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Alzola-Aldamizetxebarria S, Fernández-Méndez L, Padro D, Ruíz-Cabello J, Ramos-Cabrer P. A Comprehensive Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging Relaxometry and Contrast Agents. ACS Omega 2022; 7:36905-36917. [PMID: 36312407 PMCID: PMC9609087 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of imaging technologies allowing noninvasive observation through solid bodies has represented a breakthrough in medical diagnosis, facilitating the comprehension of biomolecular events underlying disease and the development of more efficient therapeutic approaches. Some of the traditional limitations of these techniques are nowadays fading away thanks to the combination of imaging with nanotechnology, allowing the development of novel functional biomaterials that increase the sensitivity of detection, enable sensitivity to specific targets, and facilitate the combination of therapeutic and diagnostic functions (theragnosis) with molecular platforms functioning simultaneously as imaging probes and drug delivery carriers. The design of such functional biomaterials requires a comprehensive understanding of the principles that govern the generation of signal and modulation of contrast for a given imaging modality to exploit its capabilities to the maximal level. In this sense, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique that presents a complex relationship between the detected signal and the physical-chemical properties of its sourcing matter, allowing the generation of multiple image contrasts. Thus, while magnetic resonance imaging is a highly versatile imaging modality, it requires specific knowledge of its physical principles to take advantage of all of its possibilities. This work reviews the origin of the image signal and contrast in MRI and the concepts of relaxometry and MRI contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saioa Alzola-Aldamizetxebarria
- Center for Cooperative
Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-Méndez
- Center for Cooperative
Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Daniel Padro
- Center for Cooperative
Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jesús Ruíz-Cabello
- Center for Cooperative
Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias
Farmacéuticas, Universidad Complutense
de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Ramos-Cabrer
- Center for Cooperative
Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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2
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Carregal-Romero S, Miguel-Coello AB, Martínez-Parra L, Martí-Mateo Y, Hernansanz-Agustín P, Fernández-Afonso Y, Plaza-García S, Gutiérrez L, Muñoz-Hernández MDM, Carrillo-Romero J, Piñol-Cancer M, Lecante P, Blasco-Iturri Z, Fadón L, Almansa-García AC, Möller M, Otaegui D, Enríquez JA, Groult H, Ruíz-Cabello J. Ultrasmall Manganese Ferrites for In Vivo Catalase Mimicking Activity and Multimodal Bioimaging. Small 2022; 18:e2106570. [PMID: 35263020 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Manganese ferrite nanoparticles display interesting features in bioimaging and catalytic therapies. They have been recently used in theranostics as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and as catalase-mimicking nanozymes for hypoxia alleviation. These promising applications encourage the development of novel synthetic procedures to enhance the bioimaging and catalytic properties of these nanomaterials simultaneously. Herein, a cost-efficient synthetic microwave method is developed to manufacture ultrasmall manganese ferrite nanoparticles as advanced multimodal contrast agents in MRI and positron emission tomography (PET), and improved nanozymes. Such a synthetic method allows doping ferrites with Mn in a wide stoichiometric range (Mnx Fe3-x O4 , 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 2.4), affording a library of nanoparticles with different magnetic relaxivities and catalytic properties. These tuned magnetic properties give rise to either positive or dual-mode MRI contrast agents. On the other hand, higher levels of Mn doping enhance the catalytic efficiency of the resulting nanozymes. Finally, through their intracellular catalase-mimicking activity, these ultrasmall manganese ferrite nanoparticles induce an unprecedented tumor growth inhibition in a breast cancer murine model. All of these results show the robust characteristics of these nanoparticles for nanobiotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Carregal-Romero
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Ana Beatriz Miguel-Coello
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Lydia Martínez-Parra
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Yolanda Martí-Mateo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | | | - Yilian Fernández-Afonso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Sandra Plaza-García
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Lucía Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | | | - Juliana Carrillo-Romero
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Marina Piñol-Cancer
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Pierre Lecante
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPR 8011 CNRS, Toulouse, 31055, France
| | - Zuriñe Blasco-Iturri
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Lucía Fadón
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Center for Cooperative Research in Bioscience (CIC bioGUNE), Building 800, Science and Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio, 48160, Spain
| | - Ana C Almansa-García
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Marco Möller
