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Dockterman J, Reitano JR, Everitt JI, Wallace GD, Hendrix M, Taylor GA, Coers J. Irgm proteins attenuate inflammatory disease in mouse models of genital Chlamydia infection. mBio 2024; 15:e0030324. [PMID: 38501887 PMCID: PMC11005385 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00303-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens that may cause genital pathology via induction of destructive host immune responses. Human-adapted Chlamydia trachomatis causes inflammatory disease in human hosts but is easily cleared in mice, and mouse-adapted Chlamydia muridarum establishes a productive and pathogenic infection in murine hosts. While numerous anti-chlamydial host resistance factors have been discovered in mice and humans alike, little is known about host factors promoting host fitness independent of host resistance. Here, we show that interferon-inducible immunity-related GTPase M (Irgm) proteins function as such host factors ameliorating infection-associated sequalae in the murine female genital tract, thus characterizing Irgm proteins as mediators of disease tolerance. Specifically, we demonstrate that mice deficient for all three murine Irgm paralogs (pan-Irgm-/-) are defective for cell-autonomous immunity to C. trachomatis, which correlates with an early and transient increase in bacterial burden and sustained hyperinflammation in vivo. In contrast, upon infection of pan-Irgm-/- mice with C. muridarum, bacterial burden is unaffected, yet genital inflammation and scarring pathology are nonetheless increased, demonstrating that Irgm proteins can promote host fitness without altering bacterial burden. Additionally, pan-Irgm-/- mice display increased granulomatous inflammation in genital Chlamydia infection, implicating Irgm proteins in the regulation of granuloma formation and maintenance. These findings demonstrate that Irgm proteins regulate pathogenic immune responses to Chlamydia infection in vivo, establishing an effective infection model to examine the immunoregulatory functions and mechanisms of Irgm proteins. IMPORTANCE In response to genital Chlamydia infection, the immune system mounts a proinflammatory response to resist the pathogen, yet inflammation must be tightly controlled to avoid collateral damage and scarring to host genital tissue. Variation in the human IRGM gene is associated with susceptibility to autoinflammatory diseases but its role in ameliorating inflammatory diseases caused by infections is poorly defined. Here, we use mice deficient for all three murine Irgm paralogs to demonstrate that Irgm proteins not only provide host resistance to Chlamydia infections but also limit associated inflammation in the female genital tract. In particular, we find that murine Irgm expression prevents granulomatous inflammation, which parallels inflammatory diseases associated with variants in human IRGM. Our findings therefore establish genital Chlamydia infection as a useful model to study the roles for Irgm proteins in both promoting protective immunity and limiting pathogenic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Dockterman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Reitano
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey I. Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Graham D. Wallace
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Meghan Hendrix
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory A. Taylor
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke Universitygrid.26009.3d Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Chelales E, von Windheim K, Banipal AS, Siebeneck E, Benham C, Nief CA, Crouch B, Everitt JI, Sag AA, Katz DF, Ramanujam N. Determining the Relationship between Delivery Parameters and Ablation Distribution for Novel Gel Ethanol Percutaneous Therapy in Ex Vivo Swine Liver. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:997. [PMID: 38611255 PMCID: PMC11013462 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Ethyl cellulose-ethanol (ECE) is emerging as a promising formulation for ablative injections, with more controllable injection distributions than those from traditional liquid ethanol. This study evaluates the influence of salient injection parameters on forces needed for infusion, depot volume, retention, and shape in a large animal model relevant to human applications. Experiments were conducted to investigate how infusion volume (0.5 mL to 2.5 mL), ECE concentration (6% or 12%), needle gauge (22 G or 27 G), and infusion rate (10 mL/h) impacted the force of infusion into air using a load cell. These parameters, with the addition of manual infusion, were investigated to elucidate their influence on depot volume, retention, and shape (aspect ratio), measured using CT imaging, in an ex vivo swine liver model. Force during injection increased significantly for 12% compared to 6% ECE and for 27 G needles compared to 22 G. Force variability increased with higher ECE concentration and smaller needle diameter. As infusion volume increased, 12% ECE achieved superior depot volume compared to 6% ECE. For all infusion volumes, 12% ECE achieved superior retention compared to 6% ECE. Needle gauge and infusion rate had little influence on the observed depot volume or retention; however, the smaller needles resulted in higher variability in depot shape for 12% ECE. These results help us understand the multivariate nature of injection performance, informing injection protocol designs for ablations using gel ethanol and infusion, with volumes relevant to human applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Chelales
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (K.v.W.); (A.S.B.); (C.A.N.)
| | - Katriana von Windheim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (K.v.W.); (A.S.B.); (C.A.N.)
| | - Arshbir Singh Banipal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (K.v.W.); (A.S.B.); (C.A.N.)
| | - Elizabeth Siebeneck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (K.v.W.); (A.S.B.); (C.A.N.)
| | - Claire Benham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (K.v.W.); (A.S.B.); (C.A.N.)
| | - Corrine A. Nief
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (K.v.W.); (A.S.B.); (C.A.N.)
| | - Brian Crouch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (K.v.W.); (A.S.B.); (C.A.N.)
| | - Jeffrey I. Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Alan Alper Sag
- Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David F. Katz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (K.v.W.); (A.S.B.); (C.A.N.)
| | - Nirmala Ramanujam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (K.v.W.); (A.S.B.); (C.A.N.)
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Moon D, Hauck JS, Jiang X, Quang H, Xu L, Zhang F, Gao X, Wild R, Everitt JI, Macias E, He Y, Huang J. Targeting glutamine dependence with DRP-104 inhibits proliferation and tumor growth of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2024; 84:349-357. [PMID: 38084059 PMCID: PMC10872917 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) continues to be one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in men. While androgen deprivation therapy is initially effective, castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) often recurs and has limited treatment options. Our previous study identified glutamine metabolism to be critical for CRPC growth. The glutamine antagonist 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) blocks both carbon and nitrogen pathways but has dose-limiting toxicity. The prodrug DRP-104 is expected to be preferentially converted to DON in tumor cells to inhibit glutamine utilization with minimal toxicity. However, CRPC cells' susceptibility to DRP-104 remains unclear. METHODS Human PCa cell lines (LNCaP, LAPC4, C4-2/MDVR, PC-3, 22RV1, NCI-H660) were treated with DRP-104, and effects on proliferation and cell death were assessed. Unbiased metabolic profiling and isotope tracing evaluated the effects of DRP-104 on glutamine pathways. Efficacy of DRP-104 in vivo was evaluated in a mouse xenograft model of neuroendocrine PCa, NCI-H660. RESULTS DRP-104 inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in CRPC cell lines. Metabolite profiling showed decreases in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and nucleotide synthesis metabolites. Glutamine isotope tracing confirmed the blockade of both carbon pathway and nitrogen pathways. DRP-104 treated CRPC cells were rescued by the addition of nucleosides. DRP-104 inhibited neuroendocrine PCa xenograft growth without detectable toxicity. CONCLUSIONS The prodrug DRP-104 blocks glutamine carbon and nitrogen utilization, thereby inhibiting CRPC growth and inducing apoptosis. Targeting glutamine metabolism pathways with DRP-104 represents a promising therapeutic strategy for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Spencer Hauck
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Holly Quang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lingfan Xu
- Urology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert Wild
- Dracen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Everardo Macias
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yiping He
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Elmore SA, Rehg JE, Schoeb TR, Everitt JI, Bolon B. Pathologists' perspective on the study design, analysis, and interpretation of proliferative lesions in a lifetime rodent carcinogenicity bioassay of sucralose. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114524. [PMID: 38428799 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Sucralose, a sugar substitute first approved for use in 1991, is a non-caloric sweetener regulated globally as a food additive. Based on numerous experimental animal studies (dating to the 1980s) and human epidemiology studies, international health agencies have determined that sucralose is safe when consumed as intended. A single lifetime rodent carcinogenicity bioassay conducted by the Ramazzini Institute (RI) reported that mice fed diets containing sucralose develop hematopoietic neoplasia, but controversy continues regarding the validity and relevance of these data for predicting health effects in humans. The present paper addresses the controversy by providing the perspective of experienced pathologists on sucralose-related animal toxicity and carcinogenicity data generally, and the RI carcinogenicity bioassay findings specifically, using results from publicly available papers and international regulatory authority decisions. In the authors' view, flaws in the design, methodology, data evaluation, and reporting of the RI carcinogenicity bioassay for sucralose diminish the value of the data as evidence that this agent represents a carcinogenic hazard to humans. This limitation will remain until the RI bioassay is repeated under Good Laboratory Practices and the design, data, and accuracy of the pathology diagnoses and interpretations are reviewed by qualified pathologists with experience in evaluating potential chemically-induced carcinogenic hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- Department of Pathology, Emeritus, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Trenton R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics and Animal Resources Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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5
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Elmore SA, Rehg JE, Schoeb TR, Everitt JI, Bolon B. Is statistical re-evaluation of hemolymphoreticular neoplasms from aspartame studies valid? Toxicol Sci 2023; 195:143-144. [PMID: 37767919 PMCID: PMC10535777 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- Department of Pathology, Emeritus, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Trenton R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics and Animal Resources Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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6
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Kelly C, Jawahar J, Davey L, Everitt JI, Galanko JA, Anderson C, Avendano JE, McCann JR, Sartor RB, Valdivia RH, Rawls JF. Spontaneous episodic inflammation in the intestines of mice lacking HNF4A is driven by microbiota and associated with early life microbiota alterations. mBio 2023; 14:e0150423. [PMID: 37526424 PMCID: PMC10470520 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01504-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) occur in genetically susceptible individuals who mount inappropriate immune responses to their microbiota leading to chronic intestinal inflammation. Whereas IBD clinical presentation is well described, how interactions between microbiota and host genotype impact early subclinical stages of the disease remains unclear. The transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A) has been associated with human IBD, and deletion of Hnf4a in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in mice (Hnf4aΔIEC) leads to spontaneous colonic inflammation by 6-12 mo of age. Here, we tested if pathology in Hnf4aΔIEC mice begins earlier in life and if microbiota contribute to that process. Longitudinal analysis revealed that Hnf4aΔIEC mice reared in specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions develop episodic elevated fecal lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) and loose stools beginning by 4-5 wk of age. Lifetime cumulative Lcn2 levels correlated with histopathological features of colitis at 12 mo. Antibiotic and gnotobiotic tests showed that these phenotypes in Hnf4aΔIEC mice were dependent on microbiota. Fecal 16S rRNA gene sequencing in SPF Hnf4aΔIEC and control mice disclosed that genotype significantly contributed to differences in microbiota composition by 12 mo, and longitudinal analysis of the Hnf4aΔIEC mice with the highest lifetime cumulative Lcn2 revealed that microbial community differences emerged early in life when elevated fecal Lcn2 was first detected. These microbiota differences included enrichment of a novel phylogroup of Akkermansia muciniphila in Hnf4aΔIEC mice. We conclude that HNF4A functions in IEC to shape composition of the gut microbiota and protect against episodic inflammation induced by microbiota throughout the lifespan. IMPORTANCE The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), characterized by chronic inflammation of the intestine, affect millions of people around the world. Although significant advances have been made in the clinical management of IBD, the early subclinical stages of IBD are not well defined and are difficult to study in humans. This work explores the subclinical stages of disease in mice lacking the IBD-associated transcription factor HNF4A in the intestinal epithelium. Whereas these mice do not develop overt disease until late in adulthood, we find that they display episodic intestinal inflammation, loose stools, and microbiota changes beginning in very early life stages. Using germ-free and antibiotic-treatment experiments, we reveal that intestinal inflammation in these mice was dependent on the presence of microbiota. These results suggest that interactions between host genotype and microbiota can drive early subclinical pathologies that precede the overt onset of IBD and describe a mouse model to explore those important processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecelia Kelly
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jayanth Jawahar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lauren Davey
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey I. Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Research Animal Pathology Core, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph A. Galanko
- Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chelsea Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Avendano
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica R. McCann
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - R. Balfour Sartor
- Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Raphael H. Valdivia
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - John F. Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Barzi M, Johnson CG, Chen T, Rodriguiz RM, Hemmingsen M, Gonzalez TJ, Rosales A, Beasley J, Peck CK, Ma Y, Stiles AR, Wood TC, Maeso-Diaz R, Diehl AM, Young SP, Everitt JI, Wetsel WC, Lagor WR, Bissig-Choisat B, Asokan A, El-Gharbawy A, Bissig KD. Rescue of glutaric aciduria type I in mice by liver-directed therapies. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf4086. [PMID: 37075130 PMCID: PMC10676743 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf4086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Glutaric aciduria type I (GA-1) is an inborn error of metabolism with a severe neurological phenotype caused by the deficiency of glutaryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (GCDH), the last enzyme of lysine catabolism. Current literature suggests that toxic catabolites in the brain are produced locally and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. In a series of experiments using knockout mice of the lysine catabolic pathway and liver cell transplantation, we uncovered that toxic GA-1 catabolites in the brain originated from the liver. Moreover, the characteristic brain and lethal phenotype of the GA-1 mouse model was rescued by two different liver-directed gene therapy approaches: Using an adeno-associated virus, we replaced the defective Gcdh gene or we prevented flux through the lysine degradation pathway by CRISPR deletion of the aminoadipate-semialdehyde synthase (Aass) gene. Our findings question the current pathophysiological understanding of GA-1 and reveal a targeted therapy for this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Barzi
- Y.T. and Alice Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Collin G Johnson
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tong Chen
- Y.T. and Alice Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ramona M Rodriguiz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Mouse Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Analysis Core Facility, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Madeline Hemmingsen
- Y.T. and Alice Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Trevor J Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alan Rosales
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - James Beasley
- Y.T. and Alice Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cheryl K Peck
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Children's Hospital Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Yunhan Ma
- Y.T. and Alice Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ashlee R Stiles
- Y.T. and Alice Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Timothy C Wood
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Children's Hospital Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Raquel Maeso-Diaz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sarah P Young
- Y.T. and Alice Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - William C Wetsel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Mouse Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Analysis Core Facility, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - William R Lagor
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Beatrice Bissig-Choisat
- Y.T. and Alice Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME) at the Duke University Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Areeg El-Gharbawy
- Y.T. and Alice Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Karl-Dimiter Bissig
- Y.T. and Alice Chen Center for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME) at the Duke University Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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8
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Zadey S, Leraas H, Gupta A, Biswas A, Hollier P, Vissoci JRN, Mugaga J, Ssekitoleko RT, Everitt JI, Loh AHP, Lee YT, Saterbak A, Mueller JL, Fitzgerald TN. KeyLoop retractor for global gasless laparoscopy: evaluation of safety and feasibility in a porcine model. Surg Endosc 2023:10.1007/s00464-023-10054-5. [PMID: 37074419 PMCID: PMC10338623 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-023-10054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many surgeons in low- and middle-income countries have described performing surgery using gasless (lift) laparoscopy due to inaccessibility of carbon dioxide and reliable electricity, but the safety and feasibility of the technique has not been well documented. We describe preclinical testing of the in vivo safety and utility of KeyLoop, a laparoscopic retractor system to enable gasless laparoscopy. METHODS Experienced laparoscopic surgeons completed a series of four laparoscopic tasks in a porcine model: laparoscopic exposure, small bowel resection, intracorporeal suturing with knot tying, and cholecystectomy. For each participating surgeon, the four tasks were completed in a practice animal using KeyLoop. Surgeons then completed these tasks using standard-of-care (SOC) gas laparoscopy and KeyLoop in block randomized order to minimize learning curve effect. Vital signs, task completion time, blood loss and surgical complications were compared between SOC and KeyLoop using paired nonparametric tests. Surgeons completed a survey on use of KeyLoop compared to gas laparoscopy. Abdominal wall tissue was evaluated for injury by a blinded pathologist. RESULTS Five surgeons performed 60 tasks in 15 pigs. There were no significant differences in times to complete the tasks between KeyLoop and SOC. For all tasks, there was a learning curve with task completion times related to learning the porcine model. There were no significant differences in blood loss, vital signs or surgical complications between KeyLoop and SOC. Eleven surgeons from the United States and Singapore felt that KeyLoop could be used to safely perform several common surgical procedures. No abdominal wall tissue injury was observed for either KeyLoop or SOC. CONCLUSIONS Procedure times, blood loss, abdominal wall tissue injury and surgical complications were similar between KeyLoop and SOC gas laparoscopy for basic surgical procedures. This data supports KeyLoop as a useful tool to increase access to laparoscopy in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhesh Zadey
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Association for Socially Applicable Research (ASAR), Pune, MH, India.
| | - Harold Leraas
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aryaman Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Arushi Biswas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Joao Ricardo Nickenig Vissoci
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Julius Mugaga
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University of School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amos H P Loh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - York Tien Lee
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ann Saterbak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jenna L Mueller
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tamara N Fitzgerald
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA
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9
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Ozer I, Slezak A, Sirohi P, Li X, Zakharov N, Yao Y, Everitt JI, Spasojevic I, Craig SL, Collier JH, Campbell JE, D'Alessio DA, Chilkoti A. An injectable PEG-like conjugate forms a subcutaneous depot and enables sustained delivery of a peptide drug. Biomaterials 2023; 294:121985. [PMID: 36630826 PMCID: PMC10918641 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Many biologics have a short plasma half-life, and their conjugation to polyethylene glycol (PEG) is commonly used to solve this problem. However, the improvement in the plasma half-life of PEGylated drugs' is at an asymptote because the development of branched PEG has only had a modest impact on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Here, we developed an injectable PEG-like conjugate that forms a subcutaneous depot for the sustained delivery of biologics. The PEG-like conjugate consists of poly[oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate] (POEGMA) conjugated to exendin, a peptide drug used in the clinic to treat type 2 diabetes. The depot-forming exendin-POEGMA conjugate showed greater efficacy than a PEG conjugate of exendin as well as Bydureon, a clinically approved sustained-release formulation of exendin. The injectable depot-forming exendin-POEGMA conjugate did not elicit an immune response against the polymer, so that it remained effective and safe for long-term management of type 2 diabetes upon chronic administration. In contrast, the PEG conjugate induced an anti-PEG immune response, leading to early clearance and loss of efficacy upon repeat dosing. The exendin-POEGMA depot also showed superior long-term efficacy compared to Bydureon. Collectively, these results suggest that an injectable POEGMA conjugate of biologic drugs that forms a drug depot under the skin, providing favorable pharmacokinetic properties and sustained efficacy while remaining non-immunogenic, offers significant advantages over other commonly used drug delivery technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ozer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anna Slezak
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Parul Sirohi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xinghai Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nikita Zakharov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yunxin Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ivan Spasojevic
- Duke School of Medicine, Department of Medicine-Oncology, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Cancer Institute, PK/PD Core Laboratory, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Joel H Collier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David A D'Alessio
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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10
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Blocker SJ, Morrison S, Everitt JI, Cook J, Luo S, Watts TL, Mowery YM. Whole-Slide Cytometric Feature Mapping for Distinguishing Tumor Genomic Subtypes in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Whole-Slide Images. Am J Pathol 2023; 193:182-190. [PMID: 36414086 PMCID: PMC9885294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a heterogeneous disease where, in advanced stages, clinical and pathologic stages do not correlate with outcome. Molecular and genomic biomarkers for HNSCC classification have shown promise for prognostic and therapeutic applications. This study utilized automated image analysis techniques in whole-slide images of HNSCC tumors to identify relationships between cytometric features and genomic phenotypes. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of HNSCC tumors (N = 49) were obtained from The Cancer Imaging Archive, along with accompanying clinical, pathologic, genomic, and proteomic reports. Automated nuclear detection was performed across the entirety of slides, and cytometric feature maps were generated. Forty-one cytometric features were evaluated for associations with tumor grade, tumor stage, tumor subsite, and integrated genomic subtype. Thirty-two features demonstrated significant association with integrated genomic subtype when corrected for multiple comparisons. In particular, the basal subtype was visually distinguishable from the chromosomal instability and immune subtypes based on cytometric feature measurements. No features were significantly associated with tumor grade, stage, or subsite. This study provides preliminary evidence that features derived from tissue pathology slides could provide insights into genomic phenotypes of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Blocker
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Samantha Morrison
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - James Cook
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sheng Luo
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tammara L Watts
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yvonne M Mowery
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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11
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Nikam SP, Hsu YH, Marks JR, Mateas C, Brigham NC, McDonald SM, Guggenheim DS, Ruppert D, Everitt JI, Levinson H, Becker ML. Anti-adhesive bioresorbable elastomer-coated composite hernia mesh that reduce intraperitoneal adhesions. Biomaterials 2023; 292:121940. [PMID: 36493714 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Intraperitoneal adhesions (IAs) are a major complication arising from abdominal repair surgeries, including hernia repair procedures. Herein, we fabricated a composite mesh device using a macroporous monofilament polypropylene mesh and a degradable elastomer coating designed to meet the requirements of this clinical application. The degradable elastomer was synthesized using an organo-base catalyzed thiol-yne addition polymerization that affords independent control of degradation rate and mechanical properties. The elastomeric coating was further enhanced by the covalent tethering of antifouling zwitterion molecules. Mechanical testing demonstrated the elastomer forms a robust coating on the polypropylene mesh does not exhibit micro-fractures, cracks or mechanical delamination under cyclic fatigue testing that exceeds peak abdominal loads (50 N/cm). Quartz crystal microbalance measurements showed the zwitterionic functionalized elastomer further reduced fibrinogen adsorption by 73% in vitro when compared to unfunctionalized elastomer controls. The elastomer exhibited degradation with limited tissue response in a 10-week murine subcutaneous implantation model. We also evaluated the composite mesh in an 84-day study in a rabbit cecal abrasion hernia adhesion model. The zwitterionic composite mesh significantly reduced the extent and tenacity of IAs by 94% and 90% respectively with respect to uncoated polypropylene mesh. The resulting composite mesh device is an excellent candidate to reduce complications related to abdominal repair through suppressed fouling and adhesion formation, reduced tissue inflammation, and appropriate degradation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu P Nikam
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, United States; Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Yen-Hao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, United States; Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Jessica R Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, United States
| | - Catalin Mateas
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Natasha C Brigham
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, United States
| | | | - Dana S Guggenheim
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, United States
| | - David Ruppert
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, United States
| | - Howard Levinson
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, United States; Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, United States.
