1
|
Gendy JM, Nomura N, Stuart JN, Blumenthal G. US FDA's Dose Optimization Postmarketing Requirements and Commitments of Oncology Approvals and the Impact on Product Labels from 2010 to 2022: An Emerging Landscape from Traditional to Novel Therapies. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2024; 58:380-386. [PMID: 38182940 PMCID: PMC10850176 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-023-00606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dose optimization is a focal point of many US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drug approvals. We sought to understand the impact of the FDA's Postmarketing Commitments/Postmarketing Requirements (PMCs/PMRs) on dose optimization and prescriber labeling for oncology drugs. METHODS Publicly available information was aggregated for all FDA oncology drug approvals between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2022. Study completion dates were compared to product labeling before and after PMC/PMR fulfillment dates to evaluate labeling changes associated with dose-related PMCs/PMRs. Data were analyzed individually (2010-2015 and 2016-2022) due to differences in available information. RESULTS From 2010 to 2015, 14 of 42 (33.3%) new molecular entities (NMEs) had dose-related PMCs/PMRs, with 6 of 14 (42.9%) resulting in a relevant label change. From 2016 to 2022, of the 314 new or supplemental applications approved, 21 had dose-related PMCs/PMRs (6.7%), which trended upward over time; 71.4% of dose-related PMCs/PMRs were NMEs. Kinase inhibitors (KIs) and antibody/peptide drug conjugates (ADCs/PDCs) were the most affected drug classes. Ten of the 21 approvals with dose-related PMCs/PMRs fulfilled their dosing PMCs/PMRs, and 3 of the 10 (30%) had relevant label changes. CONCLUSION Most dose-related PMRs/PMCs were issued for NMEs. Of these, KIs and ADCs/PDCs were highly represented, reflecting their novelty and greater uncertainty around their safety profile. PMC/PMR issuance broadly increased over time. With the implementation of the FDA's Project Optimus in 2021, it remains to be seen whether fewer dose-related PMCs/PMRs emerge in future due to enhanced dose optimization in the premarketing setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Gendy
- Global Regulatory Affairs, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
| | - Naomi Nomura
- Global Regulatory Affairs, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Stuart
- Global Regulatory Affairs, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Gideon Blumenthal
- Global Regulatory Affairs, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim LP, Stuart JN, Schultz D, Boiani JA. Summary of DIA Workshop on Co-Development of Personalized Medicine and In Vitro Diagnostic Companion Devices. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2013; 47:294-298. [DOI: 10.1177/2168479013483136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
3
|
Hatcher NG, Zhang X, Stuart JN, Moroz LL, Sweedler JV, Gillette R. 5-HT and 5-HT-SO4, but not tryptophan or 5-HIAA levels in single feeding neurons track animal hunger state. J Neurochem 2007; 104:1358-63. [PMID: 18036151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is an intrinsic modulator of neural network excitation states in gastropod molluscs. 5-HT and related indole metabolites were measured in single, well-characterized serotonergic neurons of the feeding motor network of the predatory sea-slug Pleurobranchaea californica. Indole amounts were compared between paired hungry and satiated animals. Levels of 5-HT and its metabolite 5-HT-SO4 in the metacerebral giant neurons were observed in amounts approximately four-fold and two-fold, respectively, below unfed partners 24 h after a satiating meal. Intracellular levels of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid and of free tryptophan did not differ significantly with hunger state. These data demonstrate that neurotransmitter levels and their metabolites can vary in goal-directed neural networks in a manner that follows internal state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N G Hatcher
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Eckhoff DA, Stuart JN, Sutin JDB, Sweedler JV, Gratton E. Capillary electrophoresis of ultrasmall carboxylate functionalized silicon nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:081103. [PMID: 16964993 DOI: 10.1063/1.2345366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis is used to separate ultrasmall ( approximately 1 nm) carboxylate functionalized Si nanoparticles (Si-np-COO(-)) prepared via hydrosilylation with an omega-ester 1-alkene. The electropherograms show a monodisperse Si core size with one or two carboxylate groups added to the surface. On-column detection of their laser-induced fluorescence demonstrates that the individual Si-np-COO(-) have narrow emissions (full width at half maximum = 30-40 nm) with a nearly symmetric lineshape. Preparative scale electrophoresis should be a viable route for purification of the Si-np-COO(-) for further study and future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dean A Eckhoff
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Squires LN, Jakubowski JA, Stuart JN, Rubakhin SS, Hatcher NG, Kim WS, Chen K, Shih JC, Seif I, Sweedler JV. Serotonin Catabolism and the Formation and Fate of 5-Hydroxyindole Thiazolidine Carboxylic Acid. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:13463-13470. [PMID: 16537538 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602210200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) functions as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in both the central and enteric nervous systems of mammals. The dynamic degradation of 5-HT metabolites in 5-HT-containing nervous system tissues is monitored by capillary electrophoresis with wavelength-resolved laser-induced native fluorescence detection in an effort to investigate known and novel 5-HT catabolic pathways. Tissue samples from wild type mice, genetically altered mice, Long Evans rats, and cultured differentiated rat pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells, are analyzed before and after incubation with excess 5-HT. From these experiments, several new compounds are detected. One metabolite, identified as 5-hydroxyindole thiazoladine carboxylic acid (5-HITCA), has been selected for further study. In 5-HT-incubated