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Dorleta Otaegui
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Enríquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Hugo Groult
- BCBS team (Biotechnologies et Chimie des Bioressources pour la Santé), LIENSs Laboratory (Littoral environment et Sociétés), UMR CNRS 7266, La Rochelle, 17000, France
| | - Jesús Ruíz-Cabello
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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3
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Lechuga-Vieco AV, Latorre-Pellicer A, Calvo E, Torroja C, Pellico J, Acín-Pérez R, García-Gil ML, Santos A, Bagwan N, Bonzon-Kulichenko E, Magni R, Benito M, Justo-Méndez R, Simon AK, Sánchez-Cabo F, Vázquez J, Ruíz-Cabello J, Enríquez JA. Heteroplasmy of Wild Type Mitochondrial DNA Variants in Mice Causes Metabolic Heart Disease With Pulmonary Hypertension and Frailty. Circulation 2022; 145:1084-1101. [PMID: 35236094 PMCID: PMC8969846 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.056286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: In most eukaryotic cells, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is uniparentally transmitted and present in multiple copies derived from the clonal expansion of maternally inherited mtDNA. All copies are therefore near-identical, or homoplasmic. The presence of more than one mtDNA variant in the same cytoplasm can arise naturally or result from new medical technologies aimed at preventing mitochondrial genetic diseases and improving fertility. The latter is called divergent non-pathological mtDNAs heteroplasmy (DNPH). We hypothesized that DNPH is maladaptive and usually prevented by the cell. Methods: We engineered and characterized DNPH mice throughout their lifespan using transcriptomic, metabolomic, biochemical, physiological and phenotyping techniques. We focused on in vivo imaging techniques for non-invasive assessment of cardiac and pulmonary energy metabolism. Results: We show that DNPH impairs mitochondrial function, with profound consequences in critical tissues that cannot resolve heteroplasmy, particularly cardiac and skeletal muscle. Progressive metabolic stress in these tissues leads to severe pathology in adulthood, including pulmonary hypertension and heart failure, skeletal muscle wasting, frailty, and premature death. Symptom severity is strongly modulated by the nuclear context. Conclusions: Medical interventions that may generate DNPH should address potential incompatibilities between donor and recipient mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Victoria Lechuga-Vieco
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Latorre-Pellicer
- Ciber de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) Madrid, Spain; Unit of Clinical Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, ISS-Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Ciber de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Torroja
- Ciber de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Pellico
- Ciber de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) Madrid, Spain; Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Acín-Pérez
- Ciber de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa García-Gil
- Centro Nacional de Microscopia Electrónica (ICTS-CNME), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arnoldo Santos
- Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; ITC, Ingeniería y Técnicas Clínicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Navratan Bagwan
- Ciber de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Bonzon-Kulichenko
- Ciber de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) Madrid, Spain; Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Magni
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Justo-Méndez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Katharina Simon
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jesús Vázquez
- Ciber de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) Madrid, Spain; Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ruíz-Cabello
- CIC biomaGUNE, 2014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Spain; Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Lechuga-Vieco AV, Latorre-Pellicer A, Johnston IG, Prota G, Gileadi U, Justo-Méndez R, Acín-Pérez R, Martínez-de-Mena R, Fernández-Toro JM, Jimenez-Blasco D, Mora A, Nicolás-Ávila JA, Santiago DJ, Priori SG, Bolaños JP, Sabio G, Criado LM, Ruíz-Cabello J, Cerundolo V, Jones NS, Enríquez JA. Cell identity and nucleo-mitochondrial genetic context modulate OXPHOS performance and determine somatic heteroplasmy dynamics. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaba5345. [PMID: 32832682 PMCID: PMC7439646 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba5345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Heteroplasmy, multiple variants of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the same cytoplasm, may be naturally generated by mutations but is counteracted by a genetic mtDNA bottleneck during oocyte development. Engineered heteroplasmic mice with nonpathological mtDNA variants reveal a nonrandom tissue-specific mtDNA segregation pattern, with few tissues that do not show segregation. The driving force for this dynamic complex pattern has remained unexplained for decades, challenging our understanding of this fundamental biological problem and hindering clinical planning for inherited diseases. Here, we demonstrate that the nonrandom mtDNA segregation is an intracellular process based on organelle selection. This cell type-specific decision arises jointly from the impact of mtDNA haplotypes on the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system and the cell metabolic requirements and is strongly sensitive to the nuclear context and to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Victoria Lechuga-Vieco
