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Bodensteiner BL, Iverson JB, Lea CA, Milne-Zelman CL, Mitchell TS, Refsnider JM, Voves K, Warner DA, Janzen FJ. Mother knows best: nest-site choice homogenizes embryo thermal environments among populations in a widespread ectotherm. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220155. [PMID: 37427473 PMCID: PMC10331915 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Species with large geographical ranges provide an excellent model for studying how different populations respond to dissimilar local conditions, particularly with respect to variation in climate. Maternal effects, such as nest-site choice greatly affect offspring phenotypes and survival. Thus, maternal behaviour has the potential to mitigate the effects of divergent climatic conditions across a species' range. We delineated natural nesting areas of six populations of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) that span a broad latitudinal range and quantified spatial and temporal variation in nest characteristics. To quantify microhabitats available for females to choose, we also identified sites within the nesting area of each location that were representative of available thermal microhabitats. Across the range, females nested non-randomly and targeted microhabitats that generally had less canopy cover and thus higher nest temperatures. Nest microhabitats differed among locations but did not predictably vary with latitude or historic mean air temperature during embryonic development. In conjunction with other studies of these populations, our results suggest that nest-site choice is homogenizing nest environments, which buffers embryos from thermally induced selection and could slow embryonic evolution. Thus, although effective at a macroclimatic scale, nest-site choice is unlikely to compensate for novel stressors that rapidly increase local temperatures. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolutionary ecology of nests: a cross-taxon approach'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L. Bodensteiner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - John B. Iverson
- Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN 60071, USA
| | - Carter A. Lea
- Office of Research Proposal Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | | | - Timothy S. Mitchell
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jeanine M. Refsnider
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | | | - Daniel A. Warner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Fredric J. Janzen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI 49060, USA
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2
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Sree Kumar H, Wisner AS, Refsnider JM, Martyniuk CJ, Zubcevic J. Small fish, big discoveries: zebrafish shed light on microbial biomarkers for neuro-immune-cardiovascular health. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1186645. [PMID: 37324381 PMCID: PMC10267477 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1186645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have emerged as a powerful model to study the gut microbiome in the context of human conditions, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, and immune dysfunction. Here, we highlight zebrafish as a tool to bridge the gap in knowledge in linking the gut microbiome and physiological homeostasis of cardiovascular, neural, and immune systems, both independently and as an integrated axis. Drawing on zebrafish studies to date, we discuss challenges in microbiota transplant techniques and gnotobiotic husbandry practices. We present advantages and current limitations in zebrafish microbiome research and discuss the use of zebrafish in identification of microbial enterotypes in health and disease. We also highlight the versatility of zebrafish studies to further explore the function of human conditions relevant to gut dysbiosis and reveal novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemaa Sree Kumar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurological Disorders, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Alexander S. Wisner
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
- Center for Drug Design and Development, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Jeanine M. Refsnider
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Christopher J. Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, OH, United States
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
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3
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Refsnider JM, Torres N, Otten JG. No Evidence of Long-Term Effects on Physiological Stress or Innate Immune Functioning in Northern Map Turtles a Decade After a Freshwater Oil Spill. HERPETOLOGICA 2023. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-22-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine M. Refsnider
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Nicholas Torres
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Joshua G. Otten
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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4
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Doody JS, Refsnider JM. Editorial: Nesting in reptiles: Natural and anthropogenic threats and evolutionary responses. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1103193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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5
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Otten JG, Williams L, Refsnider JM. Survival outcomes of rehabilitated riverine turtles following a freshwater diluted bitumen oil spill. Environ Pollut 2022; 311:119968. [PMID: 35977636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rehabilitation is often used to mitigate adverse effects of oil spills on wildlife. With an increase in production of alternatives to conventional crude oil such as diluted bitumen (dilbit), emergency spill responders and wildlife rehabilitators need information regarding the health and survival of free-ranging vertebrates exposed to dilbit under natural conditions. In 2010, one of the largest freshwater oil spills in the United States occurred in the Kalamazoo River in Michigan, when over 3.2 million liters of spilled dilbit impacted 56 km of riverine habitat. During 2010 and 2011 cleanup efforts, thousands of northern map turtles (Graptemys geographica) were captured from oiled stretches of the river, cleaned, rehabilitated, and released. We conducted extensive mark-recapture surveys in 2010, 2011, and 2018-2021, and used this dataset to evaluate the monthly survival probability of turtles 1-14 months post-spill and 8-11 years post-spill based on whether turtles were temporarily rehabilitated and released, overwintered in captivity and then released, or were released without rehabilitation. We found that rehabilitated or overwintered turtles had a higher probability of survival 1-14 months post-spill than non-rehabilitated turtles; however, 8-11 years post-spill the among-group differences in monthly survival probability had become negligible. Additionally, following the oil spill in 2010, nearly 6% of northern map turtles were recovered dead, died during rehabilitation, or suffered injuries that precluded release back into the wild. Our results demonstrate that exposure to dilbit in free ranging turtles causes direct mortality, while effort spent on the capture and rehabilitation of oiled freshwater turtles is important as it increases monthly survival 1-14 months post-spill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Otten
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Wolfe Hall Suite 1235, 2801 W Bancroft St., Toledo, OH, 43606-3390, USA.