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12
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Olson LB, Hunter NI, Rempel RE, Yu H, Spencer DM, Sullenger CZ, Greene WS, Varanko AK, Eghtesadi SA, Chilkoti A, Pisetsky DS, Everitt JI, Sullenger BA. Mixed-surface polyamidoamine polymer variants retain nucleic acid-scavenger ability with reduced toxicity. iScience 2022; 25:105542. [PMID: 36444294 PMCID: PMC9700028 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-binding polymers can have anti-inflammatory properties and beneficial effects in animal models of infection, trauma, cancer, and autoimmunity. PAMAM G3, a polyamidoamine dendrimer, is fully cationic bearing 32 protonable surface amines. However, while PAMAM G3 treatment leads to improved outcomes for mice infected with influenza, at risk of cancer metastasis, or genetically prone to lupus, its administration can lead to serosal inflammation and elevation of biomarkers of liver and kidney damage. Variants with reduced density of cationic charge through the interspersal of hydroxyl groups were evaluated as potentially better-tolerated alternatives. Notably, the variant PAMAM G3 50:50, similar in size as PAMAM G3 but with half the charge, was not toxic in cell culture, less associated with weight loss or serosal inflammation after parenteral administration, and remained effective in reducing glomerulonephritis in lupus-prone mice. Identification of such modified scavengers should facilitate their development as safe and effective anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyra B. Olson
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicole I. Hunter
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Haixiang Yu
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Diane M. Spencer
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cynthia Z. Sullenger
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | - Seyed A. Eghtesadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David S. Pisetsky
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Medical Research Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | | | - Bruce A. Sullenger
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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13
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Garner A, Ginzel JD, Snyder JC, Everitt JI, Landon CD. Veterinary Management of Harderian Gland Tumors in Cancer Rainbow (crainbow) HER2-Positive Mice. Comp Med 2022; 72:403-409. [PMID: 36744508 PMCID: PMC9827610 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-22-000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A Cancer Rainbow mouse line that expresses 3 fluorescently labeled isoforms of the tumor-driver gene HER2 (HER2BOW) was developed recently for the study of tumorigenesis in the mammary gland. The expression of 1 of the 3 HER2 isoforms in HER2BOW mice is induced through the Cre/lox system. However, in addition to developing palpable mammary tumors, HER2BOW mice developed orbital tumors, specifically of the Harderian gland. Mice were euthanized, and histopathologic examination of the Harderian gland tumors was performed. Tumors were characterized by adenomatous hyperplasia to multinodular adenomas of the Harderian gland. Fluorescent imaging of the Harderian gland tissue confirmed the expression of HER2 in the tumors. Here we discuss monitoring and palliative approaches to allow attainment of humane experimental endpoints of mammary tumor growth in this mouse line. We describe a range of interventions, including close monitoring, topical palliative care, and surgical bilateral enucleation. Based on our data and previous reports in the literature, the overexpression of HER2 in Harderian gland tissue and subsequent tumor formation likely was driven by MMTV-Cre expression in the Harderian gland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joshua C Snyder
- Department of Cell Biology,,Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, and
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chelsea D Landon
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources,,Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,Corresponding author.
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14
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Elmore SA, Rehg JE, Schoeb TR, Everitt JI, Bolon B. Pathologists' perspective on the study design, analysis, and interpretation of proliferative lesions in lifetime and prenatal rodent carcinogenicity bioassays of aspartame. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 171:113504. [PMID: 36414169 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aspartame, an artificial sweetener commonly used as a sugar substitute, is currently authorized for use in more than 100 countries. Hundreds of studies, conducted in various countries dating back to the 1970s, have shown that aspartame is safe at real-world exposure levels. Furthermore, multiple human epidemiology studies have provided no indication that consumption of aspartame induces cancer. Given the continued controversy surrounding the Ramazzini Institute's (RI) studies suggesting that aspartame is a carcinogenic hazard in rodents and evaluation by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, this report aims to provide the perspective of experienced pathologists on publicly available pathology data regarding purported proliferative lesions in liver, lung, lymphoid organs, and mammary gland as well as their implications for human risk assessment as reported for three lifetime rodent carcinogenicity bioassays of aspartame conducted at the RI. In the authors' view, flaws in the design, methodology and reporting of the RI aspartame studies limit the utility of the data sets as evidence that this agent represents a carcinogenic hazard. Therefore, all three RI studies, and particularly the accuracy of their pathology diagnoses and interpretations, should be rigorously reviewed by qualified and experienced veterinary toxicologic pathologists in assessing aspartame's carcinogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Trenton R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics and Animal Resources Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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15
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Quist EM, Choudhary S, Lang R, Tokarz DA, Hoenerhoff M, Nagel J, Everitt JI. Proceedings of the 2022 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:836-857. [PMID: 36165586 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221124825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The 2022 annual National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri," was held in Austin, Texas at the Society of Toxicologic Pathology's 40th annual meeting during a half-day session on Sunday, June 19. The goal of this symposium was to present and discuss challenging diagnostic pathology and/or nomenclature issues. This article presents summaries of the speakers' talks along with select images that were used by the audience for voting and discussion. Various lesions and topics covered during the symposium included induced and spontaneous neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions in the mouse lung, spontaneous lesions in the reproductive tract of a female cynomolgus macaque, induced vascular lesions in a mouse asthma model and interesting case studies in a rhesus macaque, dog and genetically engineered mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Quist
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Richard Lang
- Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Debra A Tokarz
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark Hoenerhoff
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan Nagel
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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16
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Crute CE, Hall SM, Landon CD, Garner A, Everitt JI, Zhang S, Blake B, Olofsson D, Chen H, Murphy SK, Stapleton HM, Feng L. Evaluating maternal exposure to an environmental per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) mixture during pregnancy: Adverse maternal and fetoplacental effects in a New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit model. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:156499. [PMID: 35679923 PMCID: PMC9374364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mixtures of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are often found in drinking water, and serum PFAS are detected in up to 99% of the population. However, very little is known about how exposure to mixtures of PFAS affects maternal and fetal health. The aim of this study was to investigate maternal, fetal, and placental outcomes after preconceptional and gestational exposure to an environmentally relevant PFAS mixture in a New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit model. Dams were exposed via drinking water to control (no detectable PFAS) or a PFAS mixture for 32 days. This mixture was formulated with PFAS to resemble levels measured in tap water from Pittsboro, NC (10 PFAS compounds; total PFAS load = 758.6 ng/L). Maternal, fetal, and placental outcomes were evaluated at necropsy. Thyroid hormones were measured in maternal serum and kit blood. Placental gene expression was evaluated by RNAseq and qPCR. PFAS exposure resulted in higher body weight (p = 0.01), liver (p = 0.01) and kidney (p = 0.01) weights, blood pressure (p = 0.05), and BUN:CRE ratio (p = 0.04) in dams, along with microscopic changes in renal cortices. Fetal weight, measures, and histopathology were unchanged, but a significant interaction between dose and sex was detected in the fetal: placental weight ratio (p = 0.036). Placental macroscopic changes were present in PFAS-exposed dams. Dam serum showed lower T4 and a higher T3:T4 ratio, although not statistically significant. RNAseq revealed that 11 of the 14 differentially expressed genes (adj. p < 0.1) are involved in placentation or pregnancy complications. In summary, exposure elicited maternal weight gain and signs of hypertension, renal injury, sex-specific changes in placental response, and differential expression of genes involved in placentation and preeclampsia. Importantly, these are the first results to show adverse maternal and placental effects of an environmentally-relevant PFAS mixture in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Crute
- Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Samantha M Hall
- Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chelsea D Landon
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Angela Garner
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sharon Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bevin Blake
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Didrik Olofsson
- Omiqa Bioinformatics GmbH, Altensteinstasse 40, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henry Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Susan K Murphy
- Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Liping Feng
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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17
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Le Roux Ö, Pershing NLK, Kaltenbrun E, Newman NJ, Everitt JI, Baldelli E, Pierobon M, Petricoin EF, Counter CM. Genetically manipulating endogenous Kras levels and oncogenic mutations in vivo influences tissue patterning of murine tumorigenesis. eLife 2022; 11:75715. [PMID: 36069770 PMCID: PMC9451540 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite multiple possible oncogenic mutations in the proto-oncogene KRAS, unique subsets of these mutations are detected in different cancer types. As KRAS mutations occur early, if not being the initiating event, these mutational biases are ostensibly a product of how normal cells respond to the encoded oncoprotein. Oncogenic mutations can impact not only the level of active oncoprotein, but also engagement with proteins. To attempt to separate these two effects, we generated four novel Cre-inducible (LSL) Kras alleles in mice with the biochemically distinct G12D or Q61R mutations and encoded by native (nat) rare or common (com) codons to produce low or high protein levels. While there were similarities, each allele also induced a distinct transcriptional response shortly after activation in vivo. At one end of the spectrum, activating the KrasLSL-natG12D allele induced transcriptional hallmarks suggestive of an expansion of multipotent cells, while at the other end, activating the KrasLSL-comQ61R allele led to hallmarks of hyperproliferation and oncogenic stress. Evidence suggests that these changes may be a product of signaling differences due to increased protein expression as well as the specific mutation. To determine the impact of these distinct responses on RAS mutational patterning in vivo, all four alleles were globally activated, revealing that hematolymphopoietic lesions were permissive to the level of active oncoprotein, squamous tumors were permissive to the G12D mutant, while carcinomas were permissive to both these features. We suggest that different KRAS mutations impart unique signaling properties that are preferentially capable of inducing tumor initiation in a distinct cell-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgün Le Roux
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Nicole L K Pershing
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Erin Kaltenbrun
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Nicole J Newman
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Elisa Baldelli
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, United States
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, United States
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, United States
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
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18
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Blocker SJ, Cook J, Everitt JI, Austin WM, Watts TL, Mowery YM. Automated Nuclear Segmentation in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Pathology Reveals Relationships between Cytometric Features and ESTIMATE Stromal and Immune Scores. Am J Pathol 2022; 192:1305-1320. [PMID: 35718057 PMCID: PMC9484476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Currently, pathologic assessment of TME is nonstandardized and subject to observer bias. Genome-wide transcriptomic approaches to understanding the TME, while less subject to bias, are expensive and not currently a part of the standard of care for HNSCC. To identify pathology-based biomarkers that correlate with genomic and transcriptomic signatures of TME in HNSCC, cytometric feature maps were generated in a publicly available data set from a cohort of patients with HNSCC, including whole-slide tissue images and genomic and transcriptomic phenotyping (N = 49). Cytometric feature maps were generated based on whole-slide nuclear detection, using a deep-learning algorithm trained for StarDist nuclear segmentation. Cytometric features in each patient were compared to transcriptomic measurements, including Estimation of Stromal and Immune Cells in Malignant Tumor Tissues Using Expression Data (ESTIMATE) scores and stemness scores. With correction for multiple comparisons, one feature (nuclear circularity) demonstrated a significant linear correlation with ESTIMATE stromal score. Two features (nuclear maximum and minimum diameter) correlated significantly with ESTIMATE immune score. Three features (nuclear solidity, nuclear minimum diameter, and nuclear circularity) correlated significantly with transcriptomic stemness score. This study provides preliminary evidence that observer-independent, automated tissue-slide analysis can provide insights into the HNSCC TME which correlate with genomic and transcriptomic assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Blocker
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - James Cook
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Wyatt M Austin
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tammara L Watts
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yvonne M Mowery
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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19
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Graves L, Rupprecht G, Altunel E, Flamant EM, Rao S, Sivara D, Lazarides AL, Hoskinson SM, Sheth MU, Cheng S, Kim SY, Ware KE, Agarwal A, Cullen MM, Syal C, Selmic LE, Everitt JI, McCall SJ, Eward C, Kashyap T, Maloof M, Walker CJ, Landesman Y, Wagner L, Eward WC, Hsu DS, Somarelli JA. Abstract 1061: Exportin 1 (XPO1) inhibition alone or in combination as a novel therapeutic strategy in osteosarcoma. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Osteosarcoma is an aggressive bone cancer in which therapeutic advancements have been limited over the last 30 years, in part due to genomic heterogeneity. The combination of high-throughput drug screening platforms that efficiently pinpoint drug sensitivities with patient-derived cross-species models is an innovative approach to address the critical need to identify novel treatment strategies for osteosarcoma patients.
Methods: We performed high-throughput drug screens on patient-derived osteosarcoma cell lines D418 (canine) and 17-3x (human), followed by validation of the top compounds, to identify drug sensitivities and novel therapeutic combinations.
Results: High-throughput drug screens using 2100 bioactive compounds show that osteosarcoma cell lines D418 and 17-3x exhibited sensitivity to standard-of-care chemotherapy drugs, inhibitors of XPO1 nuclear export, and proteasome inhibitors. The XPO1 inhibitor, verdinexor (VER), and the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib (BORT), induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity in multiple osteosarcoma cell lines (D418, IC50VER: 3187 nM, IC50BORT: 2.8 nM; 17-3x IC50VER: 679 nM, IC50BORT: 10.9 nM). In addition, dual XPO1 and proteasome inhibition synergistically reduced cell proliferation in D418 (synergy score=12.89) and 17-3x (synergy score=17.87) cell lines (p <0.05). Selinexor (SEL), an FDA approved XPO1 inhibitor used in combination with bortezomib to treat multiple myeloma, also demonstrated dose-dependent single-agent activity in patient-derived osteosarcoma cell lines (D418, IC50SEL: 370 nM; 17-3x IC50SEL: 101 nM). With drug screening of 119 oncology compounds in combination with selinexor in 17-3x cells, XPO1 inhibition again shows synergistic activity with proteasome inhibition in osteosarcoma.