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERES: C/ Melchor Fernández-Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Latorre-Pellicer
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Clinical Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, IIS Aragon, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Iain G. Johnston
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gennaro Prota
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raquel Justo-Méndez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Acín-Pérez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Daniel Jimenez-Blasco
- IBFG, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- IBSAL, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- CIBERFES, C/Melchor Fernández-Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Mora
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Demetrio J. Santiago
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Cardiology, IRCCS ICS Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia G. Priori
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Cardiology, IRCCS ICS Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Juan Pedro Bolaños
- IBFG, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- IBSAL, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- CIBERFES, C/Melchor Fernández-Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Criado
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ruíz-Cabello
- CIBERES: C/ Melchor Fernández-Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIC biomaGUNE 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nick S. Jones
- EPSRC Centre for the Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BB, UK
| | - José Antonio Enríquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERFES, C/Melchor Fernández-Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Carregal-Romero S, Fadón L, Berra E, Ruíz-Cabello J. MicroRNA Nanotherapeutics for Lung Targeting. Insights into Pulmonary Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093253. [PMID: 32375361 PMCID: PMC7246754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, the potential future role of microRNA-based therapies and their specific application in lung diseases is reported with special attention to pulmonary hypertension. Current limitations of these therapies will be pointed out in order to address the challenges that they need to face to reach clinical applications. In this context, the encapsulation of microRNA-based therapies in nanovectors has shown improvements as compared to chemically modified microRNAs toward enhanced stability, efficacy, reduced side effects, and local administration. All these concepts will contextualize in this review the recent achievements and expectations reported for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Carregal-Romero
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain; (S.C.-R.); (L.F.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Fadón
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain; (S.C.-R.); (L.F.)
| | - Edurne Berra
- Center for Cooperative Research in Bioscience (CIC bioGUNE), Buiding 800, Science and Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain;
| | - Jesús Ruíz-Cabello
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain; (S.C.-R.); (L.F.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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6
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Latorre-Pellicer A, Lechuga-Vieco AV, Johnston IG, Hämäläinen RH, Pellico J, Justo-Méndez R, Fernández-Toro JM, Clavería C, Guaras A, Sierra R, Llop J, Torres M, Criado LM, Suomalainen A, Jones NS, Ruíz-Cabello J, Enríquez JA. Regulation of Mother-to-Offspring Transmission of mtDNA Heteroplasmy. Cell Metab 2019; 30:1120-1130.e5. [PMID: 31588014 PMCID: PMC6899444 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
mtDNA is present in multiple copies in each cell derived from the expansions of those in the oocyte. Heteroplasmy, more than one mtDNA variant, may be generated by mutagenesis, paternal mtDNA leakage, and novel medical technologies aiming to prevent inheritance of mtDNA-linked diseases. Heteroplasmy phenotypic impact remains poorly understood. Mouse studies led to contradictory models of random drift or haplotype selection for mother-to-offspring transmission of mtDNA heteroplasmy. Here, we show that mtDNA heteroplasmy affects embryo metabolism, cell fitness, and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation. Thus, genetic and pharmacological interventions affecting oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) modify competition among mtDNA haplotypes during oocyte development and/or at early embryonic stages. We show that heteroplasmy behavior can fall on a spectrum from random drift to strong selection, depending on mito-nuclear interactions and metabolic factors. Understanding heteroplasmy dynamics and its mechanisms provide novel knowledge of a fundamental biological process and enhance our ability to mitigate risks in clinical applications affecting mtDNA transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Latorre-Pellicer
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Unit of Clinical Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, ISS-Aragon, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Victoria Lechuga-Vieco
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; CIBERES: C/ Melchor Fernández-Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iain G Johnston