| | - Lisa Williams
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Michigan Field Office, 2651 Coolidge Road, Suite 101, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Jeanine M Refsnider
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Wolfe Hall Suite 1235, 2801 W Bancroft St., Toledo, OH, 43606-3390, USA
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Clifton IT, Refsnider JM. Temporal climatic variability predicts thermal tolerance in two sympatric lizard species. J Therm Biol 2022; 108:103291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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7
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Refsnider JM, Carter SE, Diaz A, Hulbert AC, Kramer GR, Madden P, Streby HM. Macro- and Microhabitat Predictors of Nest Success and Hatchling Survival in Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) and Spotted Turtles (Clemmys guttata) in Oak Savanna Landscapes. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.788025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Differing selection pressures on stationary nest contents compared to mobile offspring mean that the nest-site characteristics resulting in the highest nest success may not be the same characteristics that result in the highest survival of juveniles from those nests. In such cases, maternal nest-site choice may optimize productivity overall by selecting nest sites that balance opposing pressures on nest success and juvenile survival, rather than maximizing survival of either the egg or the juvenile stage. Determining which macro- and microhabitat characteristics best predict overall productivity is critical for ensuring that land management activities increase overall recruitment into a population of interest, rather than benefiting one life stage at the inadvertent expense of another. We characterized nest-site choice at the macro- and microhabitat scale, and then quantified nest success and juvenile survival to overwintering in two declining turtle species, eastern box turtles and spotted turtles, that co-occur in oak savanna landscapes of northwestern Ohio and southern Michigan. Nest success in box turtles was higher in nests farther from macrohabitat edges, constructed later in the year, and at greater total depths. In contrast, survival of juvenile box turtles to overwintering was greater from nests under less shade cover and at shallower total depths. Spotted turtle nest success and juvenile survival were so high that we were unable to detect relationships between nest-site characteristics and the small amount of variation in survival. Our results demonstrate, at least for eastern box turtles, a tradeoff in nest depth between favoring nest success vs. juvenile survival to overwintering. We suggest that heterogeneity in microhabitat structure within nesting areas is important for allowing female turtles to both exercise flexibility in nest-site choice to match nest-site characteristics to prevailing weather conditions, and to place nests in close proximity to habitat that will subsequently be used by hatchlings for overwintering.