Conclusions: Inhibition of XPO1-mediated nuclear export is a promising therapeutic strategy in osteosarcoma. These effects may be further potentiated when used in combination with other agents, such as proteasome inhibitors. Additional drug screening and validation assays are underway to identify novel synergistic agents for use in combination with XPO1 inhibitors in osteosarcoma.
Citation Format: Laurie Graves, Gabrielle Rupprecht, Erdem Altunel, Etienne M. Flamant, Sneha Rao, Dharshan Sivara, Alexander L. Lazarides, Sarah M. Hoskinson, Maya U. Sheth, Serene Cheng, So Young Kim, Kathryn E. Ware, Anika Agarwal, Mark M. Cullen, Casey Syal, Laura E. Selmic, Jeffrey I. Everitt, Shannon J. McCall, Cindy Eward, Trinayan Kashyap, Marie Maloof, Christopher J. Walker, Yosef Landesman, Lars Wagner, William C. Eward, David S. Hsu, Jason A. Somarelli. Exportin 1 (XPO1) inhibition alone or in combination as a novel therapeutic strategy in osteosarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1061.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cindy Eward
- 3Triangle Veterinary Referral Hospital, Durham, NC
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20
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Gunady EF, Ware KE, Hoskinson Plumlee S, Devos N, Corcoran D, Prinz J, Misetic H, Ciccarelli FD, Harrison TM, Thorne JL, Schopler R, Everitt JI, Eward WC, Somarelli JA. Exome sequencing of hepatocellular carcinoma in lemurs identifies potential cancer drivers: A pilot study. Evol Med Public Health 2022; 10:221-230. [PMID: 35557512 PMCID: PMC9086584 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Hepatocellular carcinoma occurs frequently in prosimians, but the cause of these liver cancers in this group is unknown. Characterizing the genetic changes associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in prosimians may point to possible causes, treatments and methods of prevention, aiding conservation efforts that are particularly crucial to the survival of endangered lemurs. Although genomic studies of cancer in non-human primates have been hampered by a lack of tools, recent studies have demonstrated the efficacy of using human exome capture reagents across primates. Methodology In this proof-of-principle study, we applied human exome capture reagents to tumor-normal pairs from five lemurs with hepatocellular carcinoma to characterize the mutational landscape of this disease in lemurs. Results Several genes implicated in human hepatocellular carcinoma, including ARID1A, TP53 and CTNNB1, were mutated in multiple lemurs, and analysis of cancer driver genes mutated in these samples identified enrichment of genes involved with TP53 degradation and regulation. In addition to these similarities with human hepatocellular carcinoma, we also noted unique features, including six genes that contain mutations in all five lemurs. Interestingly, these genes are infrequently mutated in human hepatocellular carcinoma, suggesting potential differences in the etiology and/or progression of this cancer in lemurs and humans. Conclusions and implications Collectively, this pilot study suggests that human exome capture reagents are a promising tool for genomic studies of cancer in lemurs and other non-human primates. Lay Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma occurs frequently in prosimians, but the cause of these liver cancers is unknown. In this proof-of-principle study, we applied human DNA sequencing tools to tumor-normal pairs from five lemurs with hepatocellular carcinoma and compared the lemur mutation profiles to those of human hepatocellular carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella F Gunady
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kathryn E Ware
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Nicolas Devos
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David Corcoran
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joseph Prinz
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hrvoje Misetic
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Francesca D Ciccarelli
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Tara M Harrison
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Exotic Species Cancer Research Alliance, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Thorne
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - William C Eward
- Department of Orthopaedics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jason A Somarelli
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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21
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Abstract
Humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs) share numerous anatomical and physiological characteristics, thereby explaining the importance of NHPs as essential animal models for translational medicine and nonclinical toxicity testing. Researchers, toxicologic pathologists, toxicologists, and regulatory reviewers must be familiar with normal and abnormal NHP biological traits when designing, performing, and interpreting data sets from NHP studies. The current compilation presents a list of essential books, journal articles, and websites that provide context to safety assessment and research scientists working with NHP models. The resources used most frequently by the authors have been briefly annotated to permit readers to rapidly ascertain their applicability to particular research endeavors. The references are aimed primarily for toxicologic pathologists working with cynomolgus and rhesus macaques and common marmosets in efficacy and safety assessment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Duke University, Department of Pathology, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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22
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Kadur Lakshminarasimha Murthy P, Xi R, Arguijo D, Everitt JI, Kocak DD, Kobayashi Y, Bozec A, Vicent S, Ding S, Crawford GE, Hsu D, Tata PR, Reddy T, Shen X. Epigenetic basis of oncogenic-Kras-mediated epithelial-cellular proliferation and plasticity. Dev Cell 2022; 57:310-328.e9. [PMID: 35134344 PMCID: PMC8938988 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic Kras induces a hyper-proliferative state that permits cells to progress to neoplasms in diverse epithelial tissues. Depending on the cell of origin, this also involves lineage transformation. Although a multitude of downstream factors have been implicated in these processes, the precise chronology of molecular events controlling them remains elusive. Using mouse models, primary human tissues, and cell lines, we show that, in Kras-mutant alveolar type II cells (AEC2), FOSL1-based AP-1 factor guides the mSWI/SNF complex to increase chromatin accessibility at genomic loci controlling the expression of genes necessary for neoplastic transformation. We identified two orthogonal processes in Kras-mutant distal airway club cells. The first promoted their transdifferentiation into an AEC2-like state through NKX2.1, and the second controlled oncogenic transformation through the AP-1 complex. Our results suggest that neoplasms retain an epigenetic memory of their cell of origin through cell-type-specific transcription factors. Our analysis showed that a cross-tissue-conserved AP-1-dependent chromatin remodeling program regulates carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetish Kadur Lakshminarasimha Murthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. :
| | - Rui Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Diana Arguijo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dewran D Kocak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Yoshihiko Kobayashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Aline Bozec
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silvestre Vicent
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain; University of Navarra, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Shengli Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Gregory E Crawford
- Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Purushothama Rao Tata
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Timothy Reddy
- Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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23
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Kelly L, Olson LB, Rempel RE, Everitt JI, Levine D, Nair SK, Davis ME, Sullenger BA. β-Cyclodextrin-containing polymer treatment of cutaneous lupus and influenza improves outcomes. Mol Ther 2022; 30:845-854. [PMID: 34628051 PMCID: PMC8821959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid (NA)-containing damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs and PAMPs, respectively) are implicated in numerous pathological conditions from infectious diseases to autoimmune disorders. Nucleic acid-binding polymers, including polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers, have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties when administered to neutralize DAMPs/PAMPs. The PAMAM G3 variant has been shown to have beneficial effects in a cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) murine model and improve survival of mice challenged with influenza. Unfortunately, the narrow therapeutic window of cationic PAMAM dendrimers makes their clinical development challenging. An alternative nucleic acid-binding polymer that has been evaluated in humans is a linear β-cyclodextrin-containing polymer (CDP). CDP's characteristics prompted us to evaluate its anti-inflammatory potential in CLE autoimmune and influenza infectious disease mouse models. We report that CDP effectively inhibits NA-containing DAMP-mediated activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in cell culture, improves healing in lupus mice, and does not immunocompromise treated animals upon influenza infection but improves survival even when administered 3 days after infection. Finally, as anticipated, we observe limited toxicity in animals treated with CDP compared with PAMAM G3. Thus, CDP is a new anti-inflammatory agent that may be readily translated to the clinic to combat diseases associated with pathological NA-containing DAMPs/PAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsley Kelly
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lyra B Olson
- Department of Surgery, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rachel E Rempel
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Dana Levine
- Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Smita K Nair
- Department of Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mark E Davis
- Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Bruce A Sullenger
- Department of Surgery, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Kulkarni HS, Lee JS, Bastarache JA, Kuebler WM, Downey GP, Albaiceta GM, Altemeier WA, Artigas A, Bates JHT, Calfee CS, Dela Cruz CS, Dickson RP, Englert JA, Everitt JI, Fessler MB, Gelman AE, Gowdy KM, Groshong SD, Herold S, Homer RJ, Horowitz JC, Hsia CCW, Kurahashi K, Laubach VE, Looney MR, Lucas R, Mangalmurti NS, Manicone AM, Martin TR, Matalon S, Matthay MA, McAuley DF, McGrath-Morrow SA, Mizgerd JP, Montgomery SA, Moore BB, Noël A, Perlman CE, Reilly JP, Schmidt EP, Skerrett SJ, Suber TL, Summers C, Suratt BT, Takata M, Tuder R, Uhlig S, Witzenrath M, Zemans RL, Matute-Bello G. Update on the Features and Measurements of Experimental Acute Lung Injury in Animals: An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 66:e1-e14. [PMID: 35103557 PMCID: PMC8845128 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0531st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in methods, technology, and our understanding of the pathobiology of lung injury have created the need to update the definition of experimental acute lung injury (ALI). We queried 50 participants with expertise in ALI and acute respiratory distress syndrome using a Delphi method composed of a series of electronic surveys and a virtual workshop. We propose that ALI presents as a "multidimensional entity" characterized by four "domains" that reflect the key pathophysiologic features and underlying biology of human acute respiratory distress syndrome. These domains are 1) histological evidence of tissue injury, 2) alteration of the alveolar-capillary barrier, 3) presence of an inflammatory response, and 4) physiologic dysfunction. For each domain, we present "relevant measurements," defined as those proposed by at least 30% of respondents. We propose that experimental ALI encompasses a continuum of models ranging from those focusing on gaining specific mechanistic insights to those primarily concerned with preclinical testing of novel therapeutics or interventions. We suggest that mechanistic studies may justifiably focus on a single domain of lung injury, but models must document alterations of at least three of the four domains to qualify as "experimental ALI." Finally, we propose that a time criterion defining "acute" in ALI remains relevant, but the actual time may vary based on the specific model and the aspect of injury being modeled. The continuum concept of ALI increases the flexibility and applicability of the definition to multiple models while increasing the likelihood of translating preclinical findings to critically ill patients.