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Riikka H Hämäläinen
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Research Program of Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juan Pellico
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; CIBERES: C/ Melchor Fernández-Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Justo-Méndez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Clavería
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adela Guaras
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Sierra
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Llop
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón No 182, San Sebastián, 20014 Guipúzcoa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Miguel Torres
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Criado
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- Research Program of Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nick S Jones
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BB, UK
| | - Jesús Ruíz-Cabello
- CIBERES: C/ Melchor Fernández-Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain; CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón No 182, San Sebastián, 20014 Guipúzcoa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28606, Spain
| | - José Antonio Enríquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; CIBERFES: C/ Melchor Fernández-Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Izquierdo-Garcia JL, Nin N, Cardinal-Fernandez P, Rojas Y, de Paula M, Granados R, Martínez-Caro L, Ruíz-Cabello J, Lorente JA. Identification of novel metabolomic biomarkers in an experimental model of septic acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 316:F54-F62. [PMID: 30379100 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00315.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is the identification of metabolomic biomarkers of sepsis and sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in an experimental model. Pigs were anesthetized and monitored to measure mean arterial pressure (MAP), systemic blood flow (QT), mean pulmonary arterial pressure, renal artery blood flow (QRA), renal cortical blood flow (QRC), and urine output (UO). Sepsis was induced at t = 0 min by the administration of live Escherichia coli ( n = 6) or saline ( n = 8). At t = 300 min, animals were killed. Renal tissue, urine, and serum samples were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Principal component analyses were performed on the processed NMR spectra to highlight kidney injury biomarkers. Sepsis was associated with decreased QT and MAP and decreased QRA, QRC, and UO. Creatinine serum concentration and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) serum and urine concentrations increased. NMR-based metabolomics analysis found metabolic differences between control and septic animals: 1) in kidney tissue, increased lactate and nicotinuric acid and decreased valine, aspartate, glucose, and threonine; 2) in urine, increased isovaleroglycine, aminoadipic acid, N-acetylglutamine, N-acetylaspartate, and ascorbic acid and decreased myoinositol and phenylacetylglycine; and 3) in serum, increased lactate, alanine, pyruvate, and glutamine and decreased valine, glucose, and betaine concentrations. The concentration of several metabolites altered in renal tissue and urine samples from septic animals showed a significant correlation with markers of AKI (i.e., creatinine and NGAL serum concentrations). NMR-based metabolomics is a potentially useful tool for biomarker identification of sepsis-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Izquierdo-Garcia
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Madrid , Spain.,CIC biomaGUNE, Donostia- San Sebastian , Spain
| | - Nicolás Nin
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Madrid , Spain.,Hospital Español , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Pablo Cardinal-Fernandez
- Department of Emergency, Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro. Fundación de Investigación HM , Madrid , Spain
| | - Yenny Rojas
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Madrid , Spain.,Department of Critical Care, Hospital Universitario de Getafe , Madrid , Spain
| | - Marta de Paula
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Madrid , Spain.,Department of Critical Care, Hospital Universitario de Getafe , Madrid , Spain
| | - Rosario Granados
- Department of Critical Care, Hospital Universitario de Getafe , Madrid , Spain
| | - Leticia Martínez-Caro
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Madrid , Spain.,Department of Critical Care, Hospital Universitario de Getafe , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jesús Ruíz-Cabello
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Madrid , Spain.,CIC biomaGUNE, Donostia- San Sebastian , Spain.,Departamento de Química-Física II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - José A Lorente
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Madrid , Spain.,Department of Critical Care, Hospital Universitario de Getafe , Madrid , Spain.,Universidad Europea de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
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8