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Refsnider JM, Garcia JA, Holliker B, Hulbert AC, Nunez A, Streby HM. Effects of harmful algal blooms on stress levels and immune functioning in wetland-associated songbirds and reptiles. Sci Total Environ 2021; 788:147790. [PMID: 34034177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs), caused primarily by nutrient input from agricultural runoff, are a threat to freshwater systems worldwide, and are further predicted to increase in size, frequency, and intensity due to climate change. HABs occur annually in the Western Basin of Lake Erie (Ohio, USA), and these blooms become toxic when dominated by cyanobacteria that produce the liver toxin microcystin. Although we are making substantial inroads toward understanding how microcystin affects human health, less is known about effects of microcystin on wildlife exposed to HABs. Wetland-associated songbirds (barn swallows, Hirundo rustica, and red-winged blackbirds, Agelaius phoeniceus) and reptiles (Northern watersnakes, Nerodia sipedon, and painted turtles, Chrysemys picta) were sampled from wetlands exposed to chronically high microcystin levels due to a prolonged HAB event, and from unexposed, control wetlands. Physiological stress levels and several measures of immune functioning were compared between the HAB-exposed and control populations. Physiological stress levels, measured as heterophil:lymphocyte ratios, were higher in barn swallows, red-winged blackbirds, and Northern watersnakes exposed to a chronic HAB compared to unexposed, control individuals, but painted turtles did not differ in physiological stress levels between HAB-exposed and control individuals. Neither barn swallows nor red-winged blackbirds differed in immune functioning between populations, but HAB-exposed watersnakes had higher bactericidal capacity than control snakes, and HAB-exposed painted turtles had lower bactericidal capacity than control turtles. These results suggest that even when HABs do not cause direct mortality of exposed wildlife, they can potentially act as a physiological stressor across several taxa, and furthermore may compromise immune functioning in some species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine M Refsnider
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Wolfe Hall Room 1235, 3050 West Towerview Blvd., Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA.
| | - Jessica A Garcia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Wolfe Hall Room 1235, 3050 West Towerview Blvd., Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA
| | - Brittany Holliker
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Wolfe Hall Room 1235, 3050 West Towerview Blvd., Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA
| | - Austin C Hulbert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Wolfe Hall Room 1235, 3050 West Towerview Blvd., Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA
| | - Ashley Nunez
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Wolfe Hall Room 1235, 3050 West Towerview Blvd., Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA; Department of Biology, Ursinus College, 601 East Main St., Collegeville, PA 19426-1000, USA
| | - Henry M Streby
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Wolfe Hall Room 1235, 3050 West Towerview Blvd., Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA
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9
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Refsnider JM, Vazquez TK, Clifton IT, Jayawardena DM, Heckathorn SA. Cellular and whole-organism effects of prolonged versus acute heat stress in a montane, desert lizard. J Exp Zool A Ecol Integr Physiol 2020; 335:126-135. [PMID: 33135372 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Global climate change involves both prolonged periods of higher-than-normal temperatures and short but extreme heat waves. Both types of temperature increases are likely to be detrimental to ectotherms, and even if such temperature increases do not cause mortality directly, compensating for such temperature increases will likely entail costs to organisms. We tested the effects of prolonged periods of higher-than-average temperatures and short-term, acute heat stress in wild populations of greater short-horned lizards (Phrynosoma hernandesi), a temperate, montane lizard of the Colorado Plateau, UT, USA. We transplanted one group of lizards from a high- to a low-elevation site, exposing them to a prolonged period of warmer temperatures. These lizards, exposed to prolonged periods of higher-than-average temperatures, experienced no change in sprint speed, endurance, or heat shock protein (HSP) production after treatment compared to baseline levels; however, they had lower water content after the transplant to a warmer climate compared to before the transplant. We exposed a second group of lizards to acute heat stress by exposing them to thermally stressful temperatures for 4 h. These lizards, exposed to a short period of acute heat stress, had no change in endurance, water content, or HSP production following acute heat stress; however, lizards exposed to acute heat stress had slower sprint speeds than control lizards. Our results demonstrate that both prolonged temperature increases and acute heat stress, each of which are predicted to occur with climate change, had different cellular and/or whole organismal-level effects on lizards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine M Refsnider
