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Wenzell KE, Zhang JY, Skogen KA, Fant JB. Adaptive generalization in pollination systems: Hawkmoths increase fitness to long-tubed flowers, but secondary pollinators remain important. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11443. [PMID: 38783846 PMCID: PMC11112297 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Selection on floral traits by animal pollinators is important in the evolution of flowering plants, yet whether floral divergence requires specialized pollination remains uncertain. Longer floral tubes, a trait associated with long-tongued pollinators, can also exclude other pollinators from accessing rewards, a potential mechanism for specialization. Across most of its range, Castilleja sessiliflora displays much longer corollas than most Castilleja species, though tube length varies geographically and correlates partially with hawkmoth visitation. To assess whether long corolla tubes reflect adaptation to hawkmoth pollinators, we performed a day/night pollinator exclusion experiment in nine natural populations that varied in corolla length across the range of C. sessiliflora and short-tubed members of the parapatric C. purpurea complex. We compared the fitness contributions of nocturnal and diurnal visitors, revealing that long-tubed populations visited predominantly by hawkmoths experienced greater fruit set at night, in contrast with short-tubed populations or those visited mainly by diurnal pollinators. Next, leveraging a range-wide multiyear dataset of pollinator visitation to these species, we identify that hawkmoth visitation is associated with increased fitness in long-tubed populations overall, and that long tubes are associated with less diverse visitor assemblages. Thus, long corollas represent an adaptation to hawkmoth pollination at the exclusion of diverse pollinators. Nonetheless, while hawkmoths were scarce in the northern range, secondary diurnal pollinators contributed to fruit set across the range, providing reproductive assurance despite possible trait mismatch. This study illustrates adaptive generalization in pollination systems and that floral divergence may proceed along a continuum of generalized and specialized pollinator interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Wenzell
- Botany DepartmentCalifornia Academy of SciencesSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| | - Johnathan Y. Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Programs BioinformaticsBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Krissa A. Skogen
- Department of Biological SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jeremie B. Fant
- Program in Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionChicago Botanic GardenGlencoeIllinoisUSA
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Overson RP, Johnson MG, Bechen LL, Kinosian SP, Douglas NA, Fant JB, Hoch PC, Levin RA, Moore MJ, Raguso RA, Wagner WL, Skogen KA, Wickett NJ. A phylogeny of the evening primrose family (Onagraceae) using a target enrichment approach with 303 nuclear loci. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:66. [PMID: 37974080 PMCID: PMC10655384 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evening primrose family (Onagraceae) includes 664 species (803 taxa) with a center of diversity in the Americas, especially western North America. Ongoing research in Onagraceae includes exploring striking variation in floral morphology, scent composition, and breeding system, as well as the role of these traits in driving diversity among plants and their interacting pollinators and herbivores. However, these efforts are limited by the lack of a comprehensive, well-resolved phylogeny. Previous phylogenetic studies based on a few loci strongly support the monophyly of the family and the sister relationship of the two largest tribes but fail to resolve several key relationships. RESULTS We used a target enrichment approach to reconstruct the phylogeny of Onagraceae using 303 highly conserved, low-copy nuclear loci. We present a phylogeny for Onagraceae with 169 individuals representing 152 taxa sampled across the family, including extensive sampling within the largest tribe, Onagreae. Deep splits within the family are strongly supported, whereas relationships among closely related genera and species are characterized by extensive conflict among individual gene trees. CONCLUSIONS This phylogenetic resource will augment current research projects focused throughout the family in genomics, ecology, coevolutionary dynamics, biogeography, and the evolution of characters driving diversification in the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick P Overson
- Arizona State University, PO Box 875502, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | | | - Lindsey L Bechen
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sylvia P Kinosian
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, PO Box 210088, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Norman A Douglas
- University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jeremie B Fant
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
- Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Dr, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Peter C Hoch
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | - Warren L Wagner
- Smithsonian Institution, MRC-166, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - Krissa A Skogen
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
- Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Dr, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Norman J Wickett
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA.
- Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Dr, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
- Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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Lewis EM, Fant JB, Moore MJ, Skogen KA. Hawkmoth and bee pollinators impact pollen dispersal at the landscape but not local scales in two species of Oenothera. Am J Bot 2023:e16156. [PMID: 36934437 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Animal pollinators play an important role in pollen dispersal. Here, we assessed differences in pollen and seed dispersal and the role of pollinator functional groups with different foraging behaviors in generating patterns of genetic diversity over similar geographic ranges for two closely related taxa. We focused on two members of Oenothera section Calylophus (Onagraceae) that co-occur on gypsum outcrops throughout the northern Chihuahuan Desert but differ in floral phenotype and primary pollinator: Oenothera gayleana (bee) and O. hartwegii subsp. filifolia (hawkmoth). METHODS We measured breeding system and floral traits and studied gene flow and population differentiation at the local (<13 km; four populations) and landscape (60-440 km; five populations) scales using 10-11 nuclear (pollen dispersal) and three plastid (seed dispersal) microsatellite markers. RESULTS Both taxa were self-incompatible and floral traits were consistent with expectations for different pollinators. Seed and pollen dispersal patterns were distinctly different for both species. We found no evidence of genetic structure at the local scale but did at the landscape scale; O. gayleana showed greater differentiation and significant isolation by distance than in O. hartwegii subsp. filifolia. The plastid data were consistent with gravity dispersal of seeds and suggest that pollen dispersal is the principal driver of genetic structure in both species. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that pollinator functional groups can impact genetic differentiation in different and predictable ways. Hawkmoths, with larger foraging distances, can maintain gene flow across greater spatial scales than bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Lewis