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25
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Chelales E, Morhard R, Nief C, Crouch B, Everitt JI, Sag AA, Ramanujam N. Radiologic-pathologic analysis of increased ethanol localization and ablative extent achieved by ethyl cellulose. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20700. [PMID: 34667252 PMCID: PMC8526742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99985-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol provides a rapid, low-cost ablative solution for liver tumors with a small technological footprint but suffers from uncontrolled diffusion in target tissue, limiting treatment precision and accuracy. Incorporating the gel-forming polymer ethyl cellulose to ethanol localizes the distribution. The purpose of this study was to establish a non-invasive methodology based on CT imaging to quantitatively determine the relationship between the delivery parameters of the EC-ethanol formulation, its distribution, and the corresponding necrotic volume. The relationship of radiodensity to ethanol concentration was characterized with water-ethanol surrogates. Ex vivo EC-ethanol ablations were performed to optimize the formulation (n = 6). In vivo ablations were performed to compare the optimal EC-ethanol formulation to pure ethanol (n = 6). Ablations were monitored with CT and ethanol distribution volume was quantified. Livers were removed, sectioned and stained with NADH-diaphorase to determine the ablative extent, and a detailed time-course histological study was performed to assess the wound healing process. CT imaging of ethanol-water surrogates demonstrated the ethanol concentration-radiodensity relationship is approximately linear. A concentration of 12% EC in ethanol created the largest distribution volume, more than eight-fold that of pure ethanol, ex vivo. In vivo, 12% EC-ethanol was superior to pure ethanol, yielding a distribution volume three-fold greater and an ablation zone six-fold greater than pure ethanol. Finally, a time course histological evaluation of the liver post-ablation with 12% EC-ethanol and pure ethanol revealed that while both induce coagulative necrosis and similar tissue responses at 1-4 weeks post-ablation, 12% EC-ethanol yielded a larger ablation zone. The current study demonstrates the suitability of CT imaging to determine distribution volume and concentration of ethanol in tissue. The distribution volume of EC-ethanol is nearly equivalent to the resultant necrotic volume and increases distribution and necrosis compared to pure ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Chelales
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Robert Morhard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Corrine Nief
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brian Crouch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alan Alper Sag
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nirmala Ramanujam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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26
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Ginzel JD, Acharya CR, Lubkov V, Mori H, Boone PG, Rochelle LK, Roberts WL, Everitt JI, Hartman ZC, Crosby EJ, Barak LS, Caron MG, Chen JQ, Hubbard NE, Cardiff RD, Borowsky AD, Lyerly HK, Snyder JC. HER2 Isoforms Uniquely Program Intratumor Heterogeneity and Predetermine Breast Cancer Trajectories During the Occult Tumorigenic Phase. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:1699-1711. [PMID: 34131071 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HER2-positive breast cancers are among the most heterogeneous breast cancer subtypes. The early amplification of HER2 and its known oncogenic isoforms provide a plausible mechanism in which distinct programs of tumor heterogeneity could be traced to the initial oncogenic event. Here a Cancer rainbow mouse simultaneously expressing fluorescently barcoded wildtype (WTHER2), exon-16 null (d16HER2), and N-terminally truncated (p95HER2) HER2 isoforms is used to trace tumorigenesis from initiation to invasion. Tumorigenesis was visualized using whole-gland fluorescent lineage tracing and single-cell molecular pathology. We demonstrate that within weeks of expression, morphologic aberrations were already present and unique to each HER2 isoform. Although WTHER2 cells were abundant throughout the mammary ducts, detectable lesions were exceptionally rare. In contrast, d16HER2 and p95HER2 induced rapid tumor development. d16HER2 incited homogenous and proliferative luminal-like lesions which infrequently progressed to invasive phenotypes whereas p95HER2 lesions were heterogenous and invasive at the smallest detectable stage. Distinct cancer trajectories were observed for d16HER2 and p95HER2 tumors as evidenced by oncogene-dependent changes in epithelial specification and the tumor microenvironment. These data provide direct experimental evidence that intratumor heterogeneity programs begin very early and well in advance of screen or clinically detectable breast cancer. IMPLICATIONS: Although all HER2 breast cancers are treated equally, we show a mechanism by which clinically undetected HER2 isoforms program heterogenous cancer phenotypes through biased epithelial specification and adaptations within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Ginzel
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chaitanya R Acharya
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Veronica Lubkov
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Hidetoshi Mori
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and The Center for Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Peter G Boone
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lauren K Rochelle
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Wendy L Roberts
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Zachary C Hartman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Erika J Crosby
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lawrence S Barak
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Marc G Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jane Q Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and The Center for Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Neil E Hubbard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and The Center for Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Robert D Cardiff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and The Center for Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and The Center for Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - H Kim Lyerly
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joshua C Snyder
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. .,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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27
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Ruppert DS, Mohammed MM, Ibrahim MM, Bachtiar EO, Erning K, Ansari K, Everitt JI, Brown D, Klitzman B, Koshut W, Gall K, Levinson H. Poly(lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) scaffold promotes equivalent tissue integration and supports skin grafts compared to a predicate collagen scaffold. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:1035-1050. [PMID: 34129714 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dermal scarring from motor vehicle accidents, severe burns, military blasts, etc. is a major problem affecting over 80 million people worldwide annually, many of whom suffer from debilitating hypertrophic scar contractures. These stiff, shrunken scars limit mobility, impact quality of life, and cost millions of dollars each year in surgical treatment and physical therapy. Current tissue engineered scaffolds have mechanical properties akin to unwounded skin, but these collagen-based scaffolds rapidly degrade over 2 months, premature to dampen contracture occurring 6-12 months after injury. This study demonstrates a tissue engineered scaffold can be manufactured from a slow-degrading viscoelastic copolymer, poly(ι-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone), with physical and mechanical characteristics to promote tissue ingrowth and support skin-grafts. Copolymers were synthesized via ring-opening polymerization. Solvent casting/particulate leaching was used to manufacture 3D porous scaffolds by mixing copolymers with particles in an organic solvent followed by casting into molds and subsequent particle leaching with water. Scaffolds characterized through SEM, micro-CT, and tensile testing confirmed the required thickness, pore size, porosity, modulus, and strength for promoting skin-graft bioincorporation and dampening fibrosis in vivo. Scaffolds were Oxygen Plasma Treatment and collagen coated to encourage cellular proliferation. Porosity ranging from 70% to 90% was investigated in a subcutaneous murine model and found to have no clinical effect on tissue ingrowth. A swine full-thickness skin wound model confirmed through histology and Computer Planimetry that scaffolds promote skin-graft survival, with or without collagen coating, with equal safety and efficacy as a commercially available tissue engineered scaffold. This study validates a scalable method to create poly(ι-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) scaffolds with appropriate characteristics and confirms in mouse and swine wound models that the scaffolds are safe and effective at supporting skin-grafts. The results of this study have brought us closer towards developing an alternative technology that supports skin grafts with the potential to investigate long-term hypertrophic scar contractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Ruppert
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mahmoud M Mohammed
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mohamed M Ibrahim
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emilio O Bachtiar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Edmund T. Pratt Jr. School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin Erning
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kayvan Ansari
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Brown
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bruce Klitzman
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - William Koshut
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Edmund T. Pratt Jr. School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ken Gall
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Edmund T. Pratt Jr. School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Howard Levinson
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Blocker SJ, Cook J, Mowery YM, Everitt JI, Qi Y, Hornburg KJ, Cofer GP, Zapata F, Bassil AM, Badea CT, Kirsch DG, Johnson GA. Ex Vivo MR Histology and Cytometric Feature Mapping Connect Three-dimensional in Vivo MR Images to Two-dimensional Histopathologic Images of Murine Sarcomas. Radiol Imaging Cancer 2021; 3:e200103. [PMID: 34018846 DOI: 10.1148/rycan.2021200103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To establish a platform for quantitative tissue-based interpretation of cytoarchitecture features from tumor MRI measurements. Materials and Methods In a pilot preclinical study, multicontrast in vivo MRI of murine soft-tissue sarcomas in 10 mice, followed by ex vivo MRI of fixed tissues (termed MR histology), was performed. Paraffin-embedded limb cross-sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, digitized, and registered with MRI. Registration was assessed by using binarized tumor maps and Dice similarity coefficients (DSCs). Quantitative cytometric feature maps from histologic slides were derived by using nuclear segmentation and compared with registered MRI, including apparent diffusion coefficients and transverse relaxation times as affected by magnetic field heterogeneity (T2* maps). Cytometric features were compared with each MR image individually by using simple linear regression analysis to identify the features of interest, and the goodness of fit was assessed on the basis of R2 values. Results Registration of MR images to histopathologic slide images resulted in mean DSCs of 0.912 for ex vivo MR histology and 0.881 for in vivo MRI. Triplicate repeats showed high registration repeatability (mean DSC, >0.9). Whole-slide nuclear segmentations were automated to detect nuclei on histopathologic slides (DSC = 0.8), and feature maps were generated for correlative analysis with MR images. Notable trends were observed between cell density and in vivo apparent diffusion coefficients (best line fit: R2 = 0.96, P < .001). Multiple cytoarchitectural features exhibited linear relationships with in vivo T2* maps, including nuclear circularity (best line fit: R2 = 0.99, P < .001) and variance in nuclear circularity (best line fit: R2 = 0.98, P < .001). Conclusion An infrastructure for registering and quantitatively comparing in vivo tumor MRI with traditional histologic analysis was successfully implemented in a preclinical pilot study of soft-tissue sarcomas. Keywords: MRI, Pathology, Animal Studies, Tissue Characterization Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Blocker
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.J.B., J.C., Y.Q., K.H., G.P.C., F.Z., C.T.B., G.A.J.), Radiation Oncology (Y.M.M., A.M.B., D.G.K.), and Pathology (J.I.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Bryan Research Building, 311 Research Dr, Durham, NC 27710
| | - James Cook
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.J.B., J.C., Y.Q., K.H., G.P.C., F.Z., C.T.B., G.A.J.), Radiation Oncology (Y.M.M., A.M.B., D.G.K.), and Pathology (J.I.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Bryan Research Building, 311 Research Dr, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Yvonne M Mowery