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Acin-Perez R, Lechuga-Vieco AV, del Mar Muñoz M, Nieto-Arellano R, Torroja C, Sánchez-Cabo F, Jiménez C, González-Guerra A, Carrascoso I, Benincá C, Quiros PM, López-Otín C, Castellano JM, Ruíz-Cabello J, Jiménez-Borreguero LJ, Enríquez JA. Ablation of the stress protease OMA1 protects against heart failure in mice. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:10/434/eaan4935. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan4935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Latorre-Pellicer A, Moreno-Loshuertos R, Lechuga-Vieco AV, Sánchez-Cabo F, Torroja C, Acín-Pérez R, Calvo E, Aix E, González-Guerra A, Logan A, Bernad-Miana ML, Romanos E, Cruz R, Cogliati S, Sobrino B, Carracedo Á, Pérez-Martos A, Fernández-Silva P, Ruíz-Cabello J, Murphy MP, Flores I, Vázquez J, Enríquez JA. Corrigendum: Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA matching shapes metabolism and healthy ageing. Nature 2017; 542:124. [PMID: 27926738 DOI: 10.1038/nature20773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Latorre-Pellicer A, Moreno-Loshuertos R, Lechuga-Vieco AV, Sánchez-Cabo F, Torroja C, Acín-Pérez R, Calvo E, Aix E, González-Guerra A, Logan A, Bernad-Miana ML, Romanos E, Cruz R, Cogliati S, Sobrino B, Carracedo Á, Pérez-Martos A, Fernández-Silva P, Ruíz-Cabello J, Murphy MP, Flores I, Vázquez J, Enríquez JA. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA matching shapes metabolism and healthy ageing. Nature 2016; 535:561-5. [PMID: 27383793 DOI: 10.1038/nature18618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) shows extensive within population sequence variability. Many studies suggest that mtDNA variants may be associated with ageing or diseases, although mechanistic evidence at the molecular level is lacking. Mitochondrial replacement has the potential to prevent transmission of disease-causing oocyte mtDNA. However, extension of this technology requires a comprehensive understanding of the physiological relevance of mtDNA sequence variability and its match with the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes. Studies in conplastic animals allow comparison of individuals with the same nuclear genome but different mtDNA variants, and have provided both supporting and refuting evidence that mtDNA variation influences organismal physiology. However, most of these studies did not confirm the conplastic status, focused on younger animals, and did not investigate the full range of physiological and phenotypic variability likely to be influenced by mitochondria. Here we systematically characterized conplastic mice throughout their lifespan using transcriptomic, proteomic,metabolomic, biochemical, physiological and phenotyping studies. We show that mtDNA haplotype profoundly influences mitochondrial proteostasis and reactive oxygen species generation,insulin signalling, obesity, and ageing parameters including telomere shortening and mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in profound differences in health longevity between conplastic strains.
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11
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Izquierdo-García JL, Naz S, Nin N, Rojas Y, Erazo M, Martínez-Caro L, García A, de Paula M, Fernández-Segoviano P, Casals C, Esteban A, Ruíz-Cabello J, Barbas C, Lorente JA. A Metabolomic Approach to the Pathogenesis of Ventilator-induced Lung Injury. Anesthesiology 2014; 120:694-702. [PMID: 24253045 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global metabolic profiling using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and mass spectrometry (MS) is useful for biomarker discovery. The objective of this study was to discover biomarkers of acute lung injury induced by mechanical ventilation (ventilator-induced lung injury [VILI]), by using MRS and MS. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to two ventilatory strategies for 2.5 h: tidal volume 9 ml/kg, positive end-expiratory pressure 5 cm H2O (control, n = 14); and tidal volume 25 ml/kg and positive end-expiratory pressure 0 cm H2O (VILI, n = 10). Lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and serum spectra were obtained by high-resolution magic angle spinning and H-MRS. Serum spectra were acquired by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadupole-time of flight MS. Principal component and partial least squares analyses were performed. RESULTS Metabolic profiling discriminated characteristics between control and VILI animals. As compared with the controls, animals with VILI showed by MRS higher concentrations of lactate and lower concentration of glucose and glycine in lung tissue, accompanied by increased levels of glucose, lactate, acetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and creatine in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In serum, increased levels of phosphatidylcholine, oleamide, sphinganine, hexadecenal and lysine, and decreased levels of lyso-phosphatidylcholine and sphingosine were identified by MS. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study suggests that VILI is characterized by a particular metabolic profile that can be identified by MRS and MS. The metabolic profile, though preliminary and pending confirmation in larger data sets, suggests alterations in energy and membrane lipids.SUPPLEMENTAL DIGITAL CONTENT IS AVAILABLE IN THE TEXT.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Izquierdo-García
- From the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain (J.L.I.-G., N.N., Y.R., L.M.-C., M.d.P., P.F.-S., C.C., A.E., J.R.-C., and J.A.L.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (J.L.I.-G. and J.R.-C.); Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain (S.N., M.E., A.G., and C.B.); Hospital Universitario de Torrejón, Madrid, Spain (N.N.); Department of Critical Care, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain (Y.R., L.M.-C., M.d.P., P.F.-S., A.E., and J.A.L.); Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (C.C. and J.R.-C.); and Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (J.A.L.)