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Tyara K Vazquez
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Ian T Clifton
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Scott A Heckathorn
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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10
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Bodensteiner BL, Agudelo‐Cantero GA, Arietta AZA, Gunderson AR, Muñoz MM, Refsnider JM, Gangloff EJ. Thermal adaptation revisited: How conserved are thermal traits of reptiles and amphibians? J Exp Zool 2020; 335:173-194. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L. Bodensteiner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Gustavo A. Agudelo‐Cantero
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Biology ‐ Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | | | - Alex R. Gunderson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana USA
| | - Martha M. Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | | | - Eric J. Gangloff
- Department of Zoology Ohio Wesleyan University Delaware Ohio USA
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11
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Su RC, Meyers CM, Warner EA, Garcia JA, Refsnider JM, Lad A, Breidenbach JD, Modyanov N, Malhotra D, Haller ST, Kennedy DJ. Harmful Algal Bloom Toxicity in Lithobates catesbeiana Tadpoles. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060378. [PMID: 32521650 PMCID: PMC7354472 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HAB) have become a major health concern worldwide, not just to humans that consume and recreate on contaminated waters, but also to the fauna that inhabit the environments surrounding affected areas. HABs contain heterotrophic bacteria, cyanobacterial lipopolysaccharide, and cyanobacterial toxins such as microcystins, that can cause severe toxicity in many aquatic species as well as bioaccumulation within various organs. Thus, the possibility of trophic transference of this toxin through the food chain has potentially important health implications for other organisms in the related food web. While some species have developed adaptions to attenuate the toxic effects of HAB toxins, there are still numerous species that remain vulnerable, including Lithobates catesbeiana (American bullfrog) tadpoles. In the current study we demonstrate that acute, short-term exposure of tadpoles to HAB toxins containing 1 µg/L (1 nmol/L) of total microcystins for only 7 days results in significant liver and intestinal toxicity within tadpoles. Exposed tadpoles had increased intestinal diameter, decreased intestinal fold heights, and a constant number of intestinal folds, indicating pathological intestinal distension, similar to what is seen in various disease processes, such as toxic megacolon. HAB-toxin-exposed tadpoles also demonstrated hepatocyte hypertrophy with increased hepatocyte binucleation consistent with carcinogenic and oxidative processes within the liver. Both livers and intestines of HAB-toxin-exposed tadpoles demonstrated significant increases in protein carbonylation consistent with oxidative stress and damage. These findings demonstrate that short-term exposure to HAB toxins, including microcystins, can have significant adverse effects in amphibian populations. This acute, short-term toxicity highlights the need to evaluate the influence HAB toxins may have on other vulnerable species within the food web and how those may ultimately also impact human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin C. Su
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.C.S.); (E.A.W.); (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Casey M. Meyers
- Department of Biology, Wittenberg University, Springfield, OH 45504, USA;
| | - Emily A. Warner
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.C.S.); (E.A.W.); (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Jessica A. Garcia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (J.A.G.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Jeanine M. Refsnider
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (J.A.G.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Apurva Lad
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.C.S.); (E.A.W.); (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Joshua D. Breidenbach
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.C.S.); (E.A.W.); (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Nikolai Modyanov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA;
| | - Deepak Malhotra
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.C.S.); (E.A.W.); (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Steven T. Haller
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.C.S.); (E.A.W.); (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (D.M.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Correspondence: (S.T.H.); (D.J.K.); Tel.: +1-419-383-6822 (D.J.K. & S.T.H.)
| | - David J. Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.C.S.); (E.A.W.); (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (D.M.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Correspondence: (S.T.H.); (D.J.K.); Tel.: +1-419-383-6822 (D.J.K. & S.T.H.)