- Northwestern University, Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Jeremie B Fant
- Northwestern University, Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
| | - Michael J Moore
- Biology Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, 44074, USA
| | - Krissa A Skogen
- Northwestern University, Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
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Wenzell KE, Skogen KA, Fant JB. Range‐wide floral trait variation reflects shifts in pollinator assemblages, consistent with pollinator‐mediated divergence despite generalized visitation. OIKOS 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Wenzell
- John Innes Centre Colney Lane Norwich UK
- Northwestern Univ., Program in Plant Biology and Conservation Evanston IL USA
- Negaunee Inst. for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL USA
| | - Krissa A. Skogen
- Northwestern Univ., Program in Plant Biology and Conservation Evanston IL USA
- Negaunee Inst. for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL USA
- Clemson Univ., Dept of Biological Sciences Clemson SC USA
| | - Jeremie B. Fant
- Northwestern Univ., Program in Plant Biology and Conservation Evanston IL USA
- Negaunee Inst. for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL USA
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Iler AM, CaraDonna PJ, Richardson LK, Wu ET, Fant JB, Pfeiler KC, Freymiller GA, Godfrey KN, Gorman AJ, Wilson N, Whitford MD, Edmonds GA, Stratton C, Jules ES. Genotype accounts for intraspecific variation in the timing and duration of multiple, sequential life-cycle events in a willow species. Am J Bot 2023; 110:e16112. [PMID: 36478327 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Phenological variation among individuals within populations is common and has a variety of ecological and evolutionary consequences, including forming the basis for population-level responses to environmental change. Although the timing of life-cycle events has genetic underpinnings, whether intraspecific variation in the duration of life-cycle events reflects genetic differences among individuals is poorly understood. METHODS We used a common garden experiment with 10 genotypes of Salix hookeriana (coastal willow) from northern California, United States to investigate the extent to which genetic variation explains intraspecific variation in the timing and duration of multiple, sequential life-cycle events: flowering, leaf budbreak, leaf expansion, fruiting, and fall leaf coloration. We used seven clones of each genotype, for a total of 70 individual trees. RESULTS Genotype affected each sequential life-cycle event independently and explained on average 62% of the variation in the timing and duration of vegetative and reproductive life-cycle events. All events were significantly heritable. A single genotype tended to be "early" or "late" across life-cycle events, but for event durations, there was no consistent response within genotypes. CONCLUSIONS This research demonstrates that genetic variation can be a major component underlying intraspecific variation in the timing and duration of life-cycle events. It is often assumed that the environment affects durations, but we show that genetic factors also play a role. Because the timing and duration of events are independent of one another, our results suggest that the effects of environmental change on one event will not necessarily cascade to subsequent events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Iler
- Chicago Botanic Garden, Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Glencoe, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Plant Biology and Conservation, Evanston, IL, USA
- Aarhus University, Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Paul J CaraDonna
- Chicago Botanic Garden, Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Glencoe, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Plant Biology and Conservation, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Lea K Richardson
- Chicago Botanic Garden, Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Glencoe, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Plant Biology and Conservation, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Wu
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Jeremie B Fant
- Chicago Botanic Garden, Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Glencoe, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Plant Biology and Conservation, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Kelly C Pfeiler
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Grace A Freymiller
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Kimber N Godfrey
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Alexander J Gorman
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Wilson
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Malachi D Whitford
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Grant A Edmonds
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Conner Stratton
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Erik S Jules
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
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De Vitis M, Havens K, Barak RS, Egerton-Warburton L, Ernst AR, Evans M, Fant JB, Foxx AJ, Hadley K, Jabcon J, O’Shaughnessey J, Ramakrishna S, Sollenberger D, Taddeo S, Urbina-Casanova R, Woolridge C, Xu L, Zeldin J, Kramer AT. Why are some plant species missing from restorations? A diagnostic tool for temperate grassland ecosystems. Front Conserv Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.1028295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The U.N. Decade on Ecosystem Restoration aims to accelerate actions to prevent, halt, and reverse the degradation of ecosystems, and re-establish ecosystem functioning and species diversity. The practice of ecological restoration has made great progress in recent decades, as has recognition of the importance of species diversity to maintaining the long-term stability and functioning of restored ecosystems. Restorations may also focus on specific species to fulfill needed functions, such as supporting dependent wildlife or mitigating extinction risk. Yet even in the most carefully planned and managed restoration, target species may fail to germinate, establish, or persist. To support the successful reintroduction of ecologically and culturally important plant species with an emphasis on temperate grasslands, we developed a tool to diagnose common causes of missing species, focusing on four major categories of filters, or factors: genetic, biotic, abiotic, and planning & land management. Through a review of the scientific literature, we propose a series of diagnostic tests to identify potential causes of failure to restore target species, and treatments that could improve future outcomes. This practical diagnostic tool is meant to strengthen collaboration between restoration practitioners and researchers on diagnosing and treating causes of missing species in order to effectively restore them.