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.J.B., J.C., Y.Q., K.H., G.P.C., F.Z., C.T.B., G.A.J.), Radiation Oncology (Y.M.M., A.M.B., D.G.K.), and Pathology (J.I.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Bryan Research Building, 311 Research Dr, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.J.B., J.C., Y.Q., K.H., G.P.C., F.Z., C.T.B., G.A.J.), Radiation Oncology (Y.M.M., A.M.B., D.G.K.), and Pathology (J.I.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Bryan Research Building, 311 Research Dr, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Yi Qi
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.J.B., J.C., Y.Q., K.H., G.P.C., F.Z., C.T.B., G.A.J.), Radiation Oncology (Y.M.M., A.M.B., D.G.K.), and Pathology (J.I.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Bryan Research Building, 311 Research Dr, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Kathryn J Hornburg
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.J.B., J.C., Y.Q., K.H., G.P.C., F.Z., C.T.B., G.A.J.), Radiation Oncology (Y.M.M., A.M.B., D.G.K.), and Pathology (J.I.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Bryan Research Building, 311 Research Dr, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Gary P Cofer
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.J.B., J.C., Y.Q., K.H., G.P.C., F.Z., C.T.B., G.A.J.), Radiation Oncology (Y.M.M., A.M.B., D.G.K.), and Pathology (J.I.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Bryan Research Building, 311 Research Dr, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Fernando Zapata
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.J.B., J.C., Y.Q., K.H., G.P.C., F.Z., C.T.B., G.A.J.), Radiation Oncology (Y.M.M., A.M.B., D.G.K.), and Pathology (J.I.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Bryan Research Building, 311 Research Dr, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Alex M Bassil
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.J.B., J.C., Y.Q., K.H., G.P.C., F.Z., C.T.B., G.A.J.), Radiation Oncology (Y.M.M., A.M.B., D.G.K.), and Pathology (J.I.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Bryan Research Building, 311 Research Dr, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Cristian T Badea
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.J.B., J.C., Y.Q., K.H., G.P.C., F.Z., C.T.B., G.A.J.), Radiation Oncology (Y.M.M., A.M.B., D.G.K.), and Pathology (J.I.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Bryan Research Building, 311 Research Dr, Durham, NC 27710
| | - David G Kirsch
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.J.B., J.C., Y.Q., K.H., G.P.C., F.Z., C.T.B., G.A.J.), Radiation Oncology (Y.M.M., A.M.B., D.G.K.), and Pathology (J.I.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Bryan Research Building, 311 Research Dr, Durham, NC 27710
| | - G Allan Johnson
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.J.B., J.C., Y.Q., K.H., G.P.C., F.Z., C.T.B., G.A.J.), Radiation Oncology (Y.M.M., A.M.B., D.G.K.), and Pathology (J.I.E.), Duke University Medical Center, Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Bryan Research Building, 311 Research Dr, Durham, NC 27710
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Nief C, Morhard R, Chelales E, Adrianzen Alvarez D, Bourla BS I, Lam CT, Sag AA, Crouch BT, Mueller JL, Katz D, Dewhirst MW, Everitt JI, Ramanujam N. Polymer-assisted intratumoral delivery of ethanol: Preclinical investigation of safety and efficacy in a murine breast cancer model. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0234535. [PMID: 33507942 PMCID: PMC7843014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal tumor ablation with ethanol could provide benefits in low-resource settings because of its low overall cost, minimal imaging technology requirements, and acceptable clinical outcomes. Unfortunately, ethanol ablation is not commonly utilized because of a lack of predictability of the ablation zone, caused by inefficient retention of ethanol at the injection site. To create a predictable zone of ablation, we have developed a polymer-assisted ablation method using ethyl cellulose (EC) mixed with ethanol. EC is ethanol-soluble and water-insoluble, allowing for EC-ethanol to be injected as a liquid and precipitate into a solid, occluding the leakage of ethanol upon contact with tissue. The aims of this study were to compare the 1) safety, 2) release kinetics, 3) spatial distribution, 4) necrotic volume, and 5) overall survival of EC-ethanol to conventional ethanol ablation in a murine breast tumor model. Non-target tissue damage was monitored through localized adverse events recording, ethanol release kinetics with Raman spectroscopy, injectate distribution with in vivo imaging, target-tissue necrosis with NADH-diaphorase staining, and overall survival by proxy of tumor growth. EC-ethanol exhibited decreased localized adverse events, a slowing of the release rate of ethanol, more compact injection zones, 5-fold increase in target-tissue necrosis, and longer overall survival rates compared to the same volume of pure ethanol. A single 150 μL dose of 6% EC-ethanol achieved a similar survival probability rates to six daily 50 μL doses of pure ethanol used to simulate a slow-release of ethanol over 6 days. Taken together, these results demonstrate that EC-ethanol is safer and more effective than ethanol alone for ablating tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrine Nief
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert Morhard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Erika Chelales
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel Adrianzen Alvarez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ioanna Bourla BS
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher T. Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alan A. Sag
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brian T. Crouch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jenna L. Mueller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David Katz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark W. Dewhirst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey I. Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nirmala Ramanujam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Somarelli JA, Rupprecht G, Altunel E, Flamant EM, Rao S, Sivaraj D, Lazarides AL, Hoskinson SM, Sheth MU, Cheng S, Kim SY, Ware KE, Agarwal A, Cullen MM, Selmic LE, Everitt JI, McCall SJ, Eward C, Eward WC, Hsu DS. A Comparative Oncology Drug Discovery Pipeline to Identify and Validate New Treatments for Osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113335. [PMID: 33187254 PMCID: PMC7696249 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Osteosarcoma is a rare bone cancer that occurs primarily in children. The discovery of new treatments for osteosarcoma and other rare cancer types has been severely limited by access to patient samples to study these often-complex diseases. Here we capitalize on naturally-occurring cancers in pet dogs to study the biology of these rare cancers. Using living cells from canine and human patients to test thousands of drugs simultaneously, we identify a unique combination of drugs that disrupts protein degradation and protein trafficking in cancer cells. This drug combination represents a promising new treatment to treat both dogs and people with osteosarcoma. Abstract Background: Osteosarcoma is a rare but aggressive bone cancer that occurs primarily in children. Like other rare cancers, treatment advances for osteosarcoma have stagnated, with little improvement in survival for the past several decades. Developing new treatments has been hampered by extensive genomic heterogeneity and limited access to patient samples to study the biology of this complex disease. Methods: To overcome these barriers, we combined the power of comparative oncology with patient-derived models of cancer and high-throughput chemical screens in a cross-species drug discovery pipeline. Results: Coupling in vitro high-throughput drug screens on low-passage and established cell lines with in vivo validation in patient-derived xenografts we identify the proteasome and CRM1 nuclear export pathways as therapeutic sensitivities in osteosarcoma, with dual inhibition of these pathways inducing synergistic cytotoxicity. Conclusions: These collective efforts provide an experimental framework and set of new tools for osteosarcoma and other rare cancers to identify and study new therapeutic vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Somarelli
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.R.); (E.A.); (E.M.F.); (D.S.); (M.U.S.); (S.C.); (K.E.W.); (A.A.); (D.S.H.)
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (J.I.E.); (S.J.M.); (W.C.E.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gabrielle Rupprecht
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.R.); (E.A.); (E.M.F.); (D.S.); (M.U.S.); (S.C.); (K.E.W.); (A.A.); (D.S.H.)
| | - Erdem Altunel
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.R.); (E.A.); (E.M.F.); (D.S.); (M.U.S.); (S.C.); (K.E.W.); (A.A.); (D.S.H.)
| | - Etienne M. Flamant
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.R.); (E.A.); (E.M.F.); (D.S.); (M.U.S.); (S.C.); (K.E.W.); (A.A.); (D.S.H.)
| | - Sneha Rao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (S.R.); (A.L.L.); (S.M.H.); (M.M.C.)
| | - Dharshan Sivaraj
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.R.); (E.A.); (E.M.F.); (D.S.); (M.U.S.); (S.C.); (K.E.W.); (A.A.); (D.S.H.)
| | - Alexander L. Lazarides
- Department of Orthopaedics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (S.R.); (A.L.L.); (S.M.H.); (M.M.C.)
| | - Sarah M. Hoskinson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (S.R.); (A.L.L.); (S.M.H.); (M.M.C.)
| | - Maya U. Sheth
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.R.); (E.A.); (E.M.F.); (D.S.); (M.U.S.); (S.C.); (K.E.W.); (A.A.); (D.S.H.)
| | - Serene Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.R.); (E.A.); (E.M.F.); (D.S.); (M.U.S.); (S.C.); (K.E.W.); (A.A.); (D.S.H.)
| | - So Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Kathryn E. Ware
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.R.); (E.A.); (E.M.F.); (D.S.); (M.U.S.); (S.C.); (K.E.W.); (A.A.); (D.S.H.)
| | - Anika Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.R.); (E.A.); (E.M.F.); (D.S.); (M.U.S.); (S.C.); (K.E.W.); (A.A.); (D.S.H.)
| | - Mark M. Cullen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (S.R.); (A.L.L.); (S.M.H.); (M.M.C.)
| | - Laura E. Selmic
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Jeffrey I. Everitt
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (J.I.E.); (S.J.M.); (W.C.E.)
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shannon J. McCall
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (J.I.E.); (S.J.M.); (W.C.E.)
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cindy Eward
- Surgery Service, Triangle Veterinary Referral Hospital, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - William C. Eward
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (J.I.E.); (S.J.M.); (W.C.E.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (S.R.); (A.L.L.); (S.M.H.); (M.M.C.)
| | - David S. Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.R.); (E.A.); (E.M.F.); (D.S.); (M.U.S.); (S.C.); (K.E.W.); (A.A.); (D.S.H.)
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (J.I.E.); (S.J.M.); (W.C.E.)
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Nikam SP, Nettleton K, Everitt JI, Barton HA, Becker ML. Antibiotic eluting poly(ester urea) films for control of a model cardiac implantable electronic device infection. Acta Biomater 2020; 111:65-79. [PMID: 32447067 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections acquired during or after surgical procedures are a major complication that are challenging to treat therapeutically, resulting in chronic and sometimes fatal infections. Localized delivery of antibiotics at the surgical site could be used to supplement traditional systemic administration as a preventative measure. Herein, we investigate a cefazolin-eluting l-valine poly(ester urea) (PEU) films as a model system for localized antibiotic delivery for CIEDs. Poly(1-VAL-8) PEU was used to fabricate a series of antibiotic-loaded films with varied loading concentrations (2%, 5%, 10% wt/wt) and thicknesses (40 µm, 80 µm, 140 µm). In vitro release measurements show thickness and loading concentration influence the amount and rate of cefazolin release. Group 10%-140 µm (load-thickness) showed 22.5% release of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in the first 24 h and 81.2% of cumulative percent release through day 14 and was found most effective in bacterial clearance in vitro. This group was also effective in clearing a bacterial infection in a model in vivo rat study while eliciting a limited inflammatory response. Our results suggest the feasibility of cefazolin-loaded PEU films as an effective sustained release matrix for localized delivery of antibiotics. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Implant-associated infections acquired during surgical procedures are a major complication that have proven a challenge to treat clinically, resulting in chronic and sometimes fatal infections. In this manuscript, we investigate an antibiotic-eluting L-valine poly(ester urea) (PEU) films as a model system for localized delivery of cefazolin. Significantly, we demonstrate a wide variation in temporal delivery and dosing within this family of PEUs and show that the delivery can be extended by varying the film thickness. The in vivo results show efficacy in an infected wound model and suggest antibiotic loaded PEU films function as an effective sustained release matrix for localized delivery of antibiotics across a number of clinical indications.