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12
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Qian SS, Refsnider JM, Moore JA, Kramer GR, Streby HM. All tests are imperfect: Accounting for false positives and false negatives using Bayesian statistics. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03571. [PMID: 32211545 PMCID: PMC7082531 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tests with binary outcomes (e.g., positive versus negative) to indicate a binary state of nature (e.g., disease agent present versus absent) are common. These tests are rarely perfect: chances of a false positive and a false negative always exist. Imperfect results cannot be directly used to infer the true state of the nature; information about the method's uncertainty (i.e., the two error rates and our knowledge of the subject) must be properly accounted for before an imperfect result can be made informative. We discuss statistical methods for incorporating the uncertain information under two scenarios, based on the purpose of conducting a test: inference about the subject under test and inference about the population represented by test subjects. The results are applicable to almost all tests. The importance of properly interpreting results from imperfect tests is universal, although how to handle the uncertainty is inevitably case-specific. The statistical considerations not only will change the way we interpret test results, but also how we plan and carry out tests that are known to be imperfect. Using a numerical example, we illustrate the post-test steps necessary for making the imperfect test results meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song S Qian
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS# 604, Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA
| | - Jeanine M Refsnider
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS# 604, Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA
| | - Jennifer A Moore
- Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, 3300a Kindschi Hall of Science, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
| | - Gunnar R Kramer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS# 604, Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA
| | - Henry M Streby
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS# 604, Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA
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13
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Paterson JE, Baxter‐Gilbert J, Beaudry F, Carstairs S, Chow‐Fraser P, Edge CB, Lentini AM, Litzgus JD, Markle CE, McKeown K, Moore JA, Refsnider JM, Riley JL, Rouse JD, Seburn DC, Zimmerling JR, Davy CM. Road avoidance and its energetic consequences for reptiles. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:9794-9803. [PMID: 31534694 PMCID: PMC6745830 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Roads are one of the most widespread human-caused habitat modifications that can increase wildlife mortality rates and alter behavior. Roads can act as barriers with variable permeability to movement and can increase distances wildlife travel to access habitats. Movement is energetically costly, and avoidance of roads could therefore impact an animal's energy budget. We tested whether reptiles avoid roads or road crossings and explored whether the energetic consequences of road avoidance decreased individual fitness. Using telemetry data from Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii; 11,658 locations of 286 turtles from 15 sites) and eastern massasaugas (Sistrurus catenatus; 1,868 locations of 49 snakes from 3 sites), we compared frequency of observed road crossings and use of road-adjacent habitat by reptiles to expected frequencies based on simulated correlated random walks. Turtles and snakes did not avoid habitats near roads, but both species avoided road crossings. Compared with simulations, turtles made fewer crossings of paved roads with low speed limits and more crossings of paved roads with high speed limits. Snakes made fewer crossings of all road types than expected based on simulated paths. Turtles traveled longer daily distances when their home range contained roads, but the predicted energetic cost was negligible: substantially less than the cost of producing one egg. Snakes with roads in their home range did not travel further per day than snakes without roads in their home range. We found that turtles and snakes avoided crossing roads, but road avoidance is unlikely to impact fitness through energetic expenditures. Therefore, mortality from vehicle strikes remains the most significant impact of roads on reptile populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Paterson
- Environmental and Life Sciences ProgramTrent UniversityPeterboroughONCanada
| | - James Baxter‐Gilbert
- Department of Botany and ZoologyCentre for Invasion BiologyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschWestern CapeSouth Africa
| | - Frederic Beaudry
- Environmental Studies and Geology DivisionAlfred UniversityAlfredNYUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chantel E. Markle
- School of Geography and Earth SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | | | | | | | - Julia L. Riley
- Department of Botany and ZoologyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschWestern CapeSouth Africa
| | - Jeremy D. Rouse
- Parry Sound District OfficeOntario Ministry of Natural Resources and ForestryParry SoundONCanada
| | | | - J. Ryan Zimmerling
- Canadian Wildlife ServiceEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaGatineauQCCanada
| | - Christina M. Davy
- Environmental and Life Sciences ProgramTrent UniversityPeterboroughONCanada
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring SectionOntario Ministry of Natural Resources and ForestryPeterboroughONCanada
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14
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Carter AL, Bodensteiner BL, Iverson JB, Milne‐Zelman CL, Mitchell TS, Refsnider JM, Warner DA, Janzen FJ. Breadth of the thermal response captures individual and geographic variation in temperature‐dependent sex determination. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Carter