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Foster JA, Walsh SK, Havens K, Kramer AT, Fant JB. Supporting long-term sustainability of ex situ collections using a pedigree-based population management approach. Appl Plant Sci 2022; 10:e11491. [PMID: 36258785 PMCID: PMC9575128 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Living collections maintained for generations are at risk of diversity loss, inbreeding, and adaptation to cultivation. To address these concerns, the zoo community uses pedigrees to track individuals and implement crosses that maximize founder contributions and minimize inbreeding. Using a pedigree management approach, we demonstrate how conducting strategic crosses can minimize genetic issues that have arisen under current practices. METHODS We performed crosses between collections and compared progeny fitness, including plant performance and reproductive health. We genotyped the progeny and parental accessions to measure changes in diversity and relatedness within and between accessions. RESULTS The mean relatedness values among individuals within each accession suggest they are full siblings, demonstrating that there was high inbreeding and low diversity within accessions, although less so among accessions. Progeny from the wider crosses had increased genetic diversity and were larger and more fertile, while self-pollinated accessions were smaller and less fertile. DISCUSSION Institutions that hold exceptional species should consider how diversity is maintained within their collections. Implementing a pedigree-based approach to managing plant reproduction ex situ will slow the inevitable loss of genetic diversity and, in turn, result in healthier collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A. Foster
- Program in Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern University2205 Tech DriveEvanstonIllinois60208USA
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIllinois60022USA
| | - Seana K. Walsh
- Department of Science and ConservationNational Tropical Botanical Garden3530 Papalina RoadKalāheoHawaiʻi96741USA
- Natural History Museum of DenmarkUniversity of CopenhagenDK‐2100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kayri Havens
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIllinois60022USA
| | - Andrea T. Kramer
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIllinois60022USA
| | - Jeremie B. Fant
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIllinois60022USA
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Cooper BJ, Moore MJ, Douglas NA, Wagner WL, Johnson MG, Overson RP, Kinosian SP, McDonnell AJ, Levin RA, Raguso RA, Flores Olvera H, Ochoterena H, Fant JB, Skogen KA, Wickett NJ. Target enrichment and extensive population sampling help untangle the recent, rapid radiation of Oenothera sect. Calylophus. Syst Biol 2022:6588089. [PMID: 35583314 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oenothera sect. Calylophus is a North American group of 13 recognized taxa in the evening primrose family (Onagraceae) with an evolutionary history that may include independent origins of bee pollination, edaphic endemism, and permanent translocation heterozygosity. Like other groups that radiated relatively recently and rapidly, taxon boundaries within Oenothera sect. Calylophus have remained challenging to circumscribe. In this study, we used target enrichment, flanking non-coding regions, gene tree/species tree methods, tests for gene flow modified for target-enrichment data, and morphometric analysis to reconstruct phylogenetic hypotheses, evaluate current taxon circumscriptions, and examine character evolution in Oenothera sect. Calylophus. Because sect. Calylophus comprises a clade with a relatively restricted geographic range, we were able to extensively sample across the range of geographic, edaphic and morphological diversity in the group. We found that the combination of exons and flanking non-coding regions led to improved support for species relationships. We reconstructed potential hybrid origins of some accessions and note that if processes such as hybridization are not taken into account, the number of inferred evolutionary transitions may be artificially inflated. We recovered strong evidence for multiple evolutionary origins of bee pollination from ancestral hawkmoth pollination, edaphic specialization on gypsum, and permanent translocation heterozygosity. This study applies newly emerging techniques alongside dense infraspecific sampling and morphological analyses to effectively reconstruct the recalcitrant history of a rapid radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Cooper
- The Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd., Glencoe, IL 60022, USA.,Northwestern University,Program in Plant Biology and Conservation,O.T. Hogan Hall, Room, 6-140B, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Michael J Moore
- Oberlin College, Department of Biology, 119 Woodland St., Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
| | - Norman A Douglas
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Warren L Wagner
- Department of Botany, MRC-166, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Matthew G Johnson
- The Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd., Glencoe, IL 60022, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Box 43131 Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Rick P Overson
- The Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd., Glencoe, IL 60022, USA.,School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, PO Box 875502, Tempe, AZ 85287-5502, USA
| | - Sylvia P Kinosian
- The Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd., Glencoe, IL 60022, USA
| | - Angela J McDonnell
- The Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd., Glencoe, IL 60022, USA
| | - Rachel A Levin
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, 25 East Drive, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
| | - Robert A Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 215 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hilda Flores Olvera
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Helga Ochoterena
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jeremie B Fant
- The Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd., Glencoe, IL 60022, USA.,Northwestern University,Program in Plant Biology and Conservation,O.T. Hogan Hall, Room, 6-140B, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Krissa A Skogen
- The Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd., Glencoe, IL 60022, USA.,Northwestern University,Program in Plant Biology and Conservation,O.T. Hogan Hall, Room, 6-140B, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Norman J Wickett
- The Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd., Glencoe, IL 60022, USA.,Northwestern University,Program in Plant Biology and Conservation,O.T. Hogan Hall, Room, 6-140B, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Woolridge CB, Fant JB, Flores AI, Schultz K, Kramer AT. Variation in overall fitness due to seed source: projections for predictive provenancing. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B. Woolridge
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL USA
- Plant Biology and Conservation Program Northwestern University Evanston IL USA
| | - Jeremie B. Fant
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL USA
- Plant Biology and Conservation Program Northwestern University Evanston IL USA
| | - Ana I. Flores
- School of Life Sciences University of Hawai'i at Mānoa Honolulu HI USA
| | | | - Andrea T. Kramer
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL USA
- Plant Biology and Conservation Program Northwestern University Evanston IL USA
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10