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Han SO, Li S, McCall A, Arnson B, Everitt JI, Zhang H, Young SP, ElMallah MK, Koeberl DD. Comparisons of Infant and Adult Mice Reveal Age Effects for Liver Depot Gene Therapy in Pompe Disease. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 17:133-142. [PMID: 31909086 PMCID: PMC6938806 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pompe disease is caused by the deficiency of lysosomal acid α-glucosidase (GAA). It is expected that gene therapy to replace GAA with adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors will be less effective early in life because of the rapid loss of vector genomes. AAV2/8-LSPhGAA (3 × 1010 vector genomes [vg]/mouse) was administered to infant (2-week-old) or adult (2-month-old) GAA knockout mice. AAV vector transduction in adult mice significantly corrected GAA deficiency in the heart (p < 0.0001), diaphragm (p < 0.01), and quadriceps (p < 0.001) for >50 weeks. However, in infant mice, the same treatment only partially corrected GAA deficiency in the heart (p < 0.05), diaphragm (p < 0.05), and quadriceps (p < 0.05). The clearance of glycogen was much more efficient in adult mice compared with infant mice. Improved wire hang test latency was observed for treated adults (p < 0.05), but not for infant mice. Abnormal ventilation was corrected in both infant and adult mice. Vector-treated female mice demonstrated functional improvement, despite a lower degree of biochemical correction compared with male mice. The relative vector dose for infants was approximately 3-fold higher than adults, when normalized to body weight at the time of vector administration. Given these data, the dose requirement to achieve similar efficacy will be higher for the treatment of young patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-oh Han
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Songtao Li
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Angela McCall
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Benjamin Arnson
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey I. Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Haoyue Zhang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sarah P. Young
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mai K. ElMallah
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dwight D. Koeberl
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Han SO, Li S, Everitt JI, Koeberl DD. Salmeterol with Liver Depot Gene Therapy Enhances the Skeletal Muscle Response in Murine Pompe Disease. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:855-864. [PMID: 30803275 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy for Pompe disease with adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors has advanced into early phase clinical trials; however, the paucity of cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) in skeletal muscle, where it is needed to take up acid α-glucosidase (GAA), has impeded the efficacy of Pompe disease gene therapy. Long-acting selective β2 receptor agonists previously enhanced the CI-MPR expression in muscle. In this study we have evaluated the selective β2 agonist salmeterol in GAA knockout mice in combination with an AAV vector expressing human GAA specifically in the liver. Quadriceps glycogen content was significantly decreased by administration of the AAV vector with salmeterol, in comparison with the AAV vector alone (p < 0.01). Importantly, glycogen content of the quadriceps was reduced to its lowest level by the combination of AAV vector and salmeterol administration. Rotarod testing revealed significant improvement following treatment, in comparison with untreated mice, and salmeterol improved wirehang performance. Salmeterol treatment decreased abnormalities of autophagy in the quadriceps, as shown be lower LC3 and p62. Vector administration reduced the abnormal vacuolization and accumulation of nuclei in skeletal muscle. Thus, salmeterol could be further developed as adjunctive therapy to improve the efficacy of liver depot gene therapy for Pompe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Oh Han
- 1Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Songtao Li
- 1Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- 2Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Dwight D Koeberl
- 1Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina.,3Department of Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina
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Chongsathidkiet P, Jackson C, Koyama S, Loebel F, Cui X, Farber SH, Woroniecka K, Elsamadicy AA, Dechant CA, Kemeny HR, Sanchez-Perez L, Cheema TA, Souders NC, Herndon JE, Coumans JV, Everitt JI, Nahed BV, Sampson JH, Gunn MD, Martuza RL, Dranoff G, Curry WT, Fecci PE. Author Correction: Sequestration of T cells in bone marrow in the setting of glioblastoma and other intracranial tumors. Nat Med 2019; 25:529. [PMID: 30670876 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0355-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the version of this article originally published, the figure callout in this sentence was incorrect: "Furthermore, in S1P1-KI mice themselves, whereas PD-1 blockade was ineffectual as monotherapy, the effects of 4-1BB agonism and checkpoint blockade proved additive, with the combination prolonging median survival and producing a 50% long-term survival rate (Fig. 6f)." The callout should have been to Supplementary Fig. 6b. The error has been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakawat Chongsathidkiet
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christina Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shohei Koyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Franziska Loebel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiuyu Cui
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S Harrison Farber
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Karolina Woroniecka
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aladine A Elsamadicy
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cosette A Dechant
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hanna R Kemeny
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Luis Sanchez-Perez
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - James E Herndon
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jean-Valery Coumans
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brian V Nahed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John H Sampson
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael D Gunn
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert L Martuza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William T Curry
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Everitt JI, Treuting PM, Scudamore C, Sellers R, Turner PV, Ward JM, Zeiss CJ. Pathology Study Design, Conduct, and Reporting to Achieve Rigor and Reproducibility in Translational Research Using Animal Models. ILAR J 2019; 59:4-12. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn translational research, animal models are an important tool to aid in decision-making when taking potential therapies into human clinical trials. Recently, there have been a number of papers that have suggested limited concordance of preclinical animal experiments with subsequent human clinical experience. Assessments of preclinical animal studies have led to concerns about the reproducibility of data and have highlighted the need for an emphasis on rigor and quality in the planning, conduct, analysis, and reporting of such studies. The incorporation of a wider role for the comparative pathologist using pathology best practices in the planning and conduct of animal model-based research is one way to increase the quality and reproducibility of data. The use of optimal design and planning of tissue collection, incorporation of pathology methods into written protocols, conduct of pathology procedures using accepted best practices, and the use of optimal pathology analysis and reporting methods enhance the quality of the data acquired from many types of preclinical animal models and studies. Many of these pathology practices are well established in the discipline of toxicologic pathology and have a proven and useful track record in enhancing the data from animal-based studies used in safety assessment of human therapeutics. Some of this experience can be adopted by the wider community of preclinical investigators to increase the reproducibility of animal study data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Patricia V Turner
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Caroline J Zeiss
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Brooks ED, Landau DJ, Everitt JI, Brown TT, Grady KM, Waskowicz L, Bass CR, D'Angelo J, Asfaw YG, Williams K, Kishnani PS, Koeberl DD. Long-term complications of glycogen storage disease type Ia in the canine model treated with gene replacement therapy. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:965-976. [PMID: 30043186 PMCID: PMC6328337 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD Ia) in dogs closely resembles human GSD Ia. Untreated patients with GSD Ia develop complications associated with glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) deficiency. Survival of human patients on intensive nutritional management has improved; however, long-term complications persist including renal failure, nephrolithiasis, hepatocellular adenomas (HCA), and a high risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Affected dogs fail to thrive with dietary therapy alone. Treatment with gene replacement therapy using adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) expressing G6Pase has greatly prolonged life and prevented hypoglycemia in affected dogs. However, long-term complications have not been described to date. METHODS Five GSD Ia-affected dogs treated with AAV-G6Pase were evaluated. Dogs were euthanized due to reaching humane endpoints related to liver and/or kidney involvement, at 4 to 8 years of life. Necropsies were performed and tissues were analyzed. RESULTS Four dogs had liver tumors consistent with HCA and HCC. Three dogs developed renal failure, but all dogs exhibited progressive kidney disease histologically. Urolithiasis was detected in two dogs; uroliths were composed of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. One affected and one carrier dog had polycystic ovarian disease. Bone mineral density was not significantly affected. CONCLUSIONS Here, we show that the canine GSD Ia model demonstrates similar long-term complications as GSD Ia patients in spite of gene replacement therapy. Further development of gene therapy is needed to develop a more effective treatment to prevent long-term complications of GSD Ia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Brooks
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center (DUMC), Box 103856, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dustin J Landau
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center (DUMC), Box 103856, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Talmage T Brown
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kylie M Grady
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center (DUMC), Box 103856, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lauren Waskowicz
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center (DUMC), Box 103856, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Cameron R Bass
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John D'Angelo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yohannes G Asfaw
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kyha Williams
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Priya S Kishnani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center (DUMC), Box 103856, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Dwight D Koeberl
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center (DUMC), Box 103856, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Everitt JI, Berridge BR. The Role of the IACUC in the Design and Conduct of Animal Experiments that Contribute to Translational Success. ILAR J 2017; 58:129-134. [PMID: 28838070 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) have a mandated role under the Animal Welfare Act and under Public Health Service Policy to assure the ethical and humane use of research animals in experiments conducted in the United States. The IACUC by virtue of its mandated functions is well positioned to help nurture an institutional culture of optimized animal use since this Committee is often responsible in large part for the culture of animal use that evolves within an institution. In addition to fostering a culture of humane care for research animals and a culture of working with the concepts of the 3Rs (refinement, reduction, replacement), the IACUC can help foster a culture of optimized animal use that encourages high quality reproducible studies that contribute to translational success. In part this is achieved when the IACUC is successful in encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration early and often within the animal use community it serves. Unfortunately in some instances the institutional research community may envisage the IACUC as a bureaucratic burden, regulatory necessity, and compliance tool more than a group that enhances the methodology and quality of animal experiments. A well-functioning IACUC should strive to nurture an institutional culture that places value in enhancing the scientific quality of research to help assure the reproducibility of animal studies and translational success of animal models. This is integral to both high quality science as well as excellence in the supporting animal care and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Everitt
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - B R Berridge
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
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Laber K, Newcomer CE, Decelle T, Everitt JI, Guillen J, Brønstad A. Recommendations for Addressing Harm-Benefit Analysis and Implementation in Ethical Evaluation - Report from the AALAS-FELASA Working Group on Harm-Benefit Analysis - Part 2. Lab Anim 2017; 50:21-42. [PMID: 27188276 PMCID: PMC5815834 DOI: 10.1177/0023677216642397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
International regulations and guidelines strongly suggest that the use of animal models in scientific research should be initiated only after the authority responsible for the review of animal studies has concluded a well-thought-out harm–benefit analysis (HBA) and deemed the project to be appropriate. The AALAS–FELASA working group on HBA has performed a literature review and based on this review, proposed a method for HBA. Examples of the working group’s approach are included in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Laber
- Chief, Comparative Medicine Branch, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle, Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Aurora Brønstad
- University of Bergen, Department of Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway
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Bradley T, Yang G, Ilkayeva O, Holl TM, Zhang R, Zhang J, Santra S, Fox CB, Reed SG, Parks R, Bowman CM, Bouton-Verville H, Sutherland LL, Scearce RM, Vandergrift N, Kepler TB, Moody MA, Liao HX, Alam SM, McLendon R, Everitt JI, Newgard CB, Verkoczy L, Kelsoe G, Haynes BF. HIV-1 Envelope Mimicry of Host Enzyme Kynureninase Does Not Disrupt Tryptophan Metabolism. J Immunol 2016; 197:4663-4673. [PMID: 27849170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) has evolved to subvert the host immune system, hindering viral control by the host. The tryptophan metabolic enzyme kynureninase (KYNU) is mimicked by a portion of the HIV Env gp41 membrane proximal region (MPER) and is cross-reactive with the HIV broadly neutralizing Ab (bnAb) 2F5. Molecular mimicry of host proteins by pathogens can lead to autoimmune disease. In this article, we demonstrate that neither the 2F5 bnAb nor HIV MPER-KYNU cross-reactive Abs elicited by immunization with an MPER peptide-liposome vaccine in 2F5 bnAb VHDJH and VLJL knock-in mice and rhesus macaques modified KYNU activity or disrupted tissue tryptophan metabolism. Thus, molecular mimicry by HIV-1 Env that promotes the evasion of host anti-HIV-1 Ab responses can be directed toward nonfunctional host protein epitopes that do not impair host protein function. Therefore, the 2F5 HIV Env gp41 region is a key and safe target for HIV-1 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Bradley
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; .,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - T Matt Holl
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Sampa Santra
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | | | - Steve G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102
| | - Robert Parks
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Cindy M Bowman
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Laura L Sutherland
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Richard M Scearce
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Nathan Vandergrift
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - S Munir Alam
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Roger McLendon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; .,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; .,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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40
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Walker CL, Burroughs KD, Davis B, Sowell K, Everitt JI, Fuchs-Young R. Preclinical Evidence for Therapeutic Efficacy of Selective Estrogen receptor Modulators for Uterine Leiomyoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107155760000700410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Lyn Walker
- University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center-Science Park, research Division, Smithville, Texas; the national Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | | | - Robin Fuchs-Young
- University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center-Science Park, research Division, Smithville, Texas; the national Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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41
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Brønstad A, Newcomer CE, Decelle T, Everitt JI, Guillen J, Laber K. Current concepts of Harm-Benefit Analysis of Animal Experiments - Report from the AALAS-FELASA Working Group on Harm-Benefit Analysis - Part 1. Lab Anim 2016; 50:1-20. [PMID: 27188275 PMCID: PMC5815836 DOI: 10.1177/0023677216642398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
International regulations and guidelines strongly suggest that the use of animal models in scientific research should be initiated only after the authority responsible for the review of animal studies has concluded a well-thought-out harm-benefit analysis (HBA) and deemed the project to be appropriate. Although the process for conducting HBAs may not be new, the relevant factors and algorithms used in conducting them during the review process are deemed to be poorly defined or lacking by committees in many institutions. This paper presents the current concept of HBAs based on a literature review. References on cost or risk benefit from clinical trials and other industries are also included. Several approaches to HBA have been discovered including algorithms, graphic presentations and generic processes. The aim of this study is to better aid and harmonize understanding of the concepts of 'harm', 'benefit' and 'harm-benefit analysis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Brønstad
- University of Bergen, Department of Clinical Medicine, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Kathy Laber
- Chief, Comparative Medicine Branch, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Scudamore CL, Soilleux EJ, Karp NA, Smith K, Poulsom R, Herrington CS, Day MJ, Brayton CF, Bolon B, Whitelaw B, White ES, Everitt JI, Arends MJ. Recommendations for minimum information for publication of experimental pathology data: MINPEPA guidelines. J Pathol 2015; 238:359-67. [PMID: 26387837 DOI: 10.1002/path.4642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are essential research tools in modern biomedical research, but there are concerns about their lack of reproducibility and the failure of animal data to translate into advances in human medical therapy. A major factor in improving experimental reproducibility is thorough communication of research methodologies. The recently published ARRIVE guidelines outline basic information that should be provided when reporting animal studies. This paper builds on ARRIVE by providing the minimum information needed in reports to allow proper assessment of pathology data gathered from animal tissues. This guidance covers aspects of experimental design, technical procedures, data gathering, analysis, and presentation that are potential sources of variation when creating morphological, immunohistochemical (IHC) or in situ hybridization (ISH) datasets. This reporting framework will maximize the likelihood that pathology data derived from animal experiments can be reproduced by ensuring that sufficient information is available to allow for replication of the methods and facilitate inter-study comparison by identifying potential interpretative confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth J Soilleux
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Natasha A Karp
- Mouse Informatics Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ken Smith
- Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Richard Poulsom
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK and Scientific Editor, The Journal of Pathology
| | - C Simon Herrington
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, UK and Editor in Chief, The Journal of Pathology
| | - Michael J Day
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Bruce Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eric S White
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | - Mark J Arends
- Centre for Comparative Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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43
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Everitt JI, Mangum JB, Bermudez E, Wong BA, Asgharian B, Reverdy EE, Hext PM, Warheit DB. Comparison of Selected Pulmonary Responses of Rats, Mice, and Syrian Golden Hamsters to Inhaled Pigmentary Titanium Dioxide. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 12 Suppl 3:275-82. [PMID: 26368626 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2000.11463223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We present a preliminary report of a bioassay designed to compare and contrast selected pulmonary responses of female B6C3F1 mice, Fischer 344 rats, and Syrian golden hamsters to inhaled pigmentary titanium dioxide (TiO2). Animals were administered 10, 50, or 250 mg/m(3) TiO2 for 6 h/day and 5 days/wk, for 13 wk. Recovery groups were held for an additional 4-, 13-, or 26-wk period. Following exposure and at each recovery time, TiO2 burdens in the lung and lung-associated lymph nodes were determined. A separate group of animals was used at each time point to assess the inflammatory response of the lung by assaying total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and cytologic examination of cells recovered in BALF. Burdens (mg/mg dry weight) of TiO2 in the lung following exposure to 10, 50, or 250 mg/m(3) TiO2 were 5.2, 53.5, and 170.2 for the mouse; 7.1, 45.1, and 120.4 for the rat; and 2.6, 14.9, and 120.3 for the hamster. With time after exposure, lung burdens of TiO2 particles were decreased and lymph-node burdens increased. Changes in the hamsters' burdens were more rapid than those in mice and rats. Increases in BALF cell numbers (macrophages and neutrophils) and in total protein were observed in all 3 species following exposure to 50 and 250 mg/m(3) TiO2, with the magnitude of response being the grea test in the rat. These responses remained elevated relative to control levels at 26 wk postexposure. Histopathologic examination of lungs showed a concentration-dependent retention pattern of particles that varied by species. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of alveolar epithelium along with alveolar metaplastic and fibrotic changes were observed in rats exposed to 250 mg/m(3) TiO2. Alveolar epithelial proliferative changes were associated with inflammation in mice and hamsters, but the metaplastic and fibrotic changes noted in rats were not present in similarly exposed mice or hamsters. These data suggest that rats exposed subchronically to extremely high concentrations of pigmentary TiO2 differ from mice and hamsters in their cellular responses in the lung as well as in the way they clear and sequester particles. These differences may partly explain the differential outcome of pulmonary responses in various rodent species following chronic inhalation exposure to poorly soluble particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Everitt
- a Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - J B Mangum
- a Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - E Bermudez
- a Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - B A Wong
- a Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - B Asgharian
- a Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - E E Reverdy
- a Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - P M Hext
- b AstraZeneca Central Toxicology Laboratory , Macclesfield , Cheshire , United Kingdom
| | - D B Warheit
- c DuPont Haskell Laboratory , Newark , Delaware , USA
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Abstract
Animal models have provided an important tool to help make the decision to take potential therapies from preclinical studies to humans. In the past several years, the strong reliance of the pharmaceutical discovery and development process on the use of animal models has come under increasing scrutiny for ethical and scientific reasons. Several prominent and widely publicized articles have reported limited concordance of animal experiments with subsequent human clinical trials. Recent assessments of the quality of animal studies have suggested that this translational failure may be due in part to shortcomings in the planning, conduct, and reporting of in vivo studies. This article will emphasize methods to assure best practice rigor in animal study methods and reporting. It will introduce the so-called scientific 3Rs of relevance, robustness, and reproducibility to the in vivo study approach and will review important new trends in the animal research and pharmaceutical discovery and development communities.