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| | | | | | | | - Timothy S. Mitchell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA
| | | | - Daniel A. Warner
- Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University Auburn AL USA
| | - Fredric J. Janzen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames IA USA
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15
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Refsnider JM, Clifton IT, Vazquez TK. Developmental plasticity of thermal ecology traits in reptiles: Trends, potential benefits, and research needs. J Therm Biol 2019; 84:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Refsnider JM, Carter SE, Kramer GR, Siefker AD, Streby HM. Is dietary or microhabitat specialization associated with environmental heterogeneity in horned lizards ( Phrynosoma)? Ecol Evol 2019; 9:5542-5550. [PMID: 31160981 PMCID: PMC6540669 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Niche breadth is predicted to correlate with environmental heterogeneity, such that generalists will evolve in heterogeneous environments and specialists will evolve in environments that vary less over space and time. We tested the hypothesis that lizards in a heterogeneous environment were generalists compared to lizards in a homogeneous environment. We compared niche breadths of greater short-horned lizards by quantifying resource selection in terms of two different niche axes, diet (prey items and trophic level), and microhabitat (ground cover and shade cover) between two populations occurring at different elevations. We assessed the heterogeneity of dietary and microhabitat resources within each population's environment by quantifying the availability of prey items, ground cover, and shade cover in each environment. Overall, our results demonstrate that despite differences in resource heterogeneity between elevations, resource selection did not consistently differ between populations. Moreover, environmental heterogeneity was not associated with generalization of resource use. The low-elevation site had a broader range of available prey items, yet lizards at the high-elevation site demonstrated more generalization in diet. In contrast, the high-elevation site had a broader range of available microhabitats, but the lizard populations at both sites were similarly generalized for shade cover selection and were similarly specialized for ground cover selection. Our results demonstrate that environmental heterogeneity of a particular resource does not necessarily predict the degree to which organisms specialize on that resource.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah E. Carter
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of ToledoToledoOhio
| | - Gunnar R. Kramer
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of ToledoToledoOhio
| | - Adam D. Siefker
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of ToledoToledoOhio
| | - Henry M. Streby
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of ToledoToledoOhio
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17
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Bodensteiner BL, Warner DA, Iverson JB, Milne‐Zelman CL, Mitchell TS, Refsnider JM, Janzen FJ. Geographic variation in thermal sensitivity of early life traits in a widespread reptile. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:2791-2802. [PMID: 30891217 PMCID: PMC6405489 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Taxa with large geographic distributions generally encompass diverse macroclimatic conditions, potentially requiring local adaptation and/or phenotypic plasticity to match their phenotypes to differing environments. These eco-evolutionary processes are of particular interest in organisms with traits that are directly affected by temperature, such as embryonic development in oviparous ectotherms. Here we examine the spatial distribution of fitness-related early life phenotypes across the range of a widespread vertebrate, the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta). We quantified embryonic and hatchling traits from seven locations (in Idaho, Minnesota, Oregon, Illinois, Nebraska, Kansas, and New Mexico) after incubating eggs under constant conditions across a series of environmentally relevant temperatures. Thermal reaction norms for incubation duration and hatchling mass varied among locations under this common-garden experiment, indicating genetic differentiation or pre-ovulatory maternal effects. However, latitude, a commonly used proxy for geographic variation, was not a strong predictor of these geographic differences. Our findings suggest that this macroclimatic proxy may be an unreliable surrogate for microclimatic conditions experienced locally in nests. Instead, complex interactions between abiotic and biotic factors likely drive among-population phenotypic variation in this system. Understanding spatial variation in key life-history traits provides an important perspective on adaptation to contemporary and future climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L. Bodensteiner
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Organismal BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowa
- Department of Biological SciencesVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVirginia
| | | | | | | | - Timothy S. Mitchell
- Department of Ecology Evolution and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMinnesota
| | | | - Fredric J. Janzen
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Organismal BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowa
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18