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Cisternas‐Fuentes A, Jogesh T, Broadhead GT, Raguso RA, Skogen KA, Fant JB. Evolution of selfing syndrome and its influence on genetic diversity and inbreeding: A range-wide study in Oenothera primiveris. Am J Bot 2022; 109:789-805. [PMID: 35596689 PMCID: PMC9320852 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE To avoid inbreeding depression, plants have evolved diverse breeding systems to favor outcrossing, such as self-incompatibility. However, changes in biotic and abiotic conditions can result in selective pressures that lead to a breakdown in self-incompatibility. The shift to increased selfing is commonly associated with reduced floral features, lower attractiveness to pollinators, and increased inbreeding. We tested the hypothesis that the loss of self-incompatibility, a shift to self-fertilization (autogamy), and concomitant evolution of the selfing syndrome (reduction in floral traits associated with cross-fertilization) will lead to increased inbreeding and population differentiation in Oenothera primiveris. Across its range, this species exhibits a shift in its breeding system and floral traits from a self-incompatible population with large flowers to self-compatible populations with smaller flowers. METHODS We conducted a breeding system assessment, evaluated floral traits in the field and under controlled conditions, and measured population genetic parameters using RADseq data. RESULTS Our results reveal a bimodal transition to the selfing syndrome from the west to the east of the range of O. primiveris. This shift includes variation in the breeding system and the mating system, a reduction in floral traits (flower diameter, herkogamy, and scent production), a shift to greater autogamy, reduced genetic diversity, and increased inbreeding. CONCLUSIONS The observed variation highlights the importance of range-wide studies to understand breeding system variation and the evolution of the selfing syndrome within populations and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Cisternas‐Fuentes
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionChicago Botanic Garden1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIllinois60035USA
- Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern University2205 Tech DriveEvanstonIllinois60208USA
- Department of Biological ScienceClemson University132 Long HallClemsonSouth Carolina29631USA
| | - Tania Jogesh
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionChicago Botanic Garden1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIllinois60035USA
| | - Geoffrey T. Broadhead
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of Florida1881 Natural Area DriveGainesvilleFlorida32611USA
| | - Robert A. Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorCornell UniversityW361 Mudd HallIthacaNew York14853USA
| | - Krissa A. Skogen
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionChicago Botanic Garden1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIllinois60035USA
- Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern University2205 Tech DriveEvanstonIllinois60208USA
| | - Jeremie B. Fant
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionChicago Botanic Garden1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIllinois60035USA
- Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern University2205 Tech DriveEvanstonIllinois60208USA
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11
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Bechen LL, Johnson MG, Broadhead GT, Levin RA, Overson RP, Jogesh T, Fant JB, Raguso RA, Skogen KA, Wickett NJ. Differential gene expression associated with a floral scent polymorphism in the evening primrose Oenothera harringtonii (Onagraceae). BMC Genomics 2022; 23:124. [PMID: 35151274 PMCID: PMC8840323 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plant volatiles play an important role in both plant-pollinator and plant-herbivore interactions. Intraspecific polymorphisms in volatile production are ubiquitous, but studies that explore underlying differential gene expression are rare. Oenothera harringtonii populations are polymorphic in floral emission of the monoterpene (R)-(−)-linalool; some plants emit (R)-(−)-linalool (linalool+ plants) while others do not (linalool- plants). However, the genes associated with differential production of this floral volatile in Oenothera are unknown. We used RNA-Seq to broadly characterize differential gene expression involved in (R)-(−)-linalool biosynthesis. To identify genes that may be associated with the polymorphism for this trait, we used RNA-Seq to compare gene expression in six different Oenothera harringtonii tissues from each of three linalool+ and linalool- plants. Results Three clusters of differentially expressed genes were enriched for terpene synthase activity: two were characterized by tissue-specific upregulation and one by upregulation only in plants with flowers that produce (R)-(−)-linalool. A molecular phylogeny of all terpene synthases identified two putative (R)-(−)-linalool synthase transcripts in Oenothera harringtonii, a single allele of which is found exclusively in linalool+ plants. Conclusions By using a naturally occurring polymorphism and comparing different tissues, we were able to identify candidate genes putatively involved in the biosynthesis of (R)-(−)-linalool. Expression of these genes in linalool- plants, while low, suggests a regulatory polymorphism, rather than a population-specific loss-of-function allele. Additional terpene biosynthesis-related genes that are up-regulated in plants that emit (R)-(−)-linalool may be associated with herbivore defense, suggesting a potential economy of scale between plant reproduction and defense. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08370-6.
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Gavin‐Smyth N, Kramer AT, Urbina‐Casanova R, Vitt P, Fant JB. Genetic rescue reduces mate limitation in a threatened, clonal, and self‐incompatible plant species. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gavin‐Smyth
- Plant Biology and Conservation Northwestern University Evanston IL 60201 U.S.A
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL 60022 U.S.A
| | - Andrea T. Kramer
- Plant Biology and Conservation Northwestern University Evanston IL 60201 U.S.A
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL 60022 U.S.A
| | - Rafael Urbina‐Casanova
- Plant Biology and Conservation Northwestern University Evanston IL 60201 U.S.A
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL 60022 U.S.A
| | - Pati Vitt
- Plant Biology and Conservation Northwestern University Evanston IL 60201 U.S.A
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL 60022 U.S.A
- Lake County Forest Preserve District 1899 W. Winchester Road, Libertyville IL 60048 U.S.A
| | - Jeremie B. Fant
- Plant Biology and Conservation Northwestern University Evanston IL 60201 U.S.A
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL 60022 U.S.A
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Kucera KF, Fant JB, Jensen S, Landeen M, Orr E, Kramer AT. Genetic variation and structure change when producing and using mixed‐source seed lots for restoration. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine F. Kucera
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL U.S.A
- Plant Biology and Conservation Program Northwestern University Evanston IL U.S.A
| | - Jeremie B. Fant
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL U.S.A
- Plant Biology and Conservation Program Northwestern University Evanston IL U.S.A
| | - Scott Jensen
- Shrub Sciences Lab USDA Forest Service Provo UT U.S.A
| | - Melissa Landeen
- Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Great Basin Research Center Ephraim UT U.S.A
| | - Emily Orr
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL U.S.A
| | - Andrea T. Kramer
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL U.S.A
- Plant Biology and Conservation Program Northwestern University Evanston IL U.S.A
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Wenzell KE, McDonnell AJ, Wickett NJ, Fant JB, Skogen KA. Incomplete reproductive isolation and low genetic differentiation despite floral divergence across varying geographic scales in Castilleja. Am J Bot 2021; 108:1270-1288. [PMID: 34289081 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Divergence depends on the strength of selection and frequency of gene flow between taxa, while reproductive isolation relies on mating barriers and geographic distance. Less is known about how these processes interact at early stages of speciation. Here, we compared population-level differentiation in floral phenotype and genetic sequence variation among recently diverged Castilleja to explore patterns of diversification under different scenarios of reproductive isolation. METHODS Using target enrichment enabled by the Angiosperms353 probe set, we assessed genetic distance among 50 populations of four Castilleja species. We investigated whether patterns of genetic divergence are explained by floral trait variation or geographic distance in two focal groups: the widespread C. sessiliflora and the more restricted C. purpurea species complex. RESULTS We document that C. sessiliflora and the C. purpurea complex are characterized by high diversity in floral color across varying geographic scales. Despite phenotypic divergence, groups were not well supported in phylogenetic analyses, and little genetic differentiation was found across targeted Angiosperms353 loci. Nonetheless, a principal coordinate analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms revealed differentiation within C. sessiliflora across floral morphs and geography and less differentiation among species of the C. purpurea complex. CONCLUSIONS Patterns of genetic distance in C. sessiliflora suggest species cohesion maintained over long distances despite variation in floral traits. In the C. purpurea complex, divergence in floral color across narrow geographic clines may be driven by recent selection on floral color. These contrasting patterns of floral and genetic differentiation reveal that divergence can arise via multiple eco-evolutionary paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Wenzell
- Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, O.T. Hogan Hall, Room 6-140B, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Angela J McDonnell
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
| | - Norman J Wickett
- Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, O.T. Hogan Hall, Room 6-140B, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
| | - Jeremie B Fant
- Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, O.T. Hogan Hall, Room 6-140B, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
| | - Krissa A Skogen
- Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, O.T. Hogan Hall, Room 6-140B, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
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Wood J, Ballou JD, Callicrate T, Fant JB, Griffith MP, Kramer AT, Lacy RC, Meyer A, Sullivan S, Traylor‐Holzer K, Walsh SK, Havens K. Applying the zoo model to conservation of threatened exceptional plant species. Conserv Biol 2020; 34:1416-1425. [PMID: 32233087 PMCID: PMC7754355 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining a living plant collection is the most common method of ex situ conservation for plant species that cannot be seed banked (i.e., exceptional species). Viability of living collections, and their value for future conservation efforts, can be limited without coordinated efforts to track and manage individuals across institutions. Using a pedigree-focused approach, the zoological community has established an inter-institutional infrastructure to support long-term viability of captive animal populations. We assessed the ability of this coordinated metacollection infrastructure to support the conservation of 4 plant species curated in living collections at multiple botanic gardens around the world. Limitations in current practices include the inability to compile, share, and analyze plant collections data at the individual level, as well as difficulty in tracking original provenance of ex situ material. The coordinated metacollection framework used by zoos can be adopted by the botanical community to improve conservation outcomes by minimizing the loss of genetic diversity in collections. We suggest actions to improve ex situ conservation of exceptional plant species, including developing a central database to aggregate data and track unique individuals of priority threatened species among institutions and adapting a pedigree-based population management tool that incorporates life-history aspects unique to plants. If approached collaboratively across regional, national, and global scales, these actions could transform ex situ conservation of threatened plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Wood
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIL60022U.S.A.
| | - Jonathan D. Ballou
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute3001 Connecticut AvenueNW WashingtonD.C.20008U.S.A.
| | - Taylor Callicrate
- Species Conservation Toolkit InitiativeChicago Zoological Society3300 Golf RoadBrookfieldIL60513U.S.A.
| | - Jeremie B. Fant
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIL60022U.S.A.
| | | | - Andrea T. Kramer
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIL60022U.S.A.
| | - Robert C. Lacy
- Species Conservation Toolkit InitiativeChicago Zoological Society3300 Golf RoadBrookfieldIL60513U.S.A.
| | - Abby Meyer
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, U.S. at The Huntington Library, Art Museum & Botanical Gardens1151 Oxford RoadSan MarinoCA91108U.S.A.
| | - Sara Sullivan
- Species Conservation Toolkit InitiativeChicago Zoological Society3300 Golf RoadBrookfieldIL60513U.S.A.
| | - Kathy Traylor‐Holzer
- IUCN SSC Conservation Planning Specialist Group12101 Johnny Cake Ridge RoadApple ValleyMN55124U.S.A.
| | - Seana K. Walsh
- Department of Science and ConservationNational Tropical Botanical Garden3530 Papalina RoadKalāheoHI96741U.S.A.
| | - Kayri Havens
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIL60022U.S.A.
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St. Clair AB, Dunwiddie PW, Fant JB, Kaye TN, Kramer AT. Mixing source populations increases genetic diversity of restored rare plant populations. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Basey St. Clair
- Program in Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern University 2205 Tech Drive Evanston IL 60208 U.S.A
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionNegaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road Chicago IL 60022 U.S.A
| | | | - Jeremie B. Fant
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionNegaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road Chicago IL 60022 U.S.A
| | - Thomas N. Kaye
- Institute for Applied Ecology 563 SW Jefferson Avenue Corvallis OR 97333 U.S.A
- Department of Botany and Plant PathologyOregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 U.S.A
| | - Andrea T. Kramer
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionNegaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road Chicago IL 60022 U.S.A
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Fant JB, Fluckes M, James E, Noble H, Wood J. Characterization of microsatellite loci in Brighamia insignis and transferability to other genera in the Hawai'ian lobelioid group. Appl Plant Sci 2019; 7:e11303. [PMID: 31832285 PMCID: PMC6858292 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Microsatellite markers were developed to measure genetic diversity and relatedness of ex situ collections of Brighamia insignis (Campanulaceae). METHODS AND RESULTS Potential microsatellite markers were identified from two sources; 28 were developed for B. insignis and an additional 12 markers from a previously published study of Lobelia villosa. Primer pairs were tested on 30 individuals of B. insignis and 24 individuals of B. rockii to provide measures of genetic diversity and inbreeding. We assessed cross-species amplification in an additional 13 taxa that represented all six genera within the Hawai'ian lobelioid group to determine the broader applicability of the markers. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that these primers will provide useful estimates of genetic diversity and relatedness of ex situ collections of both Brighamia species. In addition, we have also demonstrated the widespread applicability of these markers for use in population genetic studies of several species within the Hawai'ian lobelioid group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremie B. Fant
- Plant Science and ConservationChicago Botanic Garden1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIllinois60022USA
- Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern UniversityO. T. Hogan Hall, 2205 Tech DriveEvanstonIllinois60208USA
| | - Mereida Fluckes
- Plant Science and ConservationChicago Botanic Garden1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIllinois60022USA
- University of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignChampaignIllinois61820USA
| | - Evana James
- Plant Science and ConservationChicago Botanic Garden1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIllinois60022USA
- University of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignChampaignIllinois61820USA
| | - Hilary Noble
- Plant Science and ConservationChicago Botanic Garden1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIllinois60022USA
| | - Jordan Wood
- Plant Science and ConservationChicago Botanic Garden1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIllinois60022USA
- Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern UniversityO. T. Hogan Hall, 2205 Tech DriveEvanstonIllinois60208USA
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Ksiazek-Mikenas K, Fant JB, Skogen KA. Pollinator-Mediated Gene Flow Connects Green Roof Populations Across the Urban Matrix: A Paternity Analysis of the Self-Compatible Forb Penstemon hirsutus. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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19
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Kim ES, Zaya DN, Fant JB, Ashley MV. Reproductive trade-offs maintain bract color polymorphism in Scarlet Indian paintbrush (Castilleja coccinea). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209176. [PMID: 30601846 PMCID: PMC6314579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations of scarlet Indian paintbrush (Castilleja coccinea) in the Midwestern United States exhibit a bract color polymorphism, with each population having predominantly yellow or scarlet bracts. We investigated a possible mechanism for this maintenance of bract color polymorphism in C. coccinea by conducting hand-pollination experiments in two nearby populations, one predominantly yellow and one predominantly scarlet. The hand-pollination treatments were either self-pollination or cross pollination using pollen from within and between populations. Both color morphs were used as pollen donors for the within and between crosses. We found that both color morphs of C. coccinea were self-compatible. When the scarlet morph was the maternal plant it had higher seed set. When pollinators were excluded, the yellow morph outperformed the scarlet morph in fruit set and seed set. The apparent trade-offs between a higher reproductive output in the scarlet morph and a reproductive assurance advantage in the yellow morph may explain the maintenance of the polymorphism in C. coccinea. While many previous studies have provided evidence for pollinator preference playing a role in floral color polymorphism, the results of the current study indicate that reproductive assurance, which would be important for fluctuations in pollinator abundance or colonizing new areas, may act as a selective agent to maintain such polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David N. Zaya
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jeremie B. Fant
- Institute for Plant Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois, United States of America
- Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mary V. Ashley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail White
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation; Chicago Botanic Garden; Glencoe IL 60022 U.S.A
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northwestern University; Evanston IL 60201 U.S.A
| | - Jeremie B. Fant
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation; Chicago Botanic Garden; Glencoe IL 60022 U.S.A
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northwestern University; Evanston IL 60201 U.S.A
| | - Kayri Havens
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation; Chicago Botanic Garden; Glencoe IL 60022 U.S.A
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northwestern University; Evanston IL 60201 U.S.A
| | - Mark Skinner
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region Regional Office; Portland OR 97204 U.S.A
| | - Andrea T. Kramer
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation; Chicago Botanic Garden; Glencoe IL 60022 U.S.A
- Department of Biological Sciences; Northwestern University; Evanston IL 60201 U.S.A
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21
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Rhodes MK, Fant JB, Skogen KA. Pollinator identity and spatial isolation influence multiple paternity in an annual plant. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:4296-4308. [PMID: 28334485 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence and extent of multiple paternity is an important component of variation in plant mating dynamics. However, links between pollinator activity and multiple paternity are generally lacking, especially for plant species that attract functionally diverse floral visitors. In this study, we separated the influence of two functionally distinct floral visitors (hawkmoths and solitary bees) and characterized their impacts on multiple paternity in a self-incompatible, annual forb, Oenothera harringtonii (Onagraceae). We also situated pollinator-mediated effects in a spatial context by linking variation in multiple paternity to variation in plant spatial isolation. We documented pronounced differences in the number of paternal sires as function of pollinator identity: on average, the primary pollinator (hawkmoths) facilitated mating with nearly twice as many pollen donors relative to the secondary pollinator (solitary bees). This effect was consistent for both isolated and nonisolated individuals, but spatial isolation imposed pronounced reductions on multiple paternity regardless of pollinator identity. Considering that pollinator abundance and pollen dispersal distance did not vary significantly with pollinator identity, we attribute variation in realized mating dynamics primarily to differences in pollinator morphology and behaviour as opposed to pollinator abundance or mating incompatibility arising from underlying spatial genetic structure. Our findings demonstrate that functionally distinct pollinators can have strongly divergent effects on polyandry in plants and further suggest that both pollinator identity and spatial heterogeneity have important roles in plant mating dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Rhodes
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA.,Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, O.T. Hogan Hall, Room 2-144, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jeremie B Fant
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
| | - Krissa A Skogen
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
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Skogen KA, Jogesh T, Hilpman ET, Todd SL, Rhodes MK, Still SM, Fant JB. Land-use change has no detectable effect on reproduction of a disturbance-adapted, hawkmoth-pollinated plant species. Am J Bot 2016; 103:1950-1963. [PMID: 27803000 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Land-use change is cited as a primary driver of global biodiversity loss, with myriad consequences for species, populations, and ecosystems. However, few studies have examined its impact on species interactions, particularly pollination. Furthermore, when the effects of land-use change on pollination have been studied, the focus has largely been on species pollinated by diurnal pollinators, namely, bees and butterflies. Here, we focus on Oenothera harringtonii, a night-flowering, disturbance-adapted species that has experienced a range-wide gradient of land-use change. We tested the hypothesis that the negative impacts of land-use change are mitigated by long-distance pollination. METHODS Our study included both temporal (4 yr) and spatial (19 populations range-wide, and 1, 2, and 5 km from the population center) data, providing a comprehensive understanding of the role of land-use change on pollination biology and reproduction. KEY RESULTS We first confirmed that O. harringtonii is self-incompatible and reliant on pollinators for reproduction. We then showed that hawkmoths (primarily Hyles lineata) are highly reliable and effective pollinators in both space and time. Unlike other studies, we did not detect an effect of population size, increased isolation, or a reduction in suitable habitat in areas with evidence of land-use change on pollination (visitation, pollen removal and deposition). Furthermore, the proportion of suitable habitat and other fragmentation metrics examined were not associated with population size or density in this plant species. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that nocturnal pollination of Oenothera harringtonii via hawkmoths is robust to the negative impacts of land-use change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krissa A Skogen
- Chicago Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois 60022 USA
| | - Tania Jogesh
- Chicago Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois 60022 USA
| | - Evan T Hilpman
- Chicago Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois 60022 USA