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12
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Cardinal-Fernández P, Nin N, Ruíz-Cabello J, Lorente JA. Systems medicine: a new approach to clinical practice. Arch Bronconeumol 2014; 50:444-51. [PMID: 24397963 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Most respiratory diseases are considered complex diseases as their susceptibility and outcomes are determined by the interaction between host-dependent factors (genetic factors, comorbidities, etc.) and environmental factors (exposure to microorganisms or allergens, treatments received, etc.) The reductionist approach in the study of diseases has been of fundamental importance for the understanding of the different components of a system. Systems biology or systems medicine is a complementary approach aimed at analyzing the interactions between the different components within one organizational level (genome, transcriptome, proteome), and then between the different levels. Systems medicine is currently used for the interpretation and understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of different diseases, biomarker discovery, design of innovative therapeutic targets, and the drawing up of computational models for different biological processes. In this review we discuss the most relevant concepts of the theory underlying systems medicine, as well as its applications in the various biological processes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Cardinal-Fernández
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, España; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, España
| | - Nicolás Nin
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, España; Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario de Torrejón, Madrid, España
| | - Jesús Ruíz-Cabello
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, España; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, España; Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - José A Lorente
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, España; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, España; Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, España.
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13
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Rodríguez I, Pérez-Rial S, González-Jimenez J, Pérez-Sánchez J, Herranz F, Beckmann N, Ruíz-Cabello J. Magnetic resonance methods and applications in pharmaceutical research. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:3637-65. [PMID: 18228597 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review presents an overview of some recent magnetic resonance (MR) techniques for pharmaceutical research. MR is noninvasive, and does not expose subjects to ionizing radiation. Some methods that have been used in pharmaceutical research MR include magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods, among them, diffusion-weighted MRI, perfusion-weighted MRI, functional MRI, molecular imaging and contrast-enhance MRI. Some applications of MR in pharmaceutical research include MR in metabonomics, in vivo MRS, studies in cerebral ischemia and infarction, degenerative joint diseases, oncology, cardiovascular disorders, respiratory diseases and skin diseases. Some of these techniques, such as cardiac and joint imaging, or brain fMRI are standard, and are providing relevant data routinely. Skin MR and hyperpolarized gas lung MRI are still experimental. In conclusion, considering the importance of finding and characterizing biomarkers for improved drug evaluation, it can be expected that the use of MR techniques in pharmaceutical research is going to increase in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rodríguez
- Grupo de Resonancia Magnética, Instituto de Estudios Biofuncionales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII 1, Madrid 28040, Spain
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14
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Alonso D, Serrano J, Rodríguez I, Ruíz-Cabello J, Fernández AP, Encinas JM, Castro-Blanco S, Bentura ML, Santacana M, Richart A, Fernández-Vizarra P, Uttenthal LO, Rodrigo J. Effects of oxygen and glucose deprivation on the expression and distribution of neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthases and on protein nitration in rat cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol 2002; 443:183-200. [PMID: 11793355 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the nitric oxide (NO) system of the rat cerebral cortex were investigated by immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, NO synthase (NOS) activity assay, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an experimental model of global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Brains were perfused transcardially with an oxygenated plasma substitute and subjected to 30 minutes of oxygen and glucose deprivation, followed by reperfusion for up