central and enteric nervous system tissue samples and differentiated PC-12 cells, 5-HITCA forms at levels equivalent to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, via a condensation reaction between L-cysteine and 5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde. In the enteric nervous system, 5-HITCA is detected without the addition of 5-HT. The levels of L-cysteine and homocysteine in rat brain mitochondria are measured between 80 and 140 microm and 1.9 and 3.4 microm, respectively, demonstrating that 5-HITCA can be formed using available, free L-cysteine in these tissues. The lack of significant accumulation of 5-HITCA in the central and enteric nervous systems, along with data showing the degradation of 5-HITCA into 5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde, suggests that an equilibrium coupled to the enzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase type 2, prevents the accumulation of 5-HITCA. Even so, the formation of 5-HITCA represents a catabolic pathway of 5-HT that can affect the levels of 5-HT-derived compounds in the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah N Squires
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Jennifer A Jakubowski
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Jeffrey N Stuart
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Stanislav S Rubakhin
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Nathan G Hatcher
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Won-Suk Kim
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Kevin Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Jean C Shih
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Isabelle Seif
- CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 146, Institut Curie, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stuart JN, Hatcher NG, Zhang X, Gillette R, Sweedler JV. Spurious serotonin dimer formation using electrokinetic injection in capillary electrophoresis from small volume biological samples. Analyst 2005; 130:147-51. [PMID: 15665966 DOI: 10.1039/b413024c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One normally assumes that the analytical measurement process does not introduce spurious compounds. Capillary electrophoresis is a separation method frequently used for small-volume biological measurements. We demonstrate the potential for creating new peaks in a capillary electropherogram when using electrokinetic injections and illustrate the potential deleterious effects with biological samples involving serotonin and nitric oxide measurements. Specifically, when measuring the serotonin content from individual neurons using electrokinetic injections from 360 nL stainless steel vials, we detect a new peak that we identify as a serotonin dimer. We do not observe this peak when using hydrodynamic injections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Stuart
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute, 600 S. Mathews Ave 63-5, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a ubiquitous modulatory neurotransmitter with roles as a neurohormone and neurotransmitter. However, few studies have been performed characterizing this molecule and its related metabolites in circulating fluids. Here, we demonstrate native 5-HT sulfate, but much lower levels of 5-HT, in hemolymph of the marine mollusk Pleurobranchaea californica. The metabolite 5-HT sulfate forms from 5-HT uptake and metabolism in central ganglia of Aplysia californica and in the visceral nerve and eye of Pleurobranchaea, but not in hemolymph itself. In addition, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA), while not detected in hemolymph, forms in higher quantities than does 5-HT sulfate in the eye and visceral nerve, and gamma-glu-5-HT is also observed in this area but never in hemolymph. As systemic 5-HT sulfate appears not to originate from the optic region or from systemic 5-HT, 5-HT sulfate likely derives from the nervous system. Circulating 5-HT sulfate is at least 10-fold higher during the light portion of a 12 : 12-h light/dark cycle than during the dark portion (p < 0.0007), but there is no obvious trend for free systemic tryptophan (Trp) (p > 0.3) in Pleurobranchaea. 5-HT in mollusks is associated with general arousal state; thus, diurnal systemic changes in a 5-HT catabolite may reflect a regulatory role for indole catabolism in behavioral rhythms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Stuart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Stuart JN, Hummon AB, Sweedler JV. The chemistry of thought: neurotransmitters in the brain. Anal Chem 2004; 76:121A-128A. [PMID: 15101371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
|
10
|
Ciobanu L, Rubakhin SS, Stuart JN, Fuller RR, Webb AG, Sweedler JV. Characterization of the Physicochemical Parameters of Dense Core Atrial Gland and Lucent Red Hemiduct Vesicles in Aplysia californica. Anal Chem 2004; 76:2331-5. [PMID: 15080745 DOI: 10.1021/ac035346h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing femtoliter-volume cellular organelles requires innovative analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry, separations, and NMR. The capabilities of all three are demonstrated for characterizing the physicochemical properties of the electron-dense core atrial gland vesicles from Aplysia californica and comparing them with the same properties of the electron lucent red hemiduct vesicles. Single-vesicle mass spectrometric measurements show that the atrial gland vesicles contain an abundance of peptides while the red hemiduct vesicles contain no detectable peptide signals. Capillary electrophoresis with wavelength-resolved native fluorescence detection is used to characterize larger vesicle samples for tyrosine- and tryptophan-containing peptides. Using NMR spectroscopy, we show that the physiologically active peptides located in the core of the atrial gland vesicles are NMR inactive when the vesicles are intact. Resonances from these peptides appear after vesicle lysis by heating, suggesting that initially they are packed in a crystalline or semicrystalline core so that the NMR resonances are not detectable. In contrast, the red hemiduct vesicles appear to have their contents stored in a completely mobile form due to the fact that no new NMR resonances are detected after heating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Ciobanu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1406 