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Nelson NJ, Keall SN, Refsnider JM, Carter AL. Behavioral variation in nesting phenology may offset sex-ratio bias in tuatara. J Exp Zool A Ecol Integr Physiol 2018; 329:373-381. [PMID: 29939491 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The nest environment for eggs of reptiles has lifelong implications for offspring performance and success, and, ultimately, for population viability and species distributions. However, understanding the various abiotic and biotic drivers of nesting is complex, particularly regarding variation in nesting behavior of females and consequences for sex ratios in species with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). We investigated how nest construction and nesting phenology affect the incubation environment of a reptile with TSD, the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus), a species that is at risk from climate-mediated male bias in population sex ratios. Using longitudinal behavioral data, we addressed the following questions. (1) Does nesting behavior vary with seasonal or location cues? (2) Does variation in nesting phenology or nest construction affect the incubation environment? We aimed to investigate whether female tuatara could modify nesting behavior to respond to novel environments, including a warming climate, allowing for successful incubation and balanced population sex ratios, maintaining population viability throughout their historic range. We predicted that earlier nesting after warm winters increased the likelihood that females will be produced, despite the sex determining system where males are produced from warmer temperatures. Further research is needed to understand the extent to which nesting behavior varies by individual through time, and across the range of tuatara, and the importance of habitat variability in maintaining production of females under future climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Nelson
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Susan N Keall
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Anna L Carter
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Indiana
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19
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Refsnider JM, Qian SS, Streby HM, Carter SE, Clifton IT, Siefker AD, Vazquez TK. Reciprocally transplanted lizards along an elevational gradient match light environment use of local lizards via phenotypic plasticity. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Song S. Qian
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of Toledo Toledo OH USA
| | - Henry M. Streby
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of Toledo Toledo OH USA
| | - Sarah E. Carter
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of Toledo Toledo OH USA
| | - Ian T. Clifton
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of Toledo Toledo OH USA
| | - Adam D. Siefker
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of Toledo Toledo OH USA
| | - Tyara K. Vazquez
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of Toledo Toledo OH USA
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20
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Refsnider JM, Reedy AM, Warner DA, Janzen FJ. Do trade-offs between predation pressures on females versus nests drive nest-site choice in painted turtles? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine M. Refsnider
- Department of Ecology; Evolution and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; 251 Bessey Hall Ames IA 50010-1020 USA
| | - Aaron M. Reedy
- Department of Biology; University of Virginia; PO Box 400328 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Daniel A. Warner
- Department of Biological Sciences; Auburn University; 101 Rouse Life Sciences Building Auburn AL 36849 USA
| | - Fredric J. Janzen
- Department of Ecology; Evolution and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; 251 Bessey Hall Ames IA 50010-1020 USA
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21
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Refsnider JM, Poorten TJ, Langhammer PF, Burrowes PA, Rosenblum EB. Genomic Correlates of Virulence Attenuation in the Deadly Amphibian Chytrid Fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. G3 (Bethesda) 2015; 5:2291-8. [PMID: 26333840 PMCID: PMC4632049 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.021808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseasespose a significant threat to global health, but predicting disease outcomes for particular species can be complicated when pathogen virulence varies across space, time, or hosts. The pathogenic chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has caused worldwide declines in frog populations. Not only do Bd isolates from wild populations vary in virulence, but virulence shifts can occur over short timescales when Bd is maintained in the laboratory. We leveraged changes in Bd virulence over multiple generations of passage to better understand mechanisms of pathogen virulence. We conducted whole-genome resequencing of two samples of the same Bd isolate, differing only in passage history, to identify genomic processes associated with virulence attenuation. The isolate with shorter passage history (and greater virulence) had greater chromosome copy numbers than the isolate maintained in culture for longer, suggesting that virulence attenuation may be associated with loss of chromosome copies. Our results suggest that genomic processes proposed as mechanisms for rapid evolution in Bd are correlated with virulence attenuation in laboratory culture within a single lineage of Bd. Moreover, these genomic processes can occur over extremely short timescales. On a practical level, our results underscore the importance of immediately cryo-archiving new Bd isolates and using fresh isolates, rather than samples cultured in the laboratory for long periods, for laboratory infection experiments. Finally, when attempting to predict disease outcomes for this ecologically important pathogen, it is critical to consider existing variation in virulence among isolates and the potential for shifts in virulence over short timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine M Refsnider
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3114
| | - Thomas J Poorten
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3114
| | | | - Patricia A Burrowes