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45
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Greathouse KL, Bredfeldt T, Everitt JI, Lin K, Berry T, Kannan K, Mittelstadt ML, Ho SM, Walker CL. Environmental estrogens differentially engage the histone methyltransferase EZH2 to increase risk of uterine tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:546-57. [PMID: 22504913 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Environmental exposures during sensitive windows of development can reprogram normal physiologic responses and alter disease susceptibility later in life in a process known as developmental reprogramming. For example, exposure to the xenoestrogen diethylstilbestrol during reproductive tract development can reprogram estrogen-responsive gene expression in the myometrium, resulting in hyperresponsiveness to hormone in the adult uterus and promotion of hormone-dependent uterine leiomyoma. We show here that the environmental estrogens genistein, a soy phytoestrogen, and the plasticizer bisphenol A, differ in their pattern of developmental reprogramming and promotion of tumorigenesis (leiomyomas) in the uterus. Whereas both genistein and bisphenol A induce genomic estrogen receptor (ER) signaling in the developing uterus, only genistein induced phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT nongenomic ER signaling to the histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2). As a result, this pregenomic signaling phosphorylates and represses EZH2 and reduces levels of H3K27me3 repressive mark in chromatin. Furthermore, only genistein caused estrogen-responsive genes in the adult myometrium to become hyperresponsive to hormone; estrogen-responsive genes were repressed in bisphenol A-exposed uteri. Importantly, this pattern of EZH2 engagement to decrease versus increase H3K27 methylation correlated with the effect of these xenoestrogens on tumorigenesis. Developmental reprogramming by genistein promoted development of uterine leiomyomas, increasing tumor incidence and multiplicity, whereas bisphenol A did not. These data show that environmental estrogens have distinct nongenomic effects in the developing uterus that determines their ability to engage the epigenetic regulator EZH2, decrease levels of the repressive epigenetic histone H3K27 methyl mark in chromatin during developmental reprogramming, and promote uterine tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Leigh Greathouse
- Science Park Research Division, Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA
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Abstract
Exposure to asbestos fibers is associated with non-neoplastic pleural diseases including plaques, fibrosis, and benign effusions, as well as with diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma. Translocation and retention of fibers are fundamental processes in understanding the interactions between the dose and dimensions of fibers retained at this anatomic site and the subsequent pathological reactions. The initial interaction of fibers with target cells in the pleura has been studied in cellular models in vitro and in experimental studies in vivo. The proposed biological mechanisms responsible for non-neoplastic and neoplastic pleural diseases and the physical and chemical properties of asbestos fibers relevant to these mechanisms are critically reviewed. Understanding mechanisms of asbestos fiber toxicity may help us anticipate the problems from future exposures both to asbestos and to novel fibrous materials such as nanotubes. Gaps in our understanding have been outlined as guides for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brad Black
- Center for Asbestos Related Disease, Libby, Montana
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Kirby PJ, Shines CJ, Taylor GJ, Bousquet RW, Price HC, Everitt JI, Morgan DL. Pleural effects of indium phosphide in B6C3F1 mice: nonfibrous particulate induced pleural fibrosis. Exp Lung Res 2009; 35:858-82. [PMID: 19995279 PMCID: PMC2928993 DOI: 10.3109/01902140902980961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism(s) by which chronic inhalation of indium phosphide (InP) particles causes pleural fibrosis is not known. Few studies of InP pleural toxicity have been conducted because of the challenges in conducting particulate inhalation exposures, and because the pleural lesions developed slowly over the 2-year inhalation study. The authors investigated whether InP (1 mg/kg) administered by a single oropharyngeal aspiration would cause pleural fibrosis in male B6C3F1 mice. By 28 days after treatment, protein and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), but were unchanged in pleural lavage fluid (PLF). A pronounced pleural effusion characterized by significant increases in cytokines and a 3.7-fold increase in cell number was detected 28 days after InP treatment. Aspiration of soluble InCl(3) caused a similar delayed pleural effusion; however, other soluble metals, insoluble particles, and fibers did not. The effusion caused by InP was accompanied by areas of pleural thickening and inflammation at day 28, and by pleural fibrosis at day 98. Aspiration of InP produced pleural fibrosis that was histologically similar to lesions caused by chronic inhalation exposure, and in a shorter time period. This oropharyngeal aspiration model was used to provide an initial characterization of the progression of pleural lesions caused by InP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Kirby
- Respiratory Toxicology, Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Toxicology Program/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Laping NJ, Everitt JI, Frazier KS, Burgert M, Portis MJ, Cadacio C, Gold LI, Walker CL. Tumor-specific efficacy of transforming growth factor-beta RI inhibition in Eker rats. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:3087-99. [PMID: 17505012 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), which generally stimulates the growth of mesenchymally derived cells but inhibits the growth of epithelial cells, has been proposed as a possible target for cancer therapy. However, concerns have been raised that whereas inhibition of TGF-beta signaling could be efficacious for lesions in which TGF-beta promotes tumor development and/or progression, systemic pharmacologic blockade of this signaling pathway could also promote the growth of epithelial lesions. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined the effect of a TGF-beta inhibitor on mesenchymal (leiomyoma) and epithelial (renal cell carcinoma) tumors in Eker rats, which are genetically predisposed to develop these tumors with a high frequency. RESULTS Blockade of TGF-beta signaling with the ALK5/type I TGF-beta R kinase inhibitor, SB-525334, was efficacious for uterine leiomyoma; significantly decreasing tumor incidence and multiplicity, and reducing the size of these mesenchymal tumors. However, SB-525334 was also mitogenic and antiapoptotic for epithelial cells in the kidney and exacerbated the growth of epithelial lesions present in the kidneys of these animals. CONCLUSION Although pharmacologic inhibition of TGF-beta signaling with SB-525334 may be efficacious for mesenchymal tumors, inhibition of this signaling pathway seems to promote the development of epithelial tumors.
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Schapiro SA, Everitt JI. Preparation of animals for use in the laboratory: issues and challenges for the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). ILAR J 2006; 47:370-5. [PMID: 16963817 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.47.4.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparation of animals is important for optimization of animal welfare as well as to minimize interanimal variation, thereby strengthening the quality of data for in vivo studies. These issues are important in the work of institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs), but they pose many challenges as well. This article provides IACUC members with a resource for use in determining whether and how preparation of animals for research affects the IACUC's responsibilities. The topics addressed are intended to serve as a starting point for consideration and discussion. Questions related to subject selection and acclimation of subjects to experimental housing and procedures are emphasized and should provide IACUC members with a framework for discussion of relevant questions. Guidelines are provided for promoting the acclimation of a number of species to experimental settings. Additional, potentially controversial points are also raised, including the effects on longitudinal data sets of changing subject preparation procedures. The roles of the IACUC in the research endeavor are multifaceted and continuously evolving. As empirical data are produced that affect additional aspects of animal care and use, it is important for these committees to be able to evaluate and, when appropriate, stimulate the implementation of improved procedures and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Schapiro
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research of The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA.
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Mally A, Walker CL, Everitt JI, Dekant W, Vamvakas S. Analysis of renal cell transformation following exposure to trichloroethene in vivo and its metabolite S-(dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine in vitro. Toxicology 2006; 224:108-18. [PMID: 16730402 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Trichloroethene (TCE) is classified as a potential human carcinogen although there is a significant debate regarding the mechanism of TCE induced renal tumor formation. This controversy stems in part from the extremely high doses of TCE required to induce renal tumors and the potential contribution of the associated nephrotoxicity to tumorigenesis. We have used Eker rats, which are uniquely susceptible to renal carcinogens, to determine if exposures to TCE in vivo or exposure to its metabolite S-(dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC) in vitro can transform kidney epithelial cells in the absence of cytotoxicity. Treatment with TCE (0, 100, 250, 500, 1000 mg/kg bw by gavage, 5 days a week) for 13 weeks resulted in a significant increase in cell proliferation in kidney tubule cells, but did not enhance formation of preneoplastic lesions or tumor incidence in Eker rat kidneys as compared to controls. In vitro, concentrations of DCVC, which reduced cell survival to 50%, were able to transform rat kidney epithelial cells. However, no carcinogen-specific mutations were identified in the VHL or Tsc-2 tumor suppressor genes in the transformants. Taken together, the inability of TCE to enhance formation of preneoplastic changes or neoplasia and the absence of carcinogen-specific alteration of genes accepted to be critical for renal tumor development suggest that TCE mediated carcinogenicity may occur secondary to continuous toxic injury and sustained regenerative cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
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