- Washingtion State University, School of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 644236, Pullman, Washington 99164 USA
| | - Sadie L Todd
- Chicago Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois 60022 USA
- Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, 2230 S. Ankeny Boulevard, Ankeny, Iowa 50023 USA
| | - Matthew K Rhodes
- Chicago Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois 60022 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210088, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA
| | - Shannon M Still
- Chicago Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois 60022 USA
- University of California Davis Arboretum and Public Garden, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | - Jeremie B Fant
- Chicago Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois 60022 USA
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Fant JB, Price AL, Larkin DJ. The influence of habitat disturbance on genetic structure and reproductive strategies within stands of native and non-native Phragmites australis
(common reed). DIVERS DISTRIB 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremie B. Fant
- Plant Science and Conservation; Chicago Botanic Garden; 1000 Lake Cook Road Glencoe IL 60022 USA
- Plant Biology and Conservation; Northwestern University; Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Amy L. Price
- Plant Science and Conservation; Chicago Botanic Garden; 1000 Lake Cook Road Glencoe IL 60022 USA
- Plant Biology and Conservation; Northwestern University; Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Daniel J. Larkin
- Plant Science and Conservation; Chicago Botanic Garden; 1000 Lake Cook Road Glencoe IL 60022 USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology; Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN 55108 USA
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Fant JB, Havens K, Kramer AT, Walsh SK, Callicrate T, Lacy RC, Maunder M, Meyer AH, Smith PP. What to do when we can't bank on seeds: What botanic gardens can learn from the zoo community about conserving plants in living collections. Am J Bot 2016; 103:1541-3. [PMID: 27578628 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremie B Fant
- Department of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois 60035 USA
| | - Kayri Havens
- Department of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois 60035 USA
| | - Andrea T Kramer
- Department of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois 60035 USA
| | - Seana K Walsh
- Department of Science and Conservation, National Tropical Botanical Garden, 3530 Papalina Road, Kalāheo, Hawai'i 96741 USA
| | - Taylor Callicrate
- Department of Conservation Science, Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, Illinois 60513 USA
| | - Robert C Lacy
- Department of Conservation Science, Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, Illinois 60513 USA
| | - Mike Maunder
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Florida International University and the National Tropical Botanic Garden, The Kampong, 4013 South Douglas Road, Coconut Grove, Florida 33133 USA
| | - Abby Hird Meyer
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3BW UK
| | - Paul P Smith
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3BW UK
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Lewis EM, Fant JB, Moore MJ, Hastings AP, Larson EL, Agrawal AA, Skogen KA. Microsatellites for Oenothera gayleana and O. hartwegii subsp. filifolia (Onagraceae), and their utility in section Calylophus. Appl Plant Sci 2016; 4:apps1500107. [PMID: 26949578 PMCID: PMC4760750 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1500107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Eleven nuclear and four plastid microsatellite markers were screened for two gypsum endemic species, Oenothera gayleana and O. hartwegii subsp. filifolia, and tested for cross-amplification in the remaining 11 taxa within Oenothera sect. Calylophus (Onagraceae). METHODS AND RESULTS Microsatellite markers were tested in two to three populations spanning the ranges of both O. gayleana and O. hartwegii subsp. filifolia. The nuclear microsatellite loci consisted of both di- and trinucleotide repeats with one to 17 alleles per population. Several loci showed significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which may be evidence of chromosomal rings. The plastid microsatellite markers identified one to seven haplotypes per population. The transferability of these markers was confirmed in all 11 taxa within Oenothera sect. Calylophus. CONCLUSIONS The microsatellite loci characterized here are the first developed and tested in Oenothera sect. Calylophus. These markers will be used to assess whether pollinator foraging distance influences population genetic parameters in predictable ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Lewis
- Plant Biology and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois 60022 USA
- Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208 USA
| | - Jeremie B. Fant
- Plant Biology and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois 60022 USA
| | - Michael J. Moore
- Department of Biology, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, Ohio 44074 USA
| | - Amy P. Hastings
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Erica L. Larson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive HS104, Missoula, Montana 59812
| | - Anurag A. Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Krissa A. Skogen
- Plant Biology and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois 60022 USA
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Barak RS, Fant JB, Kramer AT, Skogen KA. Assessing the Value of Potential “Native Winners” for Restoration of Cheatgrass-Invaded Habitat. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2015. [DOI: 10.3398/064.075.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Staehlin BM, Fant JB. Climate Change Impacts on Seedling Establishment for a Threatened Endemic Thistle, Cirsium pitcheri. The American Midland Naturalist 2015. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-173.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rhodes MK, Fant JB, Skogen KA. Local topography shapes fine-scale spatial genetic structure in the Arkansas Valley evening primrose, Oenothera harringtonii (Onagraceae). J Hered 2014; 105:806-15. [PMID: 25189774 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esu051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying factors that shape the spatial distribution of genetic variation is crucial to understanding many population- and landscape-level processes. In this study, we explore fine-scale spatial genetic structure in Oenothera harringtonii (Onagraceae), an insect-pollinated, gravity-dispersed herb endemic to the grasslands of south-central and southeastern Colorado, USA. We genotyped 315 individuals with 11 microsatellite markers and utilized a combination of spatial autocorrelation analyses and landscape genetic models to relate life history traits and landscape features to dispersal processes. Spatial genetic structure was consistent with theoretical expectations of isolation by distance, but this pattern was weak (Sp = 0.00374). Anisotropic analyses indicated that spatial genetic structure was markedly directional, in this case consistent with increased dispersal along prominent slopes. Landscape genetic models subsequently confirmed that spatial genetic variation was significantly influenced by local topographic heterogeneity, specifically that geographic distance, elevation and aspect were important predictors of spatial genetic structure. Among these variables, geographic distance was ~68% more important than elevation in describing spatial genetic variation, and elevation was ~42% more important than aspect after removing the effect of geographic distance. From these results, we infer a mechanism of hydrochorous seed dispersal along major drainages aided by seasonal monsoon rains. Our findings suggest that landscape features may shape microevolutionary processes at much finer spatial scales than typically considered, and stress the importance of considering how particular dispersal vectors are influenced by their environmental context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Rhodes
- From the Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA (Rhodes, Fant, and Skogen); and the Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, O.T. Hogan Hall, Room 2-144, Evanston, IL 60208, USA (Rhodes).