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3360
| | - Erica Bree Rosenblum
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3114
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22
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Refsnider JM, Janzen FJ. Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination under Rapid Anthropogenic Environmental Change: Evolution at a Turtle’s Pace? J Hered 2015; 107:61-70. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esv053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Refsnider JM, Des Roches S, Rosenblum EB. Evidence for ecological release over a fine spatial scale in a lizard from the White Sands formation. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine M. Refsnider
- Dept of Environmental Science, Policy and Management; Univ. of California at Berkeley; 130 Mulford Hall Berkeley CA 94720-3114 USA
| | - Simone Des Roches
- Dept of Environmental Science, Policy and Management; Univ. of California at Berkeley; 130 Mulford Hall Berkeley CA 94720-3114 USA
| | - Erica Bree Rosenblum
- Dept of Environmental Science, Policy and Management; Univ. of California at Berkeley; 130 Mulford Hall Berkeley CA 94720-3114 USA
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24
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Refsnider JM, Palacios MG, Reding DM, Bronikowski AM. Effects of a novel climate on stress response and immune function in painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 323:160-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine M. Refsnider
- Department of Ecology; Evolution and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa
| | - Maria G. Palacios
- Department of Ecology; Evolution and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa
| | - Dawn M. Reding
- Department of Ecology; Evolution and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa
| | - Anne M. Bronikowski
- Department of Ecology; Evolution and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa
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25
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Abstract
When opposing evolutionary selection pressures act on a behavioural trait, the result is often stabilizing selection for an intermediate optimal phenotype, with deviations from the predicted optimum attributed to tracking a moving target, development of behavioural syndromes or shifts in riskiness over an individual's lifetime. We investigated nest-site choice by female golden-winged warblers, and the selection pressures acting on that choice by two fitness components, nest success and fledgling survival. We observed strong and consistent opposing selection pressures on nest-site choice for maximizing these two fitness components, and an abrupt, within-season switch in the fitness component birds prioritize via nest-site choice, dependent on the time remaining for additional nesting attempts. We found that females consistently deviated from the predicted optimal behaviour when choosing nest sites because they can make multiple attempts at one fitness component, nest success, but only one attempt at the subsequent component, fledgling survival. Our results demonstrate a unique natural strategy for balancing opposing selection pressures to maximize total fitness. This time-dependent switch from high to low risk tolerance in nest-site choice maximizes songbird fitness in the same way a well-timed switch in human investor risk tolerance can maximize one's nest egg at retirement. Our results also provide strong evidence for the adaptive nature of songbird nest-site choice, which we suggest has been elusive primarily due to a lack of consideration for fledgling survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Streby
- Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, , 200 Hodson Hall, St Paul, MN 55108, USA, US Geological Survey, Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Minnesota, , 200 Hodson Hall, St Paul, MN 55108, USA, Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, , 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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26
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Refsnider JM, Daugherty CH, Godfrey SS, Keall SN, Moore JA, Nelson NJ. Patterns of Nesting Migrations in the Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus), A Colonially Nesting Island Reptile. HERPETOLOGICA 2013. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Jones PC, King RB, Bailey RL, Bieser ND, Bissell K, Campa H, Crabill T, Cross MD, Degregorio BA, Dreslik MJ, Durbian FE, Harvey DS, Hecht SE, Jellen BC, Johnson G, Kingsbury BA, Kowalski MJ, Lee J, Manning JV, Moore JA, Oakes J, Phillips CA, Prior KA, Refsnider JM, Rouse JD, Sage JR, Seigel RA, Shepard DB, Smith CS, Vandewalle TJ, Weatherhead PJ, Yagi A. Range-wide analysis of eastern massasauga survivorship. J Wildl Manage 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Refsnider JM, Strickland J, Janzen FJ. Home Range and Site Fidelity of Imperiled Ornate Box Turtles (Terrapene ornata) in Northwestern Illinois. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2012. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-0919.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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29
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Refsnider JM, Mitchell TS, Streby HM, Strickland JT, Warner DA, Janzen FJ. A generalized method to determine detectability of rare and cryptic species using the ornate box turtle as a model. WILDLIFE SOC B 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Refsnider JM, Janzen FJ. Putting Eggs in One Basket: Ecological and Evolutionary Hypotheses for Variation in Oviposition-Site Choice. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 2010. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102209-144712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine M. Refsnider
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011; ,
| | - Fredric J. Janzen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011; ,
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