in mine-impacted soil and caused bioaccumulation in cultivated plants. The results showed that, compared with the control, almost all the techniques significantly (P ≤ 0.01) reduced the bioavailability of heavy metal(loid)s in the amended soil. The bioaccumulation of heavy metal(loid)s in Penisitum americanum and Sorghum bicolor was significantly (P ≤ 0.01) reduced with all techniques, while Zn and Cd concentrations increased with the use of farmyard manure. Also compared with the control, plant growth was significantly decreased with the use of activated carbons, particularly with powder activated carbons, while farmyard manure (at 5 %) significantly (P ≤ 0.01) increased plant growth. Among the amendment techniques, powdered activated carbons (at 5 %) were best at reducing the bioavailability of heavy metal(loid)s in soil and plant accumulation. However, it negatively affected the growth of selected plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Nawab
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan
| | - Isha Shamshad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahir Qamar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Islamud Din
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Qing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China.
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Shamshad I, Khan S, Waqas M, Asma M, Nawab J, Gul N, Raiz A, Li G. Heavy metal uptake capacity of fresh water algae (Oedogonium westti) from aqueous solution: A mesocosm research. Int J Phytoremediation 2016; 18:393-398. [PMID: 26515662 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2015.1109594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The green macroalgae present in freshwater ecosystems have attracted a great attention of the world scientists for removal of heavy metals from wastewater. In this mesocosm study, the uptake rates of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) by Oedogonium westi (O. westti) were measured. The equilibrium adsorption capabilities of O. westti were different for Cd, Ni, Cr, and Pb (0.974, 0.418, 0.620, and 0.261 mgg(-1), respectively) at 18 °C and pH 5.0. Furthermore, the removal efficiencies for Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb were observed from 55-95%, 61-93%, 59-89%, and 61-96%, respectively. The highest removal efficiency was observed for Cd and Cr from aqueous solution at acidic pH and low initial metal concentrations. However, the removal efficiencies of Ni and Pb were higher at high pH and high concentrations of metals in aqueous solution. The results summarized that O. westti is a suitable candidate for removal of selected toxic heavy metals from the aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Shamshad
- a Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen , China
- b Department of Environmental Science , University of Peshawar , Pakistan
- c Department of Environmental Science , International Islamic University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- a Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen , China
- b Department of Environmental Science , University of Peshawar , Pakistan
- d Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo , China
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- a Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen , China
- b Department of Environmental Science , University of Peshawar , Pakistan
| | - Maliha Asma
- c Department of Environmental Science , International Islamic University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Javed Nawab
- b Department of Environmental Science , University of Peshawar , Pakistan
- e Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences , University of Swat , Pakistan
| | - Nayab Gul
- b Department of Environmental Science , University of Peshawar , Pakistan
| | - Arjumand Raiz
- b Department of Environmental Science , University of Peshawar , Pakistan
| | - Gang Li
- a Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen , China
- d Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo , China
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Nawab J, Khan S, Shah MT, Qamar Z, Din I, Mahmood Q, Gul N, Huang Q. Contamination of soil, medicinal, and fodder plants with lead and cadmium present in mine-affected areas, Northern Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 2015; 187:605. [PMID: 26324064 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4807-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in the soil and plants (medicinal and fodder) grown in chromite mining-affected areas, Northern Pakistan. Soil and plant samples were collected and analyzed for Pb and Cd concentrations using atomic absorption spectrometer. Soil pollution load indices (PLIs) were greater than 2 for both Cd and Pb, indicating high level of contamination in the study area. Furthermore, Cd concentrations in the soil surrounding the mining sites exceeded the maximum allowable limit (MAL) (0.6 mg kg(-1)), while the concentrations of Pb were lower than the MAL (350 mg kg(-1)) set by State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) for agriculture soil. The concentrations of Cd and Pb were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the soil of the mining-contaminated sites as compared to the reference site, which can be attributed to the dispersion of toxic heavy metals, present in the bed rocks and waste of the mines. The concentrations of Pb and Cd in majority of medicinal and fodder plant species grown in surrounding areas of mines were higher than their MALs set by World Health Organization/Food Agriculture Organization (WHO/FAO) for herbal (10 and 0.3 mg kg(-1), respectively) and edible (0.3 and 0.2 mg kg(-1), respectively) plants. The high concentrations of Cd and Pb may cause contamination of the food chain and health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Nawab
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
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Nawab J, Khan S, Shah MT, Khan K, Huang Q, Ali R. Quantification of Heavy Metals in Mining Affected Soil and Their Bioaccumulation in Native Plant Species. Int J Phytoremediation 2015; 17:801-13. [PMID: 26079739 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2014.981246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Several anthropogenic and natural sources are considered as the primary sources of toxic metals in the environment. The current study investigates the level of heavy metals contamination in the flora associated with serpentine soil along the Mafic and Ultramafic rocks northern-Pakistan. Soil and wild native plant species were collected from chromites mining affected areas and analyzed for heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Fe, Mn, Co, Cu and Zn) using atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS-PEA-700). The heavy metal concentrations were significantly (p < 0.01) higher in mine affected soil as compared to reference soil, however Cr and Ni exceeded maximum allowable limit (250 and 60 mg kg(-1), respectively) set by SEPA for soil. Inter-metal correlations between soil, roots and shoots showed that the sources of contamination of heavy metals were mainly associated with chromites mining. All the plant species accumulated significantly higher concentrations of heavy metals as compared to reference plant. The open dumping of mine wastes can create serious problems (food crops and drinking water contamination with heavy metals) for local community of the study area. The native wild plant species (Nepeta cataria, Impatiens bicolor royle, Tegetis minuta) growing on mining affected sites may be used for soil reclamation contaminated with heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Nawab
- a Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen , China
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Khan K, Khan H, Lu Y, Ihsanullah I, Nawab J, Khan S, Shah NS, Shamshad I, Maryam A. Evaluation of toxicological risk of foodstuffs contaminated with heavy metals in Swat, Pakistan. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2014; 108:224-232. [PMID: 25086826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the concentrations of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in the available foodstuffs (crops, milk and water), their bioaccumulation in human body and potential human health risks in Swat valley, northern Pakistan. Heavy metal concentrations in foodstuffs and human blood (adults (18-above) and children (1-12 years)) were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometer. The results revealed high level of Mn in foodstuffs followed by Cr>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cd>Pb, which significantly increased the levels of heavy metals in the adult׳s blood as compared to that of children in the order of Cr>Zn>Mn>Ni>Pb>Cu>Cd. Principal component analysis showed that selected foodstuffs were the possible sources of metal contamination in human blood, while correlation analysis revealed that the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in foodstuffs significantly correlated with that in human blood. Moreover, risk assessments for individual metals via foodstuffs were found within safe limits, except for Cd (HQ>1); Whereas, for aggregate multiple metals the risk was calculated as 3.97E+00 (HI>1), in which water and milk were perceived as the greater contributors (81 percent) to HI; while fruits, grains and vegetables contributed 5 percent each, and pulses 4 percent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kifayatullah Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences (RCEES), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
| | - Hizbullah Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences (RCEES), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Ihsan Ihsanullah
- Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Tarnab, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Noor S Shah
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
| | - Isha Shamshad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Afsheen Maryam
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
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