| | - Jeremie B Fant
- From the Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA (Rhodes, Fant, and Skogen); and the Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, O.T. Hogan Hall, Room 2-144, Evanston, IL 60208, USA (Rhodes)
| | - Krissa A Skogen
- From the Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA (Rhodes, Fant, and Skogen); and the Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, O.T. Hogan Hall, Room 2-144, Evanston, IL 60208, USA (Rhodes)
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Fant JB, Weinberg-Wolf H, Tank DC, Skogen KA. Characterization of microsatellite loci in Castilleja sessiliflora and transferability to 24 Castilleja species (Orobanchaceae). Appl Plant Sci 2013; 1:apps1200564. [PMID: 25202558 PMCID: PMC4105031 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1200564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Microsatellite primers were developed in the hemiparasitic perennial forb Castilleja sessiliflora to investigate patterns of gene flow and genetic diversity within and among populations. • METHODS AND RESULTS Twelve polymorphic loci were identified in C. sessiliflora and tested on three populations (32 individuals each) sampled across the range of the species. The loci amplified di- and trinucleotide repeats with 3-14 alleles per locus. To assess cross-amplification, primer pairs were also tested on 24 additional Castilleja species that represent the morphological and geographic diversity of the genus. We provide reports of their effectiveness in all 25 taxa. • CONCLUSIONS These results indicate the utility of these primers in C. sessiliflora for future studies of genetic structure and gene flow, as well as their widespread applicability in other members of the diverse and complex genus Castilleja.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremie B. Fant
- Plant Biology and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois 60022 USA
| | - Hannah Weinberg-Wolf
- Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 USA
| | - David C. Tank
- College of Natural Resources and Stillinger Herbarium, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 1133, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1133 USA
| | - Krissa A. Skogen
- Plant Biology and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois 60022 USA
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Skogen KA, Hilpman ET, Todd SL, Fant JB. Microsatellite primers in Oenothera harringtonii (Onagraceae), an annual endemic to the shortgrass prairie of Colorado. Am J Bot 2012; 99:e313-e316. [PMID: 22859656 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Microsatellite markers were developed in the annual herb, Oenothera harringtonii, to investigate patterns of genetic diversity, gene flow, and parentage within and among populations of this Colorado endemic. METHODS AND RESULTS Ten polymorphic loci were identified in O. harringtonii and tested in four populations sampled across the range of the species. These loci contained trinucleotide repeats with 7-29 alleles per locus. Nine of the 10 loci also amplified in O. caespitosa subsp. macroglottis, O. caespitosa subsp. marginata, and O. caespitosa subsp. navajoensis. In addition, we optimized three markers developed for O. biennis and provide reports of their effectiveness in all four taxa. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate the utility of these markers in O. harringtonii for future studies of genetic structure, gene flow, and parentage as well as their applicability in other members of the O. caespitosa species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krissa A Skogen
- Plant Biology and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois 60022, USA.
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Kramer AT, Fant JB, Ashley MV. Influences of landscape and pollinators on population genetic structure: examples from three Penstemon (Plantaginaceae) species in the Great Basin. Am J Bot 2011; 98:109-21. [PMID: 21613089 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Despite rapid growth in the field of landscape genetics, our understanding of how landscape features interact with life history traits to influence population genetic structure in plant species remains limited. Here, we identify population genetic divergence in three species of Penstemon (Plantaginaceae) similarly distributed throughout the Great Basin region of the western United States but with different pollination syndromes (bee and hummingbird). The Great Basin's mountainous landscape provides an ideal setting to compare the interaction of landscape and dispersal ability in isolating populations of different species. METHODS We used eight highly polymorphic microsatellite loci to identify neutral population genetic structure between populations within and among mountain ranges for eight populations of P. deustus, 10 populations of P. pachyphyllus, and 10 populations of P. rostriflorus. We applied traditional population genetics approaches as well as spatial and landscape genetics approaches to infer genetic structure and discontinuities among populations. KEY RESULTS All three species had significant genetic structure and exhibited isolation by distance, ranging from high structure and low inferred gene flow in the bee-pollinated species P. deustus (F(ST) = 0.1330, R(ST) = 0.4076, seven genetic clusters identified) and P. pachyphyllus (F(ST) = 0.1896, R(ST) = 0.2531, four genetic clusters identified) to much lower structure and higher inferred gene flow in the hummingbird-pollinated P. rostriflorus (F(ST) = 0.0638, R(ST) = 0.1116, three genetic clusters identified). CONCLUSIONS These three Penstemon species have significant yet strikingly different patterns of population genetic structure, findings consistent with different interactions between landscape features and the dispersal capabilities of their pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Kramer
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA.
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Fant JB, Holmstrom RM, Sirkin E, Etterson JR, Masi S. Genetic Structure of Threatened Native Populations and Propagules Used for Restoration in a Clonal Species, American Beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulataFern.). Restor Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2007.00348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fant JB, Schroeder CN. Controlling narcotics. Nurs Homes 1978; 27:2-5. [PMID: 10283711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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