to 12 hours with oxygenated medium containing glucose. A sham group was perfused without oxygen or glucose deprivation, and a further group was treated with the NOS inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) before and during perfusion. Global ischemia led to cerebrocortical injury as shown by diffusion MRI. This was accompanied by increasing morphologic changes in the large type I interneurons expressing neuronal NOS (nNOS) and the appearance of nNOS immunoreactivity in small type II neurons. The nNOS-immunoreactive band and calcium-dependent NOS activity showed an initial increase, followed by a fall after 6 hours of reperfusion. Inducible NOS immunoreactivity appeared in neurons, especially pyramidal cells of layers IV-V, after 4 hours of reperfusion, with corresponding changes on immunoblotting and in calcium-independent NOS activity. Immunoreactive protein nitrotyrosine, present in the nuclear area of neurons in nonperfused controls and sham-perfused animals, showed changes in intensity and distribution, appearing in the neuronal processes during the reperfusion period. Prior and concurrent L-NAME administration blocked the changes on diffusion MRI and attenuated the morphologic changes, suggesting that NO and consequent peroxynitrite formation during ischemia-reperfusion contributes to cerebral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alonso
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Instituto de Neurobiología "Santiago Ramón y Cajal," CSIC, E-28002 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Sánchez-Alcázar JA, Ruíz-Cabello J, Hernández-Muñoz I, Pobre PS, de la Torre P, Siles-Rivas E, García I, Kaplan O, Muñoz-Yagüe MT, Solís-Herruzo JA. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha increases ATP content in metabolically inhibited L929 cells preceding cell death. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:30167-77. [PMID: 9374498 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.48.30167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) on ATP levels were studied in metabolically inhibited L929 cells. Treatment of these cells with TNF in the presence of actinomycin D or cycloheximide induces cyclic changes in the intracellular ATP content preceding cell death. After 3 h of incubation, the intracellular ATP content increased by 48 +/- 6% (p < 0.001), but at 4 h, it decreased to the control level. Two hours later, it increased again by 23 +/- 5% over the control level (p < 0.001). Coinciding with cell death, ATP content decreased progressively until almost complete depletion. These changes in ATP content were associated with parallel alterations in the respiratory coupling and with increased generation of reactive oxygen species. The mechanism by which TNF/actinomycin D or TNF/cycloheximide increased cellular ATP seemed to be dependent on the mitochondrial ATP synthesis and related to the cytotoxic effect of TNF, since blockade of mitochondrial electron transport prevented the increase in cellular ATP, the formation of reactive oxygen species, and the apoptotic cell death caused by TNF. We suggest that the TNF/actinomycin D- or TNF/cycloheximide-induced changes in intracellular ATP levels may be involved in the cytotoxic effect of TNF in metabolically inhibited L929 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre," Carretera de Andalucía 4,5, Madrid 28041, Spain.
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Kaplan O, Ruíz-Cabello J, Cohen JS. In vitro cytotoxic effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human breast cancer cells may be associated with increased glucose consumption. FEBS Lett 1997; 406:175-8. [PMID: 9109412 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibited growth of cultured MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in a dose dependent manner. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha also markedly increased glucose consumption, and its cytotoxicity was modified by glucose concentrations in the growth medium; higher glucose levels were associated with increased cell survival. However, when the cells were perfused in physiological conditions, very high levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (200 ng/ml) in the perfusion solution had no inhibitory effects. Moreover, tumor necrosis factor-alpha had no effects on 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the perfused cells. In the traditional growth inhibition assays, cells are incubated for several days with a drug, a situation where their metabolism is altered due to the depletion of nutrients, the accumulation of toxic waste materials and pH changes. Perfusion experiments are more relevant to in vivo conditions, and may be used for studying metabolic processes and the mechanisms of action of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kaplan
- Department of Surgery A, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel
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