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Stuart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Stuart JN, Zhang X, Jakubowski JA, Romanova EV, Sweedler JV. Serotonin catabolism depends upon location of release: characterization of sulfated and gamma-glutamylated serotonin metabolites in Aplysia californica. J Neurochem 2003; 84:1358-66. [PMID: 12614336 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is a vital neurotransmitter for the functioning of the nervous system in species throughout the animal phyla. Despite its ubiquitous nature, the metabolism of this molecule has yet to be completely elucidated in even the most basic of organisms. Two novel serotonin catabolites, serotonin-O-sulfate and gamma-glu-serotonin-O-sulfate, are chemically characterized using capillary electrophoresis with wavelength-resolved fluorescence detection and electrospray mass spectrometry, and the formation of gamma-glu-serotonin in Aplysia californica is confirmed. These novel compounds appear to be synthesized enzymatically, and known mammalian enzymes exist for all serotonin transformations observed here. The pathway of serotonin inactivation depends upon the type of neuronal tissue subjected to neurotransmitter incubation, with assorted serotonin products observed in distinct locations. Initially demonstrated to be in the metacerebral cell (MCC) soma, the new serotonin metabolite serotonin-O-sulfate may contribute to important functions in the serotonergic system beyond simple serotonin inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Stuart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Stuart JN, Zhang X, Jakubowski JA, Romanova EV, Sweedler JV. Serotonin catabolism depends upon location of release: characterization of sulfated and γ-glutamylated serotonin metabolites in Aplysia californica. J Neurochem 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01605.x-i1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Stuart
- Department of Chemistry, 600 S. Mathews Ave, 71 Roger Adams Laboratory, MC 712, University of Illinois, Urbana IL 61801, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang X, Stuart JN, Sweedler JV. Capillary electrophoresis with wavelength-resolved laser-induced fluorescence detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2002; 373:332-43. [PMID: 12172668 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-002-1288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2001] [Revised: 02/03/2002] [Accepted: 02/15/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) enables rapid separations with high separation efficiency and compatibility with small sample volumes. Laser-induced fluorescence detection can result in extremely low limits of detection in CE. Single-channel fluorescence detection, however, furnishes little qualitative information about a species being detected, except for its CE migration time. Use of multidimensional information often enables unambiguous identification of analytes. Combination of CE with information-rich wavelength-resolved fluorescence detection is analogous with ultraviolet-visible diode-array detection and furnishes both qualitative and quantitative chemical information about target species. This review discusses recent advances in wavelength-resolved laser-induced fluorescence detection coupled with CE, with an emphasis on instrument design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana IL 61801, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Stuart JN, Goerges AL, Zaleski JM. Characterization of the Ni(III) intermediate in the reaction of (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane)nickel(II) perchlorate with KHSO5: implications to the mechanism of oxidative DNA modification. Inorg Chem 2000; 39:5976-84. [PMID: 11151498 DOI: 10.1021/ic000572k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the detection and characterization of the Ni(III) intermediates generated by reaction of (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane)nickel(II) perchlorate with KHSO5. Four Ni(III) intermediates can be trapped or detected through variation in Cl- or KHSO5 concentrations. Upon oxidation of [Ni(cyclam)]2+ by 2.5 equiv of KHSO5, deprotonation of the cyclam ligand generates two red Ni(III) species with lambda max = 530 nm and g perpendicular = 2.20 and g parallel = 2.02 or g perpendicular = 2.16 and g parallel = 2.01 for the axial 4-coordinate or 6-coordinate dichloride species, respectively. These forms decay to Ni(II) products via complex ligand oxidation mechanisms. The Ni(III) dichloride species can be reprotonated and subsequently binds to DNA via an outer-sphere interaction as evidenced by the inverted sign of the CD signal near 400 nm. Cumulatively, the results indicate that the Ni(III) center is coordinately saturated under excess chloride conditions but is still able to interact with DNA substrates. This suggests alternative mechanistic pathways for DNA modification by reaction of [Ni(cyclam)]2+ with KHSO5 and possibly other Ni(II) complexes as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J N Stuart
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
McAllister CT, Stuart JN, Upton SJ. Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the big bend slider, Trachemys gaigeae (Testudines: Emydidae), in New Mexico. J Parasitol 1995; 81:804-5. [PMID: 7472884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-nine Big Bend sliders Trachemys gaigeae (Hartweg, 1934) were collected from Socorro County, New Mexico, and their feces examined for coccidial parasites. Three (10%) of the turtles were found to be infected with at least 1 coccidian. Seven Eimeria spp. (E. chrysemydis, E. graptemydos, E. marginata, E. pseudemydis, E. pseudogeographica, E. stylosa, and E. trachemydis) were harbored by T. gaigeae. All represent new host and distributional records for these previously described coccidians. In addition, a single sympatric western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta bellii) harbored E. chrysemydis, E. graptemydos, and E. trachemydis. The latter coccidian is reported for the first time from C. picta bellii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C T McAllister
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Cedar Valley College, Lancaster, Texas 75134-3799, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|